Wikipedia talk:Damugal renndo

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    <title>Wikipedia talk:Damugal renndo</title>
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      <text bytes="14519" sha1="ftiiiu8akq0985k1rs128x7mub0knbn" xml:space="preserve">== Usi[[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload Wizard|UploadWizard]] for uploads ==

[[Image:Commons-logo.svg|right|220px|alt=Wikimedia Commons logo]]
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello! It was noted that on this wiki you have [[Special:Statistics|less than 10 local files]]. Presumably, you therefore don't have interest nor energies to have [[commons:Category:Licensing templates|hundreds templates]] with the [[mw:Multimedia/Media Viewer/Template compatibility|now required HTML]], even less a local [[m:EDP|EDP]]. However, this means that users here will experience a mostly broken and/or [[wmf:Resolution:Licensing policy|illegal]] uploading.
I propose to
* '''have [[Special:Upload|local upload]] [[commons:Commons:Turning off local uploads|restricted]]''' to the &quot;{{int:group-sysop}}&quot; group (for emergency uploads) and
* the '''sidebar point to [[commons:Special:UploadWizard]]''',
so that you can avoid local maintenance and all users can have a functioning, easy upload interface [[translatewiki:Special:Translate/ext-uploadwizard|in their own language]]. All registered users can upload on Commons and [[Special:ListFiles|existing files]] will not be affected.

I'll get this done in one week from now.
# If you disagree with the proposal, just [[m:User:Nemo bis/Unused local uploads|remove your wiki from the list]].
# To make the UploadWizard even better, please tell your experience and ideas on [[commons:Commons:Upload Wizard feedback]].

[[m:User:Nemo_bis|Nemo]] 19 Duujal 2014 à 20:38 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Pulaagu, Islaam e Ganndal: Daarto Seyhu Usmaan Ɓiy Foodiyo  ==


Sayku Usmaan Ɓiy Foodiyo ko gooto e mujaddid en ɓurɓe teskeede e nder daartol Islaam haa ɓuri teeŋtude noon e nder ɓaleeri Afrik. Dan fodio (firti ko ɓiy Foodiyo e hawsankoore) hono no o ɓuri lollirde, ko Pullo jeyaaɗo to leydi Hawsa. Ceerno Maamuudu Jah mo Pete (Fuuta Tooro) ene wiya ko o Demdemo (yettoode makko ko Dem) kadi iwdi makko ko Jamaa-Alwaali, diiwan Tooro e nder leydi Fuuta Tooro.Hayso ɗuum laatiima ne, tawat ɓe perii ummaade Fuuta fayde leydi Hawsa gila e yontaaji keewɗi. H.A.S. Johnston e nder deftere mum The Fulani Empire of Sokoto ene hollira heen doggol asko maɓɓe hono no ɓe mbinndiri ɗum ni, tuggude e Muusa Jokollo taaniiɓe gadiiɗo arde Birnin Konni e nder leydi Hawsa o haa yettii Muhammadu Foodiyo baaba mum Seyku Usman, taaniraaɓe sappo ene e hakkude he. Tuugnaade e ngoon asko Johnston ene qiimoo gargol lenyol Dan Fodio en e nder leydi Hawsa gila e hitaande 1450. Kanko Johnston o beydi heen haa jooni “ Ko ɗoon ɓe ngonno nde Konu Askiya honi bannge hiirnaage leydi Hawsa, e ɓe tawaa ƴellitagol e jangol laamu Muhammadu Kanta ndaɓɓu balɗe, ɓe nanii kabaaru wonde konu Jukun en nana darii e damal Katsina kadi ɓe ceediima fusgo laamu Zamfara.”  Ko ɓuri faayodin’de ni e jarde teskaade’ o wiy kanko Johnston, “ko kamɓe Fulɓe Toorankaawa (Toorooɓe) en ɓee ngadii Goobiraawa en, hono Hawsankeeɓe askitinteeɓe e nokku he ɓe, hoɗde e nder diiwaan he.” Kala ko waawi heen won’de kam, daartol nguurndam Seyku Usman ɓiy Foodiyo ene aywina daartol Islaam e nder Ɓaleeri Afrik kala, haa ɓuri teeŋtude noon e daartol lenyol Fulɓe ngol ɓe o jeeyaa e nder mum en ngol.
 Islaam e nder Ɓaleeri Afrik
Fulɓe ene njeyaa e lenyɗi Hiirnaange Afrik gadiiɗi naatde e nder diine Islaam. Daartiyankooɓe Arabeeɓe ko wayno Al Bakri, Al-Idriisi walla Ibnu Batuuta en fof ene ceedo jaajgol Islaam e nder Fuuta Tooro (Takrur) gila e teemedannde 11ɓre. Pergol Fulɓe aynaaɓe heewɓe ummaade Fuuta Tooro fayde fuɗnaange e naatondiral maɓɓe toon e lenyɗi goɗɗi Afriknaaji juulɓe, ko wayno Manndiŋkeeɓe e Hawsankeeɓe, ɓeydiima tiiɗtindeɓe e nder Islaam e saanga nde yoga e maɓɓe mbaɗti hoɗde e wuurde nguurndam saareyeejam. Nde tawnoo diine e pinal Islaam ko kanum ɓurnoo battinde e yiytinaade e nder saareeji Bilad as-Sudaan.
  Bilaad as-Sudaan, hono no daartiyankeeɓe Islaamyankeeɓe adanɓe ɓe noddiratnoo ɓaleeri Afrik ni, ko cirfol worgo sahara tuggude e Maayo Atlantik to banngo hiirnaange haa yettii Mayo Woɗewo to bannge fuɗnaange. Wiyaama Islaam fuɗɗiima naatde e nder diiwaan he gila e teemedannde 8ɓre.
Ko adii nde Islaam naatata e ɓaleeri Afrik, taw jokkondiral ene woodno hakkunde mum e  Afrik Bannge-rewo, rewrude e lappi njulaagu Taƴcugol Sahara (Trans-saharien). Julaaɓe ummotonooɓe rewo ɓee ene ngaddatnoo njulaari mum en, ndi ngannduɗaa ene tawetenoo heen ndenndaangal geɗe peewnetenooɗe e diiwaan Mediteraani haa e leyɗeele goɗɗe dow mum. So ɓe njeeyi ɓe comoo ɗoon kadi kaŋŋe e lamɗam, nde tawnoo ko geɗe keewnooɗe no feewi e diiwaan ɓaleeri he.
Caggal nde Islaam naati diiwaan o, binndol Arab fuɗɗii saraade e yaajde e nder diiwaan he. Ɗuum ɓeydii jokkondiral, waawde nanondirde e faamondirde; kisal e deeƴre; hoolaare ɓeydii e laabi hee kadi addani jahondiral e njulaagu hakkunde diiwaanuuji ɗiɗi beydaade. Nguun mbayliigu udditii damal naatondiral pine, jillondiral lenyɗi e ƴellitagol pine saarankeeje. Ko e nguun mbayliigu laamu Ganna jibinaa e teemedannde 11bre, ngu wuuri haa e teemedannde 13ɓre laamu woɗngu ɓurngu ngu yaajde e doolnude lomtiingu ene wiyee Joomaandu Mali. Duuɓi teemedde ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum laamu ngoɗngu ene wiyee Sonngaay jogtii araaray e nder Hiirnaange Afrik tuggude e teemedannde 15ɓre haa e nder teemedannde 17ɓre. E hitaande 1596 laamu Marok yani e Sonngay ngam yiɗnoode fawde junngo mum e dow kaŋŋe mayri. Haysinno Marok danyaani heen ko wonno sago mum koo, doole Sonngaay keli, laamu ngu feccii wonti leykon tokoson. Eɗen teskoo ɗiiɗoo joomaanduji fof noon, gaagaa nder keeri majji,eɗi njiimatnoo e laamuuji tokoosi gonɗi e nder diiwaan he ɗi, ɗi njoɓnoo ɗum en kubbal. To bannge fuɗnaage Sonngaay to laamu nana toon ene wiyee Kanem-Borno ene wiyee ko kanngu e Ganna njiƴƴi kono Kanem-Borno wuurii kanum haa e teemedannde 19ɓre. Hakkunde Sonngaay e Kanem-Borno ko ɗoon leydi Hawsa woni. Ko ndi fecciindi e diiwaanuji, heen gooto fof ene laami hoore mum hayso tawi e ɓe mbaɗdi tummbudu ngootaagu.
Ene jeyaa e ko teskini e laamuuji jaŋtaaɗi dow ɗii kala, wonde ɗi kannji fof laamuuji nodditirtooɗi Islaam. Hayso keeweendi e yimɓe leyɗeele ɓe ngonaano juulɓe ne, haa ɓuri teeŋtude e dowrinkooɓe ɓe, laamɓe ɓee e ko ɓuri heewde e julankooɓe ɓee ko juulɓe ngonno. Laamuuji ɗi mahinoo ko e mbaydi laamuuji leyɗeele Islaam ɗe no mbaynii. Annduɓe ene ittananoo heen geɗal mawngal kadi jaŋde ene hurumanoo heen no feewi. Laamɓe ɓee ene ngaadorino yahde Makkah ngam hajjoyde rwrude  Ejipta, so e ɓe ngarta ɓe ngaddora defte, heen sahaaji ni ɓe ƴettora toon annduɓe ko wayno  seerenɓe diine ɓe ngadda ɗum en ɓe koɗna ɗum en e nokkuuji maɓɓe mbele ene ɓeyda sarde diine o e yaajnude ganndal e nder leyɗeele maɓɓe. Almudɓe kadi ene ummotonoo e leyɗeele he njaha janngoyde e nder duɗe Islaam mawɗe ɗe kala, ko wayno jaaɓi haaɗtirde Azhar to leydi Ejipt to ngannduɗaa laamuuji ɗi ene njogotnoo toon jipporɗe koye mum en, almudɓe ummiiɓe e nder ɗeen leyɗeele ko heen njippotoo tawa ko laamuji  leyɗeele mum en njaltinatnoo hitaande kala ko ɗiin nokkuuji njogoraa. Diiwaan o e hoore mum duɗe keewɗe, mawɗe, kuɓɓii heen. Ganndal Islaam ene sarino no feewi e nder Bilaad as-Sudaan ummaade e Timbuktu haa fay Fuuta Jalon haa yettoyi Fuuta Tooro jaŋde ene saakinoo heen sanne.
Jibinannde E Nehdi
Usmaan Dan Foodiyo jibinaa ko e nder wuro wiyeteengo Maratta e nder ngootiri e leyɗeele Hawsankeeɓe wiyeteendi Gobir, nyalnde 29 lewru Safar, hitaande 1168 Fergo Nelaaɗo ene hawra 15 Decembre 1754. Baaba makko Muhammad Foodiyo, ko ganndo kuɓɓuɗo kadi nananooɗo e nder yonta mum e nder leydi Gobir. Ko o pullo tooroodo, galle maɓɓe ko ɓooyɗo anndireede ganndal e diineyankaagal. Ndeen jibinannde sikke alaa, rokki Usmaan fartaŋeeji ɗiɗi: danyde jannginooɓe tawa ko annduɓe dowrowɓe e rontude hurum e teddungal jibnaaɓe makko e nder ngo renndo ngo ganndal ko huunde teddinaande kadi annduɓe ko rokkaaɓe hurum, heɗanteeɓe.
  Duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal jibineede Dan Foodiyo, Muhammad Fodiyo e ɓesngu mum eggi ummaaade Maratta ɓe koɗoyi wuro ene wiyee Degel.Nde Usmaan danyi duuɓi naatirɗi jaŋde, baaba makko janngini-mo Qur’aan. O janngi kaɓorɗe e biyeteeɗo Abdu Rahmaan dan Hamada. O dali sariya e juuɗe Usmaan Binndoowo Bakebbi, o janngi e mum fannuji keewɗi ko wayno fiqhu, lugha,nahwu, e gannde bayɗe no hiisa (mathematic),  mbewu (astronomie), walla jime (poesie).  Caggal ɗuum o yahi Agades to ganndo gooto Tuwaareg ene wiyee Seyku (sheikh) Jibriilu ben Omar, ko ceedtanonooɗo ganndal e nder diiwan ɓaleeri hee kala; ene wiyee so omo ɗannotonoo, e nder sate makko heen gelooɗi ɗiɗi ndimndata tan ko defte. Usmaan  woni toon ko Allah haaji, o arti  leydi maɓɓe, o fuɗɗii janngude Tafsiir e juuɗe Hasimiwu Basanfara o jokkitoyi e juuɗe bappaany makko ene wiyee Ahmadu dan Muhammadu Amiinu. Bappaany makko goɗɗo kadi ene wiyee Muhammadu dan Raji, kanum ne janngini-mo ganndal Hadiis.
  Seyku Usmaan, sabu ko ndeen innde o ɓurata hankadi anndireede, ko almuudo ceedtanaaɗo welde hakkille e yiɗde ganndal; ko o moƴƴo hakkille baawɗo reende kala ko o jannginaa, jaawɗo faamde. O fuɗɗiima winndude jime e neenewal makko Pulaar gila o suwaa heɓde duuɓi noogaas, ɗuum ene sedto udditaare makko e ganndal e feɗɗitaare makko e binndol gila ko o suka. Nde o heɓi hedde duuɓi noogaas ko ndeen o fuɗɗii waɗtude winndude e Arab, o winndi heen yimre makko arwaniire o mo jaara heen Nelaaɗo. Nde Seyku Usmaan heɓata duuɓi 25 taw o heɓii lijaasa (o rokkaa walla o duwana hono no almudɓe mbiyrata jooni ni), o heɓii yamiroore waɗtude jannginde. Ko ndeen o fuɗɗii jannginde almudɓe, ɓe ene jeyaa heen minyiiko ene wiyee Abdullaahi mo o hecci duuɓi sappo e ɗiɗi. O waɗti kadi waajaade,siftinde yimɓe diine mum en e noddude fayde e diine Allah.
 Ɗo seyku Usmaan ɗo noon, duwaneede walla reokkeede lijaasa firtaani gaynude jaŋde hono no almudaagal jooni-ni, alaa, ɗo makko ɗo ko ndeen jaŋde fuɗɗii. Kala ɗo o nannoo ganndo ene hoɗi walla ene yilli e nder diiwaan he o yettoto ɗum, o heɗtoo e mum, wooda ko o ƴoogi e mum. Ene wiyee e ndiin mbaydi o janngii e seerenɓe ko ɓuri teemedere.
 

== Administrator request ==
Usee yimɓe Fula, miɗo yiɗi ngam miɗo jaɓɓa hakkille dow Fulfulde Wikipedia ngam tataɓre. Miɗo tammi on hokkata on jaɓugo mon e jaɓugo ma yeeso anndal ngol ngam mi hokke mi fursat go'o ngam mi tokki kuugal ngal belɗum ngam kuɓɓugo Wiki ɗemngal men. Miɗo yetta on ngam walliingo on nder ɗum. Ko'e mon boo. [[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|yeewtu]]) 06:42, 24 Korse 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] has been doing a good job. I support his renewal of adminship. [[User:Harandee|Harandee]] ([[User talk:Harandee|yeewtu]]) 06:58, 24 Korse 2024 (UTC)
:I support the renewal of this request, because the user has been active in discharging his roles as admin. [[User:Awwerl|Awwerl]] ([[User talk:Awwerl|yeewtu]]) 07:01, 24 Korse 2024 (UTC)
:Mi ɗon jaɓana ɓeydaaki daliila ngol, ngam huutorɗo ɗon ɗon waɗugo kuuɗe maako bana adiiminjo. [[User:Zarerh|Zarerh]] ([[User talk:Zarerh|yeewtu]]) 07:05, 24 Korse 2024 (UTC)
:I strongly support this request. [[User:Apdoull|Apdoull]] ([[User talk:Apdoull|yeewtu]]) 07:09, 24 Korse 2024 (UTC)
:O ɗon waɗa gollaaku ngam ɓamtaare Fulfulde Wikipedia. Ngam maajum mi ɗon jaɓɓa ɓeydaaki dabare nde'e, ngam marɗo huutoraade ɗon waɗugo kuuɗe maako bana ardiiɗo. [[User:Fatheema|Fatheema]] ([[User talk:Fatheema|yeewtu]]) 07:15, 24 Korse 2024 (UTC)
:Strong support. I hope @[[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] can become permanent admin. [[User:Asmiatu|Asmiatu]] ([[User talk:Asmiatu|yeewtu]]) 15:56, 1 Morso 2024 (UTC)
== Administrator renewal request ==
Usee yimɓe Fula, miɗo yiɗi ngam miɗo jaɓɓa hakkille dow Fulfulde Wikipedia ngam tataɓre. Miɗo tammi on hokkata on jaɓugo mon e jaɓugo ma yeeso anndal ngol ngam mi hokke mi fursat go'o ngam mi tokki kuugal ngal belɗum ngam kuɓɓugo Wiki ɗemngal men. Miɗo yetta on ngam walliingo on nder ɗum. Ko'e mon boo.[[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|yeewtu]]) 12:19, 29 Duujal 2025 (UTC)

:I support the request of @[[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] for renewal of his administrator right because he helps make ffwiki be in check. [[User:Majalam|Majalam]] ([[User talk:Majalam|yeewtu]]) 18:19, 4 Korse 2025 (UTC)
:O ɗon waɗa gollaaku ngam ɓamtaare Fulfulde Wikipedia. Ngam maajum mi ɗon jaɓɓa ɓeydaaki dabare nde'e, ngam marɗo huutoraade ɗon waɗugo kuuɗe maako bana adminjo [[User:Zaynab05|Zaynab05]] ([[User talk:Zaynab05|yeewtu]]) 18:22, 4 Korse 2025 (UTC)
:The user @[[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] has been doing a good job in patrolling new and spam pages. I support his renewal of adminship. [[User:Awwerl|Awwerl]] ([[User talk:Awwerl|yeewtu]]) 18:25, 4 Korse 2025 (UTC)
:Ever since I knew him, he has been active in discharging his roles as admin. He become a source of motivation to many us. I endorsed his request for the renewal. [[User:Fati A.J|Fati A.J]] ([[User talk:Fati A.J|yeewtu]]) 18:29, 4 Korse 2025 (UTC)

== jime pulaar ==

ngatamaare [[User:Mamoysane|Mamoysane]] ([[User talk:Mamoysane|yeewtu]]) 22:16, 2 Colte 2026 (UTC)

== Shugaba,en makko Fula Wikimedia  ==

Bandirabe am usee yimɓe Fula, miɗo yiɗi ngam miɗo jaɓɓa hakkille dow Fulfulde Wikipedia ngam tataɓre. Miɗo tammi on hokkata on jaɓugo mon e jaɓugo ma yeeso anndal ngol ngam mi hokke mi fursat go'o ngam mi tokki kuugal ngal belɗum ngam kuɓɓugo Wiki ɗemngal men. Miɗo yetta on ngam walliingo on nder ɗum. Ko'e mon boo. Allah seni, on  [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 13:45, 25 Korse 2026 (UTC)

:mii ɓawitee e saɓɓe ɗingo [[User:Adamu mc|Adamu mc]] ([[User talk:Adamu mc|yeewtu]]) 14:11, 25 Korse 2026 (UTC)
:strongly support [[User:Umargana1|Umargana1]] ([[User talk:Umargana1|yeewtu]]) 18:16, 25 Korse 2026 (UTC)
Miɗon walli ɓaawo banɗam gam hesɗinki yesoku muɗum to fulfulde Wikipedia [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-37093-37|&amp;#126;2026-37093-37]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-37093-37|talk]]) 06:04, 28 Korse 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ftiiiu8akq0985k1rs128x7mub0knbn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176943</id>
      <parentid>176942</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-28T06:07:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mamman Ali</username>
        <id>9126</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Shugaba,en makko Fula Wikimedia */</comment>
      <origin>176943</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14479" sha1="ejmyo5b88hphpdz5qqw1u4sce67bvn3" xml:space="preserve">== Usi[[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload Wizard|UploadWizard]] for uploads ==

[[Image:Commons-logo.svg|right|220px|alt=Wikimedia Commons logo]]
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello! It was noted that on this wiki you have [[Special:Statistics|less than 10 local files]]. Presumably, you therefore don't have interest nor energies to have [[commons:Category:Licensing templates|hundreds templates]] with the [[mw:Multimedia/Media Viewer/Template compatibility|now required HTML]], even less a local [[m:EDP|EDP]]. However, this means that users here will experience a mostly broken and/or [[wmf:Resolution:Licensing policy|illegal]] uploading.
I propose to
* '''have [[Special:Upload|local upload]] [[commons:Commons:Turning off local uploads|restricted]]''' to the &quot;{{int:group-sysop}}&quot; group (for emergency uploads) and
* the '''sidebar point to [[commons:Special:UploadWizard]]''',
so that you can avoid local maintenance and all users can have a functioning, easy upload interface [[translatewiki:Special:Translate/ext-uploadwizard|in their own language]]. All registered users can upload on Commons and [[Special:ListFiles|existing files]] will not be affected.

I'll get this done in one week from now.
# If you disagree with the proposal, just [[m:User:Nemo bis/Unused local uploads|remove your wiki from the list]].
# To make the UploadWizard even better, please tell your experience and ideas on [[commons:Commons:Upload Wizard feedback]].

[[m:User:Nemo_bis|Nemo]] 19 Duujal 2014 à 20:38 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Pulaagu, Islaam e Ganndal: Daarto Seyhu Usmaan Ɓiy Foodiyo  ==


Sayku Usmaan Ɓiy Foodiyo ko gooto e mujaddid en ɓurɓe teskeede e nder daartol Islaam haa ɓuri teeŋtude noon e nder ɓaleeri Afrik. Dan fodio (firti ko ɓiy Foodiyo e hawsankoore) hono no o ɓuri lollirde, ko Pullo jeyaaɗo to leydi Hawsa. Ceerno Maamuudu Jah mo Pete (Fuuta Tooro) ene wiya ko o Demdemo (yettoode makko ko Dem) kadi iwdi makko ko Jamaa-Alwaali, diiwan Tooro e nder leydi Fuuta Tooro.Hayso ɗuum laatiima ne, tawat ɓe perii ummaade Fuuta fayde leydi Hawsa gila e yontaaji keewɗi. H.A.S. Johnston e nder deftere mum The Fulani Empire of Sokoto ene hollira heen doggol asko maɓɓe hono no ɓe mbinndiri ɗum ni, tuggude e Muusa Jokollo taaniiɓe gadiiɗo arde Birnin Konni e nder leydi Hawsa o haa yettii Muhammadu Foodiyo baaba mum Seyku Usman, taaniraaɓe sappo ene e hakkude he. Tuugnaade e ngoon asko Johnston ene qiimoo gargol lenyol Dan Fodio en e nder leydi Hawsa gila e hitaande 1450. Kanko Johnston o beydi heen haa jooni “ Ko ɗoon ɓe ngonno nde Konu Askiya honi bannge hiirnaage leydi Hawsa, e ɓe tawaa ƴellitagol e jangol laamu Muhammadu Kanta ndaɓɓu balɗe, ɓe nanii kabaaru wonde konu Jukun en nana darii e damal Katsina kadi ɓe ceediima fusgo laamu Zamfara.”  Ko ɓuri faayodin’de ni e jarde teskaade’ o wiy kanko Johnston, “ko kamɓe Fulɓe Toorankaawa (Toorooɓe) en ɓee ngadii Goobiraawa en, hono Hawsankeeɓe askitinteeɓe e nokku he ɓe, hoɗde e nder diiwaan he.” Kala ko waawi heen won’de kam, daartol nguurndam Seyku Usman ɓiy Foodiyo ene aywina daartol Islaam e nder Ɓaleeri Afrik kala, haa ɓuri teeŋtude noon e daartol lenyol Fulɓe ngol ɓe o jeeyaa e nder mum en ngol.
 Islaam e nder Ɓaleeri Afrik
Fulɓe ene njeyaa e lenyɗi Hiirnaange Afrik gadiiɗi naatde e nder diine Islaam. Daartiyankooɓe Arabeeɓe ko wayno Al Bakri, Al-Idriisi walla Ibnu Batuuta en fof ene ceedo jaajgol Islaam e nder Fuuta Tooro (Takrur) gila e teemedannde 11ɓre. Pergol Fulɓe aynaaɓe heewɓe ummaade Fuuta Tooro fayde fuɗnaange e naatondiral maɓɓe toon e lenyɗi goɗɗi Afriknaaji juulɓe, ko wayno Manndiŋkeeɓe e Hawsankeeɓe, ɓeydiima tiiɗtindeɓe e nder Islaam e saanga nde yoga e maɓɓe mbaɗti hoɗde e wuurde nguurndam saareyeejam. Nde tawnoo diine e pinal Islaam ko kanum ɓurnoo battinde e yiytinaade e nder saareeji Bilad as-Sudaan.
  Bilaad as-Sudaan, hono no daartiyankeeɓe Islaamyankeeɓe adanɓe ɓe noddiratnoo ɓaleeri Afrik ni, ko cirfol worgo sahara tuggude e Maayo Atlantik to banngo hiirnaange haa yettii Mayo Woɗewo to bannge fuɗnaange. Wiyaama Islaam fuɗɗiima naatde e nder diiwaan he gila e teemedannde 8ɓre.
Ko adii nde Islaam naatata e ɓaleeri Afrik, taw jokkondiral ene woodno hakkunde mum e  Afrik Bannge-rewo, rewrude e lappi njulaagu Taƴcugol Sahara (Trans-saharien). Julaaɓe ummotonooɓe rewo ɓee ene ngaddatnoo njulaari mum en, ndi ngannduɗaa ene tawetenoo heen ndenndaangal geɗe peewnetenooɗe e diiwaan Mediteraani haa e leyɗeele goɗɗe dow mum. So ɓe njeeyi ɓe comoo ɗoon kadi kaŋŋe e lamɗam, nde tawnoo ko geɗe keewnooɗe no feewi e diiwaan ɓaleeri he.
Caggal nde Islaam naati diiwaan o, binndol Arab fuɗɗii saraade e yaajde e nder diiwaan he. Ɗuum ɓeydii jokkondiral, waawde nanondirde e faamondirde; kisal e deeƴre; hoolaare ɓeydii e laabi hee kadi addani jahondiral e njulaagu hakkunde diiwaanuuji ɗiɗi beydaade. Nguun mbayliigu udditii damal naatondiral pine, jillondiral lenyɗi e ƴellitagol pine saarankeeje. Ko e nguun mbayliigu laamu Ganna jibinaa e teemedannde 11bre, ngu wuuri haa e teemedannde 13ɓre laamu woɗngu ɓurngu ngu yaajde e doolnude lomtiingu ene wiyee Joomaandu Mali. Duuɓi teemedde ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum laamu ngoɗngu ene wiyee Sonngaay jogtii araaray e nder Hiirnaange Afrik tuggude e teemedannde 15ɓre haa e nder teemedannde 17ɓre. E hitaande 1596 laamu Marok yani e Sonngay ngam yiɗnoode fawde junngo mum e dow kaŋŋe mayri. Haysinno Marok danyaani heen ko wonno sago mum koo, doole Sonngaay keli, laamu ngu feccii wonti leykon tokoson. Eɗen teskoo ɗiiɗoo joomaanduji fof noon, gaagaa nder keeri majji,eɗi njiimatnoo e laamuuji tokoosi gonɗi e nder diiwaan he ɗi, ɗi njoɓnoo ɗum en kubbal. To bannge fuɗnaage Sonngaay to laamu nana toon ene wiyee Kanem-Borno ene wiyee ko kanngu e Ganna njiƴƴi kono Kanem-Borno wuurii kanum haa e teemedannde 19ɓre. Hakkunde Sonngaay e Kanem-Borno ko ɗoon leydi Hawsa woni. Ko ndi fecciindi e diiwaanuji, heen gooto fof ene laami hoore mum hayso tawi e ɓe mbaɗdi tummbudu ngootaagu.
Ene jeyaa e ko teskini e laamuuji jaŋtaaɗi dow ɗii kala, wonde ɗi kannji fof laamuuji nodditirtooɗi Islaam. Hayso keeweendi e yimɓe leyɗeele ɓe ngonaano juulɓe ne, haa ɓuri teeŋtude e dowrinkooɓe ɓe, laamɓe ɓee e ko ɓuri heewde e julankooɓe ɓee ko juulɓe ngonno. Laamuuji ɗi mahinoo ko e mbaydi laamuuji leyɗeele Islaam ɗe no mbaynii. Annduɓe ene ittananoo heen geɗal mawngal kadi jaŋde ene hurumanoo heen no feewi. Laamɓe ɓee ene ngaadorino yahde Makkah ngam hajjoyde rwrude  Ejipta, so e ɓe ngarta ɓe ngaddora defte, heen sahaaji ni ɓe ƴettora toon annduɓe ko wayno  seerenɓe diine ɓe ngadda ɗum en ɓe koɗna ɗum en e nokkuuji maɓɓe mbele ene ɓeyda sarde diine o e yaajnude ganndal e nder leyɗeele maɓɓe. Almudɓe kadi ene ummotonoo e leyɗeele he njaha janngoyde e nder duɗe Islaam mawɗe ɗe kala, ko wayno jaaɓi haaɗtirde Azhar to leydi Ejipt to ngannduɗaa laamuuji ɗi ene njogotnoo toon jipporɗe koye mum en, almudɓe ummiiɓe e nder ɗeen leyɗeele ko heen njippotoo tawa ko laamuji  leyɗeele mum en njaltinatnoo hitaande kala ko ɗiin nokkuuji njogoraa. Diiwaan o e hoore mum duɗe keewɗe, mawɗe, kuɓɓii heen. Ganndal Islaam ene sarino no feewi e nder Bilaad as-Sudaan ummaade e Timbuktu haa fay Fuuta Jalon haa yettoyi Fuuta Tooro jaŋde ene saakinoo heen sanne.
Jibinannde E Nehdi
Usmaan Dan Foodiyo jibinaa ko e nder wuro wiyeteengo Maratta e nder ngootiri e leyɗeele Hawsankeeɓe wiyeteendi Gobir, nyalnde 29 lewru Safar, hitaande 1168 Fergo Nelaaɗo ene hawra 15 Decembre 1754. Baaba makko Muhammad Foodiyo, ko ganndo kuɓɓuɗo kadi nananooɗo e nder yonta mum e nder leydi Gobir. Ko o pullo tooroodo, galle maɓɓe ko ɓooyɗo anndireede ganndal e diineyankaagal. Ndeen jibinannde sikke alaa, rokki Usmaan fartaŋeeji ɗiɗi: danyde jannginooɓe tawa ko annduɓe dowrowɓe e rontude hurum e teddungal jibnaaɓe makko e nder ngo renndo ngo ganndal ko huunde teddinaande kadi annduɓe ko rokkaaɓe hurum, heɗanteeɓe.
  Duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal jibineede Dan Foodiyo, Muhammad Fodiyo e ɓesngu mum eggi ummaaade Maratta ɓe koɗoyi wuro ene wiyee Degel.Nde Usmaan danyi duuɓi naatirɗi jaŋde, baaba makko janngini-mo Qur’aan. O janngi kaɓorɗe e biyeteeɗo Abdu Rahmaan dan Hamada. O dali sariya e juuɗe Usmaan Binndoowo Bakebbi, o janngi e mum fannuji keewɗi ko wayno fiqhu, lugha,nahwu, e gannde bayɗe no hiisa (mathematic),  mbewu (astronomie), walla jime (poesie).  Caggal ɗuum o yahi Agades to ganndo gooto Tuwaareg ene wiyee Seyku (sheikh) Jibriilu ben Omar, ko ceedtanonooɗo ganndal e nder diiwan ɓaleeri hee kala; ene wiyee so omo ɗannotonoo, e nder sate makko heen gelooɗi ɗiɗi ndimndata tan ko defte. Usmaan  woni toon ko Allah haaji, o arti  leydi maɓɓe, o fuɗɗii janngude Tafsiir e juuɗe Hasimiwu Basanfara o jokkitoyi e juuɗe bappaany makko ene wiyee Ahmadu dan Muhammadu Amiinu. Bappaany makko goɗɗo kadi ene wiyee Muhammadu dan Raji, kanum ne janngini-mo ganndal Hadiis.
  Seyku Usmaan, sabu ko ndeen innde o ɓurata hankadi anndireede, ko almuudo ceedtanaaɗo welde hakkille e yiɗde ganndal; ko o moƴƴo hakkille baawɗo reende kala ko o jannginaa, jaawɗo faamde. O fuɗɗiima winndude jime e neenewal makko Pulaar gila o suwaa heɓde duuɓi noogaas, ɗuum ene sedto udditaare makko e ganndal e feɗɗitaare makko e binndol gila ko o suka. Nde o heɓi hedde duuɓi noogaas ko ndeen o fuɗɗii waɗtude winndude e Arab, o winndi heen yimre makko arwaniire o mo jaara heen Nelaaɗo. Nde Seyku Usmaan heɓata duuɓi 25 taw o heɓii lijaasa (o rokkaa walla o duwana hono no almudɓe mbiyrata jooni ni), o heɓii yamiroore waɗtude jannginde. Ko ndeen o fuɗɗii jannginde almudɓe, ɓe ene jeyaa heen minyiiko ene wiyee Abdullaahi mo o hecci duuɓi sappo e ɗiɗi. O waɗti kadi waajaade,siftinde yimɓe diine mum en e noddude fayde e diine Allah.
 Ɗo seyku Usmaan ɗo noon, duwaneede walla reokkeede lijaasa firtaani gaynude jaŋde hono no almudaagal jooni-ni, alaa, ɗo makko ɗo ko ndeen jaŋde fuɗɗii. Kala ɗo o nannoo ganndo ene hoɗi walla ene yilli e nder diiwaan he o yettoto ɗum, o heɗtoo e mum, wooda ko o ƴoogi e mum. Ene wiyee e ndiin mbaydi o janngii e seerenɓe ko ɓuri teemedere.
 

== Administrator request ==
Usee yimɓe Fula, miɗo yiɗi ngam miɗo jaɓɓa hakkille dow Fulfulde Wikipedia ngam tataɓre. Miɗo tammi on hokkata on jaɓugo mon e jaɓugo ma yeeso anndal ngol ngam mi hokke mi fursat go'o ngam mi tokki kuugal ngal belɗum ngam kuɓɓugo Wiki ɗemngal men. Miɗo yetta on ngam walliingo on nder ɗum. Ko'e mon boo. [[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|yeewtu]]) 06:42, 24 Korse 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] has been doing a good job. I support his renewal of adminship. [[User:Harandee|Harandee]] ([[User talk:Harandee|yeewtu]]) 06:58, 24 Korse 2024 (UTC)
:I support the renewal of this request, because the user has been active in discharging his roles as admin. [[User:Awwerl|Awwerl]] ([[User talk:Awwerl|yeewtu]]) 07:01, 24 Korse 2024 (UTC)
:Mi ɗon jaɓana ɓeydaaki daliila ngol, ngam huutorɗo ɗon ɗon waɗugo kuuɗe maako bana adiiminjo. [[User:Zarerh|Zarerh]] ([[User talk:Zarerh|yeewtu]]) 07:05, 24 Korse 2024 (UTC)
:I strongly support this request. [[User:Apdoull|Apdoull]] ([[User talk:Apdoull|yeewtu]]) 07:09, 24 Korse 2024 (UTC)
:O ɗon waɗa gollaaku ngam ɓamtaare Fulfulde Wikipedia. Ngam maajum mi ɗon jaɓɓa ɓeydaaki dabare nde'e, ngam marɗo huutoraade ɗon waɗugo kuuɗe maako bana ardiiɗo. [[User:Fatheema|Fatheema]] ([[User talk:Fatheema|yeewtu]]) 07:15, 24 Korse 2024 (UTC)
:Strong support. I hope @[[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] can become permanent admin. [[User:Asmiatu|Asmiatu]] ([[User talk:Asmiatu|yeewtu]]) 15:56, 1 Morso 2024 (UTC)
== Administrator renewal request ==
Usee yimɓe Fula, miɗo yiɗi ngam miɗo jaɓɓa hakkille dow Fulfulde Wikipedia ngam tataɓre. Miɗo tammi on hokkata on jaɓugo mon e jaɓugo ma yeeso anndal ngol ngam mi hokke mi fursat go'o ngam mi tokki kuugal ngal belɗum ngam kuɓɓugo Wiki ɗemngal men. Miɗo yetta on ngam walliingo on nder ɗum. Ko'e mon boo.[[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] ([[User talk:De-Invincible|yeewtu]]) 12:19, 29 Duujal 2025 (UTC)

:I support the request of @[[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] for renewal of his administrator right because he helps make ffwiki be in check. [[User:Majalam|Majalam]] ([[User talk:Majalam|yeewtu]]) 18:19, 4 Korse 2025 (UTC)
:O ɗon waɗa gollaaku ngam ɓamtaare Fulfulde Wikipedia. Ngam maajum mi ɗon jaɓɓa ɓeydaaki dabare nde'e, ngam marɗo huutoraade ɗon waɗugo kuuɗe maako bana adminjo [[User:Zaynab05|Zaynab05]] ([[User talk:Zaynab05|yeewtu]]) 18:22, 4 Korse 2025 (UTC)
:The user @[[User:De-Invincible|De-Invincible]] has been doing a good job in patrolling new and spam pages. I support his renewal of adminship. [[User:Awwerl|Awwerl]] ([[User talk:Awwerl|yeewtu]]) 18:25, 4 Korse 2025 (UTC)
:Ever since I knew him, he has been active in discharging his roles as admin. He become a source of motivation to many us. I endorsed his request for the renewal. [[User:Fati A.J|Fati A.J]] ([[User talk:Fati A.J|yeewtu]]) 18:29, 4 Korse 2025 (UTC)

== jime pulaar ==

ngatamaare [[User:Mamoysane|Mamoysane]] ([[User talk:Mamoysane|yeewtu]]) 22:16, 2 Colte 2026 (UTC)

== Shugaba,en makko Fula Wikimedia  ==

Bandirabe am usee yimɓe Fula, miɗo yiɗi ngam miɗo jaɓɓa hakkille dow Fulfulde Wikipedia ngam tataɓre. Miɗo tammi on hokkata on jaɓugo mon e jaɓugo ma yeeso anndal ngol ngam mi hokke mi fursat go'o ngam mi tokki kuugal ngal belɗum ngam kuɓɓugo Wiki ɗemngal men. Miɗo yetta on ngam walliingo on nder ɗum. Ko'e mon boo. Allah seni, on  [[User:Fulani215|Fulani215]] ([[User talk:Fulani215|yeewtu]]) 13:45, 25 Korse 2026 (UTC)

:mii ɓawitee e saɓɓe ɗingo [[User:Adamu mc|Adamu mc]] ([[User talk:Adamu mc|yeewtu]]) 14:11, 25 Korse 2026 (UTC)
:strongly support [[User:Umargana1|Umargana1]] ([[User talk:Umargana1|yeewtu]]) 18:16, 25 Korse 2026 (UTC)

Miɗon walli ɓaawo banɗam gam hesɗinki yesoku muɗum to fulfulde Wikipedia. [[User:Mamman Ali|Mamman Ali]] ([[User talk:Mamman Ali|yeewtu]]) 06:07, 28 Korse 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwasam Nagge</title>
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        <username>Icodense</username>
        <id>4632</id>
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      <comment>Undid revision [[Special:Diff/158595|158595]] by [[Special:Contributions/Djibirilou Ba|Djibirilou Ba]] ([[User talk:Djibirilou Ba|talk]]); unexplained content removal</comment>
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'''KWASAM NAGGE''' kwasam Nagge ɗum kwasam on belɗamm majin wobbe wii wala bana man haa welugo ma. Dum ɗoh mari ndakam (''sweetness''), dum doh mari nafu boh haa balli himɓe majin nafu man yotti on je baa nasara ma wii wala ko kwasam acci haa nafu nder balli himɓe. Kwasam man ɗon wartah daga haa endi (breast) nagge mai on, Amma wiige tan mari kwasam mai ngam kanjum on woni ndeuro.

kwasam ngurto too jam haa wiige man inde maajam “biraadam” ƴaake ɗum wurtata mah dum doh wali jaw, Amma to bee launi dam bo wodi kettugol wa data haa dow maajam kanjum on be wi’ata leybol kanjum boh doh nafa haa nyaudiigu majin. Toh biraadan man dalina ma ko accama waali boh dan wartan “ pendiidam “ wabbe boh doh wii dam “lammudam”  kanjam ma dam beldam masin amma kanjam kam sebe kautu eh (sugar) be yarirtadam,wobbe kam boh wanna dam dakkere fuu, wobbe boh chobbal ( additives) wannatadam amma be doh yara dam ko wala dakkere be chobbal mai fuu, dokam jongitiri no goddo yidi on yarata dam.lammudam mai ko pediidam kam no dam wurtiri be yarata dam.

to jama’aje doh on sedda nder hala kwasam nagge, en timminan wolde Ahmin be hotekuke shawaraji dow kalamo mai yarugo kwasam fuu dabbita yara ngam dum be nafu majin ha belli himbe, kuma dam beldam majin boa.

==Hiimoɓe==
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  <page>
    <title>Nnamdi Azikiwe</title>
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        <username>MOIBARDE</username>
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      <comment>Add image , links and references</comment>
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      <text bytes="94395" sha1="c0k0vxowpiyqv5zz8des6oivirkjx5u" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Nnamdi Benjamin Azikiwe'''GCFR PC (HeɗtoR; 16 noowammbar 1904 – 11 [[lewru]] mee 1996),&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe {{!}} president of Nigeria|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nnamdi-Azikiwe|access-date=2022-03-26|website=[[Britannica]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe ina mbiya ko '''Zik mo Afrik''', ko o dawriyanke, laamuyanke, e hooreejo leydi Nijeer, o woniino hooreejo leydi Nijeer gadano gila e hitaande 1960 haa e hitaande 1960 (1963-1966).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=French|first=Howard W.|date=1996-05-14|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe, the First President of Nigeria, Dies at 91|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/14/world/nnamdi-azikiwe-the-first-president-of-nigeria-dies-at-91.html|access-date=2023-12-06|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; O ɗon laara no baaba lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] nden bo o ɗon nder ardiiɓe lesdi ndi'i nder hitaande 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-10-01|title=Heroes of the struggle for Nigeria's independence/pioneer political|url=https://guardian.ng/?p=1230220|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-05-24|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=On this day in 1904 Dr. Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe, was born in Zungeru, Niger State, North-Central Nigeria|url=http://www.jayfm.ng/2017/11/16/on-this-day-in-1904-dr-benjamin-nnamdi-azikiwe-was-born-in-zungeru-niger-state-north-central-nigeria/|date=2017-11-16|website=[[Jay FM]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805081611/http://www.jayfm.ng/2017/11/16/on-this-day-in-1904-dr-benjamin-nnamdi-azikiwe-was-born-in-zungeru-niger-state-north-central-nigeria/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Crowcroft|first=Barnaby|title=The Radical Nationalist as Constitutional Head of State: Nigeria, 1960–66|date=2020|work=Viceregalism: The Crown as Head of State in Political Crises in the Postwar Commonwealth|pages=179–202|editor-last=Kumarasingham|editor-first=H.|series=Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-46283-3_7|isbn=978-3-030-46283-3|s2cid=226564363}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Azikiwe jibinaa ko [[Zungeru]] e nder [[Diiwal Niger|diiwaan Niger]] hannde oo, jibnaaɓe [[Igbo]] en ummoriiɓe [[Onitsha]], [[Diiwal Anambra|diiwaan Anambra]], Azikiwe janngi ɗemngal Hausa ngal woni ɗemngal ɓurngal mawnude e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Caggal mum o neldaa hoɗde e neene makko e neene makko to wuro makko [[Onitsha]], ɗo o janngi ɗemngal [[Igbo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=chuku|first=gloria|title=Azikiwe, Benjamin Nnamdi|year=2011|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-0239|work=Dictionary of African Biography|access-date=2023-12-13|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.013.0239|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jooɗnde haa lesdi [[Lagos]] hokki mo jannguki ɗemngal [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], nden wakkati o ɗonno haa janngirde mawnde, o anndi finaa-tawaa [[Naajeeriya]] feere-feere, nden o wolwi ɗemɗe tati mawɗe [[Naajeeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Aguolu|first1=C. C.|last2=Aguolu|first2=L. E.|date=1997|title=Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, 1904-1966, First President of Nigeria: A Force in Library Development in Nigeria|url=https://worldlibraries.dom.edu/index.php/worldlib/article/view/199|journal=World Libraries|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|issn=2155-7896}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Azikiwe ina yahra no feewi. O ummii ko [[Amerik]] ɗo o inniraa '''Ben Azikiwe''', o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Colombia|Columbia]], to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pennsylvania e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard. O jokkondiri e laamuuji koloñaal e ɗaɓɓaande ngam wallitde leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e nder Olimpiyaaji Los Angeles 1932 nde tawnoo ko kanko kadi woni atletee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/03086539908583061|title='Managing nationalism': The colonial office and Nnamdi Azikiwe, 1932–43|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=27|issue=2|pages=143–158|year=1999|last=Flint|first=John E.}}&lt;/ref&gt; O arti [[Afrik]] ko e hitaande 1934, o fuɗɗii golle jaayndiyankaagal to Cote d’Or ([[Gana]] hannde oo). E nder [[Afrik]] hirnaange Biritaan, Azikiwe ina daranii wonde daraniiɗo politik e jaayndiyanke, ngam ngenndiyaŋkaagal [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e [[Afrik]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Azikiwe fights for Africa|date=7 January 1950|work=New York Amsterdam News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol==
'''Sukaaɓe''' : '''jaŋde e mbaydi ƴeew tiitoonde'''

Kartal pelle ɗemɗe [[Naajeeriya]]: Azikiwe jibinaa ko e diiwaan Fuɗnaange e nder leydi ndi. Leydi taaniraaɓe makko, [[Onitsha]], woni ko e bannge Fuɗnaange-rewo ngenndi ndii.)

Azikiwe jibinaa ko ñalnde 16 noowammbar 1904 to [[Zungeru]], to Fuɗnaange Nijeer. Innde makko adannde, &quot;Nnamdi&quot;, nde jibnaaɓe makko ndokki mo ko innde [[Igbo Eze South|Igbo]] nde firti ko &quot;baaba am ina wuuri&quot;. Baaba makko, Obed-Edom Chukwuemeka Azikiwe, jeyaaɗo to [[Onitsha]], ko o binndoowo e nder laamu Angalteer to leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Thomas A. Johnson|date=1972-09-14|title=Nigerian Urges Uses of the Past|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/14/archives/nigerian-urges-uses-of-the-past-says-colonialism-left-some-things.html|access-date=2023-12-06|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yumma makko Rachel Chinwe Ogbenyeanu Azikiwe (jibinaa ko Aghadiuno), mo sahaa e sahaa fof ina wiyee « Nwanonaku »&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe: My Odyssey|chapter=I: My Genealogy and Nativity|publisher=Spectrum Books|date=1970|page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=University|first=Nnamdi Azikiwe|date=2021-11-16|title=Profile of NNamdi Azikiwe|url=https://zikslectureseries.unizik.edu.ng/profile-of-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2023-12-06|website=Zik's Lecture Series|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ko ɓiɗɗo debbo tataɓo Aghadiuno Ajie&lt;ref name=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Mother of Nnamdi Azikiwe dies at 75|date=22 February 1958|work=Philadelphia Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;, iwdi galle laamɗo to Onitsha; mawniiko gorko biyeteeɗo Ugogwu Anazenwu, ko Obi [[Onitsha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PT2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Mother of Nnamdi Azikiwe dies at 75|date=22 February 1958|work=Philadelphia Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azikiwe ina joginoo miñi mum gooto, miñi mum debbo, ina wiyee Cecilia Eziamaka Arinze.&lt;ref name=&quot;PT3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Mother of Nnamdi Azikiwe dies at 75|date=22 February 1958|work=Philadelphia Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nde o woni suka, Azikiwe ina haalda ɗemngal [[Hausa language|Hausa]], ɗemngal diiwaan oo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, 1904-1966, first president of Nigeria: A force in Library development in Nigeria.|url=https://worldlibraries.dom.edu/index.php/worldlib/article/view/199/154|last=Aguolu and Aguolu|first=C.C and L.E|date=1997|journal=World Libraries|volume=7|issue=2|access-date=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baaba makko, ina wondi e sunaare e 6icfcfo makko e 6amtaare [[Hausa language|Hausa]] wonaa [[Igbo]], neli mo to [[Onitsha]] e hitaande 1912 ngam hocfde e neene makko e neene makko ngam janngude 6emngal e pinal [[Igbo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Oha&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Oha|first1=Obododimma|title=Heroes of knowledge versus dragons of ignorance: language, identity construction, and intertextuality in Nnamdi Azikiwe's &quot;My Odyssey&quot;|url=http://motspluriels.arts.uwa.edu.au/MP2303oo.html|website=motspluriels.arts.uwa.edu.au/|access-date=8 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; To [[Onitsha]], Azikiwe janngi Duɗal Trinity Seniiɗo (duɗal misiyoŋaaji katolik en) e Duɗal Eklesiya Almasiihu (duɗal leslesal Angalteer).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Accord concodiale: The continuous search for Nigeria's elusive unity and indivisibility (2)|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/accord-concodiale-the-continuous-search-for-nigerias-elusive-unity-and-indivisibility-2/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|date=2016-12-14|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; E hitaande 1914, nde baaba makko ina gollina to Lagos, Azikiwe yani e puccu ; ɗum addani baaba makko kulɓiniiɗo neldude mo to [[Lagos]], mbele omo sella, omo jokka jaŋde e nder wuro ngo.{{sfn|Orji|2013|p=68}} Ndeen o naati duɗal sukaaɓe Wesleyan, anndiraangal hannde duɗal sukaaɓe ''Methodist'', [[Lagos]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=history – MGHS|url=https://mghsyabalagosng.com/history-2/|access-date=2022-09-11|language=en-US|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004232208/https://mghsyabalagosng.com/history-2/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baaba makko neldaama [[Kaduna]] duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, Azikiwe jooɗii seeɗa e banndiiko gooto resnduɗo juulɗo ummoriiɗo [[Siyeraa Leyoon]].{{sfn|Tonkin|1990|p=37}} E hitaande 1918, o arti [[Onitsha]], o timmini jaŋde makko hakkundeere to duɗal hakkundeewal CMS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-05-09|title=Benjamin Nnamdi &quot;Zik&quot; Azikiwe (1904–1996)|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/azikiwe-benjamin-nnamdi-zik-1904-1996/|access-date=2022-09-11|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azikiwe ndeen golliima e duɗal ngal ko almuudo-jannginoowo,{{sfn|Orji|2013|p=68}} ina wallita yumma mum e ngalu mum.{{sfn|Tonkin|1990|p=37}} E hitaande 1920, baaba makko artiraa to Protectorat Sud Nigeria, to wuro [[Calabar]]. Azikiwe hawri e baaba mum to [[Calabar]], o fuɗɗii jaŋde toownde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hope Waddell.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-02-03|title=Reminiscing The Founding Fathers: Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://leadership.ng/reminiscing-the-founding-fathers-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2022-03-26|language=en-GB|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; O naati e janngirɗe Marcus Garvey,&lt;ref name=&quot;Timesdigit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe|work=The Times|location=London, England|date=14 May 1996|page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garveyism, ɗe ngonti huunde himmunde e haala makko ngenndiyaŋkaagal.
[[File:Azikiwe with parents.png|thumb|Azikiwe e jibnaaɓe mum, c. Kitaale 1910]]
Caggal nde o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hope Waddell,&lt;ref name=&quot;Yearbook1962&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Nigeria Year Book 1962|publisher=[[Daily Times (Nigeria)|Daily Times]]|year=1962|pages=112}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azikiwe artiraa to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Methodist, to [[Lagos]], o seerti e wondiiɓe makko ummoriiɓe e galleeji ɓooyɗi Lagos ko wayi no George Shyngle, Francis Cole e Ade Williams (ɓiy [[Akarigbo mo Remo|Akarigbo Remo]]). Ɗee jokkondiral naftorii caggal ɗuum e golle makko politik to [[Lagos]].{{sfn|Orji|2013|p=68}} Nde o woni to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Wesley ''Boys'' o ɓuri waawde jaŋde makko, o rokki deftere ina wiyee « gila e Log Cabin haa e galle ''White House'' », ko ɗum woni nguurndam [[James A. Garfield]], gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi [[Amerik]], umminooɗo e huɗo haa e moƴƴere. Deftere ndee ina addana mo pellital heɓde nafoore e nguurndam. Azikiwe nanii yeewtere [[James Aggrey]], jannginoowo mo miijii wonde Afriknaaɓe ina poti heɓde jaŋde kolees caggal leydi, ɓe ngarta e waɗde waylo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Esele, Amos|date=21 November 1994|title=Ninety hearty cheers!|work=The Week|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caggal nde yeewtere ndee joofi, Aggrey rokki suka Azikiwe doggol duɗe jaɓɓotooɗe almudɓe ɓaleeɓe to [[Amerik]].{{sfn|Tonkin|1990|p=37}}

Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko hakkundeere, Azikiwe ɗaɓɓiri golle koloñaal, o jaɓaa wonde binndoowo to departemaa kaalis. Wakkati maako nder kuugal koloñaal, holli mo limngal njiyaagu nder laamu koloñaal.{{sfn|Orji|2013|p=69}} Suɓaade Azikiwe janngude to Amerik e nokku Angalteer, ko batte Doktoor James Kwegyr Aggrey, nguurndam hooreejo leydi A. Garfield e Abraham Lincoln, Pan-Afriknism Marcus Garvey e woodgol ballal wonande almudɓe waasɓe, tawi alaa ko heɓaa e Angalteer. E pellital yahde caggal leydi ngam ɓeydaade jaŋde, Azikiwe ɗaɓɓiri jaŋde mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde to U.S. O jaɓaa to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer College, tawi ko e dow ballal makko e yiytude laawol feewde [[Amerik]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Commencement address at Storer delivered by African alumnus|date=14 June 1947|work=New Journal and Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngam yettaade [[Amerik]], o jokkondiri e laana ndiwoowa, o waɗi e makko nanondiral ngam wonde stowaway.&lt;ref name=&quot;theworldnews.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-02-03|title=Reminiscing The Founding Fathers: Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://leadership.ng/reminiscing-the-founding-fathers-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2021-10-19|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kono gooto e sehilaaɓe makko wonnooɓe e laana kaa rafi, ɓe wasiyii yo ɓe njippo e Sekondi. To leydi [[Gana]], Azikiwe golliima ko polis ; yumma makko yilliima, o wiyi mo yo o hoot leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. O arti, baaba makko jaɓi wallitde mo yahde [[Amerik]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Heroes of the Past – Nnamdi Azikiwe – Everything But Coffee|url=https://everythingbutcoffee.biz/2020/05/11/heroes-of-the-past-nnamdi-azikiwe/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805024303/https://everythingbutcoffee.biz/2020/05/11/heroes-of-the-past-nnamdi-azikiwe/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Azikiwe janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Harpers Ferry, to Virginie worgo. Ngam yoɓde nguurndam makko e jaŋde makko, o golliima golle keewɗe ɗe ngalaa nafoore hade makko winnditaade to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard to Washington, D.C. e hitaande 1927 ngam heɓde dipolomaaji makko e ganndal politik. E hitaande 1929, o ummii duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard o fayi duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln ngam timminde jaŋde makko leslesre, o heɓi kadi seedantaagal makko BA e ganndal politik e hitaande 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crisis-Jan1966&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Azikiwe|first=Nnamdi|editor1-first=James W.|editor1-last=Ivy|editor-link=James W. Ivy|date=January 1966|title=A teacher remembered|journal=Crisis|volume=73|issue=1|pages=54–55|publisher=The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc.|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OnlineNigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/people/ad.asp?blurb=66|title=Biography of Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe|access-date=2007-09-05|work=[www.onlinenigeria.com]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azikwe ƴettii kursuuji e Alain Locke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Getachew|first=Adom|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3znwvg|title=Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination|date=2019|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-17915-5|pages=7|doi=10.2307/j.ctv3znwvg|jstor=j.ctv3znwvg}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azikiwe wonnoo ko tergal e fedde nde.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Politics and Leadership|url=http://www.pbs1914.org/sigmatoday/notablesigmapoliticsandleadership.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502181928/http://www.pbs1914.org/sigmatoday/notablesigmapoliticsandleadership.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2007|website=Phi Beta Sigma|access-date=7 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndeen o naatii to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln to Pennsylvania e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pennsylvania e sahaa gooto e hitaande 1930, o heɓi dipoloma makko ko fayti e diine e filosofi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln e hitaande 1932, o heɓi kadi dipoloma makko ko fayti e anthropologie to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pennsylvania e hitaande 1933&lt;ref name=&quot;UPenn&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/notables/political/pennheads.html|title=Alumni, Faculty, and Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania Who Have Served as Heads of State or Government|access-date=2007-09-05|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania|University Archives and Records Center University of Pennsylvania]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205032053/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/notables/political/pennheads.html|archive-date=5 February 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/zik.asp|title=Nigeria – Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe|website=www.onlinenigeria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Azikiwe wonti jannginoowo dipolomaaji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, ɗo o sosi janngirde daartol [[Afrik]].{{sfn|Tonkin|1990|p=41}} O woniino kanndidaa ngam heɓde dipolomaaji doktoraa to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Colombia|Columbia]] hade makko hootde leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e hitaande 1934.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Azikiwe May Accept Position in Liberia|date=21 July 1934|work=The New York Amsterdam News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wiɗtooji doktoraa Azikiwe ɗii ɓuri teeŋtude ko e Liberiya e nder politik winndere, e binndol makko ngol A. H. Stockwell yaltini e hitaande 1934. E nder sahaa mo o woni to [[Amerik]], o woniino winndiyanke to jaaynde Afro-Ameriknaare Baltimore, to Philadelphia Tribune e to jaaynde Associated Negro Press.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Azikiwe, N.|date=1 January 1965|title=Nigerian pioneer|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azikiwe ina joginoo miijooji jaayndeeji [[Afrik]]-[[Amerik]], Garveyism e Pan-Afriknaaɓe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Azikiwe, N.|date=1 January 1965|title=Nigerian pioneer|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Feddeeji e renndooji ===
Fedde sukaaɓe worɓe kerecee en, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer (1925-27)

Cub hakkunde leyɗeele to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard (1928)

Fedde binndol Stylus to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard (1923)

Fedde hakkunde leyɗeele to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Colombia|Columbia]] (1930-32)

Fedde nguurndam, Duɗal Anthropoloji Laamu (1933)

Fedde nguurndam, fedde faggudu laamɗo (1934)

Tergal nguurndam, Fedde Angalteer ngam ɓamtaare ganndal (1947)

Fedde Ameriknaare ngam sariyaaji hakkunde leyɗeele (1933–34)

Fedde Annduɓe Anthropoloji Amerka (1932-1934)

Fedde ganndal siyaas Amerik (1933-34)

Fedde Annduɓe Leƴƴi Amerka (1933-34)

Koolol ganndal siwil to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln (1934)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anike|url=http://repository.unizik.edu.ng/bitstream/123456789/429/1/master%2C%2BAnike.pdf|website=repository.unizik.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Azikiwe playing American Football, Storer College, 1926.jpg|thumb|Azikiwe ina fija fuku [[Amerik]], to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer (1926)]]

== Golle atletik ==
E fuɗɗoode golle makko, Azikiwe ina yahra e boks, atletik, njulaagu, fuku koyɗe e tennis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crisis-Jan19662&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Azikiwe|first=Nnamdi|editor1-first=James W.|editor1-last=Ivy|editor-link=James W. Ivy|date=January 1966|title=A teacher remembered|journal=Crisis|volume=73|issue=1|pages=54–55|publisher=The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc.|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; Football ko Biritaan en ngaddi ɗum e leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] nde ɓe koloni [[Afrik]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://nnu.ng/post/Nnamdi-Azikiwe|website=Nigeria News Update.|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kono kala ligues sosaaɗe, ko ɗe ceerndaaɗe. Nnamdi yi'i ɗum bana tooñannge nden o wurti bee hooreejo to bannge fijirle jokkirgol e siyaasaaku haa timmoode jamaanu koloñaal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sports and the Modernity of Leisure in Nigeria: Stadium Space and the Symbolisms of Expressions, 1930–1980|url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/61376/OBASA-DISSERTATION-2015.pdf?sequence=1|last=Olusegun|first=Obasa|date=2015|website=repositories.lib.utexas.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; E hitaande 1934, Zik haɗaama tawtoreede kawgel ngel sabu leydi Nijeer jaɓaaka tawtoreede. Ɗum waɗii sahaa goɗɗo sabu iwdi makko Igbo, Zik fellitii wonde ina heddi, o yiɗi sosde fedde makko. Nnamdi sosi fedde Zik's ''Athletic Club'' (ZAC) nde udditanta dame mum ngam fijirde worɓe e rewɓe kala leƴƴi, leƴƴi, leƴƴi, e kala fannuuji leydi [[Naajeeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nationalist Period|url=http://webeninnigeriaghanatogoboutsport.weebly.com/nationalist-period.html|website=Sports and Politics in British West/Central Africa|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805025704/http://webeninnigeriaghanatogoboutsport.weebly.com/nationalist-period.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; E hitaande 1942, fedde nde yahi haa heɓi Ligue [[Lagos]] e Kop ''Memorial War''. Caggal ɗeen nafooje, Nnamdi udditi caɗeele ZAC goɗɗe e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] fof. E nder duuɓi wolde ZAC ina yaha njilluuji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe Facts|url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/nnamdi-azikiwe|website=biography.yourdictionary.com|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Matchs'' ZAC ɗon waɗa nder lesdi ndi'i fuu, nden ɗum waɗi yimɓe [[Naajeeriya]] ɗon mari haaje kawtal e lesdi ndi'i ngam wallugo ɓe haɓugo ndimu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Establishment and the Achievements of the National Sports Commission in Nigeria|url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=osu1487093435463141&amp;disposition=inline|last=Abioye|first=Joseph Adegboyega|date=1980|website=etd.ohiolink.edu}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E hitaande 1949, won e fukuyaŋkooɓe ZAC tawtoraama njillu to Angalteer. E gartugol maɓɓe e njillu ngu ɓe njooɗii to Freetown, Siyeraa Leyoon, e leydi Najeriya fooli yimɓe nokku oo e golle 2. Ndee nasaraaku ko ɓuri duuɓi sappo ko adii jeytaare leydi [[Naajeeriya]], kono ko nde jibinannde kippu ngenndiijo leydi [[Naajeeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigerians Love For Football; is it too much?|url=https://soccernet.ng/2015/03/nigerians-love-for-football-is-it-too.html|date=2015-03-23|website=Soccernet.ng|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; E joofnirde, caggal duuɓi hare, e hitaande 1959, jaagorde Angalteer cakkitiinde yalti NFA, ñalnde 22 ut 1960, jonte seeɗa ko adii jeytaare mum, [[Naajeeriya]] naati e fedde fuku koyɗe winndereere wiyeteende FIFA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pictures &amp; Documents: FIFA at 114, How Nigeria Became a Member|url=https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2018/05/21/pictures-documents-fifa-at-114-how-nigeria-became-a-member/|date=2018-05-21|website=Sports Village Square|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804175655/https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2018/05/21/pictures-documents-fifa-at-114-how-nigeria-became-a-member/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Hay heen gootal waawaano wonde so wonaano Nnamdi Azikiwe. O hawti [[Naajeeriya]] bee fijirde nden o waddi hakkilo lesdi ndi'i wi'eteeɗum 'Nigerian-ness'.

=== Jaambaraagal dingiral ===
Sosɗo, ZiKs ''Athletic Club'' (e MRB. Oltun) ngam ɓamtugo fijooji, boksi, kirikit, njuulu e tennis nder leydi [[Naajeeriya]].

Gooliiɗo e yeeso, duɗal sukaaɓe metodist, [[Lagos]] (1921)

Jaagorgal, Diwgol toowngol, M.B.H.S, e Jaagorgal, Ñalngu Laamu (1921)

Jaagorɗo, tedduɗo, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer (1925-27)

Jaagorgal &amp; Medaal kaŋŋe, Diwgol toowngol, Pijirlooji hakkunde duɗe HU (1926);

Medaal kaŋŋe, doggol leydi, doggudu kilomeeteer gooto, doggudu kilomeeteer gooto, e diwgol toowngol, kawgel kaalis to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer (1926)

Medaal, Pentatlon, kawgel kolees Storer (1925)

Kapiteen, fedde janngirde Storer (1927)

Medaal kaŋŋe, taƴoowo leydi, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer (1921)

Medaal njamndi mboɗeeri, maraton Laurel-Baltimore (1927)

Jaagorɗo, dogdu ɓaleeru, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard (1928)

Kapiteen gooto, fedde fuku koyɗe duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln (1930)

Doggol kilooji ɗiɗi, kawgel ɗiɗmel hakkunde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cheyney (1930)

Medaal kaalis, doggudu kilooji ɗiɗi, kawgel hakkunde duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hampton Virginia (1931)

Jaaliiɗo toɓɓere, dogdu Baltimore (1929, 1930)

Medaal njamndi mboɗeeri, dogdu Richmond (1931)

Toɓɓere Dowla, A.A.U. Kaɓirɗe hakkunde leyɗeele (1932)

Medaal kaŋŋe, dogdu 1 000 yard, Pijirlooji Kaledoni to Brooklyn, New York (1932)

Medaal kaŋŋe, Doggol Kilomeeteer gooto, e Doggol Kilomeeteer tati, Y MC.A. Pijirlooji, New York (1932)

Koppi kaalis, dogdu feccere kiloomeeteer, e keɓɗo kopporeeje kaalis e nder dogdu kiloomeeteer gooto, kawgel ñalngu ladde Demokaraasi, New Haven, Connecticut (1933)

Ɗiɗaɓo (e G.K Dorgu), kawgel tennis worɓe ɗiɗo Lagos, diɗɗal B (1938)

Nafooje (gorko Anchor), Kippu ZAC e nder kawgel njulaagu [[Lagos]] (1939)

Nasti ngam daranaago lesdi Naajeeriya nder fijirde Half-Mile e One Mile Run nder fijirde laamu lesdi Biritaniya nder hitaande 1934, ammaa A.A.A lesdi Biritaniya sali mo ngam 'daliilu karallaaku'. (Ngolɗoo jaɓgol addani mo winndude ɓataake lolluɗo, o woppi innde makko e ɗemngal Engele, hono Benjamin)

=== Tergal ===
Fedde fuku koyɗe Diamant (1922-24)

Fedde fijooji Merkiir to New York (1932-34)

Kaɓirgal tennis to Akra (1935-1937)

Patron, fedde fijirde Zik (gila 1956)

Hooreejo, Fedde Kirikit [[Naajeeriya]] (1940–44)

Hooreejo, Fedde Njulaagu [[Naajeeriya]] (1938–41)

Cukko hooreejo, fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e boksi leydi Nijeer (gila 1949)

Hooreejo fedde fuku koyɗe diiwaan [[Lagos]] (1951-1954)

Hooreejo, Fedde Fijooji Amateur [[Naajeeriya]] (gila 1952)

Hooreejo, Fedde ''Tennis'' Tabal [[Naajeeriya]] (gila 1953)

Cukko Patron e tergal Goomu, Goomu Olimpiyaade Nijeer, e Fedde Pijirlooji Laamu Biritaan e ''Commonwealth'' (gila 1951)

&lt;ref&gt;Alegi, Peter (2010). African Soccerscapes: How a Continent Changed the World's Game. Ohio University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-89680-278-0}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ​&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Before Joining FIFA and CAF; Nigeria FA was Affiliated to the FA in England|url=https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2018/08/21/before-joining-fifa-and-caf-nigeria-fa-was-affiliated-to-the-fa-in-england/|date=2018-08-21|website=Sports Village Square|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804235509/https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2018/08/21/before-joining-fifa-and-caf-nigeria-fa-was-affiliated-to-the-fa-in-england/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehistoryville.com/nnamdi-azikiwe/|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe: How do We Remember Nigeria's First President? – HistoryVille|date=16 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Golle binndol ==

=== Jaaynde jaayndeyaagal e tafngo ===
Rewɓe ɓee ndaranii yoɓde njoɓdi Angalteer e hitaande 1929, ko ɗum seedtini warngooji keewɗi e nder Opobo, tawi ko soldateeɓe Angalteer ardii ɗum en e nokkuuji goɗɗi e nder diiwaan fuɗnaange. Azikiwe, nde nani kewu nguu, winndi winndannde ñaawoore tiitoonde mum ko ‘Warde rewɓe e nder leydi Nijeer’, nde o woni e janngude haa jooni to Amerik e hitaande 1930, e ɓataake mo o winndi e oon sahaa, daraniiɗo hakkeeji siwil ''Pan''-[[Afrik]], hono W. E. B. Du Bois. Nde o woni to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, Azikiwe winndi deftere makko adannde wiyeteende ‘Liberia e nder politik winndere’ e hitaande 1931.

Azikiwe ɗaɓɓiriino wonde jaagorgal caggal leydi to leydi Liberiya, kono o saliima sabu o wonaa jeyaaɗo e leydi ndii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe: African Philosopher; scholar and eminent journalist|work=The Journalist|url=https://www.thejournalist.org.za/pioneers/nnamdi-azikiwe-african-philosopher-scholar-and-eminent-journalist|access-date=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; E hitaande 1934, nde Azikiwe warti [[Lagos]], o anndaa no feewi, o yi’aama no neɗɗo tedduɗo e won e renndo [[Lagos]] e [[Igbo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=http://www.ekwendigbo.com/index.php/en/profiles/blessed-memories/83-nnamdi-azikiwe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805055431/http://www.ekwendigbo.com/index.php/en/profiles/blessed-memories/83-nnamdi-azikiwe|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2020|website=www.ekwendigbo.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; O jaɓɓaama e juuɗe yimɓe seeɗa, kolliri binndi makko to [[Amerik]] ina laaɓi ina njottii [[Naajeeriya]].{{sfn|Tonkin|1990|p=38}} To leydi Nijeer, faandaare Azikiwe adannde ko heɓde darnde fotnde e jaŋde makko ; caggal ɗaɓɓaande keewnde nde o heɓaani (ina heen ngam heɓde posto janngingol to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ''King’s College'', [[Lagos]]), o jaɓi ɗaɓɓaande jom jawdi en [[Gana|Ganaa]] biyeteeɗo Alfred Ocansey ngam wonde gardiiɗo sosɗo jaaynde wiyeteende ''African Morning Post'', jaaynde hesere ñalnde kala to [[Accra]], [[Gana|Ganaa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;theworldnews.net2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-02-03|title=Reminiscing The Founding Fathers: Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://leadership.ng/reminiscing-the-founding-fathers-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2021-10-19|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-01-07|title=Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://thenigerianhistory.wordpress.com/dr-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2022-03-26|website=our history|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; O rokkaama junngo ngam dogginde jaaynde ndee, o ƴetti gollotooɓe mum heewɓe e asliiji ɗii.{{sfn|Orji|2013|p=68}} Azikiwe winndi &quot;''The Inside Stuff by'' Zik&quot;, deftere nde o winndi e nder mum ko fayti e ngenndiyaŋkaagal radikal e manngu ɓaleejo, ko ɗum addani won e kulhuli e nder dingiral koloñaal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=African graduate of Lincoln creates stir in his native land|date=22 August 1936|work=New Journal and Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ko o editor, o ƴelliti ajendaaji ngenndiyaŋkooɓe daraniiɓe [[Afrik]].&lt;ref name=&quot;theworldnews.net3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-02-03|title=Reminiscing The Founding Fathers: Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://leadership.ng/reminiscing-the-founding-fathers-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2021-10-19|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuri Smertin siftinii binndol makko ngol ko, &quot;binndanɗe cemmbinɗe e haalaaji renndo ɗi cemmbini njuɓɓudi koloñaal gonndi ndii : keeri hakke Afriknaaɓe hollirde miijooji mum en, e njiyaagu njiyaagu&quot;. Yuri kadi ñiŋii ɓeen Afriknaaɓe jeyaaɓe e ‘elite’ renndo koloñaal, yiɗɓe jogaade njuɓɓudi gonndi ndii, nde tawnoo ɓe njiyri ɗum ko « tuugnorgal wellitaare maɓɓe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://thenigerianhistory.wordpress.com/dr-nnamdi-azikiwe/|date=2013-01-07|website=our history|access-date=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nder dumunna mo Azikiwe woni e Accra, o yahri yeeso e filosof makko [[Afrik]] keso mo o ƴeewti caggal ɗuum e nder deftere makko, [[Afrik]] Renas50&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Long awaited Zik's Day preps in Anambra|url=https://www.nationallightngr.com/2019/11/14/long-awaited-ziks-day-preps-in-anambra/|date=2019-11-14|website=National Light|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

E nder miijo filosof, Azikiwe wiyi wonde « ko leydi ɗo Afriknaaɓe ceertata e leƴƴi e laamuuji gaadanteeji, mbaylee e kuule filosof joy : ballondiral ruuhu, ƴellitaare renndo, pellital faggudu, ndimaagu hakkille e ngenndiyaŋkaagal risorgimento ». Azikiwe ronkaani politik Gold Coast, kadi jaaynde ndee ina wallita lannda Mambii nokku oo.{{sfn|Tonkin|1990|p=41}} ''The Post'', jaaynde nokkuure ndee yaltinii winndannde ñalnde 15 mee 1936, &quot;Mbele Afriknaajo ina jogii Alla?&quot; ko [[I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson]], e Azikiwe (hono winndiyanke) ñaawaama sabu fitinaaji.&lt;ref name=&quot;theworldnews.net4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-02-03|title=Reminiscing The Founding Fathers: Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://leadership.ng/reminiscing-the-founding-fathers-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2021-10-19|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; O fuɗɗii ko ñaaweede, o ñaawaa lebbi jeegom kasoo. E dow fenaande makko, Zik hollitii, &quot;so tawii ko mi kuutorgal daɗndo ngal imperiyaalisma e nder [[Afrik]] hirnaange foti luulndaade e liɓde, kadi so tawii e nder ndeeɗoo njillu miɗo foti yoɓde njoɓdi ɓurndi toowde, ndeen alaa ko haani mi diwde walla mi diwta. Miɗo wondi e hoolaare ñalnde kala wonde the ''New'' restinality ina waawi wonde les [[Afrik]] keso oo stem it. Hay maayde am waawaa jokkude kristal mum.&quot; Caggal ɗuum o woppitaa e Ñaawirde Toownde [[Afrik]] Hirnaange.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe and the vision of a united Africa|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/politicalreforms/Nnamdi-Azikiwe-and-the-vision-of-a-united-Africa/1843776-5116596-15o8e3tz/index.html|website=The Citizen|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nnamdi Azikiwe in Office, 1937.jpg|thumb|Azikiwe e nder biro mum, hitaande 1937]]
Azikiwe warti [[Lagos]] nder hitaande 1937, o sosi jaaynde wiyeteende ''West African Pilot'', jaaynde nde o huutortoo ngam ɓamtude ngenndiyaŋkaagal e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], fedde Zik ''Group'' sosi jaayndeeji jowitiiɗi e toɓɓe politik e faggudu e nder gure teeŋtuɗe e nder leydi ndii fof.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Uche|first1=Luke Uka|title=Mass Media, People, and Politics in Nigeria|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=95}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jaaynde ɓurnde mawnude e fedde ndee ko ''Pilot'' [[Afrik]] worgo, nde huutorii ko konngol [[Dante Alighieri]] « Hollit annoore, yimɓe ɓee keɓata laawol » ngam waɗde heen konngol mum. Binndanɗe goɗɗe ko ''Defender'' [[Naajeeriya]] Fombinaari ummoriiɗo Warri (caggal mum [[Ibadan]]), Gardiiɗo Fuɗnaange (sosaaɗo e hitaande 1940, yaltinaa to Port Harcourt), e Kaaloowo [[Naajeeriya]] to [[Onitsha]].{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=204}} Ko e hitaande 1944, fedde ndee heɓti deftere [[Dusé Mohamed Ali]] wiyeteende La Comète. Jaaynde Azikiwe ko njulaagu, kadi ko kuutorgal ngam politik e wallitde.{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=195}} ''Pilot'' oo ɓuri tiiɗnaade ko e yeeyde ko ɓuri heewde ko e ''circulation'', ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu firms expatriés ɓuri waawde faggudu leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]].{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=199}} Jaayɗe Azikiwe keewɗe teeŋtinii sensationalisme e daartol nafoore aadee ; ''the Pilot'' nastini yewtere fijirle e ta'irde rewɓe, ɓesdi yewtere dow kuuɗe [[Naajeeriya]] to ɗum hawti bee limngal limngal limngal limngal limngal ''Daily Times'' (ngal teddini limngal limngal yimɓe lesdi feere e limngal lesdi feere).{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=200}} Doggol Pilot gadanol ngol ko 6 000 ekkol ñalawma kala ; e tolno mum ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1950, nde ina yaltina ko ina tolnoo e 20 000 ekkol.{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=203}} Azikiwe sosi gollorɗe njulaagu goɗɗe (hono Banke Kontinental [[Afrik]] e Restoran Penny) e oon sahaa, o huutorii jaayɗe makko ngam yeeyde ɗe.{{sfn|Tonkin|1990|p=42}}

Ko adii wolde adunaare ɗimmere, ''Pilot'' [[Afrik]] worgo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022-11-29|title=The Sage and his Jewel: A society wedding in Ikenne Remo, By Tayo Agunbiade|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/568055-the-sage-and-his-jewel-a-society-wedding-in-ikenne-remo-by-tayo-agunbiade.html|access-date=2022-12-26|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; yiytaa ko no kaayitaaji etaade mahde tuugnorgal cirkulaasiyoŋ wonaa radikal peeñɗo. Editorialji ɓataake oo e yeewtere politik ndee ina teeŋtini tooñanngeeji baɗeteeɗi e [[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]], e ñiŋde njuɓɓudi koloñaal e ballal miijooji eliteeji jannguɓe to [[Lagos]].{{sfn|Tonkin|1990|p=42}} Kono, e hitaande 1940, waylo-waylo seeɗa-seeɗa waɗi. No o waɗiri e jaaynde ''African Morning Post'' nii, Azikiwe fuɗɗii winndude lowre wiyeteende &quot;''Inside Stuff''&quot;, nde o etotoo sahaa e sahaa fof ƴellitde hakkillaaji politik.{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=221}}Editorialuuji jaaynde ndee ina noddi jeytaare [[Afrik]], haa teeŋti noon caggal nde dille jeytaare Inndo ummii.{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=221}} Hay so tawii kaayitaaji ɗii ina mballita Angalteer e nder wolde nde, ɗi ñiŋii peeje ustude ngalu ko wayi no ƴellitde cogguuli e ustude njoɓdi.&lt;ref name=&quot;lifeandtimesnews.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Accord concondiale: The continuous search for Nigeria's elusive unity and indivisibility (4)|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/accord-concondiale-the-continuous-search-for-nigerias-elusive-unity-and-indivisibility-4/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|last=Sun News|date=2017|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; E hitaande 1943, Diiso Angalteer (Conseil britannique) wallitii rewooɓe [[Afrik]] worgo 8 (ina heen Azikiwe), kanko e rewooɓe 6 woɗɓe ɓe kuutoriima fartaŋŋe ngam humpitaade jeytaare politik potnde waɗeede. Jaayndiyankooɓe ɓee ciifi ɓataake ngam ɗaɓɓude peeje moƴƴe renndo-politik seeɗa-seeɗa, tawa ina jeyaa heen ittugol njuɓɓudi koloñaal korona, wakilaagu diiwaanuuji e jeytaare koloñaaluuji [[Afrik]] hirnaange Angalteer e hitaande 1958 walla 1960.{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=220}} ''Memorandum'' oo, biro koloñaal oo yejjiti ɗum, ɗum ɓeydi fitinaaji Azikiwe.{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=233}}

Omo jogii nafoore mawnde e jaayɗe ko ina tolnoo e 12 ñalnde kala, ɗe [[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]] njiylotoo. Binndanɗe Azikiwe ko faati e ngenndiyaŋkaagal [[Afrik]], mawnikinaare ɓaleeɓe e doole mum en, njibinii politikaaji koloñaal en heewɓe, naftorii [[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]] heewɓe ŋakkiraaɓe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nnamdi Azikiwe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=http://dreamworldpioneers.com/3/post/2018/12/nnamdi-azikiwe.html|website=DREAM WORLD PIONEERS VENTURES|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804162946/http://dreamworldpioneers.com/3/post/2018/12/nnamdi-azikiwe.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jaayɗe Fuɗnaange [[Afrik]] ina keewi yaltude e ɗemngal [[Suwahili]], so wonaa jaayɗe kabaruuji ko wayi ''no East African Standard''. Azikiwe wayliima no feewi e nder jaayɗe [[Afrik]] worgo, hollitii wonde jaayndeyaagal e ɗemngal Engele ina waawi dañde nafoore. E hitaande 1950, jaayɗe joy ɓurɗe mawnude ɗe [[Afrik]] toppitii e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange (ina heen jaaynde Nigerian Daily Times) ɓuri ''Pilot'' yeeyde. Ñalnde 8 [[lewru]] juko hitaande 1945, laamu leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] haɗi Azikiwe ''Pilot'' [[Afrik]] hirnaange e ''Daily Comet'' ngam hollirde ko boni e humpitooji ko faati e seppo mawngo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe: African Philosopher; scholar and eminent journalist|work=The Journalist|url=https://www.thejournalist.org.za/pioneers/nnamdi-azikiwe-african-philosopher-scholar-and-eminent-journalist|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azikiwe hay so jaɓii ɗum, o jokki e yaltinde binndanɗe ko faati e seppo ngoo e nder jaaynde wiyeteende ''Guardian'' (jaaynde makko Port Harcourt). O ardii seppo mawngo e hitaande 1945, o woni hooreejo leydi [[Naajeeriya]] fuɗnaange gila 1954 haa 1959.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Azikiwe, Benjamin Nnamdi {{!}} Infoplease|url=https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/asia-africa/african-bios/azikiwe-benjamin-nnamdi|website=www.infoplease.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; E kitaale 1960, caggal jeytaare leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], ''Pilot'' ngenndiijo [[Afrik]] hirnaange ina teskaa e fuɗnaange. Azikiwe ƴettii faandaare teeŋtunde e pelle politik ɗe njiɗnoo ko ittude. O ñiŋaama e fedde [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] en sabu huutoraade jaaynde makko ngam haɗde luulndaade miijooji makko. E maayde Azikiwe, jaaynde The New York Times wiyi wonde o &quot;toowiima e geɗe ngenndi ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e nder [[Afrik]], o heɓi darnde jaambaaro ngenndiijo goonga, garɗo teskeede e nder diiwaanuuji e leƴƴi ceertuɗi leydi makko.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=French|first1=Howard W.|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe, the First President of Nigeria, Dies at 91|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/14/world/nnamdi-azikiwe-the-first-president-of-nigeria-dies-at-91.html|access-date=8 November 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 May 1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Azikiwe and Zungur in London 1949.png|thumb|Azikiwe e [[Sa'adu Zungur]] to Londres (1949)]]

== Azikiwe olle politik ==
wonti golloowo e nder fedde sukaaɓe [[Naajeeriya]] (NYM), fedde ngenndiyaŋkoore arandeere e nder leydi ndi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-05-03|title=The Nigerian Youth Movement (1934–1951)|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/nigerian-youth-movement-1934-1951/|access-date=2022-12-26|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hay so tawii o walliino [[Samuel Akisanya]] ngam wonde kanndidaa NYM ngam heɓde jooɗorde wootere e nder Diiso sarɗiiji e hitaande 1941, tawi diiso doosɗe suɓiima [[Ernest Ikoli]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sklar 2004 53–54&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi0aVR4YkmUC&amp;pg=PA53|title=Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation|first=Richard L.|last=Sklar|pages=53–54|publisher=Africa World Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-59221-209-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Azikiwe wurtini NYM, o tuumi ardungal ɓurngal ɗuuɗugo nder Yoruba'en ɗon ƴama yimɓe Ijebu-Yoruba'en e Igbo'en. Won e terɗe Ijebu ndewi e makko, pecci dille ɗee e laabi leƴƴi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sklar 2004 53–542&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi0aVR4YkmUC&amp;pg=PA53|title=Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation|first=Richard L.|last=Sklar|pages=53–54|publisher=Africa World Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-59221-209-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; O naati nder siyaasaaku, o sosi kawtal lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] e lesdi [[Kamerun|Kameruun]] (NCNC) bee [[Herbert Macaulay]] nder hitaande 1944. Azikiwe laati hooreejo kawtal ngal nder hitaande 1946. NCNC hawti bee lanndaaji lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], kawtal fina-tawaa, e kawtal kuugal lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], Kawtal Rewbe Demokaraasi [[Naajeeriya]] ekn lannda woni lannda siyaasa tataɓal sosaangal nder leydi [[Naajeeriya]] ɓaawo lannda ''Democratic National'' [[Naajeeriya]] (kañum ne sosi ɗum [[Herbert Macaulay]]), e Mouvement Sukaaɓe [[Naajeeriya]]. Terɗe lannda kaa teeŋtuɗe ina njeyaa heen; [[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti|Fumilayo Ransome-Kuti]], [[M.I.Okpara]], J.O. Fadahunsi, [[Eyo Ita]], [[Margaret Ekpo]], [[Raymond Njoku]], F.S. McEwen, [[Festus Okotie-Eboh]],[[Timote Paul Birabi]], A.K. Blankson, [[Dennis Osadebay|Denis Osadebay]], e [[TOS Benson]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi0aVR4YkmUC&amp;pg=PA53|title=Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation|first=Richard L.|last=Sklar|pages=57–58|publisher=Africa World Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-59221-209-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tuumeede fedde ===
Sabu ballal Azikiwe e seppo mawngo e [[lewru]] suwee 1945 e njanguuji makko e laamu koloñaal, bayyinaango ''Pilot'' [[Afrik]] hirnaange dartinaama ñalnde 8 sulyee ndeen hitaande.&lt;ref name=&quot;DR. BENJAMIN NNAMDI AZIKIWE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr. Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://ilanssenyange.wixsite.com/ilannews/single-post/2017/11/10/DR-BENJAMIN-NNAMDI-AZIKIWE|website=ilannews|date=10 November 2017|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; O yetti liggotooɓe seppooɓe ɓee e hooreejo maɓɓe, [[Michael Imoudu]], o tuumi laamu koloñaal ina huutoroo liggotooɓe.{{sfn|Orji|2013|p=79}} E [[lewru]] ut, jaaynde ndee jaɓaama fuɗɗaade yaltude.{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=255}} E nder seppo ngo, Azikiwe ummini alarm ko faati e peeje warngooji ɗi yimɓe ɓe nganndaaka, gollotooɓe e innde laamu koloñaal.{{sfn|Orji|2013|p=79}} Daartol makko e tuumeede ko mesaas wireless mo jaayndiyanke ''Pilot'' nanngi.{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=200}} Caggal nde o heɓi mesaas mo o taƴi oo, Azikiwe naati suuɗde to [[Onitsha]]. ''Pilot'' yaltinii binndanɗe yurmeende e sahaa nde o alaa, kadi Naajeeriyankooɓe heewɓe ina ngoongɗini daartol warngo ngoo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-11-16|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe: A True National Hero|url=https://m.guardian.ng/life/nnamdi-azikiwe-a-true-national-hero/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-09-11|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nwafor|first=Emmanuel Mordi|date=2018|title=The role of the press in the democratic process: The example of Nigeria's First Republic, 1960–1966|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328234488|journal=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lowre Azikiwe, e cirƴam jaayndeeji makko, ɓeydii e ooɗoo sahaa. Tuume ɗee ina cikki won e Naajeeriyankooɓe, ɓe cikkatnoo ko o waɗi ɗe ngam ɓamtude darnde makko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nwafor|first=Emmanuel Mordi|date=2018|title=The role of the press in the democratic process: The example of Nigeria's First Republic, 1960–1966|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328234488|journal=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sikke alaa ko ɓuri heewde e maɓɓe ko politikaaji Yoruba en ummoriiɓe e fedde sukaaɓe [[Naajeeriya]], ko ɗum waɗi luural hakkunde pelle ɗee e hare jaayndeeji hakkunde ''Pilot'' Azikiwe e ''Daily Service NYM.''
[[File:Members of Zikist Movement.jpg|thumb|Terɗe fedde Zikist en]]

=== Diɗɗal Zikist en ===
Sukaaɓe ɓee kawri ngam haɓaade laamu koloñaal Angalteer. Gooto e fedde sukaaɓe hono ndee ko Zikist en. Diɗɗal sukaaɓe ngal alaa ko bonnata – e gardagol Kolawole Balogun, [[Raji Abdallah]], [[Osita Agwuna]], [[M. C. K. Ajuluchukwu]] e Abiodun Aloba – sosaa ko e hitaande 1946 ngam daranaade nguurndam Azikiwe e miijooji mum laamu hoore mum.{{sfn|Orji|2013|p=79}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=University|first=Nnamdi Azikiwe|date=2021-11-16|title=Profile of Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://zikslectureseries.unizik.edu.ng/profile-of-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2022-06-14|website=Zik's Lecture Series|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=262}}Kola Balogun woni hooreejo gadano dillere Zikist en. E lewru feebariyee 1946, Balogun neldi noddaango fotde sukaaɓe 20 to [[Lagos]], ngam naamnaade miijo maɓɓe e geɗe ngenndiije. E nder capanɗe ɗiɗi ɗee, sappo e ɗiɗo njaabiima, ɗum addani sosde Diɗɗal Zikist, nde tawnoo ɓeen worɓe ngontii terɗe sosɗe maggal. [[Nwafor Orizu]] sinci helmere 'Zikism' diga Azikiwe nde laati innde diina man.&lt;ref name=&quot;Olusanya-1966&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Olusanya|first=G. O.|date=November 1966|title=The Zikist Movement—a Study in Political Radicalism, 1946–50|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/abs/zikist-movementa-study-in-political-radicalism-194650/827C21945CCED6CADD67EE7FDB230159|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|language=en|volume=4|issue=3|pages=323–333|doi=10.1017/S0022278X00013501|issn=1469-7777|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; O wonaa tergal e dillere nde kono ko o sehil ɓadiiɗo e jiɗɗo Azikiwe, kadi omo jeyaa e sukaaɓe heewɓe ɓe Azikiwe doolni ngam janngude to [[Amerik]], e sara [[Eyo Ita]] e [[K. O. Mbadiwe|KO Mbadiwe]]. [[Raji Abdallah]] wonti hooreejo ɗiɗaɓo fedde Zikist, caggal nde Balogun ummii [[Londres]], o golliima gila 1948 haa 1949. O waɗii nafoore mawnde e heɓde ballal to bannge worgo e jeyeede e fedde nde. Abdallah e Osita Agwuna (jaagorde makko) ko ɓooyaani koo mbaɗi fedde wiyeteende “Anti-''Colour Bar'' Mouvement” (ACBM) to [[Kano]], fedde nde ina luulndii njiyaagu seerndude ɓaleeɓe e ɓaleeɓe e nder leydi Nijeer. ACBM caggal mum fusi e nder fedde Zikist ɓurnde mawnude.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iweriebor-1993&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Iweriebor|first=Ehiedu Emmanuel Goodluck|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu3-twEACAAJ|title=Radical Nationalism in Nigeria: The Zikist Movement and the Struggle for Liberation, 1945-1950|date=1993|publisher=U.M.I.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; No Balogun nii, e hitaande 1948, Abdallah riiwaa e golle mum e nder sarwiis jaayndeeji Kano, sarwiis jaayndeeji rajooji. Ko riiwtude mo addani mo ɓeydaade jokkondirde e Mouvement Zikist. O riiwaa sabu naatgol makko e dillere Zikist ina sikkaa ko politik ɓurɗo laaɓtude wonande golloowo laamu.

Abdallah ñaawaa caggal mum ñalnde 7 noowammbar 1948 to Ñaawirde Toownde [[Lagos]], ɗo o waɗi konngol, o wiyi nii, &quot;Ɗum ko ñalawma teeŋtuɗo no feewi. Ko ɓuri teeŋtude, ma a taw e nder daartol leydi men. Miɗo noddira ɗum ko ɓuri teeŋtude sabu ko hannde pot-ɗen fellitde, mbele eɗen poti anndude hol ko foti wonde freemen walla alaa?&quot; &quot;Miɗo yiɗi Union Jack e ɓernde am fof. Sabu so wonaa e nder leydi Angalteer, ɗo yahrata fof; woɗɗi hawrude, ina renndini yimɓe ɓee. Mi alaa ko njogiimi e laamɗo George VI mo Angalteer. Kono miɗo yiɗi ''Crown'' leydi Angalteer e ɓernde am fof. Ngam miin e banndiraaɓe am, ko maande tooñannge, maande tooñannge, maande tooñannge, ko juuti e inige petition. En njaltii e duuɓi dipolomasi. Ko ɗum waɗi, miɗo ɗoo jamma, ngam noddirde spade ko spade, e machete ko machete.&quot; &quot;Hande, min, Habibu Raji Abdallah, bee mo'ere Allah, hooreejo lesdi Zikist ''Movement'' e ''Field'' Secretary NCNC, mi ɗon anndina hoore am mi ɓii lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] jeytaare e jeytaare. Mi walaa gooŋgaaku haa kala laamu jananndu, nden boo nder walaa' laamu lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] e heforth ngam yimɓe lesdi [[Naajeeriya]]; haani ɗooftaade kala sariya, ko wonaa sariyaaji ɓiɗɓe leydi [[Najeriyaagal|Najeriya]], aadaaji e sariyaaji hakkunde leyɗeele.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The labour of our heroes past… (II)|url=https://dailytrust.com/the-labour-of-our-heroes-past-ii/|access-date=2026-06-21|newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ɗum waɗi, mi yoɓataa njoɓdi ndii e ooɗoo laamu.Ngam so a yoɓii, ɓe kuutortoo ko kaalis ngam duumaade njiimaandi maɓɓe e dow maa.&quot;[citation needed] E dow ñaawoore makko, o jaabtii e mitigation ''Greggcitation'', ''presitation'',&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The labour of our heroes past… (II)|url=https://dailytrust.com/the-labour-of-our-heroes-past-ii/|access-date=2026-06-21|newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;so tawii aɗa gooŋɗini e goonga wonde ko bonannde haɓaade ndimaagu, ndeen noon, e kala sahaa, ñaaw am haa mi wara. So tawiino miɗo woppitee hannde, mi waawaa rokkude hoolaare ngam muusde ɗemngal am. Miin noon, ɓernde am ina laaɓi, miɗo weltii e accude ñaawoore sakkitiinde nde So rifatho, the fuverill to weltaare waɗɓe ma ɗoo mi acca ñaawoore sakkitiinde ndee e Alla.”

&lt;ref name=&quot;Iweriebor-19932&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Iweriebor|first=Ehiedu Emmanuel Goodluck|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu3-twEACAAJ|title=Radical Nationalism in Nigeria: The Zikist Movement and the Struggle for Liberation, 1945-1950|date=1993|publisher=U.M.I.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Oluwagbemi|first=Ayodele|date=2016-02-14|title=Remembering the Zikist Movement|url=https://punchng.com/remembering-the-zikist-movement/|access-date=2024-04-02|newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Enesi|first=Prince H.|date=2017-01-01|title=HABIB RAJI ABDALLAH, 1920 - 1982: AN UNCOMMON NATIONALIST FORGOTTEN IN THE SANDS OF HISTORY|url=https://www.academia.edu/38424995|journal=International Journal of Arts and Humanities}}&lt;/ref&gt; Konnguɗi makko lolluɗi ɗii njahdi ko caggal keeri leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], ɗi njaɓaa ko e lannda leƴƴi kawral (CPP) mo [[Kwame Nkrumah]] to Cote d’Or (hannde [[Gana|Ganaa]]). Laamu koloñaal jaɓaani moƴƴere e les njiimaandi rewolison e nulal Abdallah. Ko ɗum waɗi Abdallah e ardiiɓe fedde Zikist en nayo nanngaa, ɓe tuumaama ko ɓe fitinaaji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Olusanya-19662&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Olusanya|first=G. O.|date=November 1966|title=The Zikist Movement—a Study in Political Radicalism, 1946–50|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/abs/zikist-movementa-study-in-political-radicalism-194650/827C21945CCED6CADD67EE7FDB230159|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|language=en|volume=4|issue=3|pages=323–333|doi=10.1017/S0022278X00013501|issn=1469-7777|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndeeɗoo ƴaañgal e ardorde Zikist en addani njuɓɓudi goɗndi e nder Diɗɗal Zikist en, addani Nduka Eze yaltude hooreejo leydi, caggal nde Abdallah sokaa, Mokwugo Okoye wonti sekreteruuji mawɗi. Zikist en, e nder yontaaji, njaltii e NCNC, ɓuri ngenndiyaŋkooɓe e njuɓɓudi jibinannde mum en. Ofiseeji koloñaal en njiyri dille Zikist en ko renndo ngo rewaani laawol, ɓe njaltini yamiroore (''Order-in-Council''), ɓe kaɗi dille Zikist en ñalnde 12 abriil 1950. Caggal ɗuum fedde nde fusi, terɗe mayre mbayli e politik, e njulaagu, e laamu aadaaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-08-01|title=Remembering Raji Abdullah, Northern Leader Of The Zikist Movement – Igbo Defender|url=https://igbodefender.com/remembering-raji-abdullah-northern-leader-zikist-movement/|access-date=2024-04-02|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-08-01|title=Remembering Raji Abdullah, Northern Leader Of The Zikist Movement – Igbo Defender|url=https://igbodefender.com/remembering-raji-abdullah-northern-leader-zikist-movement/|access-date=2024-04-02|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Luulndaade doosgal leydi Richards ===
E hitaande 1945, guwerneer leydi Biritaan biyeteeɗo [[Arthur Richards]] hollitii eɓɓooje ngam waylude doosɗe leydi [[Clifford shaw|Clifford]] ɗe hitaande 1922.&lt;ref name=&quot;lifeandtimesnews.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Accord concondiale: The continuous search for Nigeria's elusive unity and indivisibility (4)|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/accord-concondiale-the-continuous-search-for-nigerias-elusive-unity-and-indivisibility-4/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|last=Sun News|date=2017|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ina jeyaa e eɓɓaande ndee ɓeydugol terɗe [[Afrik]] toɗɗaaɗe e Diiso sarɗiiji. Kono waylooji ɗii ko ngenndiyankooɓe hono Azikiwe luulndii ɗum en.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nnamdi Azikiwe2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=http://dreamworldpioneers.com/3/post/2018/12/nnamdi-azikiwe.html|website=DREAM WORLD PIONEERS VENTURES|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804162946/http://dreamworldpioneers.com/3/post/2018/12/nnamdi-azikiwe.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Politiyankooɓe NCNC njaɓaani kuule ɗe [[Arthur Richards]] ƴetti, kam e kuulal doosgal leydi ndi ina ɗaɓɓi terɗe [[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]] nay cuɓaaɗe tan ; heddiiɓe ɓee maa ngona kanndidaaji toɗɗaaɗi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Seng|first=Michael P.|date=1985|title=Democracy in Nigeria|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3qk5d1h9|journal=National Black Law Journal|volume=9|issue=2|pages=144–166|via=escholarship.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanndidaaji [[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]] toɗɗaaɗi ɗii ko lolluɓe laamu koloñaal, tee ɓe njiɗaa laamu hoore maɓɓe e dow fenaande. Daartol luulndo ngoɗngol ko ŋakkeende nafoore ngam yahrude yeeso [[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]] e jappeere laamu toownde. NCNC ina hebli ngam haɓaade haala mum e laamu kesu nguu, hono [[Clement Attlee]] to leydi Angalteer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clement Attlee and union links|url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/clement-attlee-union-links.htm|last=The National Archives|website=NationalArchives.gov.uk|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jaɓɓungal leydi ndi fuɗɗii ngam humpitaade ko woni e lannda ka, e dañde kaalis ngam seppo leydi Angalteer.{{sfn|Olusanya|1964|p=246}}Hooreejo lannda NCNC, [[Herbert Macaulay]] maayi e nder njillu ngu, Azikiwe ƴetti ardaade lannda ka. O ardii delegaasiyoŋ oo haa Londres, ngam heblude njillu nguu, o yahi [[Amerik]] ngam ɗaɓɓude yurmeende e haala lannda kaa. Azikiwe hawri e [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] to [[Hyde Park]], o haali ko fayti e &quot;rimɗinde leydi [[Naajeeriya]] e maccungaagu politik, ŋakkeende kisal faggudu e ŋakkeende renndo&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe {{!}} Nationalism and Decolonization|url=https://nigerianscholars.com/tutorials/nationalism-and-decolonization/nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2023-12-13|website=Nigerian Scholars|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Delegaasiyoŋ Angalteer ina jeyaa heen Azikiwe, [[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]], Zanna Dipcharima, [[Abubakar Olorun-Nimbe|Abubakar Olorunimbe]], P. M. Kale, Adeleke Adedoyin e Nyong Essien. Ɓe njilliima Biro Kolonial Fedde Fabian, Goomu Laamɗo Gollotooɓe e Dental Almudɓe [[Afrik]] Hirnaange ngam humpitaade eɓɓooji mum ngam waylude doosɗe leydi 1922. Ina jeyaa e eɓɓooje NCNC, jokkondirde e [[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]] ko faati e waylooji doosɗe leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], ɓeydude doole e nder suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan oo e ustude doole e nder suudu sarɗiiji hakkundeejo to bannge difagol, kaalis e geɗe caggal leydi.{{sfn|Olusanya|1964|p=247}} Delegaasiyoŋ oo yettinii eɓɓaaɗe mum to gardiiɗo jaagorɗe koloñaal, kono ko seeɗa tan waɗi ngam waylude eɓɓaaɗe Richards. Doosgal Richards fuɗɗii golle ko e hitaande 1947, Azikiwe haɓa e gooto e jooɗorɗe [[Lagos]] ngam leeltinde golle mum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=University|first=Nnamdi Azikiwe|date=2021-11-16|title=Profile of Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://zikslectureseries.unizik.edu.ng/profile-of-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2023-12-13|website=Zik's Lecture Series|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Stamp Cameroons 2d-600px.jpg|thumb|Tammborde Naajeeriya hitaande 1953]]

=== Duuɓi 1950 haa 1953 ===
E nder doosgal leydi Richards, Azikiwe suɓaama e nder Diisnondiral Legislatif e nder wooteeji municipaal [[Lagos]] ummoraade e lannda Demokaraasi ngenndiijo (fotde NCNC).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Accord concondiale: The continuous search for Nigeria's elusive unity and indivisibility (4)|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/accord-concondiale-the-continuous-search-for-nigerias-elusive-unity-and-indivisibility-4/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|date=2017|access-date=2020-05-30|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanko e wakiliijo lannda makko ɓe tawtoraaka batu gadano diisnondiral ngal, kadi agitaasiyoŋ ngam waylude doosgal leydi Richards addani doosgal leydi [[Macpherson]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Nnamdi Azikiwe3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=http://dreamworldpioneers.com/3/post/2018/12/nnamdi-azikiwe.html|website=DREAM WORLD PIONEERS VENTURES|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804162946/http://dreamworldpioneers.com/3/post/2018/12/nnamdi-azikiwe.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Doosgal Macpherson fuɗɗii golle ko e hitaande 1951, hono no doosgal Richards nii, noddi wooteeji e nder suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan oo. Azikiwe saliima waylooji ɗii, o haɓanaaki fartaŋŋe waylude doosgal leydi kesal ngal.

Wooteeji limtaaɗi mbaɗaama tuggi lewru ut haa lewru desaambar 1951.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=The 1951 elections: How Awolowo forced Azikiwe out of western Nigeria|url=https://businessday.ng/columnist/article/the-1951-elections-how-awolowo-forced-azikiwe-out-of-western-nigeria/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|last=Adekoya|first=Dr. Remi|date=2019|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; To Diiwaan Hirnaange (ɗo Azikiwe darinoo ɗoo), lanndaaji ɗiɗi ɓuri heen heewde : NCNC mo Azikiwe e Goomu golle. Woote Asaambele diiwaan Hirnaange mbaɗaama e lewru suwee e desaambar 1951 sabu doosgal leydi ndii ina ɗaɓɓi e kollirɗe woote ngam suɓaade terɗe suudu sarɗiiji ngenndi ; ko ɓuri heewde e ''Action Group'' e nder suudu nduu ina waawi haɗde Azikiwe yahde suudu sarɗiiji.&lt;ref&gt;Onyioha, K.O.K. |date=20 November 1951|&quot;Ben Azikiwe key figure in long Nigerian poll&quot;, ''Philadelphia Tribune'' (1912–2001).&lt;/ref&gt; O heɓi jooɗorde asamblee diiwaan oo gila [[Lagos]], kono lannda luulndo ngoo wiyi ina jogii ɓural e nder suudu sarɗiiji, Azikiwe kadi daranaaki [[Lagos]] e nder suudu sarɗiiji fedde nde. E hitaande 1951, o wonti hooreejo luulndo laamu [[Obafemi Awolowo]] to suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan hirnaange. Azikiwe suɓaaka e nder batu ngenndi, waɗii jiiɓru e nder hirnaange.{{sfn|Olusanya|1964|p=303}} Nanondiral hakkunde terɗe NCNC cuɓaaɗe ummoriiɗe [[Lagos]] ngam woppude Azikiwe so tawii o suɓaaka, yanii. Azikiwe tuumi doosgal leydi, o yiɗi ko waylooji mbaɗee. NCNC (mo jiimi e Diiwaan Fuɗnaange) jaɓi, e ƴettude peeje ngam waylude doosɗe leydi.{{sfn|Olusanya|1964|pp=303–305}}

Azikiwe ummiima to Diiwaan Fuɗnaange e hitaande 1952&lt;ref name=&quot;pulse.ng&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=A brief walk into the life of Nigeria's first president|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nnamdi-azikiwe-a-brief-walk-into-the-life-of-nigerias-first-president/5e2yhtv|date=2017-09-20|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe and the vision of a united Africa -II|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/politicalreforms/Nnamdi-Azikiwe-and-the-vision-of-a-united-Africa--II/1843776-5126270-hfst7u/index.html|website=The Citizen|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; e batu diiwaan mo NCNC ɓuri heewde oo waɗi eɓɓooje ngam jaɓɓaade mo. Hay so tawii jaagorɗe diiwaan e hakkundeeje lannda kaa ɗaɓɓiraama yo njokku laamu e nder mbayliigu kabine, ko ɓuri heewde e maɓɓe njaɓaani ɗaɓɓaande ndee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Political Public and Difference: The Case of Nigeria|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/12875/1/nq41018.pdf|last=Ejobowah|first=John Boye|date=1999|website=tspace.library.utoronto.ca|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndeen asaambele diiwaan oo waɗii woote ngam waasde hoolaade jaagorɗe ɗee, kadi kuule appropriation neldaaɗe to ministeer oo njaɓaaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;DR. BENJAMIN NNAMDI AZIKIWE2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr. Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://ilanssenyange.wixsite.com/ilannews/single-post/2017/11/10/DR-BENJAMIN-NNAMDI-AZIKIWE|website=ilannews|date=10 November 2017|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗum addani diiwaan hee ŋakkere, lietnaa-guwerneer oo fusi galle diiwaan oo. Woote kese ngartiri Azikiwe e wonde tergal Asammbele Fuɗnaange. O suɓaama hooreejo lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], nden o laati hooreejo lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] nder hitaande 1954 nde ɗum warti kawtal lesdi [[Naajeeriya]].

== Premier diiwaan Fuɗnaange ==
Azikiwe wonti hooreejo leydi diiwaan Fuɗnaange e hitaande 1954 caggal nde doosgal kesal waɗtaa e golle. Komisiyoŋ faggudu diiwaan Fuɗnaange Azikiwe gollondirii e Orop e [[Amerik]] worgo ngam wallitde ƴellitaare e nder diiwaan hee, e nder njulaagu, e nder njulaagu nebam leɗɗe, e nder njamndi e kemikal e nder diiwaan hee. O mahii sosiyetee semmbe Nijeer lolluɗo to Nkalagu e nder diiwaan [[Ebonyi, Ebonyi State|Ebonyi]] hannde oo, o fuɗɗii golle ñalnde 1 [[lewru]] Yarkomaa hitaande 1955. O mahii gaas Nijeer. O sosi kadi sosiyetee gadano e nder leydi Nijeer, biyeteeɗo Niger Steel. O sosi banke ɓiɓɓe lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] arandeejo, Banke [[Afrik]] (ACB). Ummingo ACB waɗi ngomnati Hirnaange lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] sosde Banki lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], ngomnati woylaare lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] darni banki woylaare. ACB ina waɗi nafoore e feeñde e fedde njulaagu mawnde to Fuɗnaange gila e kitaale 1950. Banki oo kadi waɗii geɗe keewɗe e ƴellitaare gonnooɗo Biafrannaaɓe e darnugol hareeji e hitaande 1970. O sosi porogaraam jaŋde baawɗo rokkude leydi [[Naajeeriya]] wontude leydi ɓurndi yaajde e yeeyde jaŋde caggal leydi e nder [[Afrik]].

Azikiwe sosi fedde ƴellitaare fuɗnaange [[Naajeeriya]], nde waɗii darnde mawnde e mahngo duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde [[Naajeeriya]] to [[Nsukka]], duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde gadanal e nder leydi ndi, ngal timmungal, e hitaande 1960. Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde [[Naajeeriya]] sosaa ko ñalnde 18 [[lewru]] Mbooy hitaande 1955, caggal nde sariya ngam sosde duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ngal e les njiimaandi Inter- Council Jaŋde e caggal leydi e njuɓɓudi gollondiral hakkunde leyɗeele (jooni USAID), J.W. Cook (VC mo Duɗal Jaaɓihaaɗtirde Exeter), Dr John A. Hannah (Hooreejo Duɗal Jaaɓihaaɗtirde Michigan State), e Dr Glen L. Taggart, Deenoowo Porogaraamuuji hakkunde leyɗeele (MSU), ngarii e leydi Nijeer e hitaande 1958. Goomu nguu ƴeewtindiima nokku oo to [[Nsukka]], e wiɗtude no feewi geɗe keewɗe ceertuɗe jowitiiɗe e sosde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde kesal.
[[File:Nnamdi Azikiwe with P. L. Prattis, Earl Hord, Beverly Carter, and Bill Nunn Sr. seated on right, in Press Club, Pittsbu.jpg|thumb|Nnamdi Azikiwe e P. L. Prattis, Earl Hord, Beverli Karter, e Bill Nunn mawɗo ina njooɗii bannge ñaamo, e nder suudu jaayndeeji, to Pittsbu]]
Hayre nden waɗaama wakkati juulde jeytaare lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], nde laamiiɗo debbo Alexandra mo Kent, laamiiɗo debbo [[Elizabeth II]], wadi ɗum. Kalaasuuji puɗɗii ko ñalnde 17 oktoobar 1960 e binnditagol 220 almuudo e 13 tergal gollordu jaŋde. Nde laati Jaami'aare arandeere nder [[Naajeeriya]], jaami'aare arandeere nde laamu lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] sosi, nden nder hitaande 1963, jaami'aare arandeere hokkata dipolomaaji lesdi [[Naajeeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unn.edu.ng/mission-vision-statement/|title=About Us|website=University Of Nigeria Nsukka}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E hitaande 1957, Azikiwe haaliino e nulaaɓe Angalteer e [[Naajeeriya]] e nder batu Lancaster House e hitaande 1957, ɗo doosɗe fedde nde ngam [[Naajeeriya]] jeytaare mum feewnaa. Joɗnde nde ko gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Biritaan ardii, waɗii won e nulaaɓe leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ardii dental ngal ko [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] mo kawtal yimɓe woylaare, Obafemi Awolowo mo fedde ''Action'', Eyo Ita mo lannda ngenndiijo jeytaare e Ahmadu Bello mo kawtal yimɓe woylaare.

Ñalnde 3 feebariyee 1959, Azikiwe jaɓɓiima Kwame Nkrumah (gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi [[Gana]] keso toɗɗaaɗo) njillu to fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer. O yilli suudu joonde diiwaan fuɗnaange e wondude e wondiiɓe makko, Hon. Jaagorgal ko feewti e geɗe caggal leydi, hono Kodjo Botsio e wasiyaaji ko feewti e geɗe Afrik, hono George Padmore. Nnamdi Azikiwe huutoriima ñalngu nguu, to suudu sarɗiiji fuɗnaange, ngam waɗde konngol teddinoowo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndi hono Nkrumah, o siftini no Kwame dartiniri golle [[Afrik]].
[[File:Ahmadu Bello with Nnamdi Azikiwe.png|thumb|Ahmadu Bello e Nnamdi Azikiwe.]]
Ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1959, Azikiwe lomtii Michael Okpara, gardiiɗo diiwaan fuɗnaange. Ñalnde 28 oktoobar 1959, guwerneer seneraal Robertson habrii fusde suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii, tawi ina waɗi 184 tergal, tuggi 1 noowammbar 1959, mbele woote jeytaare ina mbaɗee.

Ñalnde 12 desaambar 1959, woote parlemaa mbaɗaama to Nijeer ngam ƴamde 312 jooɗorde e nder suudu sarɗiiji. Diɗɗal lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] e [[Kamerun]] (NCNC) ngal Azikiwe woni arandeere nden heɓi 2,594,577 woote e 89 jooɗorde.

Fedde Awolowo (AG), woni 2ɓo e 1 992, 364 woote e 75 jooɗorde. Kongres yimɓe woylaare lesdi Tafawa Balewa (NPC) woni 3ɓo e 1 922 179 e 148 e nder 312 jooɗorde nder suudu sarɗiiji.

Lanndaaji tati mawɗi ɗi e nder woote ɗee mbaawaano heɓde jooɗorɗe keewɗe ngam sosde laamu. Guverneur général Robertson noddi Tafawa Balewa yo o dañ laamu ngu. Ñalnde 16 desaambar, [[Ahmadu Bello]] e Tafawa Balewa etinooma yettaade nanondiral ngam waawde jogaade laamu nguu hakkunde NPC e NCNC. ''Governor General'' humpitaama e kawral ngal, ko ɗum waɗi o jaɓi kabine sappo e jeegom mo Balewa suɓii.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41853826|jstor=41853826|title=Federal Elections in Nigeria, 1959|last1=Awa|first1=E. O.|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|date=12 April 1960|volume=21|issue=2|pages=101–113}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burns|first=Alan|date=January 1, 1964|title=The Nigerian Federal Election of 1959|url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/63/250/80/31923|access-date=2024-08-18|journal=African Affairs|volume=63|issue=250|pages=80–81|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095185|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Flag of Nigeria (1952–1960).svg|thumb|Banndiraawo lesdi lesdi Naajeeriya (1914-1960)]]
[[File:Flag of Nigeria.svg|thumb|Banndiraawo kesum lesdi Naajeeriya, mo Michael Akinwunmi waɗi (1960)]]

== Ndimaagu leydi Naajeeriya ==
Ñalnde 29 lewru juko hitaande 1960, parlemaa leydi Biritaan ƴetti kuulal jeytaare leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], hitaande 1960, ngal hokki ndimaagu leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Jamma 30 suwee 1960, laana ndiwoowa ''British Union Jack'' jippinaa e kewu mawningol, tawi tedduɓe tawtoraama. Ñalnde 3 oktoobar 1960, laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Alexandra lomtotooɗo laamɗo debbo oo, udditi Parlemaa gadano leydi ndii. Doosgal kesal, sosngal njuɓɓudi fedde nde gardiiɗo jaagorɗe cuɓaaɗo e hooreejo leydi kewu sosaa. Laamu kawtal NCNC e NPC woni laamu nde [[Naajeeriya]] heɓi ndimu mum e hitaande 1960, ''Sir'' [[Tafawa Balewa]] woni hooreejo leydi ndi, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe woni hooreejo Senaa.

Ɓooytaani, Azikiwe lomtii Sir James Robertson, wonti Guwerneer Seneraal gadano e nder leydi ndii. Kono e nder doosɗe leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], guwerneer jeneral ko hooreejo leydi tan. Darnde Guwerneer-General e terɗe Diisnondiral Laamɗo debbo, mbaɗti Azikiwe dow politik lannda. Kabinee hooreejo lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] arandeere Tafawa Balewa hawti bee; M Johnson, Bukar Dipcharima, Ayo Rosiji, Aja Wachukwu, Kolawole Balogun, e Victor Mukete (Kamerun), Samuel Akintola, Raymond Njoku, Alhaji Ribadu, Kingsley O. Mbadiwe, Festus Okotie-Eboh, e Allaji Inua Wada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/209288/|title=NIGERIA: PRIME MINISTER SIR ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA AND OTHER CABINET MINISTERS SWORN-IN BY PRESIDENT AZIKIWE|website=British Pathé}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/nigeria-1960-present/|title=33. Nigeria (1960-present)|website=uca.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sir Tafawa Balewa waɗii konngol mum to nokku biyeteeɗo ''Race Course'' (hannde ko nokku Tafawa Balewa) to [[Lagos]] e nder ñalɗi jeytaare leydi ndii. E nder konngol makko o wiyi, &quot;Kewu hannde oo ko ñalngu nguu, ko ñalngu nguu fuɗɗii duuɓi sappo e joyi jooni, ngu yettiima ɗo haaɗi. Ko e manngu laaɓtungu, min mbiyata ko keɓgol Jeytaare men ngol alaa ko nanndi e mum e nder annals daartol. Kala taƴre men nde ina waɗi planfuncelly e dow doosgal men e kaaldigal udditiingal, wonaa tan hakkunde wakili’en denndaangal nafooje ceertuɗe e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] kono ko e ballondiral e laamu njuɓɓudi ndi hannde woppi laamu mum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/1960-sir-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-independence-day/|title=(1960) Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, &quot;Independence Day&quot; •|date=20 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gomnajo lesdi Naajeeriya ==
Nde ngon-mi suka mi yi’i gite: gite [[Naajeeriya]] wonta leydi mawndi e nder duunde [[Afrik]] ummotoonde; ''visions of Nigeria'' hokkata ndimu haa ɓe nder maccungaaku, e heɓugo laawol demokaraasi ngam ɓe ɗonno lulla nder ''illusion of security'' les laamu koloñaal..Miɗo hooli mi hoyɗan koyɗi am nder jam e ɓeydaari cemmbiɗinki yimɓe leydi am [[Naajeeriya]]. Motto fedde jeytaare leydi [[Naajeeriya]] woni Kawtal e Nuɗɗinki. Miɗo ñaagii nde ndeenten ngootaagu men, ndeentoo goonɗinal ''men''.

— Nnamdi Azikiwe (duuɓi 1960, Londres)

Azikiwe ko gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Angalteer, hono Harold Macmillan, wasiyii mo yo lomto ''Sir'' [[James Robertson]], e nder njillu makko to [[Lagos]] e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1960. Joɗnde Guwerneer-Jeneral fedde nde e nder haala tiitoonde, waɗi mo wakiliijo laamɗo leydi Angalteer to leydi Nijeer. Udditgol Azikiwe e lewru noowammbar 1960, seedtiima yoga e gollodiiɓe makko e nder Atlantik ɓaleejo, won heen ko [[Martin Luther King Jr]]. Du Bois, Sirli Graham Du Bois, Ami Jak Garvey, e Joorji S. Suyler.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.14321/jwestafrihist.7.1.0001|doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.7.1.0001|title=A Gilded Cage? Nnamdi Azikiwes Pan-Africanism as Governor-General of Nigeria, 1960–63|date=2021|last1=Reeves|first1=Mark|journal=Journal of West African History|volume=7|pages=1–26|s2cid=242294844|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;Martin Luther King Jr. hollitii wonde hareeji ndimaagu e nder leydi Nijeer e nder leyɗeele [[Afrik]] goɗɗe ina njogii batte keewɗe e dille jojjanɗe aadee [[Amerik]], o siftini wonde Azikiwe e ardiiɓe [[Afrik]] woɗɓe ko &quot;jaambaarooji ɓurɗi lollude e ko ɓuri heewde e duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ''Negro'' en aduna o.&quot;

Haa timminorde haala maako, Zik wi'i, &quot;min, ɓe mbaawata siftoreede no haanirta nii, min mbaɗi [[Naajeeriya]] hannde, ɓe ngaddi ndimu nder leydi men, ɓe ndewi kawtal men bana lenyol&quot;, ko &quot;taariiha hokki yam geɓe mawɗe ngam mi heɓa batte duumotooɗe e ngam wadduki haaje yimɓe men.&quot; O wiyi kadi &quot;mi jogaaki miijo e wellitaare am walla hay kisal walla hay nguurndam e hoore mum, so tawii ko ɗeen ngoni coggu ngu pot-mi yoɓde ngam ardaade ngam hisnude ndimaagu e ngootaagu leydi am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Azikiwe, Nnamdi. Respect for human dignity: an inaugural address by His Excellency Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, P.C. Governor-General nd Commander-in Chief, Federation of Nigeria 16 November, 1960. Onitsha : Chike Mbadugha, 1960.|url=https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/africancollections/items/show/8901|access-date=2023-12-13|website=collections.libraries.indiana.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Azikiwe tawtoraama batu diiwaan [[Afrik]] gadano Fedde Adunaare Golle (OIT), ngu yuɓɓinaa to [[Lagos]], leydi Nijeer e [[lewru]] Duujal 1960. Tawtoraama heen: Mr. Johnson, jaagorgal golle leydi Nijeer e hooreejo batu nguu, Mr. Demby, jaagorgal golle leydi Siyeraa Leyoon, e David Director A-G19,[ ILO.19].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PowerPoint Presentation|url=https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---africa/---ro-abidjan/---ilo-abuja/documents/publication/wcms_701393.pdf|access-date=August 18, 2024|website=www.ilo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; E lewru desaambar 1961 Fedde [[Amerik|Ameriknaare]] Pinal [[Afrik]] (AMSAC) yuɓɓinii ñalngu mawngu e nder wuro [[Lagos]], to leydi Nijeer. Yimɓe Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ko wayi no Nina Simone, Langston Hughes, e Lionel Hampton njahii e yahdu AMSAC timmundu ngam semmbinde jokkondiral hakkunde [[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]] e [[Amerik|Ameriknaaɓe]]/[[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]]. Ɓe njaɓɓaama e Azikiwe to [[Lagos]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14794012.2018.1423601|doi=10.1080/14794012.2018.1423601|title=Performances in the theatre of the Cold War: The American Society of African Culture and the 1961 Lagos Festival|date=2018|last1=Geerlings|first1=Lonneke|journal=Journal of Transatlantic Studies|volume=16|pages=1–19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Dr. John A. Hannah, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe and Dr. George Johnson on the campus of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka.jpg|thumb|Azikiwe e Doktoor John A. Hannah (naamo) e Doktoor George Johnson (nyaamo) to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde leydi Nijeer, hitaande 1961]]
Ñalnde 17 noowammbar 1961, e nder konngol makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] to [[Nsukka]], Zik hollitii eɓɓaande mum ngam [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] ƴettude doosgal leydi republique tawa ina heddii e tergal ''Commonwealth''. E hitaande 1962, Azikiwe eeriima ardiiɓe [[Afrik]] e nder batu [[Lagos]], yo cos fedde dowlaaji [[Afrik]]. Koolol [[Lagos]] ngol winnditii sarɗiiji eɓɓaaɗi ngam &quot;Fedde hakkunde [[Afrik]] e Malagasi&quot; e gardagol Azikiwe. Caggal ɗuum, nde jaɓaa e lewru mee 1963 e Fedde Ngootaagu Afrik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/azikiwe-nnamdi|title=Azikiwe, Nnamdi &amp;#124; The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute|website=kinginstitute.stanford.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E hitaande 1963, Azikiwe yamiri gollorde gadane nde Guinness mahi caggal leydi Irlannda e Angalteer to [[Lagos]]
[[File:Seal of the President of Nigeria.svg|thumb|Siile hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya]]
[[File:Azikiwe swearing Balewa as prime minister, 1960.jpg|thumb|Hooreejo leydi Azikiwe ina waɗa hunnde gardiiɗo jaagorɗe e jaagorɗe kabine, hitaande 1964]]

== Hooreejo leydi (1963-1966) ==
Leydi [[Naajeeriya]] sosaa ko ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1963, [[Abubakar Tafawa balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] woni gardiiɗo jaagorɗe (hooreejo laamu) e Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe woni hooreejo (hooreejo leydi) e hooreejo konu. Gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndi hono Tafawa Balewa hollitii waylude doosgal leydi ndi 1960 ngam waylude Azikiwe e wonde Guwerneer Jeneral, e waylude tiitoonde makko e wonde hooreejo leydi kewu. Balewa hollitii wonde Azikiwe ina foti innireede hooreejo leydi e nder doosɗe leydi 1963 sabu leydi [[Naajeeriya]] meeɗaani yoɓde Dr. Ko zuum wazi, kuulal 157 doosgal leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] 1963, tiitoonde mum ko Nnamdi Azikiwe ngam wonde hooreejo leydi, ina winndaa heen &quot;Nnamdi Azikiwe ina foti wonde hooreejo leydi e ñalngu ngu doosgal leydi ndi fuzzii.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/nnamdi-azikiwe|title=From Nnamdi Azikiwe &amp;#124; The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute|website=kinginstitute.stanford.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria's Forgotten Heroes: Nnamdi Azikiwe – &quot;Father of the Nation&quot;'' (Part 2).&lt;/ref&gt;

Ñalnde 30 lewru Duujal hitaande 1964, wooteeji feddeeji gadani e nder leydi Nijeer gila nde heɓi jeytaare mum. Woote ɗee njoofiima jonte keewɗe sabu luural hakkunde limoore inɗe gonɗe e doggol wooteeji ɗii e doggol binnditagol ngol. Lebbi jeegom caggal wooteeji ɗii, fotde 2 000 neɗɗo maayi e fitinaaji baɗnooɗi e nder diiwaan hirnaange.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/3510208|title=1964 federal election crisis-: An analysis|date=13 April 1965|publisher=Etudo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1964 kiris e kuudetaa ===
''Nigerian Daily Express'' wi'i nyande 3 mars 1964, &quot;Haa heɓugo ndimu lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] nder hitaande 1960, eɓɓoore amin arandeere ngam anndugo ɗuuɗal yimɓe lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] laati kuugal limngal yimɓe lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] nder hitaande 1962. Hooreejo komitiiru limngal lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] wakkati man woni J. J. Warren. Njeñtudi limngal yimɓe lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] ko ɓuri miliyon ha Gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii, [[Abubakar Tafawa balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] salii njeñtudi ndi o woppi Mr. Warren, o yamiri yo o riiwtu e hitaande 1963.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ojo|first=Emmanuel Oladipo|date=10 February 2012|title=Leadership Crisis and Political Instability in Nigeria, 1964-1966: The Personalities, the Parties and the Policies|url=https://nairametrics.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/LEADERSHIP-CRISIS-AND-POLITICAL-INSTABILITY-IN-NIG.pdf|access-date=18 August 2024|website=Naira Metrics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Samuel-2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/2104947|title=Leadership Crisis and Political Instability in Nigeria, 1964-1966: The Personalities, the Parties and the Policies|date=January 2012|last1=Samuel|first1=Babatope}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caggal nde o waɗi manipulaasiyoŋ, njeñtudi binnditagol ngol hollitii wonde Fuɗnaange ina les limtaa e miliyoŋaaji 8,5 e nder hitaande 1962 gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ɓeydii dow limoore ndee haa 65,66 miliyoŋ woote fedde ndee e lewru desaambar 1964 ngaddi caɗeele mawɗe, ruppitii laamu kawral NPC e NCNC. Wooteeji ɗii mbaɗii boykotuuji keewɗi, njulaagu, hulɓinaare, njulaagu e fitinaaji ɗi Azikiwe waɗi haa o salii noddude gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii hono Balewa ngam sosde laamu kesu. Balɗe seeɗa, jokkere enɗam apokaliptik ina jokki e dow leydi ndii haa nde Azikiwe ƴetti konngol e dow doosɗe leydi ndii.&lt;ref name=&quot;Samuel-20122&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/2104947|title=Leadership Crisis and Political Instability in Nigeria, 1964-1966: The Personalities, the Parties and the Policies|date=January 2012|last1=Samuel|first1=Babatope}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mrs. Flora Azikiwe (First Lady Federal Republic of Nigeria 1960 - 1966).jpg|thumb|Mrs Flora Azikiwe (Laamɗo leydi Naajeeriya 1960 - 1966)]]

== Nguurndam neɗɗo ==
Azikiwe resi debbo mum gadano biyeteeɗo Flora Azikiwe ñalnde 4 abriil 1936 to Akra, to Cote d’Or nde o woni gardiiɗo jaaynde [[Afrik]] subaka. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe nayo, ɓiɗɗo debbo gooto e ɓiɓɓe worɓe tato.

E hitaande 1973 Azikiwe resi debbo mum ɗiɗaɓo Uche Azikiwe nde o yahrata e duuɓi 26. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe ɗiɗo.

== Posto hooreejo leydi e duuɓi cakkitiiɗi ==
Laamu leydi Najeriya momti diiwanuuji feddeeji nay ɗii ñalnde 24 lewru mbooy hitaande 1966. Won e leƴƴi fuɗnaange fotde 115 neɗɗo mbaraama e nder fitinaaji politik ñalnde 28 lewru mbooy-2 lewru juko hitaande 1966 ñalnde 29 sulyee 1966. Fotde 30 neɗɗo mbaraama e hareeji politik to Lagos ñalnde 29 sulyee-1 ut 1966, fotde 250 000 leñol fuɗnaange ndogi ummoraade e diiwaan Fuɗnaange fayde e diiwaan fuɗnaange caggal kuudetaa konu. Lietnaa Kolonel Yakubu Gowon huniima wonde hooreejo laamu konu fedde nde caggal kuudetaa konu, o artiri diiwanuuji fedde ndee nay ñalnde 31 ut 1966. Fotde 2 000 leñol Igbos mbaraama e nder fitinaaji politik e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange to4ctober L69 Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, guwerneer konu diiwal fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya, anndinii dow diiwal ngal natti jaɓugo Gowon bana hooreejo laamu konu lesdi Naajeeriya nyande 2 mars 1967. Lietnaa Kolonel Gowon hoosi bawɗe timmuɗe bana komandaajo mawdo laamu e hooreejo laamu militaari7 ngam ardungal 1967. Gowon anndini laamu nguu ñalnde 28 lewru Mbooy hitaande 1967. Ojukwu bayyini jeytaare leydi Biafra to fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer ñalnde 30 lewru Mbooy hitaande 1967 caggal nde laamu fedde ndee teddinaani nanondiral Aburi.[127]

127 128 129 130 77.

Azikiwe e fuɗɗoode ina wallitnoo Biafra e anndinde ɗum e nder winndere ndee. O huutoriima doole makko politik ngam ardaade delegaasiyoŋ Biafra caggal leydi ngam jaɓde dowla jeytaare. E hitaande 1968, nde o yiyi batte hare ndee, o ñaagii Ojukwu nde o joofnata kaaldigal e Gowon, tawi o dañaani heen nafoore. Azikiwe woɗɗitii politik caggal wolde. O woniino hooreejo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lagos tuggi 1972 haa 1976. Jokkugol laamu konu e rokkude laamu laamu demokaraasi e hitaande 1979 rokki Azikiwe fartaŋŋe wartaade politik. O naati nder lanyol yimɓe lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1978, o waɗi ɗaɓɓaande ardiiɗo leydi Naajeeriya nde o heɓi nasaraaku nder hitaande 1979 e hitaande 1983. O acci siyaasaaku haa abada ɓaawo kuudetaa konu nder hitaande 1983 nde Muhammadu Buhari ardii

=== Duuɓi cakkitiiɗi ===
Fitinaaji meeɗaay wonde kuutorgal ngal min kuutortoo, minen sosɓe leydi Najeriya, ngam safrude caɗeele politik. E nder aadaaji Angalteer, min kaaldii e Biro Koloñaal ngam jaɓde caɗeele amen ngam ŋakkeende e moƴƴere haala amen ngam laamu hoore mum. Caggal batuuji jeegom doosɗe leydi e hitaande 1953, 1954, 1957, 1958, 1959, e 1960, Angalteer rokkii en hakke ngam tabitinde jeytaare men politik gila 1 oktoobar 1960. Hay gooto e lanndaaji politik leydi Najeriya ɗi meeɗaani ƴettude jeytaare men politik e men happy violed to en meeɗaani jaɓde jeytaare men politik wonde hay toɓɓere ƴiiƴam Angalteer walla Najeriya rufaaka e nder hare men ngenndiire ngam nokku men e naange. Ndee ɗoo hujja daartol addani mi wiyde e yeeso yimɓe fof e nder leydi Najeriya wonde laamu nguu rokkii en laamu hoore mum e dow lowre kaŋŋe. Ko goonga, yonta am ina cemmbina mi, kono geɗe daartol ɗee ko ɗe njiyataa. Miɗo sikki ko ɓuri mettude ko ‘Sukaaɓe Turki’ men pellitii naatnude elemen mbayliigu bonngu e nder politik leydi Najeriya. No ɓe e renndo men fof mbaawirta ustude politikaaji tiiɗɗi, ma a taw nannguɗi, ko politik mo alaa hakkille. Mi jokki bee Seneraal Aguiyi-Ironsi, Ofiisaajo Seneraal Ardiido sooja'en lesdi Naajeeriya, mo mi faami, jooni o hoosi kuuɗe laamu lesdi Naajeeriya. Miɗo sakka golle am ngam kala udditgol jam ngam haɗde ƴiiƴam ɓeydaade, ngam weltinde ofiseeji muusɗi ɗii, e artirde sariya e deeƴre. So mi nanii haala makko tan, mi waɗa peeje ngam hootde galle. Ko fayti e am, miɗo jogori warde ardiiɓe men politik e konu ko musiiba ngenndiijo.

— Jaabawol hooreejo leydi Nnamdi Azikiwe e kuudetaa konu gadano, hitaande 1966.[131]

Ñalnde 8 noowammbar 1989, jaayɗe ciifi e fenaande wonde Azikiwe maayii, sabu naamne jaayndiyanke BBC jowitiiɗe e ngonka makko. O artiri o wiyi &quot;mi yaawaani yaltude oo aduna, sabu ko kañum tan woni tagofeere nde nganndu-mi.&quot; E hitaande 1991, Azikiwe yahiino e udditgol nokku Nnamdi Azikiwe to Zungeru, nokku ɗo o jibinaa ɗoo, e juuɗe hooreejo leydi Ibraahiima Babangida. E nder ndunngu 1995, o rokki yeewtere to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, Pennsylvania e gardiiɗo jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngal.

Azikiwe maayi haa ñalnde 11 lewru Mbooy hitaande 1996, to opitaal janngirde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Naajeeriya to Enugu caggal nde o rafi ko juuti. O yahrata ko e duuɓi 91. Azikiwe rokkaama wirwirnde dowla e laamu Sani Abacha, caggal fotde jonte ɗiɗi kewuuji ngenndiiji. Ɓanndu makko nawaama e gure keewɗe teeŋtuɗe e nder leydi ndi ngam sunaare e teddungal. O wirnaa e wuro makko Onitsha ñalnde 16 noowammbar 1996, ñalnde wonnde ñalngu ngu o heɓi duuɓi 92. E maayde Azikiwe, jaaynde wiyeteende New York Times teskiima,

&quot;O toowii dow geɗe ngenndi ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e nder Afrik, o heɓi darnde jaambaaro ngenndiijo goonga, garɗo teddineede e nder diiwaanuuji e leƴƴi ceertuɗi leydi makko.&quot;[132]

E hitaande 2019, laamu hooreejo leydi Muhammadu Buhari ƴettii golle timminde suudu ndu Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe, ndu anndinaama ndu nokkuure nden.[133][134]

== Innde e ndonu daartol ==
E nder teeminannde 19ɓiire, ƴaañgal Afrik seediima laamuuji Orop ina peccii Afrik, ina kuutoroo jawdi aadee e tago. Ƴellitaare miijo politik Afrik feeñi ko e anniya yiylaade eɓɓoore miijo jaɓgol hoore mum e ngenndiyaŋkaagal pinal cemmbinngal. Ina jeyaa e daraniiɓe Pan Afrik, Nnamdi Azikiwe, Pilot ndimaagu leydi Nijeer. Nokku Azikiwe nder cosmology Naajeeriya ɗon yaaji haa darnde maako nde o jogi. O rokki ngenndiyaŋkaagal e hare jeytaare maanaa keso. Zik, e oon sahaa to duɗal Hope Waddel, ina anndi miijooji Marcus Garvey ko fayti e Pan-Afrik, teeŋtinoowo doole Afriknaaɓe, e rimɗinde Afrik e juuɗe Afriknaaɓe. Ɗum addani Zik naamnaade laawɗingol koloñaal e nder Afrik, tee ina jeyaa e ko Garvey wiyi ngam rimɗinde Afrik e laamuuji koloñaal. E wakkati nde Naajeeriya woni haa jooni mooɓre diiwalji feere-feere, anndalji e dente nokkuuje, Zik fuɗɗi ƴamɗe ngam heɓugo ndimu Naajeeriya e ngam sosde senngooji ɗi ngalaa lenyol, ɗi ngalaa leƴƴi ngam yidde lesdi Naajeeriya e yidde lesdi maɓɓe.[116][135]

Azikiwe yahiino to Amerik ɗo o janngi e jannginde e nder duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ceertuɗe to Fuɗnaange, o yi’i weeyo ngo njiyaagu e ƴellitaare `Negro' radikal. O heɓi kadi ballal e hooreejo leydi Amerik e teeminannde 19ɓiire, hono James A Garfield, e dow huɗo ngam weltinde njiimaandi politik. Nde o arti e Afrik worgo, ko ɓuri teeŋtude e ngoƴa makko, ko ɗum waɗi, wonaa hare leydi, ngenndiyaŋkoore, kono ko hare winndereyankoore, winndereyankoore ngam leñol ɓaleejo. Ko o gardiiɗo jaaynde African Morning Post to Accra, tuggi 1935 haa 1937, Azikiwe heɓi ɗoon e ɗoon innde sabu jaayndeyaagal makko toowngal `American style' e ñiŋde cuusal makko e njuɓɓudi koloñaal, e ardiiɓe koloñaal kam e ardiiɓe Afrik nokkuuji ɗii. Semmbe makko ina yaaji e nder leyɗeele koloñaal Biritaan en fof, ko kanko woni doole guurɗe won e ardiiɓe Afrik hono Kwame Nkrumah, Julius Nyerere, Dauda Jawara, Kenneth Kaunda e Milton Obote e woɗɓe.

Jaayndeyaagal Azikiwe kaɓanngal e ƴattooje ko kañum woni sabaabu ɓurɗo teeŋtude e darnde makko e doole makko, kadi ko kañum woni sabaabu ɓurɗo teeŋtude e ummital Naajeeriya. Azikiwe sosi fedde jaayndeyaagal wiyeteende Zik Group, nde o sosi e nde o yuɓɓini Pilot West African, nde o inniri « kaayitaaji ngenndiyaŋkooji ñaamooɓe yiite, doolnuɗi, ɓurɗi toowde ». E les njiimaandi Zik Group o wayli golle jaayɗe Afrik hirnaange, o hollitii wonde jaayndeyaagal e ɗemngal Engele ina waawi dañde nafoore, o yaajtini nafoore makko e jogaade ko ina tolnoo e jaayɗe 12 ñalnde kala, ɗe Afriknaaɓe njiylotoo. Pilot Afrik hirnaange mawni no feewi gila e doggol adanngol ngol 6 000 ekkol ñalnde kala, haa e doggol ko ina ɓura 20 000 ekkol e tolno mum e kitaale 1950.[136][137][138]

Kaayitaaji keertiiɗi ɗi Nnamdi Azikiwe, hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya arandeejo, ɗon mari haaje nder suudu defte maako haa Nsukka, Naajeeriya. Ina jeyaa e ɗeen binndanɗe keertiiɗe, eɓɓaande ciimtol makko, binndanɗe dowla ummoraade e gardagol makko, binndanɗe politik jowitiiɗe e Republique Biafra, kaɓirɗe ummoraade e kampaañ Azikiwe e hitaande 1979 e 1983, kam e defte e jaayɗe seeɗa ɗe keewaani. Jaaɓihaaɗtirde Vanderbilt, e ballal kaalis e porogaraam defte binndaaɗe e nder defterdu UCLA, waɗii ɗeen geɗe dijital ngam sosde mooɓondiral geɗe puɗɗaaɗe jowitiiɗe e jaŋde leydi Najeriya e leydi Biafra [139]. Ndee ɗoo deftere ina heɓoo e dijital rewrude e defterdu UCLA[140]

=== Teddungal ===
Leydi Biritaan : Tergal e Diiso doosɗe leydi Biritaan, ñalnde 16 noowammbar 1960.[141] 

Komanda mawɗo fedde nde (GCFR).[142]

=== Degreeji teddungal ===
Azikiwe heɓi dipolomaaji teddungal 14 ummoraade e duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde Najeriya, Amerik e Liberiya, teeŋti noon :

Pennsylvanie 1946: Doktoor to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln

Virginia Hirnaange 1947: Doktoor ɓataakeeji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer

Washington, D.C. 1950: Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Howard heɓi Doktoraa mum to bannge sariya

Michigan 1959: Doktoor tedduɗo e sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde leydi Michigan[143]

Naajeeriya 1961: Doktoor tedduɗo e ɓataakeeji (D.Litt.) to Duɗal Jaaɓihaaɗtirde Naajeeriya[144]

Liberiya 1969 : Doktoraa mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Liberiya

Pennsylvanie 1980 : Doktoor tedduɗo e ɓataakeeji aadee to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pennsylvanie

Woɗɓe ina mbaɗi dipolomaaji ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ibadan, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lagos, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello, UNIZIK, e FUTO.[145]

=== Siftorde e monumndaaji ===

=== Kaalis e tammborɗe posto ===
Natal Azikiwe feeñii e kaalis ₦500 leydi Naajeeriya gila hitaande 2001. Natal makko ina tawee e limlebbi postooji ɗi ɓe peeñnini e hitaande 1964, gila ndeen kadi feeñii e limlebbi goɗɗi.[150]

=== E nder pinal leñol ===
Nguurndam Azikiwe gadana ko kanko winndi, yaltinaa e hitaande 1970, tiitoonde mum ko Odyssey am: nguurndam am.

Laamu leydi Naajeeriya sosi njeenaari Zik, njeenaari ardungal hitaande kala, e hitaande 1995, ngam teddinde Azikiwe.

E hitaande 2006, Ben Obi fuɗɗii yeewtere hitaandeere Zik ngam maayde golle moƴƴe e ndonu Azikiwe.[151]

Filoosofi jaŋde Azikiwe hollitaama e nder filmo binndaaɗo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Naajeeriya.[152]

E hitaande 2023, Fedde Duke Shomolu yaltinii pijirlooji tuugiiɗi e nguurndam e jamaanu Azikiwe.

Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Michigan State sosi ‘Fedde janngooɓe Afriknaaɓe hakkunde leyɗeele Nnamdi Azikiwe’ e hitaande 2023, ngam wallitde janngooɓe Afriknaaɓe hakkunde leyɗeele MSU to Afrik ngam wiɗtooji. Njeenaari ndii ko ngam teddinde Azikiwe mo gollodii e jannginooɓe MSU ngam mahde duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde (Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Naajeeriya) to Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya.

=== Teddungal aadaaji ===
Azikiwe naatnaa e renndo Agbalanze Onitsha e innde Nnanyelugo e hitaande 1946, ko ɗum anndinde worɓe Onitsha jogiiɓe golle maantiniiɗe. E hitaande 1962, o wonti mawɗo leydi ɗiɗaɓo (Ndichie Okwa) hono Obi Oziziani.[130] Mawɗo Azikiwe toɗɗaama bana Owelle-Osowa-Anya mo Onitsha nder hitaande 1972, ɗum waɗi mo ardiiɗo ronkaaku arandeejo (Ndichie Ume) nder caltal Igbo nder laamiiɗo lesdi Naajeeriya.[107]

== Miijooji politik ==
Zikism; ko miijo politik ɓurngo lollude e Nnamdi Azikiwe, faandaare mum ko ustude hakkillaaji sukaaɓe Afriknaaɓe. E sahaa nde dowlaaji Afrik ngonnoo e les njiimaandi Angalteer, Zik ƴetti filosof mum politik, hono miijo mbayliigu. Canons jowi Zikism woni &quot;Balans Ruuhu&quot;, &quot;Regeneration Sociale&quot;, &quot;Determinism Faggudu&quot;, &quot;Emancipation Mentale&quot;, e &quot;Ummital Politik&quot;. E werlaade annoore ɓurnde laaɓtude e canons, Azikiwe teeŋtinii, &quot;Ko adii fof, mi ƴettii konngol balance spirituel ngam hollirde ndimaagu teskinngu e nder ɓernde, miijo e miijo... Ɗiɗaɓere, mi mahii ƴellitaare renndo ngam hollirde ndimaagu fedde e ndimaagu diisnondiral .. Tataɓol, mi ventured e nder faggudu taprocie so I goongɗini Mi lootii hono ngool ngonka nguurndam determinism faggudu, sabu miɗo gooŋɗini miijo Karl Marx e firo faggudu daartol e nder lewru e nder Afrik fof... Nayaɓol ngol, mi fellitii waɗde yah-ngartaa e nder fannuuji hakkille ... Ko ɗum waɗi mi ƴetti tesis wonde emancipaasiyoŋ hakkille ina haani wonande Afriknaaɓe jannguɓe bonɓe. Joyaɓere ... alaa ko waawi sikkeede e Risorgimento politik Afriknaajo, nde tawnoo wellitaare ɗeen sarɗiiji ina ɗaɓɓi ndimaagu nguurndam, ndimaagu, e jokkude wellitaare.&quot;

Weltaare Neo; Azikiwe huutoriima pinal Afriknaaɓe e faggudu Afriknaaɓe ko adii koloñaal ngam ƴellitde miijo makko faggudu Neo-Welfarist, o wasiyii eklektisism e pragmatism ngam wonde tuugnorgal filosofi wonande neo-welfarism.[153]

Pragmatisme eklektik; Eklektik-pragmatism wonande Azikiwe ko feere ɓurnde moƴƴude ngam haɓaade haa teeŋti e goongaaji keewɗi fannuuji faggudu e politik. Ko feere etaade yuɓɓinde miijooji nannduɗi e luurondirɗi, wonaa e safrude luural, kono ko e suɓaade e hawrude e ko nafata e ko waawi huutoreede e kala heen ngam heɓde paandaale yiɗde. Nii woni, pragmatisme eklektik ina wayi no ko feere ɓurnde moƴƴude ngam haɓaade caɗeele Afrik e nder ƴeewndorɗe ceertuɗe e teskinɗe ɗe njiylotonoo ɗe.[154]

=== Golle ===
Zik (1961)

Odiseeji am (1971)

Afrik keso (1973)

Liberiyaa e nder politik winndere (1931)

——— (hitaande 1966). Teemedere Ciimtol Ciimtol e Yimre Rt. Hon. Doktoor Nnamdi Azikiwe. Duɗal njuɓɓudi e karallaagal. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2736-09-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

Sifaa siyaasaaku ngam lesdi Naajeeriya (1943)

Faggudu leydi Naajeeriya (1943)

Zik: Cuɓagol konnguɗi Doktoor Nnamdi Azikiwe (1961)

Daartol warngo: Goonga walla fenaande? (1946)

Ko adii men ina woodi yanaande udditiinde (1947)

Jaango Pan-Afrik (1961)

Goongaaji ngootaagu Afrik (1965)

Iwdi wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Naajeeriya (1969)

Mi ɗon nuɗɗina Naajeeriya gooto (1969)

Eɓɓooje jam ngam joofnude wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Naajeeriya (1969)

Kaaldigal dow Laamorde Kesum ngam Naajeeriya (1974)

Taggol lesɗe ɗuuɗɗe nder Naajeeriya, limngal siyaasaaku (1974)

Demokaraasi e jeertinaango konu (1974)

Reorientaasiyoŋ miijooji Najeriya : yeewtere ñalnde 9 lewru Duujal hitaande 1976, e ñalngu udditgol kaalis dokkal UNN (1976)

Hare men ngam Ndimaagu; Kiriis luumo Onitsha (1976)

Njaafoɗen Ɓiɓɓe Men. Eeraango feewde e ardiiɓe e yimɓe Onitsha e nder caɗeele luumo (1976)

Koolol jimɗi (1977)

Soliloquies wolde nder leydi: Ko ɓuri heewde e jimɗi (1977)

Teemedde e nder miijo renndo e politik Afrik (1978)

Gartirgol Demokaraasi Naajeeriya (1978)

Golle ɓennuɗe ɗe ngalaa nanndo: Jaabawol am e caɗeele mawɗo Awolowo (1979)

Haala ɓernde (1979)

——— (hitaande 1980). Miijo ngam Naajeeriya: Kapitaalisma, Sosiyaalisma walla Weltaare?. Makmilan leydi Nijeer. h. 196. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9789781325212&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

——— (hitaande 1983). Bonannde Hoolaare e NPN.

——— (hitaande 1983). Daartol Maa Ƴeewto Goongɗinɓe.

== Ƴeew kadi ==
Ngenndiyankaagal Afrik

Filoosofi Zikist

Njeenaari Zik

== Tuugnorgal ==
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      <text bytes="101071" sha1="9r012vsyrvjgcnfn8yptqfpvya1bcm2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Nnamdi Benjamin Azikiwe'''GCFR PC (HeɗtoR; 16 noowammbar 1904 – 11 [[lewru]] mee 1996),&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe {{!}} president of Nigeria|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nnamdi-Azikiwe|access-date=2022-03-26|website=[[Britannica]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe ina mbiya ko '''Zik mo Afrik''', ko o dawriyanke, laamuyanke, e hooreejo leydi Nijeer, o woniino hooreejo leydi Nijeer gadano gila e hitaande 1960 haa e hitaande 1960 (1963-1966).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=French|first=Howard W.|date=1996-05-14|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe, the First President of Nigeria, Dies at 91|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/14/world/nnamdi-azikiwe-the-first-president-of-nigeria-dies-at-91.html|access-date=2023-12-06|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; O ɗon laara no baaba lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] nden bo o ɗon nder ardiiɓe lesdi ndi'i nder hitaande 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-10-01|title=Heroes of the struggle for Nigeria's independence/pioneer political|url=https://guardian.ng/?p=1230220|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-05-24|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=On this day in 1904 Dr. Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe, was born in Zungeru, Niger State, North-Central Nigeria|url=http://www.jayfm.ng/2017/11/16/on-this-day-in-1904-dr-benjamin-nnamdi-azikiwe-was-born-in-zungeru-niger-state-north-central-nigeria/|date=2017-11-16|website=[[Jay FM]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805081611/http://www.jayfm.ng/2017/11/16/on-this-day-in-1904-dr-benjamin-nnamdi-azikiwe-was-born-in-zungeru-niger-state-north-central-nigeria/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Crowcroft|first=Barnaby|title=The Radical Nationalist as Constitutional Head of State: Nigeria, 1960–66|date=2020|work=Viceregalism: The Crown as Head of State in Political Crises in the Postwar Commonwealth|pages=179–202|editor-last=Kumarasingham|editor-first=H.|series=Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-46283-3_7|isbn=978-3-030-46283-3|s2cid=226564363}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Azikiwe jibinaa ko [[Zungeru]] e nder [[Diiwal Niger|diiwaan Niger]] hannde oo, jibnaaɓe [[Igbo]] en ummoriiɓe [[Onitsha]], [[Diiwal Anambra|diiwaan Anambra]], Azikiwe janngi ɗemngal Hausa ngal woni ɗemngal ɓurngal mawnude e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Caggal mum o neldaa hoɗde e neene makko e neene makko to wuro makko [[Onitsha]], ɗo o janngi ɗemngal [[Igbo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=chuku|first=gloria|title=Azikiwe, Benjamin Nnamdi|year=2011|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-0239|work=Dictionary of African Biography|access-date=2023-12-13|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.013.0239|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jooɗnde haa lesdi [[Lagos]] hokki mo jannguki ɗemngal [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], nden wakkati o ɗonno haa janngirde mawnde, o anndi finaa-tawaa [[Naajeeriya]] feere-feere, nden o wolwi ɗemɗe tati mawɗe [[Naajeeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Aguolu|first1=C. C.|last2=Aguolu|first2=L. E.|date=1997|title=Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, 1904-1966, First President of Nigeria: A Force in Library Development in Nigeria|url=https://worldlibraries.dom.edu/index.php/worldlib/article/view/199|journal=World Libraries|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|issn=2155-7896}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Azikiwe ina yahra no feewi. O ummii ko [[Amerik]] ɗo o inniraa '''Ben Azikiwe''', o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Colombia|Columbia]], to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pennsylvania e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard. O jokkondiri e laamuuji koloñaal e ɗaɓɓaande ngam wallitde leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e nder Olimpiyaaji Los Angeles 1932 nde tawnoo ko kanko kadi woni atletee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/03086539908583061|title='Managing nationalism': The colonial office and Nnamdi Azikiwe, 1932–43|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=27|issue=2|pages=143–158|year=1999|last=Flint|first=John E.}}&lt;/ref&gt; O arti [[Afrik]] ko e hitaande 1934, o fuɗɗii golle jaayndiyankaagal to Cote d’Or ([[Gana]] hannde oo). E nder [[Afrik]] hirnaange Biritaan, Azikiwe ina daranii wonde daraniiɗo politik e jaayndiyanke, ngam ngenndiyaŋkaagal [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e [[Afrik]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Azikiwe fights for Africa|date=7 January 1950|work=New York Amsterdam News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol==
'''Sukaaɓe''' : '''jaŋde e mbaydi ƴeew tiitoonde'''

Kartal pelle ɗemɗe [[Naajeeriya]]: Azikiwe jibinaa ko e diiwaan Fuɗnaange e nder leydi ndi. Leydi taaniraaɓe makko, [[Onitsha]], woni ko e bannge Fuɗnaange-rewo ngenndi ndii.)

Azikiwe jibinaa ko ñalnde 16 noowammbar 1904 to [[Zungeru]], to Fuɗnaange Nijeer. Innde makko adannde, &quot;Nnamdi&quot;, nde jibnaaɓe makko ndokki mo ko innde [[Igbo Eze South|Igbo]] nde firti ko &quot;baaba am ina wuuri&quot;. Baaba makko, Obed-Edom Chukwuemeka Azikiwe, jeyaaɗo to [[Onitsha]], ko o binndoowo e nder laamu Angalteer to leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Thomas A. Johnson|date=1972-09-14|title=Nigerian Urges Uses of the Past|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/14/archives/nigerian-urges-uses-of-the-past-says-colonialism-left-some-things.html|access-date=2023-12-06|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yumma makko Rachel Chinwe Ogbenyeanu Azikiwe (jibinaa ko Aghadiuno), mo sahaa e sahaa fof ina wiyee « Nwanonaku »&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe: My Odyssey|chapter=I: My Genealogy and Nativity|publisher=Spectrum Books|date=1970|page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=University|first=Nnamdi Azikiwe|date=2021-11-16|title=Profile of NNamdi Azikiwe|url=https://zikslectureseries.unizik.edu.ng/profile-of-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2023-12-06|website=Zik's Lecture Series|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ko ɓiɗɗo debbo tataɓo Aghadiuno Ajie&lt;ref name=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Mother of Nnamdi Azikiwe dies at 75|date=22 February 1958|work=Philadelphia Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;, iwdi galle laamɗo to Onitsha; mawniiko gorko biyeteeɗo Ugogwu Anazenwu, ko Obi [[Onitsha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PT2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Mother of Nnamdi Azikiwe dies at 75|date=22 February 1958|work=Philadelphia Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azikiwe ina joginoo miñi mum gooto, miñi mum debbo, ina wiyee Cecilia Eziamaka Arinze.&lt;ref name=&quot;PT3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Mother of Nnamdi Azikiwe dies at 75|date=22 February 1958|work=Philadelphia Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nde o woni suka, Azikiwe ina haalda ɗemngal [[Hausa language|Hausa]], ɗemngal diiwaan oo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, 1904-1966, first president of Nigeria: A force in Library development in Nigeria.|url=https://worldlibraries.dom.edu/index.php/worldlib/article/view/199/154|last=Aguolu and Aguolu|first=C.C and L.E|date=1997|journal=World Libraries|volume=7|issue=2|access-date=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baaba makko, ina wondi e sunaare e 6icfcfo makko e 6amtaare [[Hausa language|Hausa]] wonaa [[Igbo]], neli mo to [[Onitsha]] e hitaande 1912 ngam hocfde e neene makko e neene makko ngam janngude 6emngal e pinal [[Igbo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Oha&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Oha|first1=Obododimma|title=Heroes of knowledge versus dragons of ignorance: language, identity construction, and intertextuality in Nnamdi Azikiwe's &quot;My Odyssey&quot;|url=http://motspluriels.arts.uwa.edu.au/MP2303oo.html|website=motspluriels.arts.uwa.edu.au/|access-date=8 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; To [[Onitsha]], Azikiwe janngi Duɗal Trinity Seniiɗo (duɗal misiyoŋaaji katolik en) e Duɗal Eklesiya Almasiihu (duɗal leslesal Angalteer).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Accord concodiale: The continuous search for Nigeria's elusive unity and indivisibility (2)|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/accord-concodiale-the-continuous-search-for-nigerias-elusive-unity-and-indivisibility-2/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|date=2016-12-14|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; E hitaande 1914, nde baaba makko ina gollina to Lagos, Azikiwe yani e puccu ; ɗum addani baaba makko kulɓiniiɗo neldude mo to [[Lagos]], mbele omo sella, omo jokka jaŋde e nder wuro ngo.{{sfn|Orji|2013|p=68}} Ndeen o naati duɗal sukaaɓe Wesleyan, anndiraangal hannde duɗal sukaaɓe ''Methodist'', [[Lagos]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=history – MGHS|url=https://mghsyabalagosng.com/history-2/|access-date=2022-09-11|language=en-US|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004232208/https://mghsyabalagosng.com/history-2/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baaba makko neldaama [[Kaduna]] duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, Azikiwe jooɗii seeɗa e banndiiko gooto resnduɗo juulɗo ummoriiɗo [[Siyeraa Leyoon]].{{sfn|Tonkin|1990|p=37}} E hitaande 1918, o arti [[Onitsha]], o timmini jaŋde makko hakkundeere to duɗal hakkundeewal CMS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-05-09|title=Benjamin Nnamdi &quot;Zik&quot; Azikiwe (1904–1996)|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/azikiwe-benjamin-nnamdi-zik-1904-1996/|access-date=2022-09-11|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azikiwe ndeen golliima e duɗal ngal ko almuudo-jannginoowo,{{sfn|Orji|2013|p=68}} ina wallita yumma mum e ngalu mum.{{sfn|Tonkin|1990|p=37}} E hitaande 1920, baaba makko artiraa to Protectorat Sud Nigeria, to wuro [[Calabar]]. Azikiwe hawri e baaba mum to [[Calabar]], o fuɗɗii jaŋde toownde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hope Waddell.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-02-03|title=Reminiscing The Founding Fathers: Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://leadership.ng/reminiscing-the-founding-fathers-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2022-03-26|language=en-GB|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; O naati e janngirɗe Marcus Garvey,&lt;ref name=&quot;Timesdigit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe|work=The Times|location=London, England|date=14 May 1996|page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garveyism, ɗe ngonti huunde himmunde e haala makko ngenndiyaŋkaagal.
[[File:Azikiwe with parents.png|thumb|Azikiwe e jibnaaɓe mum, c. Kitaale 1910]]
Caggal nde o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hope Waddell,&lt;ref name=&quot;Yearbook1962&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Nigeria Year Book 1962|publisher=[[Daily Times (Nigeria)|Daily Times]]|year=1962|pages=112}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azikiwe artiraa to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Methodist, to [[Lagos]], o seerti e wondiiɓe makko ummoriiɓe e galleeji ɓooyɗi Lagos ko wayi no George Shyngle, Francis Cole e Ade Williams (ɓiy [[Akarigbo mo Remo|Akarigbo Remo]]). Ɗee jokkondiral naftorii caggal ɗuum e golle makko politik to [[Lagos]].{{sfn|Orji|2013|p=68}} Nde o woni to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Wesley ''Boys'' o ɓuri waawde jaŋde makko, o rokki deftere ina wiyee « gila e Log Cabin haa e galle ''White House'' », ko ɗum woni nguurndam [[James A. Garfield]], gonnooɗo hooreejo leydi [[Amerik]], umminooɗo e huɗo haa e moƴƴere. Deftere ndee ina addana mo pellital heɓde nafoore e nguurndam. Azikiwe nanii yeewtere [[James Aggrey]], jannginoowo mo miijii wonde Afriknaaɓe ina poti heɓde jaŋde kolees caggal leydi, ɓe ngarta e waɗde waylo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Esele, Amos|date=21 November 1994|title=Ninety hearty cheers!|work=The Week|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caggal nde yeewtere ndee joofi, Aggrey rokki suka Azikiwe doggol duɗe jaɓɓotooɗe almudɓe ɓaleeɓe to [[Amerik]].{{sfn|Tonkin|1990|p=37}}

Caggal nde o timmini jaŋde makko hakkundeere, Azikiwe ɗaɓɓiri golle koloñaal, o jaɓaa wonde binndoowo to departemaa kaalis. Wakkati maako nder kuugal koloñaal, holli mo limngal njiyaagu nder laamu koloñaal.{{sfn|Orji|2013|p=69}} Suɓaade Azikiwe janngude to Amerik e nokku Angalteer, ko batte Doktoor James Kwegyr Aggrey, nguurndam hooreejo leydi A. Garfield e Abraham Lincoln, Pan-Afriknism Marcus Garvey e woodgol ballal wonande almudɓe waasɓe, tawi alaa ko heɓaa e Angalteer. E pellital yahde caggal leydi ngam ɓeydaade jaŋde, Azikiwe ɗaɓɓiri jaŋde mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde to U.S. O jaɓaa to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer College, tawi ko e dow ballal makko e yiytude laawol feewde [[Amerik]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Commencement address at Storer delivered by African alumnus|date=14 June 1947|work=New Journal and Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngam yettaade [[Amerik]], o jokkondiri e laana ndiwoowa, o waɗi e makko nanondiral ngam wonde stowaway.&lt;ref name=&quot;theworldnews.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-02-03|title=Reminiscing The Founding Fathers: Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://leadership.ng/reminiscing-the-founding-fathers-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2021-10-19|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kono gooto e sehilaaɓe makko wonnooɓe e laana kaa rafi, ɓe wasiyii yo ɓe njippo e Sekondi. To leydi [[Gana]], Azikiwe golliima ko polis ; yumma makko yilliima, o wiyi mo yo o hoot leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. O arti, baaba makko jaɓi wallitde mo yahde [[Amerik]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Heroes of the Past – Nnamdi Azikiwe – Everything But Coffee|url=https://everythingbutcoffee.biz/2020/05/11/heroes-of-the-past-nnamdi-azikiwe/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805024303/https://everythingbutcoffee.biz/2020/05/11/heroes-of-the-past-nnamdi-azikiwe/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Azikiwe janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Harpers Ferry, to Virginie worgo. Ngam yoɓde nguurndam makko e jaŋde makko, o golliima golle keewɗe ɗe ngalaa nafoore hade makko winnditaade to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard to Washington, D.C. e hitaande 1927 ngam heɓde dipolomaaji makko e ganndal politik. E hitaande 1929, o ummii duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard o fayi duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln ngam timminde jaŋde makko leslesre, o heɓi kadi seedantaagal makko BA e ganndal politik e hitaande 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crisis-Jan1966&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Azikiwe|first=Nnamdi|editor1-first=James W.|editor1-last=Ivy|editor-link=James W. Ivy|date=January 1966|title=A teacher remembered|journal=Crisis|volume=73|issue=1|pages=54–55|publisher=The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc.|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OnlineNigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/people/ad.asp?blurb=66|title=Biography of Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe|access-date=2007-09-05|work=[www.onlinenigeria.com]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azikwe ƴettii kursuuji e Alain Locke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Getachew|first=Adom|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3znwvg|title=Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination|date=2019|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-17915-5|pages=7|doi=10.2307/j.ctv3znwvg|jstor=j.ctv3znwvg}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azikiwe wonnoo ko tergal e fedde nde.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Politics and Leadership|url=http://www.pbs1914.org/sigmatoday/notablesigmapoliticsandleadership.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502181928/http://www.pbs1914.org/sigmatoday/notablesigmapoliticsandleadership.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2007|website=Phi Beta Sigma|access-date=7 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndeen o naatii to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln to Pennsylvania e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pennsylvania e sahaa gooto e hitaande 1930, o heɓi dipoloma makko ko fayti e diine e filosofi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln e hitaande 1932, o heɓi kadi dipoloma makko ko fayti e anthropologie to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pennsylvania e hitaande 1933&lt;ref name=&quot;UPenn&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/notables/political/pennheads.html|title=Alumni, Faculty, and Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania Who Have Served as Heads of State or Government|access-date=2007-09-05|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania|University Archives and Records Center University of Pennsylvania]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205032053/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/notables/political/pennheads.html|archive-date=5 February 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/zik.asp|title=Nigeria – Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe|website=www.onlinenigeria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Azikiwe wonti jannginoowo dipolomaaji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, ɗo o sosi janngirde daartol [[Afrik]].{{sfn|Tonkin|1990|p=41}} O woniino kanndidaa ngam heɓde dipolomaaji doktoraa to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Colombia|Columbia]] hade makko hootde leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e hitaande 1934.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Azikiwe May Accept Position in Liberia|date=21 July 1934|work=The New York Amsterdam News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wiɗtooji doktoraa Azikiwe ɗii ɓuri teeŋtude ko e Liberiya e nder politik winndere, e binndol makko ngol A. H. Stockwell yaltini e hitaande 1934. E nder sahaa mo o woni to [[Amerik]], o woniino winndiyanke to jaaynde Afro-Ameriknaare Baltimore, to Philadelphia Tribune e to jaaynde Associated Negro Press.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Azikiwe, N.|date=1 January 1965|title=Nigerian pioneer|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azikiwe ina joginoo miijooji jaayndeeji [[Afrik]]-[[Amerik]], Garveyism e Pan-Afriknaaɓe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Azikiwe, N.|date=1 January 1965|title=Nigerian pioneer|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Feddeeji e renndooji ===
Fedde sukaaɓe worɓe kerecee en, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer (1925-27)

Cub hakkunde leyɗeele to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard (1928)

Fedde binndol Stylus to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard (1923)

Fedde hakkunde leyɗeele to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Colombia|Columbia]] (1930-32)

Fedde nguurndam, Duɗal Anthropoloji Laamu (1933)

Fedde nguurndam, fedde faggudu laamɗo (1934)

Tergal nguurndam, Fedde Angalteer ngam ɓamtaare ganndal (1947)

Fedde Ameriknaare ngam sariyaaji hakkunde leyɗeele (1933–34)

Fedde Annduɓe Anthropoloji Amerka (1932-1934)

Fedde ganndal siyaas Amerik (1933-34)

Fedde Annduɓe Leƴƴi Amerka (1933-34)

Koolol ganndal siwil to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln (1934)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anike|url=http://repository.unizik.edu.ng/bitstream/123456789/429/1/master%2C%2BAnike.pdf|website=repository.unizik.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Azikiwe playing American Football, Storer College, 1926.jpg|thumb|Azikiwe ina fija fuku [[Amerik]], to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer (1926)]]

== Golle atletik ==
E fuɗɗoode golle makko, Azikiwe ina yahra e boks, atletik, njulaagu, fuku koyɗe e tennis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crisis-Jan19662&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Azikiwe|first=Nnamdi|editor1-first=James W.|editor1-last=Ivy|editor-link=James W. Ivy|date=January 1966|title=A teacher remembered|journal=Crisis|volume=73|issue=1|pages=54–55|publisher=The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc.|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; Football ko Biritaan en ngaddi ɗum e leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] nde ɓe koloni [[Afrik]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://nnu.ng/post/Nnamdi-Azikiwe|website=Nigeria News Update.|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kono kala ligues sosaaɗe, ko ɗe ceerndaaɗe. Nnamdi yi'i ɗum bana tooñannge nden o wurti bee hooreejo to bannge fijirle jokkirgol e siyaasaaku haa timmoode jamaanu koloñaal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sports and the Modernity of Leisure in Nigeria: Stadium Space and the Symbolisms of Expressions, 1930–1980|url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/61376/OBASA-DISSERTATION-2015.pdf?sequence=1|last=Olusegun|first=Obasa|date=2015|website=repositories.lib.utexas.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; E hitaande 1934, Zik haɗaama tawtoreede kawgel ngel sabu leydi Nijeer jaɓaaka tawtoreede. Ɗum waɗii sahaa goɗɗo sabu iwdi makko Igbo, Zik fellitii wonde ina heddi, o yiɗi sosde fedde makko. Nnamdi sosi fedde Zik's ''Athletic Club'' (ZAC) nde udditanta dame mum ngam fijirde worɓe e rewɓe kala leƴƴi, leƴƴi, leƴƴi, e kala fannuuji leydi [[Naajeeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nationalist Period|url=http://webeninnigeriaghanatogoboutsport.weebly.com/nationalist-period.html|website=Sports and Politics in British West/Central Africa|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805025704/http://webeninnigeriaghanatogoboutsport.weebly.com/nationalist-period.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; E hitaande 1942, fedde nde yahi haa heɓi Ligue [[Lagos]] e Kop ''Memorial War''. Caggal ɗeen nafooje, Nnamdi udditi caɗeele ZAC goɗɗe e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] fof. E nder duuɓi wolde ZAC ina yaha njilluuji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe Facts|url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/nnamdi-azikiwe|website=biography.yourdictionary.com|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Matchs'' ZAC ɗon waɗa nder lesdi ndi'i fuu, nden ɗum waɗi yimɓe [[Naajeeriya]] ɗon mari haaje kawtal e lesdi ndi'i ngam wallugo ɓe haɓugo ndimu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Establishment and the Achievements of the National Sports Commission in Nigeria|url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=osu1487093435463141&amp;disposition=inline|last=Abioye|first=Joseph Adegboyega|date=1980|website=etd.ohiolink.edu}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E hitaande 1949, won e fukuyaŋkooɓe ZAC tawtoraama njillu to Angalteer. E gartugol maɓɓe e njillu ngu ɓe njooɗii to Freetown, Siyeraa Leyoon, e leydi Najeriya fooli yimɓe nokku oo e golle 2. Ndee nasaraaku ko ɓuri duuɓi sappo ko adii jeytaare leydi [[Naajeeriya]], kono ko nde jibinannde kippu ngenndiijo leydi [[Naajeeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigerians Love For Football; is it too much?|url=https://soccernet.ng/2015/03/nigerians-love-for-football-is-it-too.html|date=2015-03-23|website=Soccernet.ng|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; E joofnirde, caggal duuɓi hare, e hitaande 1959, jaagorde Angalteer cakkitiinde yalti NFA, ñalnde 22 ut 1960, jonte seeɗa ko adii jeytaare mum, [[Naajeeriya]] naati e fedde fuku koyɗe winndereere wiyeteende FIFA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pictures &amp; Documents: FIFA at 114, How Nigeria Became a Member|url=https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2018/05/21/pictures-documents-fifa-at-114-how-nigeria-became-a-member/|date=2018-05-21|website=Sports Village Square|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804175655/https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2018/05/21/pictures-documents-fifa-at-114-how-nigeria-became-a-member/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Hay heen gootal waawaano wonde so wonaano Nnamdi Azikiwe. O hawti [[Naajeeriya]] bee fijirde nden o waddi hakkilo lesdi ndi'i wi'eteeɗum 'Nigerian-ness'.

=== Jaambaraagal dingiral ===
Sosɗo, ZiKs ''Athletic Club'' (e MRB. Oltun) ngam ɓamtugo fijooji, boksi, kirikit, njuulu e tennis nder leydi [[Naajeeriya]].

Gooliiɗo e yeeso, duɗal sukaaɓe metodist, [[Lagos]] (1921)

Jaagorgal, Diwgol toowngol, M.B.H.S, e Jaagorgal, Ñalngu Laamu (1921)

Jaagorɗo, tedduɗo, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer (1925-27)

Jaagorgal &amp; Medaal kaŋŋe, Diwgol toowngol, Pijirlooji hakkunde duɗe HU (1926);

Medaal kaŋŋe, doggol leydi, doggudu kilomeeteer gooto, doggudu kilomeeteer gooto, e diwgol toowngol, kawgel kaalis to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer (1926)

Medaal, Pentatlon, kawgel kolees Storer (1925)

Kapiteen, fedde janngirde Storer (1927)

Medaal kaŋŋe, taƴoowo leydi, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer (1921)

Medaal njamndi mboɗeeri, maraton Laurel-Baltimore (1927)

Jaagorɗo, dogdu ɓaleeru, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard (1928)

Kapiteen gooto, fedde fuku koyɗe duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln (1930)

Doggol kilooji ɗiɗi, kawgel ɗiɗmel hakkunde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cheyney (1930)

Medaal kaalis, doggudu kilooji ɗiɗi, kawgel hakkunde duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hampton Virginia (1931)

Jaaliiɗo toɓɓere, dogdu Baltimore (1929, 1930)

Medaal njamndi mboɗeeri, dogdu Richmond (1931)

Toɓɓere Dowla, A.A.U. Kaɓirɗe hakkunde leyɗeele (1932)

Medaal kaŋŋe, dogdu 1 000 yard, Pijirlooji Kaledoni to Brooklyn, New York (1932)

Medaal kaŋŋe, Doggol Kilomeeteer gooto, e Doggol Kilomeeteer tati, Y MC.A. Pijirlooji, New York (1932)

Koppi kaalis, dogdu feccere kiloomeeteer, e keɓɗo kopporeeje kaalis e nder dogdu kiloomeeteer gooto, kawgel ñalngu ladde Demokaraasi, New Haven, Connecticut (1933)

Ɗiɗaɓo (e G.K Dorgu), kawgel tennis worɓe ɗiɗo Lagos, diɗɗal B (1938)

Nafooje (gorko Anchor), Kippu ZAC e nder kawgel njulaagu [[Lagos]] (1939)

Nasti ngam daranaago lesdi Naajeeriya nder fijirde Half-Mile e One Mile Run nder fijirde laamu lesdi Biritaniya nder hitaande 1934, ammaa A.A.A lesdi Biritaniya sali mo ngam 'daliilu karallaaku'. (Ngolɗoo jaɓgol addani mo winndude ɓataake lolluɗo, o woppi innde makko e ɗemngal Engele, hono Benjamin)

=== Tergal ===
Fedde fuku koyɗe Diamant (1922-24)

Fedde fijooji Merkiir to New York (1932-34)

Kaɓirgal tennis to Akra (1935-1937)

Patron, fedde fijirde Zik (gila 1956)

Hooreejo, Fedde Kirikit [[Naajeeriya]] (1940–44)

Hooreejo, Fedde Njulaagu [[Naajeeriya]] (1938–41)

Cukko hooreejo, fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e boksi leydi Nijeer (gila 1949)

Hooreejo fedde fuku koyɗe diiwaan [[Lagos]] (1951-1954)

Hooreejo, Fedde Fijooji Amateur [[Naajeeriya]] (gila 1952)

Hooreejo, Fedde ''Tennis'' Tabal [[Naajeeriya]] (gila 1953)

Cukko Patron e tergal Goomu, Goomu Olimpiyaade Nijeer, e Fedde Pijirlooji Laamu Biritaan e ''Commonwealth'' (gila 1951)

&lt;ref&gt;Alegi, Peter (2010). African Soccerscapes: How a Continent Changed the World's Game. Ohio University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-89680-278-0}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ​&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Before Joining FIFA and CAF; Nigeria FA was Affiliated to the FA in England|url=https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2018/08/21/before-joining-fifa-and-caf-nigeria-fa-was-affiliated-to-the-fa-in-england/|date=2018-08-21|website=Sports Village Square|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804235509/https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2018/08/21/before-joining-fifa-and-caf-nigeria-fa-was-affiliated-to-the-fa-in-england/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehistoryville.com/nnamdi-azikiwe/|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe: How do We Remember Nigeria's First President? – HistoryVille|date=16 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Golle binndol ==

=== Jaaynde jaayndeyaagal e tafngo ===
Rewɓe ɓee ndaranii yoɓde njoɓdi Angalteer e hitaande 1929, ko ɗum seedtini warngooji keewɗi e nder Opobo, tawi ko soldateeɓe Angalteer ardii ɗum en e nokkuuji goɗɗi e nder diiwaan fuɗnaange. Azikiwe, nde nani kewu nguu, winndi winndannde ñaawoore tiitoonde mum ko ‘Warde rewɓe e nder leydi Nijeer’, nde o woni e janngude haa jooni to Amerik e hitaande 1930, e ɓataake mo o winndi e oon sahaa, daraniiɗo hakkeeji siwil ''Pan''-[[Afrik]], hono W. E. B. Du Bois. Nde o woni to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, Azikiwe winndi deftere makko adannde wiyeteende ‘Liberia e nder politik winndere’ e hitaande 1931.

Azikiwe ɗaɓɓiriino wonde jaagorgal caggal leydi to leydi Liberiya, kono o saliima sabu o wonaa jeyaaɗo e leydi ndii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe: African Philosopher; scholar and eminent journalist|work=The Journalist|url=https://www.thejournalist.org.za/pioneers/nnamdi-azikiwe-african-philosopher-scholar-and-eminent-journalist|access-date=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; E hitaande 1934, nde Azikiwe warti [[Lagos]], o anndaa no feewi, o yi’aama no neɗɗo tedduɗo e won e renndo [[Lagos]] e [[Igbo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=http://www.ekwendigbo.com/index.php/en/profiles/blessed-memories/83-nnamdi-azikiwe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805055431/http://www.ekwendigbo.com/index.php/en/profiles/blessed-memories/83-nnamdi-azikiwe|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2020|website=www.ekwendigbo.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; O jaɓɓaama e juuɗe yimɓe seeɗa, kolliri binndi makko to [[Amerik]] ina laaɓi ina njottii [[Naajeeriya]].{{sfn|Tonkin|1990|p=38}} To leydi Nijeer, faandaare Azikiwe adannde ko heɓde darnde fotnde e jaŋde makko ; caggal ɗaɓɓaande keewnde nde o heɓaani (ina heen ngam heɓde posto janngingol to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ''King’s College'', [[Lagos]]), o jaɓi ɗaɓɓaande jom jawdi en [[Gana|Ganaa]] biyeteeɗo Alfred Ocansey ngam wonde gardiiɗo sosɗo jaaynde wiyeteende ''African Morning Post'', jaaynde hesere ñalnde kala to [[Accra]], [[Gana|Ganaa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;theworldnews.net2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-02-03|title=Reminiscing The Founding Fathers: Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://leadership.ng/reminiscing-the-founding-fathers-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2021-10-19|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-01-07|title=Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://thenigerianhistory.wordpress.com/dr-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2022-03-26|website=our history|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; O rokkaama junngo ngam dogginde jaaynde ndee, o ƴetti gollotooɓe mum heewɓe e asliiji ɗii.{{sfn|Orji|2013|p=68}} Azikiwe winndi &quot;''The Inside Stuff by'' Zik&quot;, deftere nde o winndi e nder mum ko fayti e ngenndiyaŋkaagal radikal e manngu ɓaleejo, ko ɗum addani won e kulhuli e nder dingiral koloñaal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=African graduate of Lincoln creates stir in his native land|date=22 August 1936|work=New Journal and Guide}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ko o editor, o ƴelliti ajendaaji ngenndiyaŋkooɓe daraniiɓe [[Afrik]].&lt;ref name=&quot;theworldnews.net3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-02-03|title=Reminiscing The Founding Fathers: Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://leadership.ng/reminiscing-the-founding-fathers-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2021-10-19|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yuri Smertin siftinii binndol makko ngol ko, &quot;binndanɗe cemmbinɗe e haalaaji renndo ɗi cemmbini njuɓɓudi koloñaal gonndi ndii : keeri hakke Afriknaaɓe hollirde miijooji mum en, e njiyaagu njiyaagu&quot;. Yuri kadi ñiŋii ɓeen Afriknaaɓe jeyaaɓe e ‘elite’ renndo koloñaal, yiɗɓe jogaade njuɓɓudi gonndi ndii, nde tawnoo ɓe njiyri ɗum ko « tuugnorgal wellitaare maɓɓe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://thenigerianhistory.wordpress.com/dr-nnamdi-azikiwe/|date=2013-01-07|website=our history|access-date=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nder dumunna mo Azikiwe woni e Accra, o yahri yeeso e filosof makko [[Afrik]] keso mo o ƴeewti caggal ɗuum e nder deftere makko, [[Afrik]] Renas50&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Long awaited Zik's Day preps in Anambra|url=https://www.nationallightngr.com/2019/11/14/long-awaited-ziks-day-preps-in-anambra/|date=2019-11-14|website=National Light|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

E nder miijo filosof, Azikiwe wiyi wonde « ko leydi ɗo Afriknaaɓe ceertata e leƴƴi e laamuuji gaadanteeji, mbaylee e kuule filosof joy : ballondiral ruuhu, ƴellitaare renndo, pellital faggudu, ndimaagu hakkille e ngenndiyaŋkaagal risorgimento ». Azikiwe ronkaani politik Gold Coast, kadi jaaynde ndee ina wallita lannda Mambii nokku oo.{{sfn|Tonkin|1990|p=41}} ''The Post'', jaaynde nokkuure ndee yaltinii winndannde ñalnde 15 mee 1936, &quot;Mbele Afriknaajo ina jogii Alla?&quot; ko [[I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson]], e Azikiwe (hono winndiyanke) ñaawaama sabu fitinaaji.&lt;ref name=&quot;theworldnews.net4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-02-03|title=Reminiscing The Founding Fathers: Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://leadership.ng/reminiscing-the-founding-fathers-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2021-10-19|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; O fuɗɗii ko ñaaweede, o ñaawaa lebbi jeegom kasoo. E dow fenaande makko, Zik hollitii, &quot;so tawii ko mi kuutorgal daɗndo ngal imperiyaalisma e nder [[Afrik]] hirnaange foti luulndaade e liɓde, kadi so tawii e nder ndeeɗoo njillu miɗo foti yoɓde njoɓdi ɓurndi toowde, ndeen alaa ko haani mi diwde walla mi diwta. Miɗo wondi e hoolaare ñalnde kala wonde the ''New'' restinality ina waawi wonde les [[Afrik]] keso oo stem it. Hay maayde am waawaa jokkude kristal mum.&quot; Caggal ɗuum o woppitaa e Ñaawirde Toownde [[Afrik]] Hirnaange.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe and the vision of a united Africa|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/politicalreforms/Nnamdi-Azikiwe-and-the-vision-of-a-united-Africa/1843776-5116596-15o8e3tz/index.html|website=The Citizen|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Nnamdi Azikiwe in Office, 1937.jpg|thumb|Azikiwe e nder biro mum, hitaande 1937]]
Azikiwe warti [[Lagos]] nder hitaande 1937, o sosi jaaynde wiyeteende ''West African Pilot'', jaaynde nde o huutortoo ngam ɓamtude ngenndiyaŋkaagal e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], fedde Zik ''Group'' sosi jaayndeeji jowitiiɗi e toɓɓe politik e faggudu e nder gure teeŋtuɗe e nder leydi ndii fof.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Uche|first1=Luke Uka|title=Mass Media, People, and Politics in Nigeria|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=95}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jaaynde ɓurnde mawnude e fedde ndee ko ''Pilot'' [[Afrik]] worgo, nde huutorii ko konngol [[Dante Alighieri]] « Hollit annoore, yimɓe ɓee keɓata laawol » ngam waɗde heen konngol mum. Binndanɗe goɗɗe ko ''Defender'' [[Naajeeriya]] Fombinaari ummoriiɗo Warri (caggal mum [[Ibadan]]), Gardiiɗo Fuɗnaange (sosaaɗo e hitaande 1940, yaltinaa to Port Harcourt), e Kaaloowo [[Naajeeriya]] to [[Onitsha]].{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=204}} Ko e hitaande 1944, fedde ndee heɓti deftere [[Dusé Mohamed Ali]] wiyeteende La Comète. Jaaynde Azikiwe ko njulaagu, kadi ko kuutorgal ngam politik e wallitde.{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=195}} ''Pilot'' oo ɓuri tiiɗnaade ko e yeeyde ko ɓuri heewde ko e ''circulation'', ko ɓuri heewde ko sabu firms expatriés ɓuri waawde faggudu leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]].{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=199}} Jaayɗe Azikiwe keewɗe teeŋtinii sensationalisme e daartol nafoore aadee ; ''the Pilot'' nastini yewtere fijirle e ta'irde rewɓe, ɓesdi yewtere dow kuuɗe [[Naajeeriya]] to ɗum hawti bee limngal limngal limngal limngal limngal ''Daily Times'' (ngal teddini limngal limngal yimɓe lesdi feere e limngal lesdi feere).{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=200}} Doggol Pilot gadanol ngol ko 6 000 ekkol ñalawma kala ; e tolno mum ɓurɗo mawnude e hitaande 1950, nde ina yaltina ko ina tolnoo e 20 000 ekkol.{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=203}} Azikiwe sosi gollorɗe njulaagu goɗɗe (hono Banke Kontinental [[Afrik]] e Restoran Penny) e oon sahaa, o huutorii jaayɗe makko ngam yeeyde ɗe.{{sfn|Tonkin|1990|p=42}}

Ko adii wolde adunaare ɗimmere, ''Pilot'' [[Afrik]] worgo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022-11-29|title=The Sage and his Jewel: A society wedding in Ikenne Remo, By Tayo Agunbiade|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/568055-the-sage-and-his-jewel-a-society-wedding-in-ikenne-remo-by-tayo-agunbiade.html|access-date=2022-12-26|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; yiytaa ko no kaayitaaji etaade mahde tuugnorgal cirkulaasiyoŋ wonaa radikal peeñɗo. Editorialji ɓataake oo e yeewtere politik ndee ina teeŋtini tooñanngeeji baɗeteeɗi e [[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]], e ñiŋde njuɓɓudi koloñaal e ballal miijooji eliteeji jannguɓe to [[Lagos]].{{sfn|Tonkin|1990|p=42}} Kono, e hitaande 1940, waylo-waylo seeɗa-seeɗa waɗi. No o waɗiri e jaaynde ''African Morning Post'' nii, Azikiwe fuɗɗii winndude lowre wiyeteende &quot;''Inside Stuff''&quot;, nde o etotoo sahaa e sahaa fof ƴellitde hakkillaaji politik.{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=221}}Editorialuuji jaaynde ndee ina noddi jeytaare [[Afrik]], haa teeŋti noon caggal nde dille jeytaare Inndo ummii.{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=221}} Hay so tawii kaayitaaji ɗii ina mballita Angalteer e nder wolde nde, ɗi ñiŋii peeje ustude ngalu ko wayi no ƴellitde cogguuli e ustude njoɓdi.&lt;ref name=&quot;lifeandtimesnews.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Accord concondiale: The continuous search for Nigeria's elusive unity and indivisibility (4)|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/accord-concondiale-the-continuous-search-for-nigerias-elusive-unity-and-indivisibility-4/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|last=Sun News|date=2017|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; E hitaande 1943, Diiso Angalteer (Conseil britannique) wallitii rewooɓe [[Afrik]] worgo 8 (ina heen Azikiwe), kanko e rewooɓe 6 woɗɓe ɓe kuutoriima fartaŋŋe ngam humpitaade jeytaare politik potnde waɗeede. Jaayndiyankooɓe ɓee ciifi ɓataake ngam ɗaɓɓude peeje moƴƴe renndo-politik seeɗa-seeɗa, tawa ina jeyaa heen ittugol njuɓɓudi koloñaal korona, wakilaagu diiwaanuuji e jeytaare koloñaaluuji [[Afrik]] hirnaange Angalteer e hitaande 1958 walla 1960.{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=220}} ''Memorandum'' oo, biro koloñaal oo yejjiti ɗum, ɗum ɓeydi fitinaaji Azikiwe.{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=233}}

Omo jogii nafoore mawnde e jaayɗe ko ina tolnoo e 12 ñalnde kala, ɗe [[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]] njiylotoo. Binndanɗe Azikiwe ko faati e ngenndiyaŋkaagal [[Afrik]], mawnikinaare ɓaleeɓe e doole mum en, njibinii politikaaji koloñaal en heewɓe, naftorii [[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]] heewɓe ŋakkiraaɓe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nnamdi Azikiwe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=http://dreamworldpioneers.com/3/post/2018/12/nnamdi-azikiwe.html|website=DREAM WORLD PIONEERS VENTURES|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804162946/http://dreamworldpioneers.com/3/post/2018/12/nnamdi-azikiwe.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jaayɗe Fuɗnaange [[Afrik]] ina keewi yaltude e ɗemngal [[Suwahili]], so wonaa jaayɗe kabaruuji ko wayi ''no East African Standard''. Azikiwe wayliima no feewi e nder jaayɗe [[Afrik]] worgo, hollitii wonde jaayndeyaagal e ɗemngal Engele ina waawi dañde nafoore. E hitaande 1950, jaayɗe joy ɓurɗe mawnude ɗe [[Afrik]] toppitii e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange (ina heen jaaynde Nigerian Daily Times) ɓuri ''Pilot'' yeeyde. Ñalnde 8 [[lewru]] juko hitaande 1945, laamu leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] haɗi Azikiwe ''Pilot'' [[Afrik]] hirnaange e ''Daily Comet'' ngam hollirde ko boni e humpitooji ko faati e seppo mawngo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe: African Philosopher; scholar and eminent journalist|work=The Journalist|url=https://www.thejournalist.org.za/pioneers/nnamdi-azikiwe-african-philosopher-scholar-and-eminent-journalist|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Azikiwe hay so jaɓii ɗum, o jokki e yaltinde binndanɗe ko faati e seppo ngoo e nder jaaynde wiyeteende ''Guardian'' (jaaynde makko Port Harcourt). O ardii seppo mawngo e hitaande 1945, o woni hooreejo leydi [[Naajeeriya]] fuɗnaange gila 1954 haa 1959.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Azikiwe, Benjamin Nnamdi {{!}} Infoplease|url=https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/asia-africa/african-bios/azikiwe-benjamin-nnamdi|website=www.infoplease.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; E kitaale 1960, caggal jeytaare leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], ''Pilot'' ngenndiijo [[Afrik]] hirnaange ina teskaa e fuɗnaange. Azikiwe ƴettii faandaare teeŋtunde e pelle politik ɗe njiɗnoo ko ittude. O ñiŋaama e fedde [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] en sabu huutoraade jaaynde makko ngam haɗde luulndaade miijooji makko. E maayde Azikiwe, jaaynde The New York Times wiyi wonde o &quot;toowiima e geɗe ngenndi ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e nder [[Afrik]], o heɓi darnde jaambaaro ngenndiijo goonga, garɗo teskeede e nder diiwaanuuji e leƴƴi ceertuɗi leydi makko.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Times&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=French|first1=Howard W.|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe, the First President of Nigeria, Dies at 91|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/14/world/nnamdi-azikiwe-the-first-president-of-nigeria-dies-at-91.html|access-date=8 November 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 May 1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Azikiwe and Zungur in London 1949.png|thumb|Azikiwe e [[Sa'adu Zungur]] to Londres (1949)]]

== Azikiwe olle politik ==
wonti golloowo e nder fedde sukaaɓe [[Naajeeriya]] (NYM), fedde ngenndiyaŋkoore arandeere e nder leydi ndi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-05-03|title=The Nigerian Youth Movement (1934–1951)|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/nigerian-youth-movement-1934-1951/|access-date=2022-12-26|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hay so tawii o walliino [[Samuel Akisanya]] ngam wonde kanndidaa NYM ngam heɓde jooɗorde wootere e nder Diiso sarɗiiji e hitaande 1941, tawi diiso doosɗe suɓiima [[Ernest Ikoli]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sklar 2004 53–54&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi0aVR4YkmUC&amp;pg=PA53|title=Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation|first=Richard L.|last=Sklar|pages=53–54|publisher=Africa World Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-59221-209-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Azikiwe wurtini NYM, o tuumi ardungal ɓurngal ɗuuɗugo nder Yoruba'en ɗon ƴama yimɓe Ijebu-Yoruba'en e Igbo'en. Won e terɗe Ijebu ndewi e makko, pecci dille ɗee e laabi leƴƴi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sklar 2004 53–542&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi0aVR4YkmUC&amp;pg=PA53|title=Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation|first=Richard L.|last=Sklar|pages=53–54|publisher=Africa World Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-59221-209-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; O naati nder siyaasaaku, o sosi kawtal lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] e lesdi [[Kamerun|Kameruun]] (NCNC) bee [[Herbert Macaulay]] nder hitaande 1944. Azikiwe laati hooreejo kawtal ngal nder hitaande 1946. NCNC hawti bee lanndaaji lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], kawtal fina-tawaa, e kawtal kuugal lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], Kawtal Rewbe Demokaraasi [[Naajeeriya]] ekn lannda woni lannda siyaasa tataɓal sosaangal nder leydi [[Naajeeriya]] ɓaawo lannda ''Democratic National'' [[Naajeeriya]] (kañum ne sosi ɗum [[Herbert Macaulay]]), e Mouvement Sukaaɓe [[Naajeeriya]]. Terɗe lannda kaa teeŋtuɗe ina njeyaa heen; [[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti|Fumilayo Ransome-Kuti]], [[M.I.Okpara]], J.O. Fadahunsi, [[Eyo Ita]], [[Margaret Ekpo]], [[Raymond Njoku]], F.S. McEwen, [[Festus Okotie-Eboh]],[[Timote Paul Birabi]], A.K. Blankson, [[Dennis Osadebay|Denis Osadebay]], e [[TOS Benson]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi0aVR4YkmUC&amp;pg=PA53|title=Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation|first=Richard L.|last=Sklar|pages=57–58|publisher=Africa World Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-59221-209-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tuumeede fedde ===
Sabu ballal Azikiwe e seppo mawngo e [[lewru]] suwee 1945 e njanguuji makko e laamu koloñaal, bayyinaango ''Pilot'' [[Afrik]] hirnaange dartinaama ñalnde 8 sulyee ndeen hitaande.&lt;ref name=&quot;DR. BENJAMIN NNAMDI AZIKIWE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr. Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://ilanssenyange.wixsite.com/ilannews/single-post/2017/11/10/DR-BENJAMIN-NNAMDI-AZIKIWE|website=ilannews|date=10 November 2017|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; O yetti liggotooɓe seppooɓe ɓee e hooreejo maɓɓe, [[Michael Imoudu]], o tuumi laamu koloñaal ina huutoroo liggotooɓe.{{sfn|Orji|2013|p=79}} E [[lewru]] ut, jaaynde ndee jaɓaama fuɗɗaade yaltude.{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=255}} E nder seppo ngo, Azikiwe ummini alarm ko faati e peeje warngooji ɗi yimɓe ɓe nganndaaka, gollotooɓe e innde laamu koloñaal.{{sfn|Orji|2013|p=79}} Daartol makko e tuumeede ko mesaas wireless mo jaayndiyanke ''Pilot'' nanngi.{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=200}} Caggal nde o heɓi mesaas mo o taƴi oo, Azikiwe naati suuɗde to [[Onitsha]]. ''Pilot'' yaltinii binndanɗe yurmeende e sahaa nde o alaa, kadi Naajeeriyankooɓe heewɓe ina ngoongɗini daartol warngo ngoo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-11-16|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe: A True National Hero|url=https://m.guardian.ng/life/nnamdi-azikiwe-a-true-national-hero/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-09-11|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nwafor|first=Emmanuel Mordi|date=2018|title=The role of the press in the democratic process: The example of Nigeria's First Republic, 1960–1966|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328234488|journal=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lowre Azikiwe, e cirƴam jaayndeeji makko, ɓeydii e ooɗoo sahaa. Tuume ɗee ina cikki won e Naajeeriyankooɓe, ɓe cikkatnoo ko o waɗi ɗe ngam ɓamtude darnde makko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nwafor|first=Emmanuel Mordi|date=2018|title=The role of the press in the democratic process: The example of Nigeria's First Republic, 1960–1966|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328234488|journal=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sikke alaa ko ɓuri heewde e maɓɓe ko politikaaji Yoruba en ummoriiɓe e fedde sukaaɓe [[Naajeeriya]], ko ɗum waɗi luural hakkunde pelle ɗee e hare jaayndeeji hakkunde ''Pilot'' Azikiwe e ''Daily Service NYM.''
[[File:Members of Zikist Movement.jpg|thumb|Terɗe fedde Zikist en]]

=== Diɗɗal Zikist en ===
Sukaaɓe ɓee kawri ngam haɓaade laamu koloñaal Angalteer. Gooto e fedde sukaaɓe hono ndee ko Zikist en. Diɗɗal sukaaɓe ngal alaa ko bonnata – e gardagol Kolawole Balogun, [[Raji Abdallah]], [[Osita Agwuna]], [[M. C. K. Ajuluchukwu]] e Abiodun Aloba – sosaa ko e hitaande 1946 ngam daranaade nguurndam Azikiwe e miijooji mum laamu hoore mum.{{sfn|Orji|2013|p=79}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=University|first=Nnamdi Azikiwe|date=2021-11-16|title=Profile of Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://zikslectureseries.unizik.edu.ng/profile-of-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2022-06-14|website=Zik's Lecture Series|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Idemili|1980|p=262}}Kola Balogun woni hooreejo gadano dillere Zikist en. E lewru feebariyee 1946, Balogun neldi noddaango fotde sukaaɓe 20 to [[Lagos]], ngam naamnaade miijo maɓɓe e geɗe ngenndiije. E nder capanɗe ɗiɗi ɗee, sappo e ɗiɗo njaabiima, ɗum addani sosde Diɗɗal Zikist, nde tawnoo ɓeen worɓe ngontii terɗe sosɗe maggal. [[Nwafor Orizu]] sinci helmere 'Zikism' diga Azikiwe nde laati innde diina man.&lt;ref name=&quot;Olusanya-1966&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Olusanya|first=G. O.|date=November 1966|title=The Zikist Movement—a Study in Political Radicalism, 1946–50|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/abs/zikist-movementa-study-in-political-radicalism-194650/827C21945CCED6CADD67EE7FDB230159|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|language=en|volume=4|issue=3|pages=323–333|doi=10.1017/S0022278X00013501|issn=1469-7777|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; O wonaa tergal e dillere nde kono ko o sehil ɓadiiɗo e jiɗɗo Azikiwe, kadi omo jeyaa e sukaaɓe heewɓe ɓe Azikiwe doolni ngam janngude to [[Amerik]], e sara [[Eyo Ita]] e [[K. O. Mbadiwe|KO Mbadiwe]]. [[Raji Abdallah]] wonti hooreejo ɗiɗaɓo fedde Zikist, caggal nde Balogun ummii [[Londres]], o golliima gila 1948 haa 1949. O waɗii nafoore mawnde e heɓde ballal to bannge worgo e jeyeede e fedde nde. Abdallah e Osita Agwuna (jaagorde makko) ko ɓooyaani koo mbaɗi fedde wiyeteende “Anti-''Colour Bar'' Mouvement” (ACBM) to [[Kano]], fedde nde ina luulndii njiyaagu seerndude ɓaleeɓe e ɓaleeɓe e nder leydi Nijeer. ACBM caggal mum fusi e nder fedde Zikist ɓurnde mawnude.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iweriebor-1993&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Iweriebor|first=Ehiedu Emmanuel Goodluck|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu3-twEACAAJ|title=Radical Nationalism in Nigeria: The Zikist Movement and the Struggle for Liberation, 1945-1950|date=1993|publisher=U.M.I.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; No Balogun nii, e hitaande 1948, Abdallah riiwaa e golle mum e nder sarwiis jaayndeeji Kano, sarwiis jaayndeeji rajooji. Ko riiwtude mo addani mo ɓeydaade jokkondirde e Mouvement Zikist. O riiwaa sabu naatgol makko e dillere Zikist ina sikkaa ko politik ɓurɗo laaɓtude wonande golloowo laamu.

Abdallah ñaawaa caggal mum ñalnde 7 noowammbar 1948 to Ñaawirde Toownde [[Lagos]], ɗo o waɗi konngol, o wiyi nii, &quot;Ɗum ko ñalawma teeŋtuɗo no feewi. Ko ɓuri teeŋtude, ma a taw e nder daartol leydi men. Miɗo noddira ɗum ko ɓuri teeŋtude sabu ko hannde pot-ɗen fellitde, mbele eɗen poti anndude hol ko foti wonde freemen walla alaa?&quot; &quot;Miɗo yiɗi Union Jack e ɓernde am fof. Sabu so wonaa e nder leydi Angalteer, ɗo yahrata fof; woɗɗi hawrude, ina renndini yimɓe ɓee. Mi alaa ko njogiimi e laamɗo George VI mo Angalteer. Kono miɗo yiɗi ''Crown'' leydi Angalteer e ɓernde am fof. Ngam miin e banndiraaɓe am, ko maande tooñannge, maande tooñannge, maande tooñannge, ko juuti e inige petition. En njaltii e duuɓi dipolomasi. Ko ɗum waɗi, miɗo ɗoo jamma, ngam noddirde spade ko spade, e machete ko machete.&quot; &quot;Hande, min, Habibu Raji Abdallah, bee mo'ere Allah, hooreejo lesdi Zikist ''Movement'' e ''Field'' Secretary NCNC, mi ɗon anndina hoore am mi ɓii lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] jeytaare e jeytaare. Mi walaa gooŋgaaku haa kala laamu jananndu, nden boo nder walaa' laamu lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] e heforth ngam yimɓe lesdi [[Naajeeriya]]; haani ɗooftaade kala sariya, ko wonaa sariyaaji ɓiɗɓe leydi [[Najeriyaagal|Najeriya]], aadaaji e sariyaaji hakkunde leyɗeele.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The labour of our heroes past… (II)|url=https://dailytrust.com/the-labour-of-our-heroes-past-ii/|access-date=2026-06-21|newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ɗum waɗi, mi yoɓataa njoɓdi ndii e ooɗoo laamu.Ngam so a yoɓii, ɓe kuutortoo ko kaalis ngam duumaade njiimaandi maɓɓe e dow maa.&quot;[citation needed] E dow ñaawoore makko, o jaabtii e mitigation ''Greggcitation'', ''presitation'',&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The labour of our heroes past… (II)|url=https://dailytrust.com/the-labour-of-our-heroes-past-ii/|access-date=2026-06-21|newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;so tawii aɗa gooŋɗini e goonga wonde ko bonannde haɓaade ndimaagu, ndeen noon, e kala sahaa, ñaaw am haa mi wara. So tawiino miɗo woppitee hannde, mi waawaa rokkude hoolaare ngam muusde ɗemngal am. Miin noon, ɓernde am ina laaɓi, miɗo weltii e accude ñaawoore sakkitiinde nde So rifatho, the fuverill to weltaare waɗɓe ma ɗoo mi acca ñaawoore sakkitiinde ndee e Alla.”

&lt;ref name=&quot;Iweriebor-19932&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Iweriebor|first=Ehiedu Emmanuel Goodluck|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu3-twEACAAJ|title=Radical Nationalism in Nigeria: The Zikist Movement and the Struggle for Liberation, 1945-1950|date=1993|publisher=U.M.I.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Oluwagbemi|first=Ayodele|date=2016-02-14|title=Remembering the Zikist Movement|url=https://punchng.com/remembering-the-zikist-movement/|access-date=2024-04-02|newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Enesi|first=Prince H.|date=2017-01-01|title=HABIB RAJI ABDALLAH, 1920 - 1982: AN UNCOMMON NATIONALIST FORGOTTEN IN THE SANDS OF HISTORY|url=https://www.academia.edu/38424995|journal=International Journal of Arts and Humanities}}&lt;/ref&gt; Konnguɗi makko lolluɗi ɗii njahdi ko caggal keeri leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], ɗi njaɓaa ko e lannda leƴƴi kawral (CPP) mo [[Kwame Nkrumah]] to Cote d’Or (hannde [[Gana|Ganaa]]). Laamu koloñaal jaɓaani moƴƴere e les njiimaandi rewolison e nulal Abdallah. Ko ɗum waɗi Abdallah e ardiiɓe fedde Zikist en nayo nanngaa, ɓe tuumaama ko ɓe fitinaaji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Olusanya-19662&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Olusanya|first=G. O.|date=November 1966|title=The Zikist Movement—a Study in Political Radicalism, 1946–50|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/abs/zikist-movementa-study-in-political-radicalism-194650/827C21945CCED6CADD67EE7FDB230159|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|language=en|volume=4|issue=3|pages=323–333|doi=10.1017/S0022278X00013501|issn=1469-7777|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndeeɗoo ƴaañgal e ardorde Zikist en addani njuɓɓudi goɗndi e nder Diɗɗal Zikist en, addani Nduka Eze yaltude hooreejo leydi, caggal nde Abdallah sokaa, Mokwugo Okoye wonti sekreteruuji mawɗi. Zikist en, e nder yontaaji, njaltii e NCNC, ɓuri ngenndiyaŋkooɓe e njuɓɓudi jibinannde mum en. Ofiseeji koloñaal en njiyri dille Zikist en ko renndo ngo rewaani laawol, ɓe njaltini yamiroore (''Order-in-Council''), ɓe kaɗi dille Zikist en ñalnde 12 abriil 1950. Caggal ɗuum fedde nde fusi, terɗe mayre mbayli e politik, e njulaagu, e laamu aadaaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-08-01|title=Remembering Raji Abdullah, Northern Leader Of The Zikist Movement – Igbo Defender|url=https://igbodefender.com/remembering-raji-abdullah-northern-leader-zikist-movement/|access-date=2024-04-02|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-08-01|title=Remembering Raji Abdullah, Northern Leader Of The Zikist Movement – Igbo Defender|url=https://igbodefender.com/remembering-raji-abdullah-northern-leader-zikist-movement/|access-date=2024-04-02|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Luulndaade doosgal leydi Richards ===
E hitaande 1945, guwerneer leydi Biritaan biyeteeɗo [[Arthur Richards]] hollitii eɓɓooje ngam waylude doosɗe leydi [[Clifford shaw|Clifford]] ɗe hitaande 1922.&lt;ref name=&quot;lifeandtimesnews.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Accord concondiale: The continuous search for Nigeria's elusive unity and indivisibility (4)|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/accord-concondiale-the-continuous-search-for-nigerias-elusive-unity-and-indivisibility-4/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|last=Sun News|date=2017|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ina jeyaa e eɓɓaande ndee ɓeydugol terɗe [[Afrik]] toɗɗaaɗe e Diiso sarɗiiji. Kono waylooji ɗii ko ngenndiyankooɓe hono Azikiwe luulndii ɗum en.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nnamdi Azikiwe2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=http://dreamworldpioneers.com/3/post/2018/12/nnamdi-azikiwe.html|website=DREAM WORLD PIONEERS VENTURES|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804162946/http://dreamworldpioneers.com/3/post/2018/12/nnamdi-azikiwe.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Politiyankooɓe NCNC njaɓaani kuule ɗe [[Arthur Richards]] ƴetti, kam e kuulal doosgal leydi ndi ina ɗaɓɓi terɗe [[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]] nay cuɓaaɗe tan ; heddiiɓe ɓee maa ngona kanndidaaji toɗɗaaɗi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Seng|first=Michael P.|date=1985|title=Democracy in Nigeria|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3qk5d1h9|journal=National Black Law Journal|volume=9|issue=2|pages=144–166|via=escholarship.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanndidaaji [[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]] toɗɗaaɗi ɗii ko lolluɓe laamu koloñaal, tee ɓe njiɗaa laamu hoore maɓɓe e dow fenaande. Daartol luulndo ngoɗngol ko ŋakkeende nafoore ngam yahrude yeeso [[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]] e jappeere laamu toownde. NCNC ina hebli ngam haɓaade haala mum e laamu kesu nguu, hono [[Clement Attlee]] to leydi Angalteer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clement Attlee and union links|url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/clement-attlee-union-links.htm|last=The National Archives|website=NationalArchives.gov.uk|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jaɓɓungal leydi ndi fuɗɗii ngam humpitaade ko woni e lannda ka, e dañde kaalis ngam seppo leydi Angalteer.{{sfn|Olusanya|1964|p=246}}Hooreejo lannda NCNC, [[Herbert Macaulay]] maayi e nder njillu ngu, Azikiwe ƴetti ardaade lannda ka. O ardii delegaasiyoŋ oo haa Londres, ngam heblude njillu nguu, o yahi [[Amerik]] ngam ɗaɓɓude yurmeende e haala lannda kaa. Azikiwe hawri e [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] to [[Hyde Park]], o haali ko fayti e &quot;rimɗinde leydi [[Naajeeriya]] e maccungaagu politik, ŋakkeende kisal faggudu e ŋakkeende renndo&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe {{!}} Nationalism and Decolonization|url=https://nigerianscholars.com/tutorials/nationalism-and-decolonization/nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2023-12-13|website=Nigerian Scholars|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Delegaasiyoŋ Angalteer ina jeyaa heen Azikiwe, [[Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti]], Zanna Dipcharima, [[Abubakar Olorun-Nimbe|Abubakar Olorunimbe]], P. M. Kale, Adeleke Adedoyin e Nyong Essien. Ɓe njilliima Biro Kolonial Fedde Fabian, Goomu Laamɗo Gollotooɓe e Dental Almudɓe [[Afrik]] Hirnaange ngam humpitaade eɓɓooji mum ngam waylude doosɗe leydi 1922. Ina jeyaa e eɓɓooje NCNC, jokkondirde e [[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]] ko faati e waylooji doosɗe leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], ɓeydude doole e nder suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan oo e ustude doole e nder suudu sarɗiiji hakkundeejo to bannge difagol, kaalis e geɗe caggal leydi.{{sfn|Olusanya|1964|p=247}} Delegaasiyoŋ oo yettinii eɓɓaaɗe mum to gardiiɗo jaagorɗe koloñaal, kono ko seeɗa tan waɗi ngam waylude eɓɓaaɗe Richards. Doosgal Richards fuɗɗii golle ko e hitaande 1947, Azikiwe haɓa e gooto e jooɗorɗe [[Lagos]] ngam leeltinde golle mum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=University|first=Nnamdi Azikiwe|date=2021-11-16|title=Profile of Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://zikslectureseries.unizik.edu.ng/profile-of-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2023-12-13|website=Zik's Lecture Series|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Stamp Cameroons 2d-600px.jpg|thumb|Tammborde Naajeeriya hitaande 1953]]

=== Duuɓi 1950 haa 1953 ===
E nder doosgal leydi Richards, Azikiwe suɓaama e nder Diisnondiral Legislatif e nder wooteeji municipaal [[Lagos]] ummoraade e lannda Demokaraasi ngenndiijo (fotde NCNC).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Accord concondiale: The continuous search for Nigeria's elusive unity and indivisibility (4)|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/accord-concondiale-the-continuous-search-for-nigerias-elusive-unity-and-indivisibility-4/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|date=2017|access-date=2020-05-30|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanko e wakiliijo lannda makko ɓe tawtoraaka batu gadano diisnondiral ngal, kadi agitaasiyoŋ ngam waylude doosgal leydi Richards addani doosgal leydi [[Macpherson]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Nnamdi Azikiwe3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=http://dreamworldpioneers.com/3/post/2018/12/nnamdi-azikiwe.html|website=DREAM WORLD PIONEERS VENTURES|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804162946/http://dreamworldpioneers.com/3/post/2018/12/nnamdi-azikiwe.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Doosgal Macpherson fuɗɗii golle ko e hitaande 1951, hono no doosgal Richards nii, noddi wooteeji e nder suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan oo. Azikiwe saliima waylooji ɗii, o haɓanaaki fartaŋŋe waylude doosgal leydi kesal ngal.

Wooteeji limtaaɗi mbaɗaama tuggi lewru ut haa lewru desaambar 1951.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=The 1951 elections: How Awolowo forced Azikiwe out of western Nigeria|url=https://businessday.ng/columnist/article/the-1951-elections-how-awolowo-forced-azikiwe-out-of-western-nigeria/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|last=Adekoya|first=Dr. Remi|date=2019|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; To Diiwaan Hirnaange (ɗo Azikiwe darinoo ɗoo), lanndaaji ɗiɗi ɓuri heen heewde : NCNC mo Azikiwe e Goomu golle. Woote Asaambele diiwaan Hirnaange mbaɗaama e lewru suwee e desaambar 1951 sabu doosgal leydi ndii ina ɗaɓɓi e kollirɗe woote ngam suɓaade terɗe suudu sarɗiiji ngenndi ; ko ɓuri heewde e ''Action Group'' e nder suudu nduu ina waawi haɗde Azikiwe yahde suudu sarɗiiji.&lt;ref&gt;Onyioha, K.O.K. |date=20 November 1951|&quot;Ben Azikiwe key figure in long Nigerian poll&quot;, ''Philadelphia Tribune'' (1912–2001).&lt;/ref&gt; O heɓi jooɗorde asamblee diiwaan oo gila [[Lagos]], kono lannda luulndo ngoo wiyi ina jogii ɓural e nder suudu sarɗiiji, Azikiwe kadi daranaaki [[Lagos]] e nder suudu sarɗiiji fedde nde. E hitaande 1951, o wonti hooreejo luulndo laamu [[Obafemi Awolowo]] to suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan hirnaange. Azikiwe suɓaaka e nder batu ngenndi, waɗii jiiɓru e nder hirnaange.{{sfn|Olusanya|1964|p=303}} Nanondiral hakkunde terɗe NCNC cuɓaaɗe ummoriiɗe [[Lagos]] ngam woppude Azikiwe so tawii o suɓaaka, yanii. Azikiwe tuumi doosgal leydi, o yiɗi ko waylooji mbaɗee. NCNC (mo jiimi e Diiwaan Fuɗnaange) jaɓi, e ƴettude peeje ngam waylude doosɗe leydi.{{sfn|Olusanya|1964|pp=303–305}}

Azikiwe ummiima to Diiwaan Fuɗnaange e hitaande 1952&lt;ref name=&quot;pulse.ng&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=A brief walk into the life of Nigeria's first president|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nnamdi-azikiwe-a-brief-walk-into-the-life-of-nigerias-first-president/5e2yhtv|date=2017-09-20|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe and the vision of a united Africa -II|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/politicalreforms/Nnamdi-Azikiwe-and-the-vision-of-a-united-Africa--II/1843776-5126270-hfst7u/index.html|website=The Citizen|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; e batu diiwaan mo NCNC ɓuri heewde oo waɗi eɓɓooje ngam jaɓɓaade mo. Hay so tawii jaagorɗe diiwaan e hakkundeeje lannda kaa ɗaɓɓiraama yo njokku laamu e nder mbayliigu kabine, ko ɓuri heewde e maɓɓe njaɓaani ɗaɓɓaande ndee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Political Public and Difference: The Case of Nigeria|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/12875/1/nq41018.pdf|last=Ejobowah|first=John Boye|date=1999|website=tspace.library.utoronto.ca|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndeen asaambele diiwaan oo waɗii woote ngam waasde hoolaade jaagorɗe ɗee, kadi kuule appropriation neldaaɗe to ministeer oo njaɓaaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;DR. BENJAMIN NNAMDI AZIKIWE2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr. Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://ilanssenyange.wixsite.com/ilannews/single-post/2017/11/10/DR-BENJAMIN-NNAMDI-AZIKIWE|website=ilannews|date=10 November 2017|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗum addani diiwaan hee ŋakkere, lietnaa-guwerneer oo fusi galle diiwaan oo. Woote kese ngartiri Azikiwe e wonde tergal Asammbele Fuɗnaange. O suɓaama hooreejo lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], nden o laati hooreejo lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] nder hitaande 1954 nde ɗum warti kawtal lesdi [[Naajeeriya]].

== Premier diiwaan Fuɗnaange ==
Azikiwe wonti hooreejo leydi diiwaan Fuɗnaange e hitaande 1954 caggal nde doosgal kesal waɗtaa e golle. Komisiyoŋ faggudu diiwaan Fuɗnaange Azikiwe gollondirii e Orop e [[Amerik]] worgo ngam wallitde ƴellitaare e nder diiwaan hee, e nder njulaagu, e nder njulaagu nebam leɗɗe, e nder njamndi e kemikal e nder diiwaan hee. O mahii sosiyetee semmbe Nijeer lolluɗo to Nkalagu e nder diiwaan [[Ebonyi, Ebonyi State|Ebonyi]] hannde oo, o fuɗɗii golle ñalnde 1 [[lewru]] Yarkomaa hitaande 1955. O mahii gaas Nijeer. O sosi kadi sosiyetee gadano e nder leydi Nijeer, biyeteeɗo Niger Steel. O sosi banke ɓiɓɓe lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] arandeejo, Banke [[Afrik]] (ACB). Ummingo ACB waɗi ngomnati Hirnaange lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] sosde Banki lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], ngomnati woylaare lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] darni banki woylaare. ACB ina waɗi nafoore e feeñde e fedde njulaagu mawnde to Fuɗnaange gila e kitaale 1950. Banki oo kadi waɗii geɗe keewɗe e ƴellitaare gonnooɗo Biafrannaaɓe e darnugol hareeji e hitaande 1970. O sosi porogaraam jaŋde baawɗo rokkude leydi [[Naajeeriya]] wontude leydi ɓurndi yaajde e yeeyde jaŋde caggal leydi e nder [[Afrik]].

Azikiwe sosi fedde ƴellitaare fuɗnaange [[Naajeeriya]], nde waɗii darnde mawnde e mahngo duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde [[Naajeeriya]] to [[Nsukka]], duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde gadanal e nder leydi ndi, ngal timmungal, e hitaande 1960. Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde [[Naajeeriya]] sosaa ko ñalnde 18 [[lewru]] Mbooy hitaande 1955, caggal nde sariya ngam sosde duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ngal e les njiimaandi Inter- Council Jaŋde e caggal leydi e njuɓɓudi gollondiral hakkunde leyɗeele (jooni USAID), J.W. Cook (VC mo Duɗal Jaaɓihaaɗtirde Exeter), Dr John A. Hannah (Hooreejo Duɗal Jaaɓihaaɗtirde Michigan State), e Dr Glen L. Taggart, Deenoowo Porogaraamuuji hakkunde leyɗeele (MSU), ngarii e leydi Nijeer e hitaande 1958. Goomu nguu ƴeewtindiima nokku oo to [[Nsukka]], e wiɗtude no feewi geɗe keewɗe ceertuɗe jowitiiɗe e sosde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde kesal.
[[File:Nnamdi Azikiwe with P. L. Prattis, Earl Hord, Beverly Carter, and Bill Nunn Sr. seated on right, in Press Club, Pittsbu.jpg|thumb|Nnamdi Azikiwe e P. L. Prattis, Earl Hord, Beverli Karter, e Bill Nunn mawɗo ina njooɗii bannge ñaamo, e nder suudu jaayndeeji, to Pittsbu]]
Hayre nden waɗaama wakkati juulde jeytaare lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], nde laamiiɗo debbo Alexandra mo Kent, laamiiɗo debbo [[Elizabeth II]], wadi ɗum. Kalaasuuji puɗɗii ko ñalnde 17 oktoobar 1960 e binnditagol 220 almuudo e 13 tergal gollordu jaŋde. Nde laati Jaami'aare arandeere nder [[Naajeeriya]], jaami'aare arandeere nde laamu lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] sosi, nden nder hitaande 1963, jaami'aare arandeere hokkata dipolomaaji lesdi [[Naajeeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unn.edu.ng/mission-vision-statement/|title=About Us|website=University Of Nigeria Nsukka}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E hitaande 1957, Azikiwe haaliino e nulaaɓe Angalteer e [[Naajeeriya]] e nder batu Lancaster House e hitaande 1957, ɗo doosɗe fedde nde ngam [[Naajeeriya]] jeytaare mum feewnaa. Joɗnde nde ko gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Biritaan ardii, waɗii won e nulaaɓe leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Ardii dental ngal ko [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] mo kawtal yimɓe woylaare, Obafemi Awolowo mo fedde ''Action'', Eyo Ita mo lannda ngenndiijo jeytaare e Ahmadu Bello mo kawtal yimɓe woylaare.

Ñalnde 3 feebariyee 1959, Azikiwe jaɓɓiima Kwame Nkrumah (gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi [[Gana]] keso toɗɗaaɗo) njillu to fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer. O yilli suudu joonde diiwaan fuɗnaange e wondude e wondiiɓe makko, Hon. Jaagorgal ko feewti e geɗe caggal leydi, hono Kodjo Botsio e wasiyaaji ko feewti e geɗe Afrik, hono George Padmore. Nnamdi Azikiwe huutoriima ñalngu nguu, to suudu sarɗiiji fuɗnaange, ngam waɗde konngol teddinoowo gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndi hono Nkrumah, o siftini no Kwame dartiniri golle [[Afrik]].
[[File:Ahmadu Bello with Nnamdi Azikiwe.png|thumb|Ahmadu Bello e Nnamdi Azikiwe.]]
Ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1959, Azikiwe lomtii Michael Okpara, gardiiɗo diiwaan fuɗnaange. Ñalnde 28 oktoobar 1959, guwerneer seneraal Robertson habrii fusde suudu sarɗiiji leydi ndii, tawi ina waɗi 184 tergal, tuggi 1 noowammbar 1959, mbele woote jeytaare ina mbaɗee.

Ñalnde 12 desaambar 1959, woote parlemaa mbaɗaama to Nijeer ngam ƴamde 312 jooɗorde e nder suudu sarɗiiji. Diɗɗal lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] e [[Kamerun]] (NCNC) ngal Azikiwe woni arandeere nden heɓi 2,594,577 woote e 89 jooɗorde.

Fedde Awolowo (AG), woni 2ɓo e 1 992, 364 woote e 75 jooɗorde. Kongres yimɓe woylaare lesdi Tafawa Balewa (NPC) woni 3ɓo e 1 922 179 e 148 e nder 312 jooɗorde nder suudu sarɗiiji.

Lanndaaji tati mawɗi ɗi e nder woote ɗee mbaawaano heɓde jooɗorɗe keewɗe ngam sosde laamu. Guverneur général Robertson noddi Tafawa Balewa yo o dañ laamu ngu. Ñalnde 16 desaambar, [[Ahmadu Bello]] e Tafawa Balewa etinooma yettaade nanondiral ngam waawde jogaade laamu nguu hakkunde NPC e NCNC. ''Governor General'' humpitaama e kawral ngal, ko ɗum waɗi o jaɓi kabine sappo e jeegom mo Balewa suɓii.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41853826|jstor=41853826|title=Federal Elections in Nigeria, 1959|last1=Awa|first1=E. O.|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|date=12 April 1960|volume=21|issue=2|pages=101–113}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Burns|first=Alan|date=January 1, 1964|title=The Nigerian Federal Election of 1959|url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/63/250/80/31923|access-date=2024-08-18|journal=African Affairs|volume=63|issue=250|pages=80–81|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095185|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Flag of Nigeria (1952–1960).svg|thumb|Banndiraawo lesdi lesdi Naajeeriya (1914-1960)]]
[[File:Flag of Nigeria.svg|thumb|Banndiraawo kesum lesdi Naajeeriya, mo Michael Akinwunmi waɗi (1960)]]

== Ndimaagu leydi Naajeeriya ==
Ñalnde 29 lewru juko hitaande 1960, parlemaa leydi Biritaan ƴetti kuulal jeytaare leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], hitaande 1960, ngal hokki ndimaagu leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. Jamma 30 suwee 1960, laana ndiwoowa ''British Union Jack'' jippinaa e kewu mawningol, tawi tedduɓe tawtoraama. Ñalnde 3 oktoobar 1960, laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Alexandra lomtotooɗo laamɗo debbo oo, udditi Parlemaa gadano leydi ndii. Doosgal kesal, sosngal njuɓɓudi fedde nde gardiiɗo jaagorɗe cuɓaaɗo e hooreejo leydi kewu sosaa. Laamu kawtal NCNC e NPC woni laamu nde [[Naajeeriya]] heɓi ndimu mum e hitaande 1960, ''Sir'' [[Tafawa Balewa]] woni hooreejo leydi ndi, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe woni hooreejo Senaa.

Ɓooytaani, Azikiwe lomtii Sir James Robertson, wonti Guwerneer Seneraal gadano e nder leydi ndii. Kono e nder doosɗe leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], guwerneer jeneral ko hooreejo leydi tan. Darnde Guwerneer-General e terɗe Diisnondiral Laamɗo debbo, mbaɗti Azikiwe dow politik lannda. Kabinee hooreejo lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] arandeere Tafawa Balewa hawti bee; M Johnson, Bukar Dipcharima, Ayo Rosiji, Aja Wachukwu, Kolawole Balogun, e Victor Mukete (Kamerun), Samuel Akintola, Raymond Njoku, Alhaji Ribadu, Kingsley O. Mbadiwe, Festus Okotie-Eboh, e Allaji Inua Wada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/209288/|title=NIGERIA: PRIME MINISTER SIR ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA AND OTHER CABINET MINISTERS SWORN-IN BY PRESIDENT AZIKIWE|website=British Pathé}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/nigeria-1960-present/|title=33. Nigeria (1960-present)|website=uca.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sir Tafawa Balewa waɗii konngol mum to nokku biyeteeɗo ''Race Course'' (hannde ko nokku Tafawa Balewa) to [[Lagos]] e nder ñalɗi jeytaare leydi ndii. E nder konngol makko o wiyi, &quot;Kewu hannde oo ko ñalngu nguu, ko ñalngu nguu fuɗɗii duuɓi sappo e joyi jooni, ngu yettiima ɗo haaɗi. Ko e manngu laaɓtungu, min mbiyata ko keɓgol Jeytaare men ngol alaa ko nanndi e mum e nder annals daartol. Kala taƴre men nde ina waɗi planfuncelly e dow doosgal men e kaaldigal udditiingal, wonaa tan hakkunde wakili’en denndaangal nafooje ceertuɗe e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] kono ko e ballondiral e laamu njuɓɓudi ndi hannde woppi laamu mum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/1960-sir-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-independence-day/|title=(1960) Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, &quot;Independence Day&quot; •|date=20 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gomnajo lesdi Naajeeriya ==
Nde ngon-mi suka mi yi’i gite: gite [[Naajeeriya]] wonta leydi mawndi e nder duunde [[Afrik]] ummotoonde; ''visions of Nigeria'' hokkata ndimu haa ɓe nder maccungaaku, e heɓugo laawol demokaraasi ngam ɓe ɗonno lulla nder ''illusion of security'' les laamu koloñaal..Miɗo hooli mi hoyɗan koyɗi am nder jam e ɓeydaari cemmbiɗinki yimɓe leydi am [[Naajeeriya]]. Motto fedde jeytaare leydi [[Naajeeriya]] woni Kawtal e Nuɗɗinki. Miɗo ñaagii nde ndeenten ngootaagu men, ndeentoo goonɗinal ''men''.

— Nnamdi Azikiwe (duuɓi 1960, Londres)

Azikiwe ko gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Angalteer, hono Harold Macmillan, wasiyii mo yo lomto ''Sir'' [[James Robertson]], e nder njillu makko to [[Lagos]] e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1960. Joɗnde Guwerneer-Jeneral fedde nde e nder haala tiitoonde, waɗi mo wakiliijo laamɗo leydi Angalteer to leydi Nijeer. Udditgol Azikiwe e lewru noowammbar 1960, seedtiima yoga e gollodiiɓe makko e nder Atlantik ɓaleejo, won heen ko [[Martin Luther King Jr]]. Du Bois, Sirli Graham Du Bois, Ami Jak Garvey, e Joorji S. Suyler.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.14321/jwestafrihist.7.1.0001|doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.7.1.0001|title=A Gilded Cage? Nnamdi Azikiwes Pan-Africanism as Governor-General of Nigeria, 1960–63|date=2021|last1=Reeves|first1=Mark|journal=Journal of West African History|volume=7|pages=1–26|s2cid=242294844|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;Martin Luther King Jr. hollitii wonde hareeji ndimaagu e nder leydi Nijeer e nder leyɗeele [[Afrik]] goɗɗe ina njogii batte keewɗe e dille jojjanɗe aadee [[Amerik]], o siftini wonde Azikiwe e ardiiɓe [[Afrik]] woɗɓe ko &quot;jaambaarooji ɓurɗi lollude e ko ɓuri heewde e duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ''Negro'' en aduna o.&quot;

Haa timminorde haala maako, Zik wi'i, &quot;min, ɓe mbaawata siftoreede no haanirta nii, min mbaɗi [[Naajeeriya]] hannde, ɓe ngaddi ndimu nder leydi men, ɓe ndewi kawtal men bana lenyol&quot;, ko &quot;taariiha hokki yam geɓe mawɗe ngam mi heɓa batte duumotooɗe e ngam wadduki haaje yimɓe men.&quot; O wiyi kadi &quot;mi jogaaki miijo e wellitaare am walla hay kisal walla hay nguurndam e hoore mum, so tawii ko ɗeen ngoni coggu ngu pot-mi yoɓde ngam ardaade ngam hisnude ndimaagu e ngootaagu leydi am.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Azikiwe, Nnamdi. Respect for human dignity: an inaugural address by His Excellency Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, P.C. Governor-General nd Commander-in Chief, Federation of Nigeria 16 November, 1960. Onitsha : Chike Mbadugha, 1960.|url=https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/africancollections/items/show/8901|access-date=2023-12-13|website=collections.libraries.indiana.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Azikiwe tawtoraama batu diiwaan [[Afrik]] gadano Fedde Adunaare Golle (OIT), ngu yuɓɓinaa to [[Lagos]], leydi Nijeer e [[lewru]] Duujal 1960. Tawtoraama heen: Mr. Johnson, jaagorgal golle leydi Nijeer e hooreejo batu nguu, Mr. Demby, jaagorgal golle leydi Siyeraa Leyoon, e David Director A-G19,[ ILO.19].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PowerPoint Presentation|url=https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---africa/---ro-abidjan/---ilo-abuja/documents/publication/wcms_701393.pdf|access-date=August 18, 2024|website=www.ilo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; E lewru desaambar 1961 Fedde [[Amerik|Ameriknaare]] Pinal [[Afrik]] (AMSAC) yuɓɓinii ñalngu mawngu e nder wuro [[Lagos]], to leydi Nijeer. Yimɓe Ameriknaaɓe mawɓe ko wayi no Nina Simone, Langston Hughes, e Lionel Hampton njahii e yahdu AMSAC timmundu ngam semmbinde jokkondiral hakkunde [[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]] e [[Amerik|Ameriknaaɓe]]/[[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]]. Ɓe njaɓɓaama e Azikiwe to [[Lagos]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14794012.2018.1423601|doi=10.1080/14794012.2018.1423601|title=Performances in the theatre of the Cold War: The American Society of African Culture and the 1961 Lagos Festival|date=2018|last1=Geerlings|first1=Lonneke|journal=Journal of Transatlantic Studies|volume=16|pages=1–19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Dr. John A. Hannah, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe and Dr. George Johnson on the campus of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka.jpg|thumb|Azikiwe e Doktoor John A. Hannah (naamo) e Doktoor George Johnson (nyaamo) to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde leydi Nijeer, hitaande 1961]]
Ñalnde 17 noowammbar 1961, e nder konngol makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] to [[Nsukka]], Zik hollitii eɓɓaande mum ngam [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] ƴettude doosgal leydi republique tawa ina heddii e tergal ''Commonwealth''. E hitaande 1962, Azikiwe eeriima ardiiɓe [[Afrik]] e nder batu [[Lagos]], yo cos fedde dowlaaji [[Afrik]]. Koolol [[Lagos]] ngol winnditii sarɗiiji eɓɓaaɗi ngam &quot;Fedde hakkunde [[Afrik]] e Malagasi&quot; e gardagol Azikiwe. Caggal ɗuum, nde jaɓaa e lewru mee 1963 e Fedde Ngootaagu Afrik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/azikiwe-nnamdi|title=Azikiwe, Nnamdi &amp;#124; The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute|website=kinginstitute.stanford.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E hitaande 1963, Azikiwe yamiri gollorde gadane nde Guinness mahi caggal leydi Irlannda e Angalteer to [[Lagos]]
[[File:Seal of the President of Nigeria.svg|thumb|Siile hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya]]
[[File:Azikiwe swearing Balewa as prime minister, 1960.jpg|thumb|Hooreejo leydi Azikiwe ina waɗa hunnde gardiiɗo jaagorɗe e jaagorɗe kabine, hitaande 1964]]

== Hooreejo leydi (1963-1966) ==
Leydi [[Naajeeriya]] sosaa ko ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1963, [[Abubakar Tafawa balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] woni gardiiɗo jaagorɗe (hooreejo laamu) e Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe woni hooreejo (hooreejo leydi) e hooreejo konu. Gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndi hono Tafawa Balewa hollitii waylude doosgal leydi ndi 1960 ngam waylude Azikiwe e wonde Guwerneer Jeneral, e waylude tiitoonde makko e wonde hooreejo leydi kewu. Balewa hollitii wonde Azikiwe ina foti innireede hooreejo leydi e nder doosɗe leydi 1963 sabu leydi [[Naajeeriya]] meeɗaani yoɓde Dr. Ko zuum wazi, kuulal 157 doosgal leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] 1963, tiitoonde mum ko Nnamdi Azikiwe ngam wonde hooreejo leydi, ina winndaa heen &quot;Nnamdi Azikiwe ina foti wonde hooreejo leydi e ñalngu ngu doosgal leydi ndi fuzzii.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/nnamdi-azikiwe|title=From Nnamdi Azikiwe &amp;#124; The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute|website=kinginstitute.stanford.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Nigeria's Forgotten Heroes: Nnamdi Azikiwe – &quot;Father of the Nation&quot;'' (Part 2).&lt;/ref&gt;

Ñalnde 30 lewru Duujal hitaande 1964, wooteeji feddeeji gadani e nder leydi Nijeer gila nde heɓi jeytaare mum. Woote ɗee njoofiima jonte keewɗe sabu luural hakkunde limoore inɗe gonɗe e doggol wooteeji ɗii e doggol binnditagol ngol. Lebbi jeegom caggal wooteeji ɗii, fotde 2 000 neɗɗo maayi e fitinaaji baɗnooɗi e nder diiwaan hirnaange.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/3510208|title=1964 federal election crisis-: An analysis|date=13 April 1965|publisher=Etudo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1964 kiris e kuudetaa ===
''Nigerian Daily Express'' wi'i nyande 3 mars 1964, &quot;Haa heɓugo ndimu lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] nder hitaande 1960, eɓɓoore amin arandeere ngam anndugo ɗuuɗal yimɓe lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] laati kuugal limngal yimɓe lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] nder hitaande 1962. Hooreejo komitiiru limngal lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] wakkati man woni J. J. Warren. Njeñtudi limngal yimɓe lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] ko ɓuri miliyon ha Gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii, [[Abubakar Tafawa balewa|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] salii njeñtudi ndi o woppi Mr. Warren, o yamiri yo o riiwtu e hitaande 1963.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ojo|first=Emmanuel Oladipo|date=10 February 2012|title=Leadership Crisis and Political Instability in Nigeria, 1964-1966: The Personalities, the Parties and the Policies|url=https://nairametrics.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/LEADERSHIP-CRISIS-AND-POLITICAL-INSTABILITY-IN-NIG.pdf|access-date=18 August 2024|website=Naira Metrics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Samuel-2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/2104947|title=Leadership Crisis and Political Instability in Nigeria, 1964-1966: The Personalities, the Parties and the Policies|date=January 2012|last1=Samuel|first1=Babatope}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caggal nde o waɗi manipulaasiyoŋ, njeñtudi binnditagol ngol hollitii wonde Fuɗnaange ina les limtaa e miliyoŋaaji 8,5 e nder hitaande 1962 gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii ɓeydii dow limoore ndee haa 65,66 miliyoŋ woote fedde ndee e lewru desaambar 1964 ngaddi caɗeele mawɗe, ruppitii laamu kawral NPC e NCNC. Wooteeji ɗii mbaɗii boykotuuji keewɗi, njulaagu, hulɓinaare, njulaagu e fitinaaji ɗi Azikiwe waɗi haa o salii noddude gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii hono Balewa ngam sosde laamu kesu. Balɗe seeɗa, jokkere enɗam apokaliptik ina jokki e dow leydi ndii haa nde Azikiwe ƴetti konngol e dow doosɗe leydi ndii.&lt;ref name=&quot;Samuel-20122&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/2104947|title=Leadership Crisis and Political Instability in Nigeria, 1964-1966: The Personalities, the Parties and the Policies|date=January 2012|last1=Samuel|first1=Babatope}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mrs. Flora Azikiwe (First Lady Federal Republic of Nigeria 1960 - 1966).jpg|thumb|Mrs Flora Azikiwe (Laamɗo leydi Naajeeriya 1960 - 1966)]]

== Nguurndam neɗɗo ==
Azikiwe resi debbo mum gadano biyeteeɗo Flora Azikiwe ñalnde 4 abriil 1936 to Akra, to Cote d’Or nde o woni gardiiɗo jaaynde [[Afrik]] subaka. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe nayo, ɓiɗɗo debbo gooto e ɓiɓɓe worɓe tato.

E hitaande 1973 Azikiwe resi debbo mum ɗiɗaɓo Uche Azikiwe nde o yahrata e duuɓi 26. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe ɗiɗo.
[[File:Gen. Yakubu Gowon GCFR.jpg|thumb|'''Gen.'''Yakubu Gowon]]

== Posto hooreejo leydi e duuɓi cakkitiiɗi ==
[[File:Major Gen. J.T.U. Aguiyi Ironsi.jpg|thumb]]
Laamu leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] momti diiwanuuji feddeeji nay ɗii ñalnde 24 lewru mbooy hitaande 1966. Won e leƴƴi fuɗnaange fotde 115 neɗɗo mbaraama e nder fitinaaji politik ñalnde 28 lewru mbooy-2 lewru juko hitaande 1966 ñalnde 29 sulyee 1966. Fotde 30 neɗɗo mbaraama e hareeji politik to Lagos ñalnde 29 sulyee-1 ut 1966, fotde 250 000 leñol fuɗnaange ndogi ummoraade e diiwaan Fuɗnaange fayde e diiwaan fuɗnaange caggal kuudetaa konu. Lietnaa Kolonel [[Yakubu Gowon]] huniima wonde hooreejo laamu konu fedde nde caggal kuudetaa konu, o artiri diiwanuuji fedde ndee nay ñalnde 31 ut 1966. Fotde 2 000 leñol Igbos mbaraama e nder fitinaaji politik e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange to4ctober L69 [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu]], guwerneer konu diiwal fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya, anndinii dow diiwal ngal natti jaɓugo Gowon bana hooreejo laamu konu lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] nyande 2 mars 1967. Lietnaa Kolonel Gowon hoosi bawɗe timmuɗe bana komandaajo mawdo laamu e hooreejo laamu militaari7 ngam ardungal 1967. Gowon anndini laamu nguu ñalnde 28 lewru Mbooy hitaande 1967. Ojukwu bayyini jeytaare leydi Biafra to fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer ñalnde 30 lewru Mbooy hitaande 1967 caggal nde laamu fedde ndee teddinaani nanondiral Aburi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jimoh-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jimoh|first=Dauda Ishola|date=July 2021|title=The Action Group Crisis, 1962-1966, Implications for the First Republic|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353283996|access-date=August 18, 2024|website=Researchgate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Jimoh-20212&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jimoh|first=Dauda Ishola|date=July 2021|title=The Action Group Crisis, 1962-1966, Implications for the First Republic|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353283996|access-date=August 18, 2024|website=Researchgate}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40199517|jstor=40199517|title=Brinkmanship in Nigeria: The Federal Elections of 1964-65|last1=Anglin|first1=Douglas G.|journal=International Journal|date=2 April 1965|volume=20|issue=2|pages=173–188}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=download|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6598525.pdf|website=core.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Omotola&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Omotola|first=Balogun|date=2017-12-11|title=Biography of Dr. Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://diamondboatconsult.wordpress.com/2017/12/11/biography-of-dr-benjamin-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2020-05-30|website=Diamond Boat Consult|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Times2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=14 May 1996|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe, the First President of Nigeria, Dies at 91|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/14/world/nnamdi-azikiwe-the-first-president-of-nigeria-dies-at-91.html|access-date=8 November 2018|last1=French|first1=Howard W.|work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Azikiwe e fuɗɗoode ina wallitnoo Biafra e anndinde ɗum e nder winndere ndee. O huutoriima doole makko politik ngam ardaade delegaasiyoŋ Biafra caggal leydi ngam jaɓde dowla jeytaare. E hitaande 1968, nde o yiyi batte hare ndee, o ñaagii Ojukwu nde o joofnata kaaldigal e Gowon, tawi o dañaani heen nafoore. Azikiwe woɗɗitii politik caggal wolde. O woniino hooreejo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Lagos]] tuggi 1972 haa 1976. Jokkugol laamu konu e rokkude laamu laamu demokaraasi e hitaande 1979 rokki Azikiwe fartaŋŋe wartaade politik. O naati nder lanyol yimɓe lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] nder hitaande 1978, o waɗi ɗaɓɓaande ardiiɗo leydi [[Naajeeriya]] nde o heɓi nasaraaku nder hitaande 1979 e hitaande 1983. O acci siyaasaaku haa abada ɓaawo kuudetaa konu nder hitaande 1983 nde [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ardii

=== Duuɓi cakkitiiɗi ===
Fitinaaji meeɗaay wonde kuutorgal ngal min kuutortoo, minen sosɓe leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], ngam safrude caɗeele politik. E nder aadaaji Angalteer, min kaaldii e Biro Koloñaal ngam jaɓde caɗeele amen ngam ŋakkeende e moƴƴere haala amen ngam laamu hoore mum. Caggal batuuji jeegom doosɗe leydi e hitaande 1953, 1954, 1957, 1958, 1959, e 1960, Angalteer rokkii en hakke ngam tabitinde jeytaare men politik gila 1 oktoobar 1960. Hay gooto e lanndaaji politik leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] ɗi meeɗaani ƴettude jeytaare men politik e men happy violed to en meeɗaani jaɓde jeytaare men politik wonde hay toɓɓere ƴiiƴam Angalteer walla [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] rufaaka e nder hare men ngenndiire ngam nokku men e naange. Ndee ɗoo hujja daartol addani mi wiyde e yeeso yimɓe fof e nder leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] wonde laamu nguu rokkii en laamu hoore mum e dow lowre kaŋŋe. Ko goonga, yonta am ina cemmbina mi, kono geɗe daartol ɗee ko ɗe njiyataa. Miɗo sikki ko ɓuri mettude ko ‘Sukaaɓe Turki’ men pellitii naatnude elemen mbayliigu bonngu e nder politik leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]]. No ɓe e renndo men fof mbaawirta ustude politikaaji tiiɗɗi, ma a taw nannguɗi, ko politik mo alaa hakkille. Mi jokki bee Seneraal [[Aguiyi-Ironsi]], Ofiisaajo Seneraal Ardiido sooja'en lesdi [[Naajeeriya]], mo mi faami, jooni o hoosi kuuɗe laamu lesdi [[Naajeeriya]]. Miɗo sakka golle am ngam kala udditgol jam ngam haɗde ƴiiƴam ɓeydaade, ngam weltinde ofiseeji muusɗi ɗii, e artirde sariya e deeƴre. So mi nanii haala makko tan, mi waɗa peeje ngam hootde galle. Ko fayti e am, miɗo jogori warde ardiiɓe men politik e konu ko musiiba ngenndiijo.

— Jaabawol hooreejo leydi Nnamdi Azikiwe e kuudetaa konu gadano, hitaande 1966.

Ñalnde 8 noowammbar 1989, jaayɗe ciifi e fenaande wonde Azikiwe maayii, sabu naamne jaayndiyanke BBC jowitiiɗe e ngonka makko. O artiri o wiyi &quot;mi yaawaani yaltude oo aduna, sabu ko kañum tan woni tagofeere nde nganndu-mi.&quot; E hitaande 1991, Azikiwe yahiino e udditgol nokku Nnamdi Azikiwe to [[Zungeru]], nokku ɗo o jibinaa ɗoo, e juuɗe hooreejo leydi [[Ibraahiima Babangida]]. E nder ndunngu 1995, o rokki yeewtere to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, Pennsylvania e gardiiɗo jokkondiral hakkunde yimɓe duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngal.

Azikiwe maayi haa ñalnde 11 lewru Mbooy hitaande 1996, to opitaal janngirde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Naajeeriya]] to [[Enugu]] caggal nde o rafi ko juuti. O yahrata ko e duuɓi 91. Azikiwe rokkaama wirwirnde dowla e laamu [[Sani Abacha]], caggal fotde jonte ɗiɗi kewuuji ngenndiiji. Ɓanndu makko nawaama e gure keewɗe teeŋtuɗe e nder leydi ndi ngam sunaare e teddungal. O wirnaa e wuro makko [[Onitsha]] ñalnde 16 noowammbar 1996, ñalnde wonnde ñalngu ngu o heɓi duuɓi 92. E maayde Azikiwe, jaaynde wiyeteende New York ''Times'' teskiima,

&quot;O toowii dow geɗe ngenndi ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e nder [[Afrik]], o heɓi darnde jaambaaro ngenndiijo goonga, garɗo teddineede e nder diiwaanuuji e leƴƴi ceertuɗi leydi makko.&quot;

E hitaande 2019, laamu hooreejo leydi [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ƴettii golle timminde suudu ndu Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe, ndu anndinaama ndu nokkuure nden.

== Innde e ndonu daartol ==
E nder teeminannde 19ɓiire, ƴaañgal [[Afrik]] seediima laamuuji Orop ina peccii [[Afrik]], ina kuutoroo jawdi aadee e tago. Ƴellitaare miijo politik [[Afrik]] feeñi ko e anniya yiylaade eɓɓoore miijo jaɓgol hoore mum e ngenndiyaŋkaagal pinal cemmbinngal. Ina jeyaa e daraniiɓe ''Pan'' [[Afrik]], Nnamdi Azikiwe, Pilot ndimaagu leydi Nijeer. Nokku Azikiwe nder cosmology [[Naajeeriya]] ɗon yaaji haa darnde maako nde o jogi. O rokki ngenndiyaŋkaagal e hare jeytaare maanaa keso. Zik, e oon sahaa to duɗal Hope Waddel, ina anndi miijooji Marcus Garvey ko fayti e ''Pan''-[[Afrik]], teeŋtinoowo doole [[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]], e rimɗinde [[Afrik]] e juuɗe Afriknaaɓe. Ɗum addani Zik naamnaade laawɗingol koloñaal e nder [[Afrik]], tee ina jeyaa e ko Garvey wiyi ngam rimɗinde Afrik e laamuuji koloñaal. E wakkati nde [[Naajeeriya]] woni haa jooni mooɓre diiwalji feere-feere, anndalji e dente nokkuuje, Zik fuɗɗi ƴamɗe ngam heɓugo ndimu [[Naajeeriya]] e ngam sosde senngooji ɗi ngalaa lenyol, ɗi ngalaa leƴƴi ngam yidde lesdi [[Naajeeriya]] e yidde lesdi maɓɓe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/14/world/nnamdi-azikiwe-the-first-president-of-nigeria-dies-at-91.html|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe, the First President of Nigeria, Dies at 91|work=The New York Times|date=14 May 1996|last1=French|first1=Howard W.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5wuAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=azikiwe+legacy|title=Nnamdi Azikiwe: The Philosopher of Our Time|isbn=978-978-156-001-9|last1=Igwe|first1=Agbafor|year=1992|publisher=Fourth Dimension Publishing Company}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Azikiwe yahiino to [[Amerik]] ɗo o janngi e jannginde e nder duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde ceertuɗe to Fuɗnaange, o yi’i weeyo ngo njiyaagu e ƴellitaare `Negro' radikal. O heɓi kadi ballal e hooreejo leydi [[Amerik]] e teeminannde 19ɓiire, hono James A Garfield, e dow huɗo ngam weltinde njiimaandi politik. Nde o arti e [[Afrik]] worgo, ko ɓuri teeŋtude e ngoƴa makko, ko ɗum waɗi, wonaa hare leydi, ngenndiyaŋkoore, kono ko hare winndereyankoore, winndereyankoore ngam leñol ɓaleejo. Ko o gardiiɗo jaaynde ''African Morning Post to Accra'', tuggi 1935 haa 1937, Azikiwe heɓi ɗoon e ɗoon innde sabu jaayndeyaagal makko toowngal `''American style''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' e ñiŋde cuusal makko e njuɓɓudi koloñaal, e ardiiɓe koloñaal kam e ardiiɓe [[Afrik]] nokkuuji ɗii. Semmbe makko ina yaaji e nder leyɗeele koloñaal Biritaan en fof, ko kanko woni doole guurɗe won e ardiiɓe [[Afrik]] hono Kwame Nkrumah, Julius Nyerere, Dauda Jawara, Kenneth Kaunda e Milton Obote e woɗɓe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/national-shame-ziks-tomb-uncompleted-22-years-after/?amp|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=National shame: Zik's tomb still uncompleted 22 years after|date=27 June 2018|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=30 October 2014|title=Victor Umeh weeps at Zik's Grave|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/?p=88534|location=Lagos, Nigeria|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105231857/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/?p=88534|archive-date=5 January 2015|df=dmy-all|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jaayndeyaagal Azikiwe kaɓanngal e ƴattooje ko kañum woni sabaabu ɓurɗo teeŋtude e darnde makko e doole makko, kadi ko kañum woni sabaabu ɓurɗo teeŋtude e ummital [[Naajeeriya]]. Azikiwe sosi fedde jaayndeyaagal wiyeteende Zik ''Group'', nde o sosi e nde o yuɓɓini ''Pilot West African'', nde o inniri « kaayitaaji ngenndiyaŋkooji ñaamooɓe yiite, doolnuɗi, ɓurɗi toowde ». E les njiimaandi Zik Group o wayli golle jaayɗe [[Afrik]] hirnaange, o hollitii wonde jaayndeyaagal e ɗemngal Engele ina waawi dañde nafoore, o yaajtini nafoore makko e jogaade ko ina tolnoo e jaayɗe 12 ñalnde kala, ɗe [[Afrik|Afriknaaɓe]] njiylotoo. ''Pilot'' [[Afrik]] hirnaange mawni no feewi gila e doggol adanngol ngol 6 000 ekkol ñalnde kala, haa e doggol ko ina ɓura 20 000 ekkol e tolno mum e kitaale 1950.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a44PAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=azikiwe+legacy|title=The Legacies of Zik: A Tribute to the Rt. Hon. Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, First President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the Owelle-Osowa-Anya of Onithsa|year=1996|publisher=Nolix Educational Publishers|isbn=978-978-2754-60-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://worldlibraries.dom.edu/index.php/worldlib/article/view/199/154|title=Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, 1904-1966, First President of Nigeria: A Force in Library Development in Nigeria|journal=World Libraries|date=2 April 1997|volume=7|issue=2|last1=Aguolu|first1=C. C.|last2=Aguolu|first2=L. E.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gaana.com/song/the-life-legacy-of-dr-nnamdi-azikiwe-former-president-of-nigeria-with-michael-ukwuma|title=Listen to The Life &amp; Legacy Of Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, Former President of Nigeria with Michael Ukwuma from show Obehi Podcast: In-depth interviews – season – 1|work=gaana.com|access-date=31 March 2024|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331083759/https://gaana.com/song/the-life-legacy-of-dr-nnamdi-azikiwe-former-president-of-nigeria-with-michael-ukwuma|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Kaayitaaji keertiiɗi ɗi Nnamdi Azikiwe, hooreejo leydi [[Naajeeriya]] arandeejo, ɗon mari haaje nder suudu defte maako haa Nsukka, [[Naajeeriya]]. Ina jeyaa e ɗeen binndanɗe keertiiɗe, eɓɓaande ciimtol makko, binndanɗe dowla ummoraade e gardagol makko, binndanɗe politik jowitiiɗe e Republique Biafra, kaɓirɗe ummoraade e kampaañ Azikiwe e hitaande 1979 e 1983, kam e defte e jaayɗe seeɗa ɗe keewaani. Jaaɓihaaɗtirde Vanderbilt, e ballal kaalis e porogaraam defte binndaaɗe e nder defterdu UCLA, waɗii ɗeen geɗe dijital ngam sosde mooɓondiral geɗe puɗɗaaɗe jowitiiɗe e jaŋde leydi [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]] e leydi Biafra &lt;ref name=&quot;meap.library.ucla.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rescuing Zik's Library: Preserving the Nnamdi Azikiwe Papers {{!}} Modern Endangered Archives Program|url=https://meap.library.ucla.edu/projects/nnamdi-azikiwe-papers/|access-date=2025-07-30|website=meap.library.ucla.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ndee ɗoo deftere ina heɓoo e dijital rewrude e defterdu UCLA.&lt;ref name=&quot;MEAP Collection&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=MEAP Collection|url=https://digital.library.ucla.edu/catalog/ark:/21198/z1547ndq|access-date=2025-07-30|website=digital.library.ucla.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Teddungal ===
Leydi Biritaan : Tergal e Diiso doosɗe leydi Biritaan, ñalnde 16 noowammbar 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=University|first=Nnamdi Azikiwe|date=2021-11-16|title=Profile of Nnamdi Azikiwe|url=https://zikslectureseries.unizik.edu.ng/profile-of-nnamdi-azikiwe/|access-date=2023-11-16|website=Zik's Lecture Series|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Komanda mawɗo fedde nde (GCFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Baraje and the Title of CON|url=https://www.ilorin.info/fullnews.php?id=2456|access-date=2023-11-16|website=www.ilorin.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Azikiwe with Thurgood Marshall, Chester Bowles and Roy Williston Bornn at Howard University 1954 commencement.jpg|thumb|Azikiwe e Thurgood Marshall, Chester Bowles e Roy Williston Jibinaa ko heɓde seedantaagal mum teddungal e hitaande 1954 fuɗɗoode duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Howard]]

=== Degreeji teddungal ===
Azikiwe heɓi dipolomaaji teddungal 14 ummoraade e duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Naajeeriya|Najeriya]], [[Amerik]] e [[Labiriyaa|Liberiya]], teeŋti noon :

Pennsylvanie 1946: Doktoor to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln

Virginia Hirnaange 1947: Doktoor ɓataakeeji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Storer

Washington, D.C. 1950: Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Howard heɓi Doktoraa mum to bannge sariya

Michigan 1959: Doktoor tedduɗo e sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde leydi Michigan&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://research.msu.edu/msu-honorary-degree-recipients-alphabetical-list|title=MSU Honorary Degree Recipients: Alphabetical List &amp;#124; Office of Research and Innovation|website=research.msu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Naajeeriya]] 1961: Doktoor tedduɗo e ɓataakeeji (D.Litt.) to Duɗal Jaaɓihaaɗtirde [[Naajeeriya]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Honorary Graduates From 1961 to 1983|url=https://spgs.unn.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/HONORARY-GRADUATES-FROM-1961-TO-1983.pdf|access-date=August 18, 2024|website=spgs.unn.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Labiriyaa|Liberiya]] 1969 : Doktoraa mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Labiriyaa|Liberiya]]

Pennsylvanie 1980 : Doktoor tedduɗo e ɓataakeeji aadee to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pennsylvanie

Woɗɓe ina mbaɗi dipolomaaji ummoraade e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Ibadan]], duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Lagos]], duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde [[Ahmadu Bello]], UNIZIK, e FUTO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://zikism.tripod.com/Owelle.html|title=Zik of Africa|website=zikism.tripod.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Siftorde e monumndaaji ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ikengaonline.com/2022/12/03/gov-ugwuanyi-honours-zik-converts-premier-lodge-to-monuments-centre/|title=Gov Ugwuanyi honours Zik, converts premier lodge to monuments centre|date=3 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lincoln.edu/azikiwe-nkrumah-hall|title=Azikiwe-Nkrumah Hall {{!}} Lincoln University|website=www.lincoln.edu|access-date=2018-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.informationng.com/2017/03/things-may-not-know-university-ibadan-number-one-will-shock.html|title=Things You May Not Know About University of Ibadan... Number One will Shock You|date=16 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://library.unn.edu.ng/|title=Home|website=Nnamdi Azikiwe Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kaalis e tammborɗe posto ===
Natal Azikiwe feeñii e kaalis ₦500 leydi Naajeeriya gila hitaande 2001. Natal makko ina tawee e limlebbi postooji ɗi ɓe peeñnini e hitaande 1964, gila ndeen kadi feeñii e limlebbi goɗɗi.[150]

=== E nder pinal leñol ===
Nguurndam Azikiwe gadana ko kanko winndi, yaltinaa e hitaande 1970, tiitoonde mum ko Odyssey am: nguurndam am.

Laamu leydi Naajeeriya sosi njeenaari Zik, njeenaari ardungal hitaande kala, e hitaande 1995, ngam teddinde Azikiwe.

E hitaande 2006, Ben Obi fuɗɗii yeewtere hitaandeere Zik ngam maayde golle moƴƴe e ndonu Azikiwe.[151]

Filoosofi jaŋde Azikiwe hollitaama e nder filmo binndaaɗo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Naajeeriya.[152]

E hitaande 2023, Fedde Duke Shomolu yaltinii pijirlooji tuugiiɗi e nguurndam e jamaanu Azikiwe.

Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Michigan State sosi ‘Fedde janngooɓe Afriknaaɓe hakkunde leyɗeele Nnamdi Azikiwe’ e hitaande 2023, ngam wallitde janngooɓe Afriknaaɓe hakkunde leyɗeele MSU to Afrik ngam wiɗtooji. Njeenaari ndii ko ngam teddinde Azikiwe mo gollodii e jannginooɓe MSU ngam mahde duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde (Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Naajeeriya) to Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya.

=== Teddungal aadaaji ===
Azikiwe naatnaa e renndo Agbalanze Onitsha e innde Nnanyelugo e hitaande 1946, ko ɗum anndinde worɓe Onitsha jogiiɓe golle maantiniiɗe. E hitaande 1962, o wonti mawɗo leydi ɗiɗaɓo (Ndichie Okwa) hono Obi Oziziani.[130] Mawɗo Azikiwe toɗɗaama bana Owelle-Osowa-Anya mo Onitsha nder hitaande 1972, ɗum waɗi mo ardiiɗo ronkaaku arandeejo (Ndichie Ume) nder caltal Igbo nder laamiiɗo lesdi Naajeeriya.[107]

== Miijooji politik ==
Zikism; ko miijo politik ɓurngo lollude e Nnamdi Azikiwe, faandaare mum ko ustude hakkillaaji sukaaɓe Afriknaaɓe. E sahaa nde dowlaaji Afrik ngonnoo e les njiimaandi Angalteer, Zik ƴetti filosof mum politik, hono miijo mbayliigu. Canons jowi Zikism woni &quot;Balans Ruuhu&quot;, &quot;Regeneration Sociale&quot;, &quot;Determinism Faggudu&quot;, &quot;Emancipation Mentale&quot;, e &quot;Ummital Politik&quot;. E werlaade annoore ɓurnde laaɓtude e canons, Azikiwe teeŋtinii, &quot;Ko adii fof, mi ƴettii konngol balance spirituel ngam hollirde ndimaagu teskinngu e nder ɓernde, miijo e miijo... Ɗiɗaɓere, mi mahii ƴellitaare renndo ngam hollirde ndimaagu fedde e ndimaagu diisnondiral .. Tataɓol, mi ventured e nder faggudu taprocie so I goongɗini Mi lootii hono ngool ngonka nguurndam determinism faggudu, sabu miɗo gooŋɗini miijo Karl Marx e firo faggudu daartol e nder lewru e nder Afrik fof... Nayaɓol ngol, mi fellitii waɗde yah-ngartaa e nder fannuuji hakkille ... Ko ɗum waɗi mi ƴetti tesis wonde emancipaasiyoŋ hakkille ina haani wonande Afriknaaɓe jannguɓe bonɓe. Joyaɓere ... alaa ko waawi sikkeede e Risorgimento politik Afriknaajo, nde tawnoo wellitaare ɗeen sarɗiiji ina ɗaɓɓi ndimaagu nguurndam, ndimaagu, e jokkude wellitaare.&quot;

Weltaare Neo; Azikiwe huutoriima pinal Afriknaaɓe e faggudu Afriknaaɓe ko adii koloñaal ngam ƴellitde miijo makko faggudu Neo-Welfarist, o wasiyii eklektisism e pragmatism ngam wonde tuugnorgal filosofi wonande neo-welfarism.[153]

Pragmatisme eklektik; Eklektik-pragmatism wonande Azikiwe ko feere ɓurnde moƴƴude ngam haɓaade haa teeŋti e goongaaji keewɗi fannuuji faggudu e politik. Ko feere etaade yuɓɓinde miijooji nannduɗi e luurondirɗi, wonaa e safrude luural, kono ko e suɓaade e hawrude e ko nafata e ko waawi huutoreede e kala heen ngam heɓde paandaale yiɗde. Nii woni, pragmatisme eklektik ina wayi no ko feere ɓurnde moƴƴude ngam haɓaade caɗeele Afrik e nder ƴeewndorɗe ceertuɗe e teskinɗe ɗe njiylotonoo ɗe.[154]

=== Golle ===
Zik (1961)

Odiseeji am (1971)

Afrik keso (1973)

Liberiyaa e nder politik winndere (1931)

——— (hitaande 1966). Teemedere Ciimtol Ciimtol e Yimre Rt. Hon. Doktoor Nnamdi Azikiwe. Duɗal njuɓɓudi e karallaagal. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2736-09-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

Sifaa siyaasaaku ngam lesdi Naajeeriya (1943)

Faggudu leydi Naajeeriya (1943)

Zik: Cuɓagol konnguɗi Doktoor Nnamdi Azikiwe (1961)

Daartol warngo: Goonga walla fenaande? (1946)

Ko adii men ina woodi yanaande udditiinde (1947)

Jaango Pan-Afrik (1961)

Goongaaji ngootaagu Afrik (1965)

Iwdi wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Naajeeriya (1969)

Mi ɗon nuɗɗina Naajeeriya gooto (1969)

Eɓɓooje jam ngam joofnude wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Naajeeriya (1969)

Kaaldigal dow Laamorde Kesum ngam Naajeeriya (1974)

Taggol lesɗe ɗuuɗɗe nder Naajeeriya, limngal siyaasaaku (1974)

Demokaraasi e jeertinaango konu (1974)

Reorientaasiyoŋ miijooji Najeriya : yeewtere ñalnde 9 lewru Duujal hitaande 1976, e ñalngu udditgol kaalis dokkal UNN (1976)

Hare men ngam Ndimaagu; Kiriis luumo Onitsha (1976)

Njaafoɗen Ɓiɓɓe Men. Eeraango feewde e ardiiɓe e yimɓe Onitsha e nder caɗeele luumo (1976)

Koolol jimɗi (1977)

Soliloquies wolde nder leydi: Ko ɓuri heewde e jimɗi (1977)

Teemedde e nder miijo renndo e politik Afrik (1978)

Gartirgol Demokaraasi Naajeeriya (1978)

Golle ɓennuɗe ɗe ngalaa nanndo: Jaabawol am e caɗeele mawɗo Awolowo (1979)

Haala ɓernde (1979)

——— (hitaande 1980). Miijo ngam Naajeeriya: Kapitaalisma, Sosiyaalisma walla Weltaare?. Makmilan leydi Nijeer. h. 196. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9789781325212&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

——— (hitaande 1983). Bonannde Hoolaare e NPN.

——— (hitaande 1983). Daartol Maa Ƴeewto Goongɗinɓe.

== Ƴeew kadi ==
Ngenndiyankaagal Afrik

Filoosofi Zikist

Njeenaari Zik

== Tuugnorgal ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Naajeeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abet, Nigeria</title>
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        <id>9821</id>
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      <text bytes="1611" sha1="4fuo83nox2xtuec9qj3f5io89h6hbiy" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}Abet ko wuro nder diiwal laamu lesdi Zangon Kataf, haa woyla lesdi Kaduna nder diiwal Middle Belt lesdi Naajeeriya, ngal woni dow cakaare lesdi Naajeeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Min&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-11003278.html|title=Abet, Gidan Jatau, Zangon Kataf, Kaduna State, Nigeria|website=mindat.org|access-date=August 27, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Min2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-11003278.html|title=Abet, Gidan Jatau, Zangon Kataf, Kaduna State, Nigeria|website=mindat.org|access-date=August 27, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kod posto wuro ngo ko 802128. Nokku oo ina waɗi fotde 2 509 meeteer walla 764 meeteer toowɗo, ina waɗi fotde 8 046 neɗɗo. Aeroport ɓurɗo ɓadaade renndo ngo ko Aeroport Y[[akubu Gowon, Jos,]] woni 41 nm E.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/search/?keyword=Abet&amp;state=Kaduna|title=Search Result - Abet Kaduna|access-date=August 27, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gure ==
Abet ko wuro ngo hawri e nokkuuji keewɗi ɗi yimɓe mum en pamɗi, ina jeyaa heen Abet, Achin, Angwan Jatau, Kumi ladde, e Marabang.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPC2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/search/?keyword=Abet&amp;state=Kaduna|title=Search Result - Abet Kaduna|access-date=August 27, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NPC3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/search/?keyword=Abet&amp;state=Kaduna|title=Search Result - Abet Kaduna|access-date=August 27, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƴeew kadi ==
Doggol gure nder diiwaan [[Kaduna]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/NI/23/Abet.html|title=Abet, Nigeria page|access-date=August 27, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
      <sha1>4fuo83nox2xtuec9qj3f5io89h6hbiy</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>176771</id>
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      <text bytes="1617" sha1="bdmufa8jv44n4x0he7vji1x2f6y0xpb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Abet''' ko wuro nder diiwal laamu lesdi Zangon Kataf, haa woyla lesdi Kaduna nder diiwal Middle Belt lesdi Naajeeriya, ngal woni dow cakaare lesdi Naajeeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Min&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-11003278.html|title=Abet, Gidan Jatau, Zangon Kataf, Kaduna State, Nigeria|website=mindat.org|access-date=August 27, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Min2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-11003278.html|title=Abet, Gidan Jatau, Zangon Kataf, Kaduna State, Nigeria|website=mindat.org|access-date=August 27, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kod posto wuro ngo ko 802128. Nokku oo ina waɗi fotde 2 509 meeteer walla 764 meeteer toowɗo, ina waɗi fotde 8 046 neɗɗo. Aeroport ɓurɗo ɓadaade renndo ngo ko Aeroport Y[[akubu Gowon, Jos,]] woni 41 nm E.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/search/?keyword=Abet&amp;state=Kaduna|title=Search Result - Abet Kaduna|access-date=August 27, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gure ==
Abet ko wuro ngo hawri e nokkuuji keewɗi ɗi yimɓe mum en pamɗi, ina jeyaa heen Abet, Achin, Angwan Jatau, Kumi ladde, e Marabang.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPC2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/search/?keyword=Abet&amp;state=Kaduna|title=Search Result - Abet Kaduna|access-date=August 27, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NPC3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/search/?keyword=Abet&amp;state=Kaduna|title=Search Result - Abet Kaduna|access-date=August 27, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƴeew kadi ==
Doggol gure nder diiwaan [[Kaduna]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/NI/23/Abet.html|title=Abet, Nigeria page|access-date=August 27, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ladde Tonga</title>
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'''Lake Tonga''' ko maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam tawaaɗam e nder nokku biyeteeɗo El-Kala, e nder wilaya El Tarf, to leydi Alseri.

Nde toɗɗaa ko nokku Ramsar ñalnde 11 abriil 1983, nde anndaa ko nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo e nder Afrik worgo.

== Wakere ==
Lake Tonga ko maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam tawaaɗam e nder feccere hakkundeere park ngenndiijo El-Kala, sara maayo Oubeïra, maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam goɗɗo, e maayo El Mellah, maayo lamɗam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Côte, Marc (1996). Guide d'Algérie : paysages et patrimoine [Guide to Algeria: landscapes and heritage] (in French). Algeria: Média-Plus. p. 211. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9961-9-2200-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde woni ko e ŋoral mawngal hakkunde wuro El Kala, to fuɗnaange-rewo Alseri, e keeri Alseri e Tuunus. Basin maggal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 15 000 ektaar, tawi heen 2 800 ektaar ko nanndi e basin maayo ngoo e hoore mum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Kadid, Yamina; Thébaud, Gilles; Pétel, Gilles; Abdelkrim, Hacène (2007). &quot;Les communautés végétales aquatiques de la classe des Potametea du lac Tonga, El-Kala, Algérie&quot; [Aquatic plant communities of the Potametea class in Lake Tonga, El-Kala, Algeria]. Acta Botanica Gallica (in French). 154 (4): 597–599. doi:10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082. ISSN 1253-8078. Retrieved January 23, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Laddeeji tati ɗii toɗɗaama ngam wonde nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi jogiiɗi nafoore winndereyankoore e nder nanondiral Ramsar e hitaande 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Lake Tonga ina waɗi feccere e maayo hakkundeejo ngo ɓuuɓnaa e jamaanu koloñaal, jooni noon ina hollira sifaaji marse yaajɗo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nokku oo ina waɗi nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo, ina waɗi kadi koɗli leɗɗe, nokkuuji laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi, e njuɓɓudi ɓulli ceene. Leydi ndii ina jokkondiri e maayo Mediteraane&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Réserve Intégrale du Lac Tonga&quot; [Tonga Lake Integral Reserve]. Ramsar (in French). Retrieved January 23, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;, ko adii fof ko Oued El-Hout to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, Oued El-Eurg to worgo-fuɗnaange. Ɗeeɗoo ɓulli ndiyam mbaɗii ɓulli deltaaji ɗi ɓulli mum en ustii seeɗa seeɗa njaajeendi maayo ngoo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Wakati ==
Diiwaan oo ina jogii weeyo Mediteraane, nguleeki mum tolnii e 18,9 °C hitaande kala, e sahaa yooro ina duumoo ko ina wona lebbi nay. Lewru Yarkomaa ɓuri toowde, Lewru Ut ɓuri wulde. Hakindo toɓooli hitaande kala ina ɓura 700 mm, toɓooli ɗii ɓuri heewde ko e ndunngu e ndunngu e toɓɓe leslese e nder ndunngu.[3]

== Fauna e leɗɗe ==
Leydi ndii ina rokka leɗɗe ndiyam nokku keewɗo faayiida, tawi leɗɗe ina mbaɗa mosaïque renndooji leɗɗe. Fisiyognomi ɓurɗo heewde ko leeso reedngo ngo ko ɓuri heewde e helofit en hoɗi. E nder ndunngu e ndunngu, ƴiye daneeje ina ɓuuɓna feccere mawnde e dow maayo ngoo.[3]

Lake Tonga ina hiisee wonde nokku mawɗo ɗo ƴiye njibinaa e nder Afrik worgo, ina hoɗi e ƴiye keewɗe, ƴiye ƴiye, ƴiye ƴiye hirnaange, ƴiye goɗɗe, e ƴiye ndiyam keewɗe, ina heen ƴiye keewɗe ɗe ngalaa ɗo kaaɗi, ɗe ngalaa ɗo kaaɗi e winndere ndee kala.[1]

Yimɓe nokkuuji ɗii ina mbaɗa ndema jawdi e ndema sahaa.[1]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Lake Tonga''' ko maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam tawaaɗam e nder nokku biyeteeɗo El-Kala, e nder wilaya El Tarf, to leydi Alseri.

Nde toɗɗaa ko nokku Ramsar ñalnde 11 abriil 1983, nde anndaa ko nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo e nder Afrik worgo.

== Wakere ==
Lake Tonga ko maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam tawaaɗam e nder feccere hakkundeere park ngenndiijo El-Kala, sara maayo Oubeïra, maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam goɗɗo, e maayo El Mellah, maayo lamɗam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Côte, Marc (1996). Guide d'Algérie : paysages et patrimoine [Guide to Algeria: landscapes and heritage] (in French). Algeria: Média-Plus. p. 211. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9961-9-2200-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde woni ko e ŋoral mawngal hakkunde wuro El Kala, to fuɗnaange-rewo Alseri, e keeri Alseri e Tuunus. Basin maggal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 15 000 ektaar, tawi heen 2 800 ektaar ko nanndi e basin maayo ngoo e hoore mum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Kadid, Yamina; Thébaud, Gilles; Pétel, Gilles; Abdelkrim, Hacène (2007). &quot;Les communautés végétales aquatiques de la classe des Potametea du lac Tonga, El-Kala, Algérie&quot; [Aquatic plant communities of the Potametea class in Lake Tonga, El-Kala, Algeria]. Acta Botanica Gallica (in French). 154 (4): 597–599. doi:10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082. ISSN 1253-8078. Retrieved January 23, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Laddeeji tati ɗii toɗɗaama ngam wonde nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi jogiiɗi nafoore winndereyankoore e nder nanondiral Ramsar e hitaande 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Lake Tonga ina waɗi feccere e maayo hakkundeejo ngo ɓuuɓnaa e jamaanu koloñaal, jooni noon ina hollira sifaaji marse yaajɗo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nokku oo ina waɗi nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo, ina waɗi kadi koɗli leɗɗe, nokkuuji laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi, e njuɓɓudi ɓulli ceene. Leydi ndii ina jokkondiri e maayo Mediteraane&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Réserve Intégrale du Lac Tonga&quot; [Tonga Lake Integral Reserve]. Ramsar (in French). Retrieved January 23, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;, ko adii fof ko Oued El-Hout to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, Oued El-Eurg to worgo-fuɗnaange. Ɗeeɗoo ɓulli ndiyam mbaɗii ɓulli deltaaji ɗi ɓulli mum en ustii seeɗa seeɗa njaajeendi maayo ngoo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Wakati ==
Diiwaan oo ina jogii weeyo Mediteraane, nguleeki mum tolnii e 18,9 °C hitaande kala, e sahaa yooro ina duumoo ko ina wona lebbi nay. Lewru Yarkomaa ɓuri toowde, Lewru Ut ɓuri wulde. Hakindo toɓooli hitaande kala ina ɓura 700 mm, toɓooli ɗii ɓuri heewde ko e ndunngu e ndunngu e toɓɓe leslese e nder ndunngu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna e leɗɗe ==
Leydi ndii ina rokka leɗɗe ndiyam nokku keewɗo faayiida, tawi leɗɗe ina mbaɗa mosaïque renndooji leɗɗe. Fisiyognomi ɓurɗo heewde ko leeso reedngo ngo ko ɓuri heewde e helofit en hoɗi. E nder ndunngu e ndunngu, ƴiye daneeje ina ɓuuɓna feccere mawnde e dow maayo ngoo.[3]

Lake Tonga ina hiisee wonde nokku mawɗo ɗo ƴiye njibinaa e nder Afrik worgo, ina hoɗi e ƴiye keewɗe, ƴiye ƴiye, ƴiye ƴiye hirnaange, ƴiye goɗɗe, e ƴiye ndiyam keewɗe, ina heen ƴiye keewɗe ɗe ngalaa ɗo kaaɗi, ɗe ngalaa ɗo kaaɗi e winndere ndee kala.[1]

Yimɓe nokkuuji ɗii ina mbaɗa ndema jawdi e ndema sahaa.[1]

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'''Lake Tonga''' ko maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam tawaaɗam e nder nokku biyeteeɗo El-Kala, e nder wilaya El Tarf, to leydi Alseri.

Nde toɗɗaa ko nokku Ramsar ñalnde 11 abriil 1983, nde anndaa ko nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo e nder Afrik worgo.

== Wakere ==
Lake Tonga ko maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam tawaaɗam e nder feccere hakkundeere park ngenndiijo El-Kala, sara maayo Oubeïra, maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam goɗɗo, e maayo El Mellah, maayo lamɗam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Côte, Marc (1996). Guide d'Algérie : paysages et patrimoine [Guide to Algeria: landscapes and heritage] (in French). Algeria: Média-Plus. p. 211. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9961-9-2200-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde woni ko e ŋoral mawngal hakkunde wuro El Kala, to fuɗnaange-rewo Alseri, e keeri Alseri e Tuunus. Basin maggal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 15 000 ektaar, tawi heen 2 800 ektaar ko nanndi e basin maayo ngoo e hoore mum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Kadid, Yamina; Thébaud, Gilles; Pétel, Gilles; Abdelkrim, Hacène (2007). &quot;Les communautés végétales aquatiques de la classe des Potametea du lac Tonga, El-Kala, Algérie&quot; [Aquatic plant communities of the Potametea class in Lake Tonga, El-Kala, Algeria]. Acta Botanica Gallica (in French). 154 (4): 597–599. doi:10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082. ISSN 1253-8078. Retrieved January 23, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Laddeeji tati ɗii toɗɗaama ngam wonde nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi jogiiɗi nafoore winndereyankoore e nder nanondiral Ramsar e hitaande 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Lake Tonga ina waɗi feccere e maayo hakkundeejo ngo ɓuuɓnaa e jamaanu koloñaal, jooni noon ina hollira sifaaji marse yaajɗo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nokku oo ina waɗi nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo, ina waɗi kadi koɗli leɗɗe, nokkuuji laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi, e njuɓɓudi ɓulli ceene. Leydi ndii ina jokkondiri e maayo Mediteraane&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Réserve Intégrale du Lac Tonga&quot; [Tonga Lake Integral Reserve]. Ramsar (in French). Retrieved January 23, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;, ko adii fof ko Oued El-Hout to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, Oued El-Eurg to worgo-fuɗnaange. Ɗeeɗoo ɓulli ndiyam mbaɗii ɓulli deltaaji ɗi ɓulli mum en ustii seeɗa seeɗa njaajeendi maayo ngoo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Wakati ==
Diiwaan oo ina jogii weeyo Mediteraane, nguleeki mum tolnii e 18,9 °C hitaande kala, e sahaa yooro ina duumoo ko ina wona lebbi nay. Lewru Yarkomaa ɓuri toowde, Lewru Ut ɓuri wulde. Hakindo toɓooli hitaande kala ina ɓura 700 mm, toɓooli ɗii ɓuri heewde ko e ndunngu e ndunngu e toɓɓe leslese e nder ndunngu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna e leɗɗe ==
Leydi ndii ina rokka leɗɗe ndiyam nokku keewɗo faayiida, tawi leɗɗe ina mbaɗa mosaïque renndooji leɗɗe. Fisiyognomi ɓurɗo heewde ko leeso reedngo ngo ko ɓuri heewde e helofit en hoɗi. E nder ndunngu e ndunngu, ƴiye daneeje ina ɓuuɓna feccere mawnde e dow maayo ngoo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Lake Tonga ina hiisee wonde nokku mawɗo ɗo ƴiye njibinaa e nder Afrik worgo, ina hoɗi e ƴiye keewɗe, ƴiye ƴiye, ƴiye ƴiye hirnaange, ƴiye goɗɗe, e ƴiye ndiyam keewɗe, ina heen ƴiye keewɗe ɗe ngalaa ɗo kaaɗi, ɗe ngalaa ɗo kaaɗi e winndere ndee kala.[1]

Yimɓe nokkuuji ɗii ina mbaɗa ndema jawdi e ndema sahaa.[1]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Lake Tonga''' ko maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam tawaaɗam e nder nokku biyeteeɗo El-Kala, e nder wilaya El Tarf, to leydi Alseri.

Nde toɗɗaa ko nokku Ramsar ñalnde 11 abriil 1983, nde anndaa ko nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo e nder Afrik worgo.

== Wakere ==
Lake Tonga ko maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam tawaaɗam e nder feccere hakkundeere park ngenndiijo El-Kala, sara maayo Oubeïra, maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam goɗɗo, e maayo El Mellah, maayo lamɗam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Côte, Marc (1996). Guide d'Algérie : paysages et patrimoine [Guide to Algeria: landscapes and heritage] (in French). Algeria: Média-Plus. p. 211. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9961-9-2200-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde woni ko e ŋoral mawngal hakkunde wuro El Kala, to fuɗnaange-rewo Alseri, e keeri Alseri e Tuunus. Basin maggal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 15 000 ektaar, tawi heen 2 800 ektaar ko nanndi e basin maayo ngoo e hoore mum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Kadid, Yamina; Thébaud, Gilles; Pétel, Gilles; Abdelkrim, Hacène (2007). &quot;Les communautés végétales aquatiques de la classe des Potametea du lac Tonga, El-Kala, Algérie&quot; [Aquatic plant communities of the Potametea class in Lake Tonga, El-Kala, Algeria]. Acta Botanica Gallica (in French). 154 (4): 597–599. doi:10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082. ISSN 1253-8078. Retrieved January 23, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Laddeeji tati ɗii toɗɗaama ngam wonde nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi jogiiɗi nafoore winndereyankoore e nder nanondiral Ramsar e hitaande 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Lake Tonga ina waɗi feccere e maayo hakkundeejo ngo ɓuuɓnaa e jamaanu koloñaal, jooni noon ina hollira sifaaji marse yaajɗo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nokku oo ina waɗi nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo, ina waɗi kadi koɗli leɗɗe, nokkuuji laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi, e njuɓɓudi ɓulli ceene. Leydi ndii ina jokkondiri e maayo Mediteraane&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Réserve Intégrale du Lac Tonga&quot; [Tonga Lake Integral Reserve]. Ramsar (in French). Retrieved January 23, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;, ko adii fof ko Oued El-Hout to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, Oued El-Eurg to worgo-fuɗnaange. Ɗeeɗoo ɓulli ndiyam mbaɗii ɓulli deltaaji ɗi ɓulli mum en ustii seeɗa seeɗa njaajeendi maayo ngoo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Wakati ==
Diiwaan oo ina jogii weeyo Mediteraane, nguleeki mum tolnii e 18,9 °C hitaande kala, e sahaa yooro ina duumoo ko ina wona lebbi nay. Lewru Yarkomaa ɓuri toowde, Lewru Ut ɓuri wulde. Hakindo toɓooli hitaande kala ina ɓura 700 mm, toɓooli ɗii ɓuri heewde ko e ndunngu e ndunngu e toɓɓe leslese e nder ndunngu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna e leɗɗe ==
Leydi ndii ina rokka leɗɗe ndiyam nokku keewɗo faayiida, tawi leɗɗe ina mbaɗa mosaïque renndooji leɗɗe. Fisiyognomi ɓurɗo heewde ko leeso reedngo ngo ko ɓuri heewde e helofit en hoɗi. E nder ndunngu e ndunngu, ƴiye daneeje ina ɓuuɓna feccere mawnde e dow maayo ngoo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Lake Tonga ina hiisee wonde nokku mawɗo ɗo ƴiye njibinaa e nder Afrik worgo, ina hoɗi e ƴiye keewɗe, ƴiye ƴiye, ƴiye ƴiye hirnaange, ƴiye goɗɗe, e ƴiye ndiyam keewɗe, ina heen ƴiye keewɗe ɗe ngalaa ɗo kaaɗi, ɗe ngalaa ɗo kaaɗi e winndere ndee kala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Yimɓe nokkuuji ɗii ina mbaɗa ndema jawdi e ndema sahaa.[1]

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'''Lake Tonga''' ko maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam tawaaɗam e nder nokku biyeteeɗo El-Kala, e nder wilaya El Tarf, to leydi Alseri.

Nde toɗɗaa ko nokku Ramsar ñalnde 11 abriil 1983, nde anndaa ko nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo e nder Afrik worgo.

== Wakere ==
Lake Tonga ko maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam tawaaɗam e nder feccere hakkundeere park ngenndiijo El-Kala, sara maayo Oubeïra, maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam goɗɗo, e maayo El Mellah, maayo lamɗam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Côte, Marc (1996). Guide d'Algérie : paysages et patrimoine [Guide to Algeria: landscapes and heritage] (in French). Algeria: Média-Plus. p. 211. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9961-9-2200-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde woni ko e ŋoral mawngal hakkunde wuro El Kala, to fuɗnaange-rewo Alseri, e keeri Alseri e Tuunus. Basin maggal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 15 000 ektaar, tawi heen 2 800 ektaar ko nanndi e basin maayo ngoo e hoore mum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Kadid, Yamina; Thébaud, Gilles; Pétel, Gilles; Abdelkrim, Hacène (2007). &quot;Les communautés végétales aquatiques de la classe des Potametea du lac Tonga, El-Kala, Algérie&quot; [Aquatic plant communities of the Potametea class in Lake Tonga, El-Kala, Algeria]. Acta Botanica Gallica (in French). 154 (4): 597–599. doi:10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082. ISSN 1253-8078. Retrieved January 23, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Laddeeji tati ɗii toɗɗaama ngam wonde nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi jogiiɗi nafoore winndereyankoore e nder nanondiral Ramsar e hitaande 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Lake Tonga ina waɗi feccere e maayo hakkundeejo ngo ɓuuɓnaa e jamaanu koloñaal, jooni noon ina hollira sifaaji marse yaajɗo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nokku oo ina waɗi nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo, ina waɗi kadi koɗli leɗɗe, nokkuuji laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi, e njuɓɓudi ɓulli ceene. Leydi ndii ina jokkondiri e maayo Mediteraane&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Réserve Intégrale du Lac Tonga&quot; [Tonga Lake Integral Reserve]. Ramsar (in French). Retrieved January 23, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;, ko adii fof ko Oued El-Hout to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, Oued El-Eurg to worgo-fuɗnaange. Ɗeeɗoo ɓulli ndiyam mbaɗii ɓulli deltaaji ɗi ɓulli mum en ustii seeɗa seeɗa njaajeendi maayo ngoo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Wakati ==
Diiwaan oo ina jogii weeyo Mediteraane, nguleeki mum tolnii e 18,9 °C hitaande kala, e sahaa yooro ina duumoo ko ina wona lebbi nay. Lewru Yarkomaa ɓuri toowde, Lewru Ut ɓuri wulde. Hakindo toɓooli hitaande kala ina ɓura 700 mm, toɓooli ɗii ɓuri heewde ko e ndunngu e ndunngu e toɓɓe leslese e nder ndunngu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna e leɗɗe ==
Leydi ndii ina rokka leɗɗe ndiyam nokku keewɗo faayiida, tawi leɗɗe ina mbaɗa mosaïque renndooji leɗɗe. Fisiyognomi ɓurɗo heewde ko leeso reedngo ngo ko ɓuri heewde e helofit en hoɗi. E nder ndunngu e ndunngu, ƴiye daneeje ina ɓuuɓna feccere mawnde e dow maayo ngoo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Lake Tonga ina hiisee wonde nokku mawɗo ɗo ƴiye njibinaa e nder Afrik worgo, ina hoɗi e ƴiye keewɗe, ƴiye ƴiye, ƴiye ƴiye hirnaange, ƴiye goɗɗe, e ƴiye ndiyam keewɗe, ina heen ƴiye keewɗe ɗe ngalaa ɗo kaaɗi, ɗe ngalaa ɗo kaaɗi e winndere ndee kala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Yimɓe nokkuuji ɗii ina mbaɗa ndema jawdi e ndema sahaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

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'''Lake Tonga''' ko maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam tawaaɗam e nder nokku biyeteeɗo El-Kala, e nder wilaya El Tarf, to leydi Alseri.

Nde toɗɗaa ko nokku Ramsar ñalnde 11 abriil 1983, nde anndaa ko nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo e nder Afrik worgo.

== Wakere ==
[[File:Plan elkala.png|left|thumb|Located in the municipality of [[El Kala]], Lake Tonga is the easternmost of the three lakes.]]
Lake Tonga ko maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam tawaaɗam e nder feccere hakkundeere park ngenndiijo El-Kala, sara maayo Oubeïra, maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam goɗɗo, e maayo El Mellah, maayo lamɗam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Côte, Marc (1996). Guide d'Algérie : paysages et patrimoine [Guide to Algeria: landscapes and heritage] (in French). Algeria: Média-Plus. p. 211. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9961-9-2200-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde woni ko e ŋoral mawngal hakkunde wuro El Kala, to fuɗnaange-rewo Alseri, e keeri Alseri e Tuunus. Basin maggal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 15 000 ektaar, tawi heen 2 800 ektaar ko nanndi e basin maayo ngoo e hoore mum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Kadid, Yamina; Thébaud, Gilles; Pétel, Gilles; Abdelkrim, Hacène (2007). &quot;Les communautés végétales aquatiques de la classe des Potametea du lac Tonga, El-Kala, Algérie&quot; [Aquatic plant communities of the Potametea class in Lake Tonga, El-Kala, Algeria]. Acta Botanica Gallica (in French). 154 (4): 597–599. doi:10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082. ISSN 1253-8078. Retrieved January 23, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Laddeeji tati ɗii toɗɗaama ngam wonde nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi jogiiɗi nafoore winndereyankoore e nder nanondiral Ramsar e hitaande 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Lake Tonga ina waɗi feccere e maayo hakkundeejo ngo ɓuuɓnaa e jamaanu koloñaal, jooni noon ina hollira sifaaji marse yaajɗo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nokku oo ina waɗi nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo, ina waɗi kadi koɗli leɗɗe, nokkuuji laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi, e njuɓɓudi ɓulli ceene. Leydi ndii ina jokkondiri e maayo Mediteraane&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Réserve Intégrale du Lac Tonga&quot; [Tonga Lake Integral Reserve]. Ramsar (in French). Retrieved January 23, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;, ko adii fof ko Oued El-Hout to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, Oued El-Eurg to worgo-fuɗnaange. Ɗeeɗoo ɓulli ndiyam mbaɗii ɓulli deltaaji ɗi ɓulli mum en ustii seeɗa seeɗa njaajeendi maayo ngoo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Wakati ==
Diiwaan oo ina jogii weeyo Mediteraane, nguleeki mum tolnii e 18,9 °C hitaande kala, e sahaa yooro ina duumoo ko ina wona lebbi nay. Lewru Yarkomaa ɓuri toowde, Lewru Ut ɓuri wulde. Hakindo toɓooli hitaande kala ina ɓura 700 mm, toɓooli ɗii ɓuri heewde ko e ndunngu e ndunngu e toɓɓe leslese e nder ndunngu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna e leɗɗe ==
Leydi ndii ina rokka leɗɗe ndiyam nokku keewɗo faayiida, tawi leɗɗe ina mbaɗa mosaïque renndooji leɗɗe. Fisiyognomi ɓurɗo heewde ko leeso reedngo ngo ko ɓuri heewde e helofit en hoɗi. E nder ndunngu e ndunngu, ƴiye daneeje ina ɓuuɓna feccere mawnde e dow maayo ngoo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Lake Tonga ina hiisee wonde nokku mawɗo ɗo ƴiye njibinaa e nder Afrik worgo, ina hoɗi e ƴiye keewɗe, ƴiye ƴiye, ƴiye ƴiye hirnaange, ƴiye goɗɗe, e ƴiye ndiyam keewɗe, ina heen ƴiye keewɗe ɗe ngalaa ɗo kaaɗi, ɗe ngalaa ɗo kaaɗi e winndere ndee kala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Yimɓe nokkuuji ɗii ina mbaɗa ndema jawdi e ndema sahaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Lake Tonga''' ko maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam tawaaɗam e nder nokku biyeteeɗo El-Kala, e nder wilaya El Tarf, to leydi Alseri.

Nde toɗɗaa ko nokku Ramsar ñalnde 11 abriil 1983, nde anndaa ko nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo e nder Afrik worgo.

== Wakere ==
[[File:Plan elkala.png|left|thumb|Located in the municipality of [[El Kala]], Lake Tonga is the easternmost of the three lakes.]]
Lake Tonga ko maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam tawaaɗam e nder feccere hakkundeere park ngenndiijo El-Kala, sara maayo Oubeïra, maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam goɗɗo, e maayo El Mellah, maayo lamɗam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Côte, Marc (1996). Guide d'Algérie : paysages et patrimoine [Guide to Algeria: landscapes and heritage] (in French). Algeria: Média-Plus. p. 211. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9961-9-2200-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde woni ko e ŋoral mawngal hakkunde wuro El Kala, to fuɗnaange-rewo Alseri, e keeri Alseri e Tuunus. Basin maggal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 15 000 ektaar, tawi heen 2 800 ektaar ko nanndi e basin maayo ngoo e hoore mum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Kadid, Yamina; Thébaud, Gilles; Pétel, Gilles; Abdelkrim, Hacène (2007). &quot;Les communautés végétales aquatiques de la classe des Potametea du lac Tonga, El-Kala, Algérie&quot; [Aquatic plant communities of the Potametea class in Lake Tonga, El-Kala, Algeria]. Acta Botanica Gallica (in French). 154 (4): 597–599. doi:10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082. ISSN 1253-8078. Retrieved January 23, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Laddeeji tati ɗii toɗɗaama ngam wonde nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi jogiiɗi nafoore winndereyankoore e nder nanondiral Ramsar e hitaande 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Lake Tonga ina waɗi feccere e maayo hakkundeejo ngo ɓuuɓnaa e jamaanu koloñaal, jooni noon ina hollira sifaaji marse yaajɗo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nokku oo ina waɗi nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo, ina waɗi kadi koɗli leɗɗe, nokkuuji laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi, e njuɓɓudi ɓulli ceene. Leydi ndii ina jokkondiri e maayo Mediteraane&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Réserve Intégrale du Lac Tonga&quot; [Tonga Lake Integral Reserve]. Ramsar (in French). Retrieved January 23, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;, ko adii fof ko Oued El-Hout to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, Oued El-Eurg to worgo-fuɗnaange. Ɗeeɗoo ɓulli ndiyam mbaɗii ɓulli deltaaji ɗi ɓulli mum en ustii seeɗa seeɗa njaajeendi maayo ngoo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Wakati ==
Diiwaan oo ina jogii weeyo Mediteraane, nguleeki mum tolnii e 18,9 °C hitaande kala, e sahaa yooro ina duumoo ko ina wona lebbi nay. Lewru Yarkomaa ɓuri toowde, Lewru Ut ɓuri wulde. Hakindo toɓooli hitaande kala ina ɓura 700 mm, toɓooli ɗii ɓuri heewde ko e ndunngu e ndunngu e toɓɓe leslese e nder ndunngu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fauna e leɗɗe ==
[[File:Lac tonga el kala.JPG|left|thumb|Water lily]]
Leydi ndii ina rokka leɗɗe ndiyam nokku keewɗo faayiida, tawi leɗɗe ina mbaɗa mosaïque renndooji leɗɗe. Fisiyognomi ɓurɗo heewde ko leeso reedngo ngo ko ɓuri heewde e helofit en hoɗi. E nder ndunngu e ndunngu, ƴiye daneeje ina ɓuuɓna feccere mawnde e dow maayo ngoo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Lake Tonga ina hiisee wonde nokku mawɗo ɗo ƴiye njibinaa e nder Afrik worgo, ina hoɗi e ƴiye keewɗe, ƴiye ƴiye, ƴiye ƴiye hirnaange, ƴiye goɗɗe, e ƴiye ndiyam keewɗe, ina heen ƴiye keewɗe ɗe ngalaa ɗo kaaɗi, ɗe ngalaa ɗo kaaɗi e winndere ndee kala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Yimɓe nokkuuji ɗii ina mbaɗa ndema jawdi e ndema sahaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Lake Tonga''' ko maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam tawaaɗam e nder nokku biyeteeɗo El-Kala, e nder wilaya El Tarf, to leydi Alseri.

Nde toɗɗaa ko nokku Ramsar ñalnde 11 abriil 1983, nde anndaa ko nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo e nder Afrik worgo.

== Wakere ==
[[File:Plan elkala.png|left|thumb|Located in the municipality of [[El Kala]], Lake Tonga is the easternmost of the three lakes.]]
Lake Tonga ko maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam tawaaɗam e nder feccere hakkundeere park ngenndiijo El-Kala, sara maayo Oubeïra, maayo ndiyam laaɓɗam goɗɗo, e maayo El Mellah, maayo lamɗam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Côte, Marc (1996). Guide d'Algérie : paysages et patrimoine [Guide to Algeria: landscapes and heritage] (in French). Algeria: Média-Plus. p. 211. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9961-9-2200-X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde woni ko e ŋoral mawngal hakkunde wuro El Kala, to fuɗnaange-rewo Alseri, e keeri Alseri e Tuunus. Basin maggal ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 15 000 ektaar, tawi heen 2 800 ektaar ko nanndi e basin maayo ngoo e hoore mum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Kadid, Yamina; Thébaud, Gilles; Pétel, Gilles; Abdelkrim, Hacène (2007). &quot;Les communautés végétales aquatiques de la classe des Potametea du lac Tonga, El-Kala, Algérie&quot; [Aquatic plant communities of the Potametea class in Lake Tonga, El-Kala, Algeria]. Acta Botanica Gallica (in French). 154 (4): 597–599. doi:10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082. ISSN 1253-8078. Retrieved January 23, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Laddeeji tati ɗii toɗɗaama ngam wonde nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi jogiiɗi nafoore winndereyankoore e nder nanondiral Ramsar e hitaande 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Lake Tonga ina waɗi feccere e maayo hakkundeejo ngo ɓuuɓnaa e jamaanu koloñaal, jooni noon ina hollira sifaaji marse yaajɗo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nokku oo ina waɗi nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo, ina waɗi kadi koɗli leɗɗe, nokkuuji laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi, e njuɓɓudi ɓulli ceene. Leydi ndii ina jokkondiri e maayo Mediteraane&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Réserve Intégrale du Lac Tonga&quot; [Tonga Lake Integral Reserve]. Ramsar (in French). Retrieved January 23, 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;, ko adii fof ko Oued El-Hout to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, Oued El-Eurg to worgo-fuɗnaange. Ɗeeɗoo ɓulli ndiyam mbaɗii ɓulli deltaaji ɗi ɓulli mum en ustii seeɗa seeɗa njaajeendi maayo ngoo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Wakati ==
Diiwaan oo ina jogii weeyo Mediteraane, nguleeki mum tolnii e 18,9 °C hitaande kala, e sahaa yooro ina duumoo ko ina wona lebbi nay. Lewru Yarkomaa ɓuri toowde, Lewru Ut ɓuri wulde. Hakindo toɓooli hitaande kala ina ɓura 700 mm, toɓooli ɗii ɓuri heewde ko e ndunngu e ndunngu e toɓɓe leslese e nder ndunngu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200&quot; heights=&quot;180&quot; class=&quot;center&quot; caption=&quot;Lake Tonga&quot;&gt;
File:بحيرة طونقا.jpg
File:Lac Tonga.JPG
File:Lac Tonga 01.JPEG
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Fauna e leɗɗe ==
[[File:Lac tonga el kala.JPG|left|thumb|Water lily]]
Leydi ndii ina rokka leɗɗe ndiyam nokku keewɗo faayiida, tawi leɗɗe ina mbaɗa mosaïque renndooji leɗɗe. Fisiyognomi ɓurɗo heewde ko leeso reedngo ngo ko ɓuri heewde e helofit en hoɗi. E nder ndunngu e ndunngu, ƴiye daneeje ina ɓuuɓna feccere mawnde e dow maayo ngoo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Lake Tonga ina hiisee wonde nokku mawɗo ɗo ƴiye njibinaa e nder Afrik worgo, ina hoɗi e ƴiye keewɗe, ƴiye ƴiye, ƴiye ƴiye hirnaange, ƴiye goɗɗe, e ƴiye ndiyam keewɗe, ina heen ƴiye keewɗe ɗe ngalaa ɗo kaaɗi, ɗe ngalaa ɗo kaaɗi e winndere ndee kala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Yimɓe nokkuuji ɗii ina mbaɗa ndema jawdi e ndema sahaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Agut Ntswuo.''' Kod posto nokku oo ko 802.  Demokaraasi  == Yimbe == Winndannde mawnde: Yimɓe Atyap  Fedde yimɓe ɓurnde mawnude e nder wuro ngo ko leñol Atyap jibinannde. Pelle yimɓe Naajeeriya goɗɗe ina tawee kadi e nder wuro ngo.  == Wolde == Winndannde mawnde: Ɗemngal Tyap  Ɗemngal ɓurngal heewde haaleede e wuro ngoo ko ɗemngal Tyap. Ɗemɗe goɗɗe kaaleteeɗe ina heen Hausa e Engele.  == Jaangirde == To bannge jaŋde, wuro ngoo ina waɗi duɗal karalla...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="709" sha1="9somamukthan2htocm9tu9j68q8elz5" xml:space="preserve">'''Agut Ntswuo.''' Kod posto nokku oo ko 802.

Demokaraasi

== Yimbe ==
Winndannde mawnde: Yimɓe Atyap

Fedde yimɓe ɓurnde mawnude e nder wuro ngo ko leñol Atyap jibinannde. Pelle yimɓe Naajeeriya goɗɗe ina tawee kadi e nder wuro ngo.

== Wolde ==
Winndannde mawnde: Ɗemngal Tyap

Ɗemngal ɓurngal heewde haaleede e wuro ngoo ko ɗemngal Tyap. Ɗemɗe goɗɗe kaaleteeɗe ina heen Hausa e Engele.

== Jaangirde ==
To bannge jaŋde, wuro ngoo ina waɗi duɗal karallaagal, duɗal njulaagu siftorde Tafawa Balewa (sosaa ko e hitaande 1988)[5] e duɗal karallaagal ndema, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Nuhu Bamalli, to Matakama (Tagama).[6]

== Ƴeew kadi ==
Doggol gure nder diiwaan Kaduna

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
      <sha1>9somamukthan2htocm9tu9j68q8elz5</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>176772</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T12:58:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isa Oumar</username>
        <id>9821</id>
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      <text bytes="720" sha1="gq9soy5l1ipt0jdnduke9prtakqnpkt" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Agut Ntswuo.''' Kod posto nokku oo ko 802.

Demokaraasi

== Yimbe ==
Winndannde mawnde: Yimɓe Atyap

Fedde yimɓe ɓurnde mawnude e nder wuro ngo ko leñol Atyap jibinannde. Pelle yimɓe Naajeeriya goɗɗe ina tawee kadi e nder wuro ngo.

== Wolde ==
Winndannde mawnde: Ɗemngal Tyap

Ɗemngal ɓurngal heewde haaleede e wuro ngoo ko ɗemngal Tyap. Ɗemɗe goɗɗe kaaleteeɗe ina heen Hausa e Engele.

== Jaangirde ==
To bannge jaŋde, wuro ngoo ina waɗi duɗal karallaagal, duɗal njulaagu siftorde Tafawa Balewa (sosaa ko e hitaande 1988)[5] e duɗal karallaagal ndema, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Nuhu Bamalli, to Matakama (Tagama).[6]

== Ƴeew kadi ==
Doggol gure nder diiwaan Kaduna

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>176774</id>
      <parentid>176773</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T12:59:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isa Oumar</username>
        <id>9821</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>176774</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2334" sha1="qre7zr6da770ru7t035d7uty7zmhdvc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Agut Ntswuo.''' Kod posto nokku oo ko 802.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://punchng.com/group-presents-digital-translation-of-kaduna-languages/|title=Group presents digital translation of Kaduna languages|date=September 3, 2024|last=Bulus|first=Israel|access-date=September 9, 2024|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Demokaraasi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|accessdate=2009-10-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|archivedate=2009-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yimbe ==
Winndannde mawnde: Yimɓe Atyap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://punchng.com/group-presents-digital-translation-of-kaduna-languages/|title=Group presents digital translation of Kaduna languages|date=September 3, 2024|last=Bulus|first=Israel|access-date=September 9, 2024|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://punchng.com/group-presents-digital-translation-of-kaduna-languages/|title=Group presents digital translation of Kaduna languages|date=September 3, 2024|last=Bulus|first=Israel|access-date=September 9, 2024|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|accessdate=2009-10-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|archivedate=2009-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fedde yimɓe ɓurnde mawnude e nder wuro ngo ko leñol Atyap jibinannde. Pelle yimɓe Naajeeriya goɗɗe ina tawee kadi e nder wuro ngo.

== Wolde ==
Winndannde mawnde: Ɗemngal Tyap

Ɗemngal ɓurngal heewde haaleede e wuro ngoo ko ɗemngal Tyap. Ɗemɗe goɗɗe kaaleteeɗe ina heen Hausa e Engele.

== Jaangirde ==
To bannge jaŋde, wuro ngoo ina waɗi duɗal karallaagal, duɗal njulaagu siftorde Tafawa Balewa (sosaa ko e hitaande 1988)[5] e duɗal karallaagal ndema, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Nuhu Bamalli, to Matakama (Tagama).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|accessdate=2009-10-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|archivedate=2009-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƴeew kadi ==
Doggol gure nder diiwaan Kaduna

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-27T13:04:48Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Isa Oumar</username>
        <id>9821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Ashong Ashyui''' (Hausa: Jankasa) woni wuro nder diiwal Jei nder diiwal laamu lesdi Zangon Kataf, haa woyla lesdi Kaduna nder diiwal hakkundeere lesdi Naajeeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NI/00/Jankasa.html|title=Jankasa, Nigeria page|access-date=September 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kod posto wuro ngo ko 802141&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/kaduna-zangon-kataf-jankasa-jankasa.html|title=Nigeria Postcode|access-date=September 24, 2...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3823" sha1="jg56l0oyx6sqdqqsl8bsqtsqbgnshsa" xml:space="preserve">'''Ashong Ashyui''' (Hausa: Jankasa) woni wuro nder diiwal Jei nder diiwal laamu lesdi Zangon Kataf, haa woyla lesdi Kaduna nder diiwal hakkundeere lesdi Naajeeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NI/00/Jankasa.html|title=Jankasa, Nigeria page|access-date=September 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kod posto wuro ngo ko 802141&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/kaduna-zangon-kataf-jankasa-jankasa.html|title=Nigeria Postcode|access-date=September 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|accessdate=2009-10-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|archivedate=2009-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;.Nokku oo ina jogii tooweeki fotde 2 798 meeteer walla 852 meeteer, ina waɗi fotde 7 837 neɗɗo.[5] Aeroport ɓurɗo ɓadaade renndo ngo ko Aeroport Yakubu Gowon, Jos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NI/00/Jankasa.html|title=Jankasa, Nigeria page|access-date=September 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sarwiis cellal ==
E nder hitaande 2016, hoɗɓe e renndo Ashong Ashyui, wuro wonngo e nder diiwaan laamu Zangon Kataf to bannge worgo Kaduna Naajeeriya, anndinaama wonde ɓe teskiima ŋakkeende cellal e nder renndo maɓɓe, ɓe kollitii wonde ɓe njahrata ko 15KM ngam heɓde laawol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NI/00/Jankasa.html|title=Jankasa, Nigeria page|access-date=September 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɓe ngulli ngam waasde jogaade kaɓirɗe keewɗe baɗɗe faayiida Eg: ŋakkeende duɗe, ŋakkeende ndiyam portaabe, kaɓirɗe ndema jamaanu e ko ɓuri teeŋtude ko kaɓirɗe tokoose no feewi ngam golloraade yimɓe heewɓe.[6] Daily Trust Health Desk hawritii wonde debbo gooto reeduɗo, e sukaaɓe tato maayii e ndee hitaande sabu ŋakkeende yettaade nokku cellal ɓurɗo ɓadaade wuro ngo.

Rewɓe reeduɓe heewɓe mbi’aama njibinii e laawol feewde safrirde nde won heen ɓe keɓii caɗeele ɗe njahraani e safrirde ɓurnde ɓadaade ina nguuri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/kaduna-zangon-kataf-jankasa-jankasa.html|title=Nigeria Postcode|access-date=September 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|accessdate=2009-10-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|archivedate=2009-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Koɗkiiji ==
Ko adii 2017, ko diiwaan keeriiɗo wonnoo. Kono caggal ɗuum nde hawri e diiwaan Jei (Unguwar Gaya).[2] Ina jeyaa e koɗkiiji e nder ndee diiwaan:&lt;ref&gt;Achi et al (2019) p. 11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/search/?keyword=Jankasa&amp;state=Kaduna|title=Jankasa, Zangon Kataf|website=Nigeria Postcode|access-date=September 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Apyiya Akamm
* Apyinzwaŋ
* Akputuut
* Ashong Asyui
* Ashong Ashyui 1
* Ashong Ashyui 2
* Ashong Ashyui 3
* Atyecarak (Attachirak, Kacecere)
* Awak
* Makarau
* Manchong
* Manyi Aminyam
* Ashyui heewɓe
* Manta Ason
* Matari
* Nok Ashyui (kañum ne Magata, e Afan Tsaai)

== Yimɓe teskinaaɓe ==
Lietnaa-kolonel Musa Bityong (maayɗo), ofisee konu

Seneraal mawɗo biyeteeɗo Zamani Lekwot (to bannge golle), ofisee konu

Hon. Ruth Jummai Ango Gonnooɗo tergal, suudu sarɗiiji:&lt;ref&gt;Achi et al (2019) p. 11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/search/?keyword=Jankasa&amp;state=Kaduna|title=Jankasa, Zangon Kataf|website=Nigeria Postcode|access-date=September 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bindol ==
Aki, B.; Bitiyon, Y. A.; Bunɡwon, A. D.; Baaba, M. Y.; Jim, L. K. N.; Kazaa-Tuure, M.; Philips, J. E. « Daartol juutngol e Atyap » (2019). Zaria: Tamaza Publishing Co. Pp. 9-245.

== Ƴeew kadi ==

* Laamu Atyap
* Doggol gure nder diiwaan Kaduna

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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    </revision>
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      <id>176776</id>
      <parentid>176775</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T13:05:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isa Oumar</username>
        <id>9821</id>
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      <origin>176776</origin>
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      <text bytes="3834" sha1="ajtpjyff408ulcvn5kxlf2cehf1f1mw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Ashong Ashyui''' (Hausa: Jankasa) woni wuro nder diiwal Jei nder diiwal laamu lesdi Zangon Kataf, haa woyla lesdi Kaduna nder diiwal hakkundeere lesdi Naajeeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NI/00/Jankasa.html|title=Jankasa, Nigeria page|access-date=September 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kod posto wuro ngo ko 802141&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/kaduna-zangon-kataf-jankasa-jankasa.html|title=Nigeria Postcode|access-date=September 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|accessdate=2009-10-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|archivedate=2009-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;.Nokku oo ina jogii tooweeki fotde 2 798 meeteer walla 852 meeteer, ina waɗi fotde 7 837 neɗɗo.[5] Aeroport ɓurɗo ɓadaade renndo ngo ko Aeroport Yakubu Gowon, Jos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NI/00/Jankasa.html|title=Jankasa, Nigeria page|access-date=September 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sarwiis cellal ==
E nder hitaande 2016, hoɗɓe e renndo Ashong Ashyui, wuro wonngo e nder diiwaan laamu Zangon Kataf to bannge worgo Kaduna Naajeeriya, anndinaama wonde ɓe teskiima ŋakkeende cellal e nder renndo maɓɓe, ɓe kollitii wonde ɓe njahrata ko 15KM ngam heɓde laawol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NI/00/Jankasa.html|title=Jankasa, Nigeria page|access-date=September 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɓe ngulli ngam waasde jogaade kaɓirɗe keewɗe baɗɗe faayiida Eg: ŋakkeende duɗe, ŋakkeende ndiyam portaabe, kaɓirɗe ndema jamaanu e ko ɓuri teeŋtude ko kaɓirɗe tokoose no feewi ngam golloraade yimɓe heewɓe.[6] Daily Trust Health Desk hawritii wonde debbo gooto reeduɗo, e sukaaɓe tato maayii e ndee hitaande sabu ŋakkeende yettaade nokku cellal ɓurɗo ɓadaade wuro ngo.

Rewɓe reeduɓe heewɓe mbi’aama njibinii e laawol feewde safrirde nde won heen ɓe keɓii caɗeele ɗe njahraani e safrirde ɓurnde ɓadaade ina nguuri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/kaduna-zangon-kataf-jankasa-jankasa.html|title=Nigeria Postcode|access-date=September 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|accessdate=2009-10-20|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|archivedate=2009-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Koɗkiiji ==
Ko adii 2017, ko diiwaan keeriiɗo wonnoo. Kono caggal ɗuum nde hawri e diiwaan Jei (Unguwar Gaya).[2] Ina jeyaa e koɗkiiji e nder ndee diiwaan:&lt;ref&gt;Achi et al (2019) p. 11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/search/?keyword=Jankasa&amp;state=Kaduna|title=Jankasa, Zangon Kataf|website=Nigeria Postcode|access-date=September 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Apyiya Akamm
* Apyinzwaŋ
* Akputuut
* Ashong Asyui
* Ashong Ashyui 1
* Ashong Ashyui 2
* Ashong Ashyui 3
* Atyecarak (Attachirak, Kacecere)
* Awak
* Makarau
* Manchong
* Manyi Aminyam
* Ashyui heewɓe
* Manta Ason
* Matari
* Nok Ashyui (kañum ne Magata, e Afan Tsaai)

== Yimɓe teskinaaɓe ==
Lietnaa-kolonel Musa Bityong (maayɗo), ofisee konu

Seneraal mawɗo biyeteeɗo Zamani Lekwot (to bannge golle), ofisee konu

Hon. Ruth Jummai Ango Gonnooɗo tergal, suudu sarɗiiji:&lt;ref&gt;Achi et al (2019) p. 11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/search/?keyword=Jankasa&amp;state=Kaduna|title=Jankasa, Zangon Kataf|website=Nigeria Postcode|access-date=September 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bindol ==
Aki, B.; Bitiyon, Y. A.; Bunɡwon, A. D.; Baaba, M. Y.; Jim, L. K. N.; Kazaa-Tuure, M.; Philips, J. E. « Daartol juutngol e Atyap » (2019). Zaria: Tamaza Publishing Co. Pp. 9-245.

== Ƴeew kadi ==

* Laamu Atyap
* Doggol gure nder diiwaan Kaduna

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
      <sha1>ajtpjyff408ulcvn5kxlf2cehf1f1mw</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Atakmawai</title>
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      <id>176777</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T13:12:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isa Oumar</username>
        <id>9821</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Atakmawai ('''kañum ne ina winndaa e ɗemngal Atak Mawai, e ɗemngal Hausa), ko wuro ngo woni e nder diiwaan Zonzon, e nder diiwaan laamu Zangon Kataf, to bannge worgo leydi Kaduna e nder diiwaan Middle Belt to leydi Najeriya.[1] Kod posto nokku oo ko 802144. Renndo ngo woni ko e njilluuji keewɗi e nder duuɓi 2021 e 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-09-05|title=Gunmen Burn 10 People To Death While Sleeping In Southern Kaduna|url=https://newsrangers.com/gunmen-burn-10-...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4284" sha1="io6ylvoz0bxghy8h4ez2qcsyz6pa48g" xml:space="preserve">'''Atakmawai ('''kañum ne ina winndaa e ɗemngal Atak Mawai, e ɗemngal Hausa), ko wuro ngo woni e nder diiwaan Zonzon, e nder diiwaan laamu Zangon Kataf, to bannge worgo leydi Kaduna e nder diiwaan Middle Belt to leydi Najeriya.[1] Kod posto nokku oo ko 802144. Renndo ngo woni ko e njilluuji keewɗi e nder duuɓi 2021 e 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-09-05|title=Gunmen Burn 10 People To Death While Sleeping In Southern Kaduna|url=https://newsrangers.com/gunmen-burn-10-people-to-death-while-sleeping-in-southern-kaduna|access-date=2025-09-06|website=NEWS RANGERS|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NLN Index &amp; Abstract - Newspapers|url=https://nln.gov.ng/newspaperindex/browseTitleexpand.php?title=In%20fresh%20attacks,%20bandits%20kill%20dozens%20in%20Kaduna,%20Niger%20&amp;page=browseTitle|access-date=2025-09-06|website=nln.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=AriseNews|date=2022-01-31|title=Nigeria: Terrorists Kill 10 in Kaduna Rampage, 12 Task Force Members in Niger|url=https://www.arise.tv/nigeria-terrorists-kill-10-in-kaduna-rampage-12-task-force-members-in-niger/|access-date=2025-09-06|website=Arise News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Akpan|first=Samuel|date=2022-01-30|title='10 killed', houses razed as gunmen invade Kaduna community|url=https://www.thecable.ng/10-killed-houses-razed-as-gunmen-invade-kaduna-community/|access-date=2025-09-06|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NLN Index &amp; Abstract - Newspapers|url=https://nln.gov.ng/newspaperindex/browseTitleexpand.php?title=In%20fresh%20attacks,%20bandits%20kill%20dozens%20in%20Kaduna,%20Niger%20&amp;page=browseTitle|access-date=2025-09-06|website=nln.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sokla kisal ==
Oo wuro tampinii njanguuji bonɗi hakkunde 2020 e 2022. E lewru ut 2020, e nder njanguuji ɓurɗi yaajde e nder diiwaan hee, Atakmawai ina jeyaa e renndooji Atyap keewɗi ɗi jom en kaɓirɗe njiylotonoo. Ñawanɗe ɗe mbaɗii maayɓe heewɓe e cuuɗi keewɗi njani e mum en. Kadi, e lewru Yarkomaa 2022, Atakmawai yani e juuɗe jom en kaɓirɗe en, mbari ko ina tolnoo e yimɓe 10, ngulli cuuɗi keewɗi. Ñawannde nde waɗi ko tawi hoɗɓe toon ina ɗaanii. E nder jaabawol noddaango ƴaañorgal, konu leydi Najeriya (Air Force Special Forces) ndartinii golle mum en, tawi ina njuɓɓina ñalɗi ɗii. Kono peeje ɗee ngonaa e gure teeru tan kono ina mbaɗi gure keewɗe e renndooji keewɗi e nder nokkuuji laamu nokkuuji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-09-05|title=Gunmen Burn 10 People To Death While Sleeping In Southern Kaduna|url=https://newsrangers.com/gunmen-burn-10-people-to-death-while-sleeping-in-southern-kaduna|access-date=2025-09-06|website=NEWS RANGERS|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NLN Index &amp; Abstract - Newspapers|url=https://nln.gov.ng/newspaperindex/browseTitleexpand.php?title=In%20fresh%20attacks,%20bandits%20kill%20dozens%20in%20Kaduna,%20Niger%20&amp;page=browseTitle|access-date=2025-09-06|website=nln.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NLN Index &amp; Abstract - Newspapers|url=https://nln.gov.ng/newspaperindex/browseTitleexpand.php?title=In%20fresh%20attacks,%20bandits%20kill%20dozens%20in%20Kaduna,%20Niger%20&amp;page=browseTitle|access-date=2025-09-06|website=nln.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NLN Index &amp; Abstract - Newspapers|url=https://nln.gov.ng/newspaperindex/browseTitleexpand.php?title=In%20fresh%20attacks,%20bandits%20kill%20dozens%20in%20Kaduna,%20Niger%20&amp;page=browseTitle|access-date=2025-09-06|website=nln.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=AriseNews|date=2022-01-31|title=Nigeria: Terrorists Kill 10 in Kaduna Rampage, 12 Task Force Members in Niger|url=https://www.arise.tv/nigeria-terrorists-kill-10-in-kaduna-rampage-12-task-force-members-in-niger/|access-date=2025-09-06|website=Arise News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Akpan|first=Samuel|date=2022-01-30|title='10 killed', houses razed as gunmen invade Kaduna community|url=https://www.thecable.ng/10-killed-houses-razed-as-gunmen-invade-kaduna-community/|access-date=2025-09-06|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngonka weeyo ==
Nokku oo ina jogii dumunnaaji ɗiɗi ko dumunna toɓo e yooro e nder hitaande.[7]

== Ƴeew kadi ==
Doggol gure nder diiwaan Kaduna

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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        <id>9821</id>
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      <text bytes="4295" sha1="3oo0obq3tie9tbus47d1vihgbabbadk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Atakmawai ('''kañum ne ina winndaa e ɗemngal Atak Mawai, e ɗemngal Hausa), ko wuro ngo woni e nder diiwaan Zonzon, e nder diiwaan laamu Zangon Kataf, to bannge worgo leydi Kaduna e nder diiwaan Middle Belt to leydi Najeriya.[1] Kod posto nokku oo ko 802144. Renndo ngo woni ko e njilluuji keewɗi e nder duuɓi 2021 e 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-09-05|title=Gunmen Burn 10 People To Death While Sleeping In Southern Kaduna|url=https://newsrangers.com/gunmen-burn-10-people-to-death-while-sleeping-in-southern-kaduna|access-date=2025-09-06|website=NEWS RANGERS|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NLN Index &amp; Abstract - Newspapers|url=https://nln.gov.ng/newspaperindex/browseTitleexpand.php?title=In%20fresh%20attacks,%20bandits%20kill%20dozens%20in%20Kaduna,%20Niger%20&amp;page=browseTitle|access-date=2025-09-06|website=nln.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=AriseNews|date=2022-01-31|title=Nigeria: Terrorists Kill 10 in Kaduna Rampage, 12 Task Force Members in Niger|url=https://www.arise.tv/nigeria-terrorists-kill-10-in-kaduna-rampage-12-task-force-members-in-niger/|access-date=2025-09-06|website=Arise News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Akpan|first=Samuel|date=2022-01-30|title='10 killed', houses razed as gunmen invade Kaduna community|url=https://www.thecable.ng/10-killed-houses-razed-as-gunmen-invade-kaduna-community/|access-date=2025-09-06|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NLN Index &amp; Abstract - Newspapers|url=https://nln.gov.ng/newspaperindex/browseTitleexpand.php?title=In%20fresh%20attacks,%20bandits%20kill%20dozens%20in%20Kaduna,%20Niger%20&amp;page=browseTitle|access-date=2025-09-06|website=nln.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sokla kisal ==
Oo wuro tampinii njanguuji bonɗi hakkunde 2020 e 2022. E lewru ut 2020, e nder njanguuji ɓurɗi yaajde e nder diiwaan hee, Atakmawai ina jeyaa e renndooji Atyap keewɗi ɗi jom en kaɓirɗe njiylotonoo. Ñawanɗe ɗe mbaɗii maayɓe heewɓe e cuuɗi keewɗi njani e mum en. Kadi, e lewru Yarkomaa 2022, Atakmawai yani e juuɗe jom en kaɓirɗe en, mbari ko ina tolnoo e yimɓe 10, ngulli cuuɗi keewɗi. Ñawannde nde waɗi ko tawi hoɗɓe toon ina ɗaanii. E nder jaabawol noddaango ƴaañorgal, konu leydi Najeriya (Air Force Special Forces) ndartinii golle mum en, tawi ina njuɓɓina ñalɗi ɗii. Kono peeje ɗee ngonaa e gure teeru tan kono ina mbaɗi gure keewɗe e renndooji keewɗi e nder nokkuuji laamu nokkuuji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-09-05|title=Gunmen Burn 10 People To Death While Sleeping In Southern Kaduna|url=https://newsrangers.com/gunmen-burn-10-people-to-death-while-sleeping-in-southern-kaduna|access-date=2025-09-06|website=NEWS RANGERS|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NLN Index &amp; Abstract - Newspapers|url=https://nln.gov.ng/newspaperindex/browseTitleexpand.php?title=In%20fresh%20attacks,%20bandits%20kill%20dozens%20in%20Kaduna,%20Niger%20&amp;page=browseTitle|access-date=2025-09-06|website=nln.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NLN Index &amp; Abstract - Newspapers|url=https://nln.gov.ng/newspaperindex/browseTitleexpand.php?title=In%20fresh%20attacks,%20bandits%20kill%20dozens%20in%20Kaduna,%20Niger%20&amp;page=browseTitle|access-date=2025-09-06|website=nln.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NLN Index &amp; Abstract - Newspapers|url=https://nln.gov.ng/newspaperindex/browseTitleexpand.php?title=In%20fresh%20attacks,%20bandits%20kill%20dozens%20in%20Kaduna,%20Niger%20&amp;page=browseTitle|access-date=2025-09-06|website=nln.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=AriseNews|date=2022-01-31|title=Nigeria: Terrorists Kill 10 in Kaduna Rampage, 12 Task Force Members in Niger|url=https://www.arise.tv/nigeria-terrorists-kill-10-in-kaduna-rampage-12-task-force-members-in-niger/|access-date=2025-09-06|website=Arise News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Akpan|first=Samuel|date=2022-01-30|title='10 killed', houses razed as gunmen invade Kaduna community|url=https://www.thecable.ng/10-killed-houses-razed-as-gunmen-invade-kaduna-community/|access-date=2025-09-06|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngonka weeyo ==
Nokku oo ina jogii dumunnaaji ɗiɗi ko dumunna toɓo e yooro e nder hitaande.[7]

== Ƴeew kadi ==
Doggol gure nder diiwaan Kaduna

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Atyap Chiefdom</title>
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        <id>9821</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Atyap Chiefdom''' ko lesdi aadaaji Naajeeriya, ndi leñol Atyap, woni dow maayo Kaduna dow cakaare Naajeeriya nder cakaare. Joɗnde mayre woni ko A̠tak Njei, Zangon Kataf, to bannge worgo leydi Kaduna, to leydi Nijeer..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sharpedgenews.com/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=item&amp;id=956:gas-development-will-be-employed-to-power-nigeria-s-economic-transformation-nnpc-boss&amp;Itemid=692|title=Gas Development will be Employed to Power Nigeria's Economi...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4732" sha1="hfamnz9jiet98g3xk4tt54birp4j7g6" xml:space="preserve">'''Atyap Chiefdom''' ko lesdi aadaaji Naajeeriya, ndi leñol Atyap, woni dow maayo Kaduna dow cakaare Naajeeriya nder cakaare. Joɗnde mayre woni ko A̠tak Njei, Zangon Kataf, to bannge worgo leydi Kaduna, to leydi Nijeer..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sharpedgenews.com/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=item&amp;id=956:gas-development-will-be-employed-to-power-nigeria-s-economic-transformation-nnpc-boss&amp;Itemid=692|title=Gas Development will be Employed to Power Nigeria's Economic Transformation - NNPC Boss|access-date=July 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.radionigeria.gov.ng/2020/07/16/idps-decries-non-compliance-with-covid-19-protocols/|last=Awuhe|first=Terfa|title=IDPs decries non-compliance with COVID-19 protocols|date=July 16, 2020|access-date=September 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yimbe ==
Winndannde mawnde: Yimɓe Atyap

Alaama Atyap.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sharpedgenews.com/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=item&amp;id=956:gas-development-will-be-employed-to-power-nigeria-s-economic-transformation-nnpc-boss&amp;Itemid=692|title=Gas Development will be Employed to Power Nigeria's Economic Transformation - NNPC Boss|access-date=July 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.radionigeria.gov.ng/2020/07/16/idps-decries-non-compliance-with-covid-19-protocols/|last=Awuhe|first=Terfa|title=IDPs decries non-compliance with COVID-19 protocols|date=July 16, 2020|access-date=September 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fedde yimɓe ɓurnde mawnude e nder Chiefdom ko yimɓe Atyap jibinaaɓe.

== Tariya ==
Laamu Atyap sosaa ko e hitaande 1995. E hitaande 2007, ngu ɓeydaa e darnde First Class.[3]

== Ngomna ==
Laamu Atyap ko Diiso aadaaji Atyap ardii ɗum,[4] ko A̠gwatyap woni hooreejo mum.

Feccere njuɓɓudi laamu

== Diiwanuuji ==
Ministeer laamu lesdi Kaduna hokki limngal maako diiwalji gonɗi 16, diiwalji jaɓaaɗi jowi e diiwalji jaɓaaɗi 61.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kwekudee-tripdownmemorylane.blogspot.com/2013/09/atyap-kataf-people-aboriginal-people-of.html?m=1|title=ATYAP (KATAF) PEOPLE THE ABORIGINAL PEOPLE OF KADUNA|date=September 10, 2013|website=Trip Down Memory Lane|access-date=July 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ko ɗeen ngoni diiwanuuji hakkunde 1995 e 2017:[6]

Kono noon, ko ɗeen ngoni diiwanuuji joy jooni ɗi laamu jaɓi gila 2017 haa jooni, ɗi guwerneer diiwaan Kaduna jooɗiiɗo oo, Nasir Elrufai, mo o wiyi, no Premium Times, Nijeer holliri nii, wonde goomu nguu sosaa ngam haalde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi diiwaan oo e nder diiwaan hee, timminii wonde ɓeydagol limoore (proliferation of the era) teddeendi kaalis wonande Diisooji laamu nokkuuji. Ndeke, waylo-waylo maɓɓe artii e ko adii 2001

== Joɗnde mawnde ==
Jooɗorde laamu Atyap ko Atak Njei, ɗo galle laamorɗo Agwatyap (Tyap: Magwatyap) woni.[7]

Ko ɓooyaani koo, wonno ko laamu diiwaan Kaduna, mo Nasir el-Rufai ardii, waɗi golle ngam naamnaade nokku ɗo laamɗo oo woni ɗoo e oon nokku, tawaaɗo e saraaji wuro Zangon Kataf (Tyap: Ánietcen-A̱fakan) ɗo Hausa-Fulani-Kanuri ɓuri heewde, ko huunde nde Fedde Developuni (ACDA).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kwekudee-tripdownmemorylane.blogspot.com/2013/09/atyap-kataf-people-aboriginal-people-of.html?m=1|title=ATYAP (KATAF) PEOPLE THE ABORIGINAL PEOPLE OF KADUNA|date=September 10, 2013|website=Trip Down Memory Lane|access-date=July 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kwekudee-tripdownmemorylane.blogspot.com/2013/09/atyap-kataf-people-aboriginal-people-of.html?m=1|title=ATYAP (KATAF) PEOPLE THE ABORIGINAL PEOPLE OF KADUNA|date=September 10, 2013|website=Trip Down Memory Lane|access-date=July 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Laamu ==
Cuuɗi laamɓe

Laamu Atyap ina waɗi cuuɗi laamɓe nay pecciraaɗi fawaade e leƴƴi nay leñol Atyap, woni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sharpedgenews.com/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=item&amp;id=956:gas-development-will-be-employed-to-power-nigeria-s-economic-transformation-nnpc-boss&amp;Itemid=692|title=Gas Development will be Employed to Power Nigeria's Economic Transformation - NNPC Boss|access-date=July 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.radionigeria.gov.ng/2020/07/16/idps-decries-non-compliance-with-covid-19-protocols/|last=Awuhe|first=Terfa|title=IDPs decries non-compliance with COVID-19 protocols|date=July 16, 2020|access-date=September 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Laamɓe ==
Laamɓe laamɓe e laamu Atyap ina nganndiraa A̠gwatyap.[8]

Konngol ngol ummii ko e ɗeeɗoo kelme ɗiɗi Tyap : a̱gwam (ɗum woni laamɗo) e Atatyap (ɗum woni caggal leñol Atyap) e ɗemngal mum firti ko &quot;laamɗo Atyap&quot;.[6]

Doggol laamɓe

Inɗe ɓeeɗoo laamɓe laamɓe gila 1995 haa hannde ko nii siforii :

== Ƴeew kadi ==
Abwoi diina

Ayet Atyap ko ñalngu pinal hitaande kala

Fombina Kaduna

Kiriisuuji Zangon Kataf e hitaande 1992

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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        <id>9821</id>
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      <text bytes="4743" sha1="gae16eceuc11rmf4hg4qts0oavpao93" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Atyap Chiefdom''' ko lesdi aadaaji Naajeeriya, ndi leñol Atyap, woni dow maayo Kaduna dow cakaare Naajeeriya nder cakaare. Joɗnde mayre woni ko A̠tak Njei, Zangon Kataf, to bannge worgo leydi Kaduna, to leydi Nijeer..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sharpedgenews.com/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=item&amp;id=956:gas-development-will-be-employed-to-power-nigeria-s-economic-transformation-nnpc-boss&amp;Itemid=692|title=Gas Development will be Employed to Power Nigeria's Economic Transformation - NNPC Boss|access-date=July 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.radionigeria.gov.ng/2020/07/16/idps-decries-non-compliance-with-covid-19-protocols/|last=Awuhe|first=Terfa|title=IDPs decries non-compliance with COVID-19 protocols|date=July 16, 2020|access-date=September 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yimbe ==
Winndannde mawnde: Yimɓe Atyap

Alaama Atyap.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sharpedgenews.com/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=item&amp;id=956:gas-development-will-be-employed-to-power-nigeria-s-economic-transformation-nnpc-boss&amp;Itemid=692|title=Gas Development will be Employed to Power Nigeria's Economic Transformation - NNPC Boss|access-date=July 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.radionigeria.gov.ng/2020/07/16/idps-decries-non-compliance-with-covid-19-protocols/|last=Awuhe|first=Terfa|title=IDPs decries non-compliance with COVID-19 protocols|date=July 16, 2020|access-date=September 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fedde yimɓe ɓurnde mawnude e nder Chiefdom ko yimɓe Atyap jibinaaɓe.

== Tariya ==
Laamu Atyap sosaa ko e hitaande 1995. E hitaande 2007, ngu ɓeydaa e darnde First Class.[3]

== Ngomna ==
Laamu Atyap ko Diiso aadaaji Atyap ardii ɗum,[4] ko A̠gwatyap woni hooreejo mum.

Feccere njuɓɓudi laamu

== Diiwanuuji ==
Ministeer laamu lesdi Kaduna hokki limngal maako diiwalji gonɗi 16, diiwalji jaɓaaɗi jowi e diiwalji jaɓaaɗi 61.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kwekudee-tripdownmemorylane.blogspot.com/2013/09/atyap-kataf-people-aboriginal-people-of.html?m=1|title=ATYAP (KATAF) PEOPLE THE ABORIGINAL PEOPLE OF KADUNA|date=September 10, 2013|website=Trip Down Memory Lane|access-date=July 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ko ɗeen ngoni diiwanuuji hakkunde 1995 e 2017:[6]

Kono noon, ko ɗeen ngoni diiwanuuji joy jooni ɗi laamu jaɓi gila 2017 haa jooni, ɗi guwerneer diiwaan Kaduna jooɗiiɗo oo, Nasir Elrufai, mo o wiyi, no Premium Times, Nijeer holliri nii, wonde goomu nguu sosaa ngam haalde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi diiwaan oo e nder diiwaan hee, timminii wonde ɓeydagol limoore (proliferation of the era) teddeendi kaalis wonande Diisooji laamu nokkuuji. Ndeke, waylo-waylo maɓɓe artii e ko adii 2001

== Joɗnde mawnde ==
Jooɗorde laamu Atyap ko Atak Njei, ɗo galle laamorɗo Agwatyap (Tyap: Magwatyap) woni.[7]

Ko ɓooyaani koo, wonno ko laamu diiwaan Kaduna, mo Nasir el-Rufai ardii, waɗi golle ngam naamnaade nokku ɗo laamɗo oo woni ɗoo e oon nokku, tawaaɗo e saraaji wuro Zangon Kataf (Tyap: Ánietcen-A̱fakan) ɗo Hausa-Fulani-Kanuri ɓuri heewde, ko huunde nde Fedde Developuni (ACDA).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kwekudee-tripdownmemorylane.blogspot.com/2013/09/atyap-kataf-people-aboriginal-people-of.html?m=1|title=ATYAP (KATAF) PEOPLE THE ABORIGINAL PEOPLE OF KADUNA|date=September 10, 2013|website=Trip Down Memory Lane|access-date=July 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kwekudee-tripdownmemorylane.blogspot.com/2013/09/atyap-kataf-people-aboriginal-people-of.html?m=1|title=ATYAP (KATAF) PEOPLE THE ABORIGINAL PEOPLE OF KADUNA|date=September 10, 2013|website=Trip Down Memory Lane|access-date=July 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Laamu ==
Cuuɗi laamɓe

Laamu Atyap ina waɗi cuuɗi laamɓe nay pecciraaɗi fawaade e leƴƴi nay leñol Atyap, woni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sharpedgenews.com/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=item&amp;id=956:gas-development-will-be-employed-to-power-nigeria-s-economic-transformation-nnpc-boss&amp;Itemid=692|title=Gas Development will be Employed to Power Nigeria's Economic Transformation - NNPC Boss|access-date=July 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.radionigeria.gov.ng/2020/07/16/idps-decries-non-compliance-with-covid-19-protocols/|last=Awuhe|first=Terfa|title=IDPs decries non-compliance with COVID-19 protocols|date=July 16, 2020|access-date=September 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Laamɓe ==
Laamɓe laamɓe e laamu Atyap ina nganndiraa A̠gwatyap.[8]

Konngol ngol ummii ko e ɗeeɗoo kelme ɗiɗi Tyap : a̱gwam (ɗum woni laamɗo) e Atatyap (ɗum woni caggal leñol Atyap) e ɗemngal mum firti ko &quot;laamɗo Atyap&quot;.[6]

Doggol laamɓe

Inɗe ɓeeɗoo laamɓe laamɓe gila 1995 haa hannde ko nii siforii :

== Ƴeew kadi ==
Abwoi diina

Ayet Atyap ko ñalngu pinal hitaande kala

Fombina Kaduna

Kiriisuuji Zangon Kataf e hitaande 1992

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>John Hawley Glover</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357300796|John Hawley Glover]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Sir John Hawley Glover''' GCMG (24 feebariyee 1829 &amp;#x2013; 30 suwee 1885) ko ofisee laana ndiwoowa laamɗo, gonnooɗo guwerneer [[Koloni Lagos|koloñaal Lagos]], guwerneer Newfoundland, e guwerneer duuɗe Leeward Biritaan .

== Golle laana ndiwoowa ==
O naati e golle ɗee ko e hitaande 1841, o heɓi ƴeewndo makko e hitaande 1849, kono o heɓaani yamiroore haa lewru mee 1851.

O golliima e dingiral ceertungal, o gaañii no feewi e nder hare hakkunde makko e Birmaani to Donabew (4 feebariyee 1853). E nder duuɓi makko e golle lietnaa e nder laana ndiwoowa o dañii humpito mawngo e nder geec Afrik, o tawtoraama e yah-ngartaa Dr WB Baikie dow [[Maayo Jaaliba|Niiseer]] . {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Glover kadi yamiri laana ndiwoowa gonka e dogde e maayo Lagos e hitaande 1861. 

== Guwerneer leydi Lagos ==
Ñalnde 21 abriil 1863, o toɗɗaa gardiiɗo laamu [[Koloni Lagos]], e nder oon fannu, walla ko o gardiiɗo koloñaal, o woni ɗoon haa hitaande 1872. {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}} No o laamirta Lagos nii, ina luurdi e ardiiɓe birooji Koloni Angalteer, ɓe ngulliima e &quot;disre&quot; makko.  Kono e Lagosnaaɓe, Glover ina yiɗaa, ina wiyee ''Oba Globar'' e giɗli sabu ƴettugol makko paandaale gonɗe e pinal nokku oo. O ardii luure keewɗe e nder Lagos, o rewi e ñaawirɗe koloñaal kese. O rewi e hakkille makko jokkondiral e Lagosinaaɓe ko wayi no Oshodi Tapa, Kosoko, e [[Taiwo Olowo]] wonnooɓe ko adii ɗuum naftortooɓe njulaagu jiyaaɓe hakkunde Atlantik, o hirjini ɓe e laawol njulaagu laawɗungu. Ko ɓuri haawnaade heen, ko ɓeen ngoni añɓe politik Oba Lagos mo jooni leefɗi, Dosunmu mo rokki Lagos e juuɗe Angalteer e lewru ut 1861 e les nanondiral Lagos . E nder heen, lowre nde Glover remnoo e lollirɓe Lagos, rokki mo hakkille e humpitooji baawɗi addande mo laamaade no moƴƴi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mann&quot; /&gt;

=== Sosde ardiiɗo konu e polis leydi Naajeeriya ===
Glover sosi nukkuur konu e polis leydi Nijeer hannde oo e jiyaaɓe 10 Hausaaji dognooɓe ñalnde 1 lewru nduu hitaande 1863.  Fedde nde ina anndiraa Hausaaji Glover walla ‘Wujjooɓe capanɗe tati Glover’.  Glover waɗii golle keewɗe ngam ƴellitde jokkondiral hakkunde mum e Hausaaji Armeeji. Ko kanko e hoore makko o janngini, o yamiri, o suɓi lomtiiɓe mo, o tabitini nuunɗal maɓɓe. E nder ballal maɓɓe, Glover yoɓi konu mum leydi e hoɗorde.  O ɓeydi njoɓdi maɓɓe, o rokki ɓe uniformeeji laaɓtuɗi, bayyinɗi darnde maɓɓe e worɓe rimɓe e gollotooɓe e laamu koloñaal Angalteer. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mann&quot; /&gt;

Caggal ndeen yonta Glover gollinaama ngam riiwtude naatgol Ashanti en . Nde wolde tataɓere Angalteer-Ashanti fuɗɗii e hitaande 1873, Kapiteen Glover ƴetti golle yuɓɓinde leñol ngol, ngol njiyaagu mum e Ashanti en ina waawi ɗaminaade ina addana ɗum en weltaade e laamuuji Angalteer – haa ko famɗi fof, ko kulol mum en addanta ɗum en waɗde. Sarwisaaji makko njaɓaa, e lewru suwee 1873, o jippii e wuro wiyeteengo Cape Coast to Gold Coast, caggal nde o sosi doole tokoose koolniiɗe Hausa, o yahi haa Accra. Semmbe makko ina heddinoo ngam mooftude doole ngenndiije keewɗe. {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}} 

E lewru Yarkomaa 1874, Kapiteen Glover waawii waɗde heen ballal e ƴettugol [[Kumasi]], kono ko e hoore konu Hausa. Golle makko njaɓaama e Parlemaa  e toɗɗagol makko e Knight Grand Cross e nder Ordre St Michael e St George e hitaande 1874 . {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

== Guwerneer leydi Newfoundland, e duuɗe Leeward ==
E hitaande 1875, o toɗɗaa guwerneer Newfoundland, o woni e golle ɗee haa hitaande 1881, nde o artiraa e duuɗe Leeward . O arti e leydi Newfoundland e hitaande 1883, o woni guwerneer kadi. {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

== Maayde e ndonu ==
Glover maayi ko to Londres ñalnde 30 lewru Seeɗto hitaande 1885. Nguurndam jom suudu mum Lady Glover feeñii e hitaande 1897. [1] Lagosnaaɓe moofti kaalis e hitaande 1885 ngam mahde galle jamaa [1] [2] siftorde mo - Galle ciftorgol Glover, tawaaɗo e leydi ndi won e gollodiiɓe Madam Glover. Ina woodi kadi siftorde makko e nder galle laamorɗo St Paul to Londres. [3] Renndo belngo, ɓuuɓngo, wiyeteengo Glovertown, to leydi Terre-Neuve, ɗo winndiyanke biyeteeɗo Stanley Sparkes jibinaa, ina inniri mo. Renndo Glovers Harbor to Newfoundland ngo alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa innde makko. [4]

== Ƴeew kadi ==

* Guwerneeruuji leydi Newfoundland
* Doggol yimɓe ummoriiɓe leydi Nuwel e Labrador
* Selim Aga

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Sir John Hawley Glover''' GCMG (24 feebariyee 1829 &amp;#x2013; 30 suwee 1885) ko ofisee laana ndiwoowa laamɗo, gonnooɗo guwerneer [[Koloni Lagos|koloñaal Lagos]], guwerneer Newfoundland, e guwerneer duuɗe Leeward Biritaan .

== Golle laana ndiwoowa ==
O naati e golle ɗee ko e hitaande 1841, o heɓi ƴeewndo makko e hitaande 1849, kono o heɓaani yamiroore haa lewru mee 1851.

O golliima e dingiral ceertungal, o gaañii no feewi e nder hare hakkunde makko e Birmaani to Donabew (4 feebariyee 1853). E nder duuɓi makko e golle lietnaa e nder laana ndiwoowa o dañii humpito mawngo e nder geec Afrik, o tawtoraama e yah-ngartaa Dr WB Baikie dow [[Maayo Jaaliba|Niiseer]] . {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Glover kadi yamiri laana ndiwoowa gonka e dogde e maayo Lagos e hitaande 1861. 

== Guwerneer leydi Lagos ==
Ñalnde 21 abriil 1863, o toɗɗaa gardiiɗo laamu [[Koloni Lagos]], e nder oon fannu, walla ko o gardiiɗo koloñaal, o woni ɗoon haa hitaande 1872. {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}} No o laamirta Lagos nii, ina luurdi e ardiiɓe birooji Koloni Angalteer, ɓe ngulliima e &quot;disre&quot; makko.  Kono e Lagosnaaɓe, Glover ina yiɗaa, ina wiyee ''Oba Globar'' e giɗli sabu ƴettugol makko paandaale gonɗe e pinal nokku oo. O ardii luure keewɗe e nder Lagos, o rewi e ñaawirɗe koloñaal kese. O rewi e hakkille makko jokkondiral e Lagosinaaɓe ko wayi no Oshodi Tapa, Kosoko, e [[Taiwo Olowo]] wonnooɓe ko adii ɗuum naftortooɓe njulaagu jiyaaɓe hakkunde Atlantik, o hirjini ɓe e laawol njulaagu laawɗungu. Ko ɓuri haawnaade heen, ko ɓeen ngoni añɓe politik Oba Lagos mo jooni leefɗi, Dosunmu mo rokki Lagos e juuɗe Angalteer e lewru ut 1861 e les nanondiral Lagos . E nder heen, lowre nde Glover remnoo e lollirɓe Lagos, rokki mo hakkille e humpitooji baawɗi addande mo laamaade no moƴƴi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mann&quot; /&gt;

=== Sosde ardiiɗo konu e polis leydi Naajeeriya ===
Glover sosi nukkuur konu e polis leydi Nijeer hannde oo e jiyaaɓe 10 Hausaaji dognooɓe ñalnde 1 lewru nduu hitaande 1863.  Fedde nde ina anndiraa Hausaaji Glover walla ‘Wujjooɓe capanɗe tati Glover’.  Glover waɗii golle keewɗe ngam ƴellitde jokkondiral hakkunde mum e Hausaaji Armeeji. Ko kanko e hoore makko o janngini, o yamiri, o suɓi lomtiiɓe mo, o tabitini nuunɗal maɓɓe. E nder ballal maɓɓe, Glover yoɓi konu mum leydi e hoɗorde.  O ɓeydi njoɓdi maɓɓe, o rokki ɓe uniformeeji laaɓtuɗi, bayyinɗi darnde maɓɓe e worɓe rimɓe e gollotooɓe e laamu koloñaal Angalteer. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mann&quot; /&gt;

Caggal ndeen yonta Glover gollinaama ngam riiwtude naatgol Ashanti en . Nde wolde tataɓere Angalteer-Ashanti fuɗɗii e hitaande 1873, Kapiteen Glover ƴetti golle yuɓɓinde leñol ngol, ngol njiyaagu mum e Ashanti en ina waawi ɗaminaade ina addana ɗum en weltaade e laamuuji Angalteer – haa ko famɗi fof, ko kulol mum en addanta ɗum en waɗde. Sarwisaaji makko njaɓaa, e lewru suwee 1873, o jippii e wuro wiyeteengo Cape Coast to Gold Coast, caggal nde o sosi doole tokoose koolniiɗe Hausa, o yahi haa Accra. Semmbe makko ina heddinoo ngam mooftude doole ngenndiije keewɗe. {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}} 

E lewru Yarkomaa 1874, Kapiteen Glover waawii waɗde heen ballal e ƴettugol [[Kumasi]], kono ko e hoore konu Hausa. Golle makko njaɓaama e Parlemaa  e toɗɗagol makko e Knight Grand Cross e nder Ordre St Michael e St George e hitaande 1874 . {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

== Guwerneer leydi Newfoundland, e duuɗe Leeward ==
E hitaande 1875, o toɗɗaa guwerneer Newfoundland, o woni e golle ɗee haa hitaande 1881, nde o artiraa e duuɗe Leeward . O arti e leydi Newfoundland e hitaande 1883, o woni guwerneer kadi. {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

== Maayde e ndonu ==
Glover maayi ko to Londres ñalnde 30 lewru Seeɗto hitaande 1885. Nguurndam jom suudu mum Lady Glover feeñii e hitaande 1897. [1] Lagosnaaɓe moofti kaalis e hitaande 1885 ngam mahde galle jamaa [1] [2] siftorde mo - Galle ciftorgol Glover, tawaaɗo e leydi ndi won e gollodiiɓe Madam Glover. Ina woodi kadi siftorde makko e nder galle laamorɗo St Paul to Londres. [3] Renndo belngo, ɓuuɓngo, wiyeteengo Glovertown, to leydi Terre-Neuve, ɗo winndiyanke biyeteeɗo Stanley Sparkes jibinaa, ina inniri mo. Renndo Glovers Harbor to Newfoundland ngo alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa innde makko. [4]

== Ƴeew kadi ==

* Guwerneeruuji leydi Newfoundland
* Doggol yimɓe ummoriiɓe leydi Nuwel e Labrador
* Selim Aga

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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    <title>Henri Stanhoop Freeman</title>
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      <text bytes="3603" sha1="obo5j9tc3hozct1dxo1m33epsy3zhc4" xml:space="preserve">'''Henry Stanhope Freeman''' (maayi ko e lewru abriil 1865) woni guwerneer gadano e nder [[Koloni Lagos|koloñaal Lagos]], o golliima tuggi 22 lewru Yarkomaa 1862 haa lewru Abriil 1865.

== Ɓawo ==
Freeman wonnoo ko cukko konsul Angalteer to Ghadames to [[Libiya|Libi]], e nde o woni toon ndee o renndini binndanɗe e gootal e ɗemɗe Tuareg en . {{Sfn|Newman|1880}} Freeman suɓaama tergal e fedde wiyeteende Royal Asiatic Society ñalnde 14 desaambar 1861. {{Sfn|London Review}} O woniino kadi tergal e fedde Anthropologie, o tawtoraama e haalooɓe won e batuuji kono o wallitaani e binndanɗe fedde nde. {{Sfn|Anthropological Society}} Ko adii nde o toɗɗaa guwerneer Lagos, Freeman wonnoo ko cukko konsul Angalteer to Janina e nder laamu Ottomaan . {{Sfn|Appointments, Preferments}}

== Guwerneer Lagos ==
Koloni Lagos sosaa ko e nanondiral doole e lewru ut 1861 . Nde Freeman ari e lewru Yarkomaa 1862 ngam ƴettude laamu e juuɗe guwerneer jooɗiiɗo oo , hono William McCoskry, koloñaal oo ina waɗi duunde Lagos e nokkuuji seeɗa to bannge fuɗnaange e hirnaange. Laamɓe dowlaaji nder leydi ɗii ngonaano sehilaaɓe e Angalteer, kono ina kaɓa hakkunde mum en, ina mbaɗta njulaagu bonngu. {{Sfn|Geary|1965}} E nder ciimtol makko hitaande 1863, Freeman wiyi wonde njulaagu ina fotnoo dartaade haa laaɓa cer sabu wolde hakkunde [[Ibadan]] e [[Abeokuta]] . {{Sfn|Rubin}}

E nder ɓataake ñalnde 9 oktoobar 1862, Freeman daranii kuulal mum ngam yaajtinde laamu mum to Palma e Badagry e dow daliilu wonde ina woodi ko adii ɗuum, ko wayi no ƴettude ɗiin laamu ina ngondi e laamu Lagos. {{Sfn|Great Britain}} Maayo Ogun yahoowo [[Abeokuta]], wonaa kisal wonande yah-ngartaa laanaaji, yahooɓe ina ngondi e baasal e wuyɓe Egba . Ko ɗum waɗi ñalnde 14 noowammbar 1862 Freeman noddi denndaangal laamɓe Angalteer yo ngartu Abeokuta fayde Lagos, ɓe ngoppa jawdi maɓɓe, ndi mawɓe Abeokuta njaabotoo laamu Angalteer. {{Sfn|Foreign and Commonwealth}} E hitaande 1863, o ƴetti politik luulndiingo Ijebu e Kosoko, ɗum addani mo bommbooje Epe e laanaaji ndiyam. {{Sfn|Ayandele|1970}}

Ñalnde 18 feebariyee 1862, Freeman siifondiri nanondiral e gonnooɗo laamɗo Lagos, hono laamɗo Docemo, o laaɓtini wonde maa o heɓ pension hitaande kala fotde 1 200 saak cowri e nder nguurndam makko. {{Sfn|Great Britain}} O heɓi yamiroore toɗɗaade diiso doosɗe e ɓataake ñalnde 13 marse 1862. {{Sfn|Great Britain}} Ñalnde 4 marse 1863, Freeman ƴetti yamiroore waɗnde sariyaaji Angalteer e nder koloni. {{Sfn|Great Britain}} Ñalnde 6 lewru juko hitaande 1864, diiso makko sosi Ñaawirde Toownde ngam ƴeewtaade geɗe siwil e ñaawoore. {{Sfn|Great Britain}}

Freeman jaɓii e gonnooɗo wiɗtoowo biyeteeɗo Richard Burton, jiiloowo Lagos, wonde ɓaleeɓe ɓuri waawde naatde e diine lislaam, ɓuri waawde naatde e diine kerecee en. [1] O etinooma suppitde eɓɓoore Robert Campbell, Jamaykaajo jeyaaɗo e iwdi Ecoppinaaɓe, Afriknaaɓe, ngam sosde jaaynde e nder koloni hee. O sikki ko ɗum &quot;kuutorgal bonngal e juuɗe Negro en semi-civilized&quot;. Laamu Angalteer jaɓaani, tonngoode adannde jaaynde Anglo-African, jaaynde Nijeer gadane yaltunde yontere kala, yalti ñalnde 6 suwee 1863. [1]

Freeman ina wondi e rafi cellal, ina heewi doole ngam waasde tawtoreede. E nder duuɓi makko ɗiɗi cakkitiiɗi ɗii, ko Kapiteen [[William Rice|William Rice Mulliner]] ƴetti golle makko caggal ɗuum ko Kapiteen John Hawley Glover . O sankii ko e lewru abriil 1865. {{Sfn|Geary|1965}} Freeman ina yahra e duuɓi capanɗe tati e nay e sahaa maayde makko. {{Sfn|Anthropological Society}}

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'''Henry Stanhope Freeman''' (maayi ko e lewru abriil 1865) woni guwerneer gadano e nder [[Koloni Lagos|koloñaal Lagos]], o golliima tuggi 22 lewru Yarkomaa 1862 haa lewru Abriil 1865.

== Ɓawo ==
Freeman wonnoo ko cukko konsul Angalteer to Ghadames to [[Libiya|Libi]], e nde o woni toon ndee o renndini binndanɗe e gootal e ɗemɗe Tuareg en . {{Sfn|Newman|1880}} Freeman suɓaama tergal e fedde wiyeteende Royal Asiatic Society ñalnde 14 desaambar 1861. {{Sfn|London Review}} O woniino kadi tergal e fedde Anthropologie, o tawtoraama e haalooɓe won e batuuji kono o wallitaani e binndanɗe fedde nde. {{Sfn|Anthropological Society}} Ko adii nde o toɗɗaa guwerneer Lagos, Freeman wonnoo ko cukko konsul Angalteer to Janina e nder laamu Ottomaan . {{Sfn|Appointments, Preferments}}

== Guwerneer Lagos ==
Koloni Lagos sosaa ko e nanondiral doole e lewru ut 1861 . Nde Freeman ari e lewru Yarkomaa 1862 ngam ƴettude laamu e juuɗe guwerneer jooɗiiɗo oo , hono William McCoskry, koloñaal oo ina waɗi duunde Lagos e nokkuuji seeɗa to bannge fuɗnaange e hirnaange. Laamɓe dowlaaji nder leydi ɗii ngonaano sehilaaɓe e Angalteer, kono ina kaɓa hakkunde mum en, ina mbaɗta njulaagu bonngu. {{Sfn|Geary|1965}} E nder ciimtol makko hitaande 1863, Freeman wiyi wonde njulaagu ina fotnoo dartaade haa laaɓa cer sabu wolde hakkunde [[Ibadan]] e [[Abeokuta]] . {{Sfn|Rubin}}

E nder ɓataake ñalnde 9 oktoobar 1862, Freeman daranii kuulal mum ngam yaajtinde laamu mum to Palma e Badagry e dow daliilu wonde ina woodi ko adii ɗuum, ko wayi no ƴettude ɗiin laamu ina ngondi e laamu Lagos. {{Sfn|Great Britain}} Maayo Ogun yahoowo [[Abeokuta]], wonaa kisal wonande yah-ngartaa laanaaji, yahooɓe ina ngondi e baasal e wuyɓe Egba . Ko ɗum waɗi ñalnde 14 noowammbar 1862 Freeman noddi denndaangal laamɓe Angalteer yo ngartu Abeokuta fayde Lagos, ɓe ngoppa jawdi maɓɓe, ndi mawɓe Abeokuta njaabotoo laamu Angalteer. {{Sfn|Foreign and Commonwealth}} E hitaande 1863, o ƴetti politik luulndiingo Ijebu e Kosoko, ɗum addani mo bommbooje Epe e laanaaji ndiyam. {{Sfn|Ayandele|1970}}

Ñalnde 18 feebariyee 1862, Freeman siifondiri nanondiral e gonnooɗo laamɗo Lagos, hono laamɗo Docemo, o laaɓtini wonde maa o heɓ pension hitaande kala fotde 1 200 saak cowri e nder nguurndam makko. {{Sfn|Great Britain}} O heɓi yamiroore toɗɗaade diiso doosɗe e ɓataake ñalnde 13 marse 1862. {{Sfn|Great Britain}} Ñalnde 4 marse 1863, Freeman ƴetti yamiroore waɗnde sariyaaji Angalteer e nder koloni. {{Sfn|Great Britain}} Ñalnde 6 lewru juko hitaande 1864, diiso makko sosi Ñaawirde Toownde ngam ƴeewtaade geɗe siwil e ñaawoore. {{Sfn|Great Britain}}

Freeman jaɓii e gonnooɗo wiɗtoowo biyeteeɗo Richard Burton, jiiloowo Lagos, wonde ɓaleeɓe ɓuri waawde naatde e diine lislaam, ɓuri waawde naatde e diine kerecee en. [1] O etinooma suppitde eɓɓoore Robert Campbell, Jamaykaajo jeyaaɗo e iwdi Ecoppinaaɓe, Afriknaaɓe, ngam sosde jaaynde e nder koloni hee. O sikki ko ɗum &quot;kuutorgal bonngal e juuɗe Negro en semi-civilized&quot;. Laamu Angalteer jaɓaani, tonngoode adannde jaaynde Anglo-African, jaaynde Nijeer gadane yaltunde yontere kala, yalti ñalnde 6 suwee 1863. [1]

Freeman ina wondi e rafi cellal, ina heewi doole ngam waasde tawtoreede. E nder duuɓi makko ɗiɗi cakkitiiɗi ɗii, ko Kapiteen [[William Rice|William Rice Mulliner]] ƴetti golle makko caggal ɗuum ko Kapiteen John Hawley Glover . O sankii ko e lewru abriil 1865. {{Sfn|Geary|1965}} Freeman ina yahra e duuɓi capanɗe tati e nay e sahaa maayde makko. {{Sfn|Anthropological Society}}

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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    <title>Walter Egerton</title>
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'''Sir Walter Egerton''', KCMG (1858 – 22 mars 1947) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer wonnoo guwerneer [[Koloni Lagos|koloñaal Lagos]] tuggi 1904 haa 1906, guwerneer [[Protektorat Fombina Naajeeriya|fuɗnaange Nijeer]] tuggi 1906 haa 1912, e guwerneer Gine Biritaan tuggi {{Sfn|Letter from Singapore}}

== Fuɗɗoode golle ==
Egerton jibinaa ko ɓiy gooto, gorko gooto jeyaaɗo to Exeter, Devon . Caggal nde o janngi to duɗal Tonbridge, e hitaande 1880, Egerton yalti Angalteer fayi to Straits Settlements, o woni kadet , o woni toon duuɓi keewɗi e nder dowriiji reentorɗi Malaya . E hitaande 1880, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 21, o woniino Magistrat to [[Sinngapuur|Singapuur]] ; e hitaande 1883 o wonti Koolaaɗo kuuɓal to Penang ; &lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot; /&gt; o woniino caggal mum Komiseer Ñaawirde Ɗaɓɓaande to Penang {{Sfn|Straits Settlements}}, o toɗɗaa Hoɗɓe toon e hitaande 1894 ; &lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot; /&gt; E hitaande 1888, o woniino Magistrat gadano golloowo to Penang, {{Sfn|Straits Settlements}} ko ɗoon o toɗɗaa caggal ɗuum. Egerton naatnaa e Temple hakkundeejo ñalnde 27 abriil 1888, o noddiraa e Bar ñalnde 17 suwee 1896.  O woniino Sekereteer Koloñaal wonande koɗkiiji Straits hakkunde 1899 e 1901.
[[File:National_Museum_KL_2008_(146).JPG|left|thumb|Foto fedde ciftorgol ƴettaande e Durbar 2ɓo yuɓɓinaande ñalnde 20 sulyee 1903. jooɗiiɓe gila nano haa ñaamo : William Treacher (hoɗnooɗo-seneraal), Sultan Alaiddin Suleymaan mo Selangor, Sultan Idris mo Perak, Sir Frank Mathammad Swettenham (guwerneer), Sultan Pathammahan Mu Di-Pertua Besar mo Negeri Sembilan ), Walter Egerton (hoɗnooɗo mawɗo to Negeri Sembilan)]]
Egerton wonnoo ko Hoɗnooɗo e nder diiwaan Negeri Sembilan (1902-03). {{Sfn|Letter from Singapore}} E nder ndee darnde, o naati e sariyaaji jowitiiɗi e sifaa maccungaagu ɗo sukaaɓe rewɓe ɓe ngonaa laawɗuɓe ndokketee e juuɗe laamɗo nokku oo. Egerton fellitii wonde ɗum ina luurdi e sariya sharia, tee sukaaɓe ɓee ko jeyi yummiraaɓe mum en. E nder ɗuum o wallitnoo ko Sultan Perak . {{Sfn|Dinstein|1989}}

Nde Egerton wonti Guwerneer Lagos Colony e hitaande 1903 o joginoo ko ina ɓura duuɓi capanɗe ɗiɗi e golle koloñaal to fuɗnaange ɓadiiɗo. {{Sfn|Carland|1985}} Laawol Penghulu Cantik to Seremban meeɗiino innireede laawol Egerton ngam siftorde mo. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Naajeeriya ==
[[File:Alafin_Oyo_&amp;_Sir_Walter_Egerton.png|thumb|Alafin mo Oyo e Sir Walter Egerton, ca. 1910]]
Egerton wonti Guwerneer Koloni Lagos, o suddii ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele [[Yimɓe Yarbanko'en|Yoruba en]] to fuɗnaange-rewo ko wiyetee hannde Naajeeriya, e hitaande 1903. Biro koloñaal yiɗiino hawrude e Koloni Lagos e protectorat Fombina Naajeeriya, e nder lewru ut 1904, kadi o toɗɗii Egerton ngam wonde Komisariyaa Toowɗo [[Protektorat Fombina Naajeeriya|Pro Naajeeriya]] O joginoo golle ɗiɗi ɗee haa ñalnde 28 feebariyee 1906. {{Sfn|Carland|1985}} E oon ñalngu terɗe ɗiɗi ɗee kawraama no haanirta nii, Egerton toɗɗaa Guwerneer [[Protektorat Fombina Naajeeriya|Koloni keso e Protektoraat Fuɗnaange Nijeer]], o joginoo golle ɗee haa hitaande 1912. {{Sfn|Worldstatesmen}} E nder Fuɗnaange Nijeer keso oo, Co Lagoca Hirnaange keso oo, Co Lagoca Hirnaange keso oo Protectorate fombina Naajeeriya feccaama haa lesdi Cakaari bee laamorgo lesdi Warri bee lesdi Fuunaange bee laamorgo lesdi [[Kalaba|Calabar]] . {{Sfn|Afigbo|Falola|2005}}

Nde ardiiɗo maako haa Fombina Naajeeriya, Sir Ralph Denham Rayment Moor, woppi laamu, feccere mawnde haa woyla-fuunaange Naajeeriya ɗonno haa yaasi laamu Biritaniya. Nde Egerton heɓi laamu, o fuɗɗii politik neldude patroluuji paaspooruuji hitaande kala, tawi noon ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ina keɓa ɗooftaare rewrude e kulhuli doole tawa ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade doole tigi rigi. {{Sfn|Carland|1985}} Egerton ina joginoo sifaa seeɗa e jokkondiral mum e Biro Koloñaal. E nder ɓataake 1910 o winndi ɓataake ina siftina njoɓdi gooto e gollotooɓe makko ko &quot; niggardly &quot;. Jaɓɓotooɗo oo mettini heen no feewi, wiyi yo o nodde ngam yamiroore. {{Sfn|Carland|1985}}

Nde Egerton wonti guwerneer Lagos o jaɓi e dow yarlitaare ɓeydugol laawol laana njoorndi Lagos – Ibadan feewde Oshogbo, eɓɓoore ndee jaɓaa e lewru noowammbar 1904. Pewnugol ngol fuɗɗii ko e lewru Yarkomaa 1905 e laawol ngol yettii Oshogbo e lewru Abriil 1907. [1] laawol laana njoorndi ɓeydii yaajde haa Kano e laawol Zaria . [1] O walli kadi mahngo laabi yaajɗi, o mahii e dow tuugnorgal sariya ngal Moor ardiiɗo makko lelni ngal addani huutoraade golle nokkuuje ɗe njoɓaaka. [1] Egerton renndini miijooji Moor e bonnugol njulaagu Cross River e kawral hakkunde hakkundeeji e njulaagu jeyaaɓe e Calabar . Julaaɓe tabitɓe ɓee, e fuɗɗoode keɓii Biro Koloñaal ngam ƴettude kuule kaɗooje njulaagu yiɗɓe sosde baasiiji ɓurɗi yaajde e nder leydi ndii, kono e won e caɗeele Egerton waawni ardiiɓe ɓee yo mbaylu kuulal mum en. [1]
[[File:Walter_Egerton_and_others_Nigeria_c._1910.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Sir Walter Egerton (to bannge ñaamo) e debbo mum e woɗɓe hirnaange to Lagos, c. 1910]]
Egerton ko daraniiɗo ƴellitaare koloñaal no feewi. O goongɗini ko ŋakkeende ngalu e won e sahaaji mawnugol koloñaal, ɗum noon ina feeñi e bidsee makko tuggi 1906 haa 1912. O joginoo ko hare duumiinde ngam heɓde yamiroore ɗeen bidsee e birooji koloñaal. {{Sfn|Carland|1985}} Gila e hitaande 1908, Egerton ina jokki e miijo &quot;Departemaa Demal yuɓɓo no haanirta nii, jogiiɗo hoore mum semmbe e humpito&quot;, Departemaa Demal ari e hitaande 1910. {{Sfn|Falola|2003}} Egerton ina jaɓi ƴellitgol ndema kaaƴe, miijo makko gila e sahaa arlease ngam Malaland ndee faandaare. Ko ɗum wonnoo sosngo gollordu ɓuuɓndu no feewi. {{Sfn|Duignan|Gann|1975}} O sikki kadi ina waawi wonde mbaawka mawka e nder gese tinndinooje saraaji [[Bauchi (Gelle)|Bauchi]], o sikkii so tawii ko seedtinnde laabi cakkitiiɗi feewde e gese tinndinooje ina gooŋɗini. {{Sfn|Calvert|1910}}

Egerton nasti nder luural bee hukuuma lesdi Naajeeriya dow kuuje ɗuuɗɗe. Wonno jeewte ko fayti e [[Ilorin]] ina foti naatde e Fombina Naajeeriya nde tawnoo yimɓe ɓee ko Yoruba en, walla heddaade e Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya nde tawnoo laamɗo oo ko juulɗo, kadi won e sahaaji Ilorin ina wondi e les njiimaandi Kalifa Usmaniya. Wonno ko luural dow njuɓɓudi njoɓdiiji dow marsandiisuuji jippinaaɗi e daande maayo, nawtaaɗi e nder Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya. Kadi luural ina woodi so tawii laabi njamndi ummoriiɗi fuɗnaange ina poti joofde e Lagos walla ina poti ƴettude laabi goɗɗi feewde [[Maayo Jaaliba|maayo Niiseer]] e daande maayo. {{Sfn|Afigbo|Falola|2005}} Egerton ina joginoo daliilu e bannge mum ngam salaade laabi potɗi joofde e Baro to Niiseer, nde tawnoo laana ndiwoowa feewde fuɗnaange haa e daande maayo ina heddii e sahaa ndiyam toowɗam, tee hay ndeen ina laaɓti. {{Sfn|Geary|1965}}

Ina wiyee wonde [[Old Secretariat, Marina|Sekretariyaa ɓooyɗo, Marina]] ina mahaa e mbaadi E ngam teddinde mo.

Laamu Egerton waɗii politikaaji baɗɗi faayiida ngam seerndude Oropnaaɓe e Afriknaaɓe. {{Sfn|Okpewho|Davies|1999}} Ina jeyaa heen ittude Afriknaaɓe e sarwiis safaara Afrik hirnaange e wiyde wonde hay Oropnaajo gooto fotaani ƴettude yamiroore e Afriknaajo, ɗum noon ina waɗi batte haɗde safrooɓe Afriknaaɓe gollodaade e konu. Kanko Egerton, o jaɓaani ɗeen politikaaji sahaa kala, tee ɗi ndartinaaka no feewi. {{Sfn|Gann|Duignan|1978}} Jokkondiral sariya hakkunde laamu Lagos e dowlaaji [[Yimɓe Yarbanko'en|Yorubaaji]] Koloni Lagos laaɓaani, kadi ko e hitaande 1908 Egerton waawni Obas jaɓde sosde Ñaawirde Toownde e nder gure mawɗe. {{Sfn|Afigbo|Falola|2005}}

== Tuugnorgal ==

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'''Sir Walter Egerton''', KCMG (1858 – 22 mars 1947) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer wonnoo guwerneer [[Koloni Lagos|koloñaal Lagos]] tuggi 1904 haa 1906, guwerneer [[Protektorat Fombina Naajeeriya|fuɗnaange Nijeer]] tuggi 1906 haa 1912, e guwerneer Gine Biritaan tuggi {{Sfn|Letter from Singapore}}

== Fuɗɗoode golle ==
Egerton jibinaa ko ɓiy gooto, gorko gooto jeyaaɗo to Exeter, Devon . Caggal nde o janngi to duɗal Tonbridge, e hitaande 1880, Egerton yalti Angalteer fayi to Straits Settlements, o woni kadet , o woni toon duuɓi keewɗi e nder dowriiji reentorɗi Malaya . E hitaande 1880, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 21, o woniino Magistrat to [[Sinngapuur|Singapuur]] ; e hitaande 1883 o wonti Koolaaɗo kuuɓal to Penang ; &lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot; /&gt; o woniino caggal mum Komiseer Ñaawirde Ɗaɓɓaande to Penang {{Sfn|Straits Settlements}}, o toɗɗaa Hoɗɓe toon e hitaande 1894 ; &lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot; /&gt; E hitaande 1888, o woniino Magistrat gadano golloowo to Penang, {{Sfn|Straits Settlements}} ko ɗoon o toɗɗaa caggal ɗuum. Egerton naatnaa e Temple hakkundeejo ñalnde 27 abriil 1888, o noddiraa e Bar ñalnde 17 suwee 1896.  O woniino Sekereteer Koloñaal wonande koɗkiiji Straits hakkunde 1899 e 1901.
[[File:National_Museum_KL_2008_(146).JPG|left|thumb|Foto fedde ciftorgol ƴettaande e Durbar 2ɓo yuɓɓinaande ñalnde 20 sulyee 1903. jooɗiiɓe gila nano haa ñaamo : William Treacher (hoɗnooɗo-seneraal), Sultan Alaiddin Suleymaan mo Selangor, Sultan Idris mo Perak, Sir Frank Mathammad Swettenham (guwerneer), Sultan Pathammahan Mu Di-Pertua Besar mo Negeri Sembilan ), Walter Egerton (hoɗnooɗo mawɗo to Negeri Sembilan)]]
Egerton wonnoo ko Hoɗnooɗo e nder diiwaan Negeri Sembilan (1902-03). {{Sfn|Letter from Singapore}} E nder ndee darnde, o naati e sariyaaji jowitiiɗi e sifaa maccungaagu ɗo sukaaɓe rewɓe ɓe ngonaa laawɗuɓe ndokketee e juuɗe laamɗo nokku oo. Egerton fellitii wonde ɗum ina luurdi e sariya sharia, tee sukaaɓe ɓee ko jeyi yummiraaɓe mum en. E nder ɗuum o wallitnoo ko Sultan Perak . {{Sfn|Dinstein|1989}}

Nde Egerton wonti Guwerneer Lagos Colony e hitaande 1903 o joginoo ko ina ɓura duuɓi capanɗe ɗiɗi e golle koloñaal to fuɗnaange ɓadiiɗo. {{Sfn|Carland|1985}} Laawol Penghulu Cantik to Seremban meeɗiino innireede laawol Egerton ngam siftorde mo. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Naajeeriya ==
[[File:Alafin_Oyo_&amp;_Sir_Walter_Egerton.png|thumb|Alafin mo Oyo e Sir Walter Egerton, ca. 1910]]
Egerton wonti Guwerneer Koloni Lagos, o suddii ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗeele [[Yimɓe Yarbanko'en|Yoruba en]] to fuɗnaange-rewo ko wiyetee hannde Naajeeriya, e hitaande 1903. Biro koloñaal yiɗiino hawrude e Koloni Lagos e protectorat Fombina Naajeeriya, e nder lewru ut 1904, kadi o toɗɗii Egerton ngam wonde Komisariyaa Toowɗo [[Protektorat Fombina Naajeeriya|Pro Naajeeriya]] O joginoo golle ɗiɗi ɗee haa ñalnde 28 feebariyee 1906. {{Sfn|Carland|1985}} E oon ñalngu terɗe ɗiɗi ɗee kawraama no haanirta nii, Egerton toɗɗaa Guwerneer [[Protektorat Fombina Naajeeriya|Koloni keso e Protektoraat Fuɗnaange Nijeer]], o joginoo golle ɗee haa hitaande 1912. {{Sfn|Worldstatesmen}} E nder Fuɗnaange Nijeer keso oo, Co Lagoca Hirnaange keso oo, Co Lagoca Hirnaange keso oo Protectorate fombina Naajeeriya feccaama haa lesdi Cakaari bee laamorgo lesdi Warri bee lesdi Fuunaange bee laamorgo lesdi [[Kalaba|Calabar]] . {{Sfn|Afigbo|Falola|2005}}

Nde ardiiɗo maako haa Fombina Naajeeriya, Sir Ralph Denham Rayment Moor, woppi laamu, feccere mawnde haa woyla-fuunaange Naajeeriya ɗonno haa yaasi laamu Biritaniya. Nde Egerton heɓi laamu, o fuɗɗii politik neldude patroluuji paaspooruuji hitaande kala, tawi noon ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ina keɓa ɗooftaare rewrude e kulhuli doole tawa ina ɗaɓɓi huutoraade doole tigi rigi. {{Sfn|Carland|1985}} Egerton ina joginoo sifaa seeɗa e jokkondiral mum e Biro Koloñaal. E nder ɓataake 1910 o winndi ɓataake ina siftina njoɓdi gooto e gollotooɓe makko ko &quot; niggardly &quot;. Jaɓɓotooɗo oo mettini heen no feewi, wiyi yo o nodde ngam yamiroore. {{Sfn|Carland|1985}}

Nde Egerton wonti guwerneer Lagos o jaɓi e dow yarlitaare ɓeydugol laawol laana njoorndi Lagos – Ibadan feewde Oshogbo, eɓɓoore ndee jaɓaa e lewru noowammbar 1904. Pewnugol ngol fuɗɗii ko e lewru Yarkomaa 1905 e laawol ngol yettii Oshogbo e lewru Abriil 1907. [1] laawol laana njoorndi ɓeydii yaajde haa Kano e laawol Zaria . [1] O walli kadi mahngo laabi yaajɗi, o mahii e dow tuugnorgal sariya ngal Moor ardiiɗo makko lelni ngal addani huutoraade golle nokkuuje ɗe njoɓaaka. [1] Egerton renndini miijooji Moor e bonnugol njulaagu Cross River e kawral hakkunde hakkundeeji e njulaagu jeyaaɓe e Calabar . Julaaɓe tabitɓe ɓee, e fuɗɗoode keɓii Biro Koloñaal ngam ƴettude kuule kaɗooje njulaagu yiɗɓe sosde baasiiji ɓurɗi yaajde e nder leydi ndii, kono e won e caɗeele Egerton waawni ardiiɓe ɓee yo mbaylu kuulal mum en. [1]
[[File:Walter_Egerton_and_others_Nigeria_c._1910.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Sir Walter Egerton (to bannge ñaamo) e debbo mum e woɗɓe hirnaange to Lagos, c. 1910]]
Egerton ko daraniiɗo ƴellitaare koloñaal no feewi. O goongɗini ko ŋakkeende ngalu e won e sahaaji mawnugol koloñaal, ɗum noon ina feeñi e bidsee makko tuggi 1906 haa 1912. O joginoo ko hare duumiinde ngam heɓde yamiroore ɗeen bidsee e birooji koloñaal. {{Sfn|Carland|1985}} Gila e hitaande 1908, Egerton ina jokki e miijo &quot;Departemaa Demal yuɓɓo no haanirta nii, jogiiɗo hoore mum semmbe e humpito&quot;, Departemaa Demal ari e hitaande 1910. {{Sfn|Falola|2003}} Egerton ina jaɓi ƴellitgol ndema kaaƴe, miijo makko gila e sahaa arlease ngam Malaland ndee faandaare. Ko ɗum wonnoo sosngo gollordu ɓuuɓndu no feewi. {{Sfn|Duignan|Gann|1975}} O sikki kadi ina waawi wonde mbaawka mawka e nder gese tinndinooje saraaji [[Bauchi (Gelle)|Bauchi]], o sikkii so tawii ko seedtinnde laabi cakkitiiɗi feewde e gese tinndinooje ina gooŋɗini. {{Sfn|Calvert|1910}}

Egerton nasti nder luural bee hukuuma lesdi Naajeeriya dow kuuje ɗuuɗɗe. Wonno jeewte ko fayti e [[Ilorin]] ina foti naatde e Fombina Naajeeriya nde tawnoo yimɓe ɓee ko Yoruba en, walla heddaade e Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya nde tawnoo laamɗo oo ko juulɗo, kadi won e sahaaji Ilorin ina wondi e les njiimaandi Kalifa Usmaniya. Wonno ko luural dow njuɓɓudi njoɓdiiji dow marsandiisuuji jippinaaɗi e daande maayo, nawtaaɗi e nder Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya. Kadi luural ina woodi so tawii laabi njamndi ummoriiɗi fuɗnaange ina poti joofde e Lagos walla ina poti ƴettude laabi goɗɗi feewde [[Maayo Jaaliba|maayo Niiseer]] e daande maayo. {{Sfn|Afigbo|Falola|2005}} Egerton ina joginoo daliilu e bannge mum ngam salaade laabi potɗi joofde e Baro to Niiseer, nde tawnoo laana ndiwoowa feewde fuɗnaange haa e daande maayo ina heddii e sahaa ndiyam toowɗam, tee hay ndeen ina laaɓti. {{Sfn|Geary|1965}}

Ina wiyee wonde [[Old Secretariat, Marina|Sekretariyaa ɓooyɗo, Marina]] ina mahaa e mbaadi E ngam teddinde mo.

Laamu Egerton waɗii politikaaji baɗɗi faayiida ngam seerndude Oropnaaɓe e Afriknaaɓe. {{Sfn|Okpewho|Davies|1999}} Ina jeyaa heen ittude Afriknaaɓe e sarwiis safaara Afrik hirnaange e wiyde wonde hay Oropnaajo gooto fotaani ƴettude yamiroore e Afriknaajo, ɗum noon ina waɗi batte haɗde safrooɓe Afriknaaɓe gollodaade e konu. Kanko Egerton, o jaɓaani ɗeen politikaaji sahaa kala, tee ɗi ndartinaaka no feewi. {{Sfn|Gann|Duignan|1978}} Jokkondiral sariya hakkunde laamu Lagos e dowlaaji [[Yimɓe Yarbanko'en|Yorubaaji]] Koloni Lagos laaɓaani, kadi ko e hitaande 1908 Egerton waawni Obas jaɓde sosde Ñaawirde Toownde e nder gure mawɗe. {{Sfn|Afigbo|Falola|2005}}

== Tuugnorgal ==

[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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[[File:Gilbert_Thomas_Carter_and_wife_in_1916.jpg|thumb|Gilbert Tomaas Karter, Gertrude Kodman Parker e John Kodman Karter, hitaande 1916]]
'''Sir Gilbert Tomaas Karter''' (kañum ne ko '''Gilbert-Karter''' ) KCMG (14 lewru Yarkomaa 1848).&amp;nbsp;– 18 lewru Yarkomaa 1927)  ko ofisee njuɓɓudi e nder laana ndiwoowa laamɗo, kadi ko ofisee koloñaal wonande laamu Angalteer .

Fuɗɗoraade ko Koolaaɗo kuuɓal to Cote d’Or, caggal ɗuum o wonti Kaalis to Cote d’Or e [[Gammbi]] . E yahrude yeeso e njuɓɓudi koloñaal, o fuɗɗii ko e njuɓɓudi laamu Gammbi, ɗo o haɓata e njiyaagu laamɗo jibinannde Gammbi.

Posto maako ɓaawo man woni Governor ngam [[Koloni Lagos|Lagos Colony]] to o yewtidi bee mawɓe lesdi ndi'i ngam reenugo mission'en Kirista'en e timminki kirse ɓiɓɓe aadama'en. Caggal ɗuum o woni Guwerneer [[Bahamas]] e Barbados, o woni Guwerneer [[Tirinidad e Tobago|Trinidad e Tobago]] .

== Nguurndam puɗɗam e golle Naval ==
Carter jibinaa ko to Topsham, to Devon e hitaande 1848.  Ko kanko tan woni ɓiy komandaajo Tomaas Gilbert Karter ( RN ).  O janngi ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Royal to Greenwich . &lt;ref name=&quot;TimesObit&quot; /&gt; Carter naati e konu laana ndiwoowa laamɗo e hitaande 1864, o woni balloowo gardiiɗo konu HMS Frederik Wiliyam, nde o artiraa e hitaande 1866 to HMS Malaka .  Ñalnde 5 sulyee 1866, Carter artiraa e jappeere laana ndiwoowa, tawi omo woni e laana ndiwoowa HMS ''Malacca'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;ServiceRecord1&quot; /&gt; Hakkunde 1867 e 1869, o golliima e laanaaji keewɗi, o woniino gardiiɗo, haa ñalnde 1 desaambar 1869 (nde o woni e HMS . Pembroke ), nde o artiraa e ballal Paymaster (ina ɓeydee e doggol laana ndiwoowa ). 

Caggal posto to HMS Royal Adelaide e lebbi jeenay gadani 1870, golle Carter cakkitiiɗe ɗee ko e laana ndiwoowa koloñaal biyeteeɗo ''Sherbro'' tuggi lewru ut 1870.  E nder sahaa makko e ''Sherbro'', o tawtoraama wolde tataɓere Angalteer-Ashanto to Cote d’Or .  Nde laamu Holannda yeeyi Elmina e Biritaan en, ko o komisariyaajo, kalfinaaɗo nafoore defte e kaɓirɗe ɗe Holanndee en keddinoo. &lt;ref name=&quot;TimesObit&quot; /&gt; O resi Susan Laura Hocker, ɓiy Lietnaa-kolonel Edward Hocker, e hitaande 1874  (caggal ɗuum o dañi ɓiɓɓe worɓe 3 e ɓiɓɓe rewɓe 2).&amp;nbsp;— ɓiyiiko ɗiɗaɓo biyeteeɗo Humphrey 1884–1969 woni gardiiɗo gadano to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge ). Lady Carter sankii ko e hitaande 1895. {{Sfn|ILN|1895}} &lt;ref name=&quot;TimesObit&quot; /&gt;  O woppi golle makko e konu ndiyam ñalnde 21 sulyee 1875. &lt;ref name=&quot;ServiceRecord1&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Gambia_administrator_interviews_native_chief_1889.png|left|thumb|300x300px|Natal Carter hawri e Muusa Molo, laamɗo Fuladu, e hitaande 1889.]]

== Postooji puɗɗiiɗi ==
Carter wonti binndoowo keeriiɗo Sir George Berkeley, guwerneer duuɗe Leeward, e hitaande 1875.  E lewru ut 1879, o toɗɗaa koolaaɗo kuuɓal doosɗe leydi e kaalis leydi Coast d’Or, toɗɗagol ngol o jokki haa hitaande 1882. &lt;ref name=&quot;TimesObit&quot; /&gt; 

== Leydi Gammbi ==
Tuggi 1882 haa lewru desaambar 1888, Carter ardii koɗki dow [[Gammbi]]  ko kanko woni kaalis e posto.  Gila hitaande 1886, o woniino gardiiɗo Koloni Gammbi, ñalnde 1 desaambar 1888 o toɗɗaa gardiiɗo ko fayti e seerndude ndeen koloni e Siyeraa Leyoon. &lt;ref name=&quot;TimesObit&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lg-04dec1888&quot; /&gt;

Manndaa makko waɗi ko siynude nanondiral Angalteer e Farayse e hitaande 1889, ngal lelni keeri hakkunde Gammbi e Senegaal . Ko ɗum waɗi Carter halfinaa sosde komisiyoŋ keeriijo e fawde doole e sariyaaji Angalteer e dow Protectorate e laamɓe mum nokkuuji ceertuɗi. [1] Ɗum ko waylude politik duuɓi capanɗe jeegom ngam haɓaade yaajde koloñaal. [1] Haa teeŋti noon, o etinooma reende gure jokkondirɗe e Angalteer ngam haɗde Fode Kaba e Musa Molo, ɓe keewi luurondirde. [1] Nde o woni e golle to Gammbi, o toɗɗaa sehil Ordre St Michael et St George (CMG) ñalnde 1 lewru Yarkomaa 1890. [2]

== Lagos (Naajeeriya) ==
Carter toɗɗaama Guwerneer e Komandaajo mawɗo Koloni Lagos ñalnde 3 feebariyee 1891.  Carter yamiri yo Ijebu en mbaɗtu haɓde e Ijebu &quot;ngam nafoore siwil&quot; e hitaande 1892.  Caggal ɗuum, o jokki e hollirde ndee hare ko wary e ƴellitgol e. &lt;ref name=&quot;falola-99&quot; /&gt;

Carter yahiino nokkuuji keewɗi e nder [[Yimɓe Yarbanko'en|leydi Yorubaland]], ina wondi e soldateeɓe, ngam hollirde doole Angalteer.  Carter jaɓɓaaka no feewi to Oyo, mawɓe Egba ɓee wasiyiima mo yo o woppu maccungaagu, mawɓe [[Ibadan]] ɓee mbiyi ina kuli wonde jiyaaɓe mum en ina &quot;mbaɗta ndimaagu mum en e dogde to Resident &quot;.&amp;nbsp;– e ɓe calii siynude nanondiral e Carter ngam fawde Resident e wuro ngoo. &lt;ref name=&quot;falola-99&quot; /&gt;

Kono e lewru Yarkomaa 1893 mawɓe Egba mbaɗi nanondiral jeytaare e laamu Angalteer.  Nanondiraama wonde ndimaagu njulaagu hakkunde Leñol Egba e Lagos ina foti daranaade laamu Angalteer,  e nder ɗuum hay laawol gootol uddaaka so wonaa tawa guwerneer oo jaɓaani. &lt;ref name=&quot;egbayewa-ordinances&quot; /&gt; Ɓe njaɓi kadi wonde reende timmunde e &quot;kala ballal e semmbinde&quot; ina rokka denndaangal gollooɓe Kerecee'en. &lt;ref name=&quot;egbayewa-ordinances&quot; /&gt; Koronaawiris jaɓii wonde &quot;alaa fof jokkere enɗam e kala feccere e ngenndi Egba waɗata e laamu mawngu mum tawa jaɓaani laamuuji sariya ngenndi ndii, alaa fof feere bonnde waɗata e leñol ngol, kadi jeytaare mum ina anndiree haa timma.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;egbayewa-ordinances&quot; /&gt; Mawɓe Egba ɓeydi fodoore mumtugol kirse aadee. &lt;ref name=&quot;egbayewa-ordinances&quot; /&gt;

== Tuugnorgal ==

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[[File:Gilbert_Thomas_Carter_and_wife_in_1916.jpg|thumb|Gilbert Tomaas Karter, Gertrude Kodman Parker e John Kodman Karter, hitaande 1916]]
'''Sir Gilbert Tomaas Karter''' (kañum ne ko '''Gilbert-Karter''' ) KCMG (14 lewru Yarkomaa 1848).&amp;nbsp;– 18 lewru Yarkomaa 1927)  ko ofisee njuɓɓudi e nder laana ndiwoowa laamɗo, kadi ko ofisee koloñaal wonande laamu Angalteer .

Fuɗɗoraade ko Koolaaɗo kuuɓal to Cote d’Or, caggal ɗuum o wonti Kaalis to Cote d’Or e [[Gammbi]] . E yahrude yeeso e njuɓɓudi koloñaal, o fuɗɗii ko e njuɓɓudi laamu Gammbi, ɗo o haɓata e njiyaagu laamɗo jibinannde Gammbi.

Posto maako ɓaawo man woni Governor ngam [[Koloni Lagos|Lagos Colony]] to o yewtidi bee mawɓe lesdi ndi'i ngam reenugo mission'en Kirista'en e timminki kirse ɓiɓɓe aadama'en. Caggal ɗuum o woni Guwerneer [[Bahamas]] e Barbados, o woni Guwerneer [[Tirinidad e Tobago|Trinidad e Tobago]] .

== Nguurndam puɗɗam e golle Naval ==
Carter jibinaa ko to Topsham, to Devon e hitaande 1848.  Ko kanko tan woni ɓiy komandaajo Tomaas Gilbert Karter ( RN ).  O janngi ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Royal to Greenwich . &lt;ref name=&quot;TimesObit&quot; /&gt; Carter naati e konu laana ndiwoowa laamɗo e hitaande 1864, o woni balloowo gardiiɗo konu HMS Frederik Wiliyam, nde o artiraa e hitaande 1866 to HMS Malaka .  Ñalnde 5 sulyee 1866, Carter artiraa e jappeere laana ndiwoowa, tawi omo woni e laana ndiwoowa HMS ''Malacca'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;ServiceRecord1&quot; /&gt; Hakkunde 1867 e 1869, o golliima e laanaaji keewɗi, o woniino gardiiɗo, haa ñalnde 1 desaambar 1869 (nde o woni e HMS . Pembroke ), nde o artiraa e ballal Paymaster (ina ɓeydee e doggol laana ndiwoowa ). 

Caggal posto to HMS Royal Adelaide e lebbi jeenay gadani 1870, golle Carter cakkitiiɗe ɗee ko e laana ndiwoowa koloñaal biyeteeɗo ''Sherbro'' tuggi lewru ut 1870.  E nder sahaa makko e ''Sherbro'', o tawtoraama wolde tataɓere Angalteer-Ashanto to Cote d’Or .  Nde laamu Holannda yeeyi Elmina e Biritaan en, ko o komisariyaajo, kalfinaaɗo nafoore defte e kaɓirɗe ɗe Holanndee en keddinoo. &lt;ref name=&quot;TimesObit&quot; /&gt; O resi Susan Laura Hocker, ɓiy Lietnaa-kolonel Edward Hocker, e hitaande 1874  (caggal ɗuum o dañi ɓiɓɓe worɓe 3 e ɓiɓɓe rewɓe 2).&amp;nbsp;— ɓiyiiko ɗiɗaɓo biyeteeɗo Humphrey 1884–1969 woni gardiiɗo gadano to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge ). Lady Carter sankii ko e hitaande 1895. {{Sfn|ILN|1895}} &lt;ref name=&quot;TimesObit&quot; /&gt;  O woppi golle makko e konu ndiyam ñalnde 21 sulyee 1875. &lt;ref name=&quot;ServiceRecord1&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Gambia_administrator_interviews_native_chief_1889.png|left|thumb|300x300px|Natal Carter hawri e Muusa Molo, laamɗo Fuladu, e hitaande 1889.]]

== Postooji puɗɗiiɗi ==
Carter wonti binndoowo keeriiɗo Sir George Berkeley, guwerneer duuɗe Leeward, e hitaande 1875.  E lewru ut 1879, o toɗɗaa koolaaɗo kuuɓal doosɗe leydi e kaalis leydi Coast d’Or, toɗɗagol ngol o jokki haa hitaande 1882. &lt;ref name=&quot;TimesObit&quot; /&gt; 

== Leydi Gammbi ==
Tuggi 1882 haa lewru desaambar 1888, Carter ardii koɗki dow [[Gammbi]]  ko kanko woni kaalis e posto.  Gila hitaande 1886, o woniino gardiiɗo Koloni Gammbi, ñalnde 1 desaambar 1888 o toɗɗaa gardiiɗo ko fayti e seerndude ndeen koloni e Siyeraa Leyoon. &lt;ref name=&quot;TimesObit&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lg-04dec1888&quot; /&gt;

Manndaa makko waɗi ko siynude nanondiral Angalteer e Farayse e hitaande 1889, ngal lelni keeri hakkunde Gammbi e Senegaal . Ko ɗum waɗi Carter halfinaa sosde komisiyoŋ keeriijo e fawde doole e sariyaaji Angalteer e dow Protectorate e laamɓe mum nokkuuji ceertuɗi. [1] Ɗum ko waylude politik duuɓi capanɗe jeegom ngam haɓaade yaajde koloñaal. [1] Haa teeŋti noon, o etinooma reende gure jokkondirɗe e Angalteer ngam haɗde Fode Kaba e Musa Molo, ɓe keewi luurondirde. [1] Nde o woni e golle to Gammbi, o toɗɗaa sehil Ordre St Michael et St George (CMG) ñalnde 1 lewru Yarkomaa 1890. [2]

== Lagos (Naajeeriya) ==
Carter toɗɗaama Guwerneer e Komandaajo mawɗo Koloni Lagos ñalnde 3 feebariyee 1891.  Carter yamiri yo Ijebu en mbaɗtu haɓde e Ijebu &quot;ngam nafoore siwil&quot; e hitaande 1892.  Caggal ɗuum, o jokki e hollirde ndee hare ko wary e ƴellitgol e. &lt;ref name=&quot;falola-99&quot; /&gt;

Carter yahiino nokkuuji keewɗi e nder [[Yimɓe Yarbanko'en|leydi Yorubaland]], ina wondi e soldateeɓe, ngam hollirde doole Angalteer.  Carter jaɓɓaaka no feewi to Oyo, mawɓe Egba ɓee wasiyiima mo yo o woppu maccungaagu, mawɓe [[Ibadan]] ɓee mbiyi ina kuli wonde jiyaaɓe mum en ina &quot;mbaɗta ndimaagu mum en e dogde to Resident &quot;.&amp;nbsp;– e ɓe calii siynude nanondiral e Carter ngam fawde Resident e wuro ngoo. &lt;ref name=&quot;falola-99&quot; /&gt;

Kono e lewru Yarkomaa 1893 mawɓe Egba mbaɗi nanondiral jeytaare e laamu Angalteer.  Nanondiraama wonde ndimaagu njulaagu hakkunde Leñol Egba e Lagos ina foti daranaade laamu Angalteer,  e nder ɗuum hay laawol gootol uddaaka so wonaa tawa guwerneer oo jaɓaani. &lt;ref name=&quot;egbayewa-ordinances&quot; /&gt; Ɓe njaɓi kadi wonde reende timmunde e &quot;kala ballal e semmbinde&quot; ina rokka denndaangal gollooɓe Kerecee'en. &lt;ref name=&quot;egbayewa-ordinances&quot; /&gt; Koronaawiris jaɓii wonde &quot;alaa fof jokkere enɗam e kala feccere e ngenndi Egba waɗata e laamu mawngu mum tawa jaɓaani laamuuji sariya ngenndi ndii, alaa fof feere bonnde waɗata e leñol ngol, kadi jeytaare mum ina anndiree haa timma.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;egbayewa-ordinances&quot; /&gt; Mawɓe Egba ɓeydi fodoore mumtugol kirse aadee. &lt;ref name=&quot;egbayewa-ordinances&quot; /&gt;

== Tuugnorgal ==

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'''Sir George Berkeley''' KCMG (1819-1905) ko guwerneer koloñaal Angalteer, e nder duuɗe Leeward e koɗki Afrik hirnaange. 

== Ngendam ==
O jibinaa ko to Barbados ñalnde 2 noowammbar 1819, ko o ɓiy mawɗo Seneraal Sackville Hamilton Berkeley, kolonel konu 16ɓo, e debbo makko Elizabeth Pilgrim, ɓiy William Murray mo estaad Bruce Vale, Barbados. Janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Trinity College, Dublin, ngal o naati ñalnde 3 sulyee 1837, o heɓi bakkaa makko e hitaande 1842, o ɓooyaani o arti to Indiya, ɗo nguurndam makko tiiɗɗam fotnoo wonde fof. 

Ñalnde 11 feebariyee 1845 Berkeley toɗɗaa yo won binndoowo koloñaal e kalfinaaɗo aadaaji Honduras Angalteer, e tergal ''ex-officio'' e diisooji kuuɓtodinɗi e diisnondiral sariyaaji. Nde o woni toon haa jooni, o suɓaama e hitaande 1860–1 ngam ardaade laamu Dominik e sahaa gooto, ñalnde 8 sulyee 1864 o toɗɗaa lietnaa-guwerneer Saint Vincent . E nder laamu makko, e hitaande 1867, sariya ngam waylude e hoybinde doosɗe leydi lomtini suudu sarɗiiji gooto e cuuɗi ɗiɗi gonɗi gila 1763. 

Berkeley woniino gardiiɗo Lagos tuggi desaambar 1872 haa oktoobar 1873, nde o toɗɗaa guwerneer mawɗo koɗkiiji Afrik hirnaange ( Siyera Leyoon, Gammbi, Gold Coast, e Lagos). Ko ɓooyaani koo, Gold Coast e Lagos mbaɗtaa koloñaal ceertuɗo (24 sulyee 1874); Berkeley siftinaama, guwerneer keso Siyeraa Leyoon e Gammbi toɗɗaa. Nde o woni e yahde galle makko e lewru suwee 1874, o rokkaama, o jaɓaa, laamu Ostarali hirnaange ; kono ndeen ƴettataa toɗɗagol ngol, neldaa e nokku mum to duuɗe Leeward ngam wonde guwerneer mawɗo. Ko ɗoon o woni haa ñalnde 27 lewru juko hitaande 1881, nde o woppi golle e pension. [1]

Berkeley sosaa ko CMG ñalnde 20 feebariyee 1874, e KCMG ñalnde 24 mee 1881. O maayi ko o resndaaka to Londres ñalnde 29 suwee 1905, o wirnaa ko e yanaande Kensal Green . 

== Teskorɗe ==</text>
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'''Sir George Berkeley''' KCMG (1819-1905) ko guwerneer koloñaal Angalteer, e nder duuɗe Leeward e koɗki Afrik hirnaange. 

== Ngendam ==
O jibinaa ko to Barbados ñalnde 2 noowammbar 1819, ko o ɓiy mawɗo Seneraal Sackville Hamilton Berkeley, kolonel konu 16ɓo, e debbo makko Elizabeth Pilgrim, ɓiy William Murray mo estaad Bruce Vale, Barbados. Janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Trinity College, Dublin, ngal o naati ñalnde 3 sulyee 1837, o heɓi bakkaa makko e hitaande 1842, o ɓooyaani o arti to Indiya, ɗo nguurndam makko tiiɗɗam fotnoo wonde fof. 

Ñalnde 11 feebariyee 1845 Berkeley toɗɗaa yo won binndoowo koloñaal e kalfinaaɗo aadaaji Honduras Angalteer, e tergal ''ex-officio'' e diisooji kuuɓtodinɗi e diisnondiral sariyaaji. Nde o woni toon haa jooni, o suɓaama e hitaande 1860–1 ngam ardaade laamu Dominik e sahaa gooto, ñalnde 8 sulyee 1864 o toɗɗaa lietnaa-guwerneer Saint Vincent . E nder laamu makko, e hitaande 1867, sariya ngam waylude e hoybinde doosɗe leydi lomtini suudu sarɗiiji gooto e cuuɗi ɗiɗi gonɗi gila 1763. &lt;ref&gt;Lee, Sidney, ed. (1912). &quot;Berkeley, George&quot; . Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder &amp; Co.&lt;/ref&gt;

Berkeley woniino gardiiɗo Lagos tuggi desaambar 1872 haa oktoobar 1873, nde o toɗɗaa guwerneer mawɗo koɗkiiji Afrik hirnaange ( Siyera Leyoon, Gammbi, Gold Coast, e Lagos). Ko ɓooyaani koo, Gold Coast e Lagos mbaɗtaa koloñaal ceertuɗo (24 sulyee 1874); Berkeley siftinaama, guwerneer keso Siyeraa Leyoon e Gammbi toɗɗaa. Nde o woni e yahde galle makko e lewru suwee 1874, o rokkaama, o jaɓaa, laamu Ostarali hirnaange ; kono ndeen ƴettataa toɗɗagol ngol, neldaa e nokku mum to duuɗe Leeward ngam wonde guwerneer mawɗo. Ko ɗoon o woni haa ñalnde 27 lewru juko hitaande 1881, nde o woppi golle e pension. [1]

Berkeley sosaa ko CMG ñalnde 20 feebariyee 1874, e KCMG ñalnde 24 mee 1881. O maayi ko o resndaaka to Londres ñalnde 29 suwee 1905, o wirnaa ko e yanaande Kensal Green . 

== Teskorɗe ==</text>
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'''Sir George Berkeley''' KCMG (1819-1905) ko guwerneer koloñaal Angalteer, e nder duuɗe Leeward e koɗki Afrik hirnaange. 

== Ngendam ==
O jibinaa ko to Barbados ñalnde 2 noowammbar 1819, ko o ɓiy mawɗo Seneraal Sackville Hamilton Berkeley, kolonel konu 16ɓo, e debbo makko Elizabeth Pilgrim, ɓiy William Murray mo estaad Bruce Vale, Barbados. Janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Trinity College, Dublin, ngal o naati ñalnde 3 sulyee 1837, o heɓi bakkaa makko e hitaande 1842, o ɓooyaani o arti to Indiya, ɗo nguurndam makko tiiɗɗam fotnoo wonde fof. 

Ñalnde 11 feebariyee 1845 Berkeley toɗɗaa yo won binndoowo koloñaal e kalfinaaɗo aadaaji Honduras Angalteer, e tergal ''ex-officio'' e diisooji kuuɓtodinɗi e diisnondiral sariyaaji. Nde o woni toon haa jooni, o suɓaama e hitaande 1860–1 ngam ardaade laamu Dominik e sahaa gooto, ñalnde 8 sulyee 1864 o toɗɗaa lietnaa-guwerneer Saint Vincent . E nder laamu makko, e hitaande 1867, sariya ngam waylude e hoybinde doosɗe leydi lomtini suudu sarɗiiji gooto e cuuɗi ɗiɗi gonɗi gila 1763. &lt;ref&gt;Lee, Sidney, ed. (1912). &quot;Berkeley, George&quot; . Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder &amp; Co.&lt;/ref&gt;

Berkeley woniino gardiiɗo Lagos tuggi desaambar 1872 haa oktoobar 1873, nde o toɗɗaa guwerneer mawɗo koɗkiiji Afrik hirnaange ( Siyera Leyoon, Gammbi, Gold Coast, e Lagos). Ko ɓooyaani koo, Gold Coast e Lagos mbaɗtaa koloñaal ceertuɗo (24 sulyee 1874); Berkeley siftinaama, guwerneer keso Siyeraa Leyoon e Gammbi toɗɗaa. Nde o woni e yahde galle makko e lewru suwee 1874, o rokkaama, o jaɓaa, laamu Ostarali hirnaange ; kono ndeen ƴettataa toɗɗagol ngol, neldaa e nokku mum to duuɗe Leeward ngam wonde guwerneer mawɗo. Ko ɗoon o woni haa ñalnde 27 lewru juko hitaande 1881, nde o woppi golle e pension. [1]

Berkeley sosaa ko CMG ñalnde 20 feebariyee 1874, e KCMG ñalnde 24 mee 1881. O maayi ko o resndaaka to Londres ñalnde 29 suwee 1905, o wirnaa ko e yanaande Kensal Green . 

== Teskorɗe ==</text>
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    <title>Wiliyam Makkoskri</title>
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'''William McCoskry''' ko njulaagu Angalteer, gonnooɗo Konsul to Lagos, ndeen wonnoo ko Guwerneer gardiiɗo [[Koloni Lagos]] .

== Lagos njulaagu ==
McCoskry yettiima Lagos e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1852, ko juuti caggal nde Oba Kosoko riiwaa. O woniino tawo lomto fedde Angalteer wiyeteende WB Hutton to Afrik worgo fotde duuɓi jeeɗiɗi. {{Sfn|Mann|2007}} McCoskry, Ecoppinaajo, ina anndiraa &quot;A l'agbon pipon&quot; (gorko mo ƴiye boɗeeje) e [[Yimɓe Yarbanko'en|leñol Yoruba en]] . Apongbon to bannge worgo duunde Lagos heɓi innde mum ko e ndeeɗoo konngol. {{Sfn|Olorunpomi|2009}} McCoskry jokkondirii e Benjamin Campbell, garɗo ñalnde 21 sulyee 1853 ngam ƴettude golle Konsul. O etiima hay neldude nebam ɗam tawa o yoɓaani njoɓdi. {{Sfn|Smith|1979}} Caggal ɗuum Campbell wasiyii McCoskry yo won cukko konsul to Badagry . {{Sfn|Smith|1979}} O joginoo ndeeɗoo darnde ko juuti hakkunde 1855 e 1856. {{Sfn|Smith|1979}} E lewru marse 1856, McCoskry ina gollina konsul Campbell, mo woɗɗaani koloñaal e njillu mum to [[maayo Benin]], nde fedde yiytaa ngam foolde Oba Lagos, Dosunmu . Nde cruisers tati peeñi e bar, plot fizzled out. {{Sfn|Smith|1979}}

== Konsul golloowo ==
Konsul keso, hono Henry Grant Foote, ari Lagos ñalnde 21 desaambar 1860. O toɗɗii McCoskry cukko konsul mo yoɓaaka. {{Sfn|Smith|1979}} E lewru mee 1861, nde o woni e njillu nder leydi, Foote maayi e nguleeki, McCoskry ƴetti golle Konsul gardiiɗo. {{Sfn|Smith|1979}} E lewru sulyee 1861, McCoskry siifondiri nanondiral e Porto Novo e Badagry ngam wallitde njulaagu e Lagos. {{Sfn|London Gazette}} E darorɗe lewru sulyee 1861 laana mawka makko biyeteeɗo ''Prometheus'' ari e maayo. Balɗe seeɗa caggal ɗuum, ñalnde 3 lewru nduu, komandaajo oo, hono N. B. Bedingfeld, waɗii njillu to Oba Lagos e wondude e McCoskry e fedde marine en jogiiɓe kaɓirɗe, o ɗaɓɓiri Dosunmu yo siynu nanondiral ngam rokkude Lagos. Laamɗo oo fuɗɗiima salii. {{Sfn|Foreign and Commonwealth}} Kono ñalnde 6 ut 1861, Bedingfeld e McCoskry mbaɗi nanondiral ( nanondiral Lagos ) e innde laamɗo leydi Angalteer e &quot;Docemo&quot; ( Dosunmu ), laamɗo Lagos. Dosunmu rokki njiimaandi duunde ndee e terɗe Lagos ɗee e juuɗe Biritaan en ngam yoɓde pension hitaande kala. {{Sfn|Foreign and Commonwealth}}

== Guwerneer jooɗiiɗo ==
McCoskry toɗɗaa ko guwerneer jooɗiiɗo ko juuti caggal nde o naati leydi ndii. [1] Njulaagu jiyaaɓe ina haɗaa, kono maccungaagu ina jokki. McCoskry hollitii wonde caggal nde Koloni Lagos heɓti leydi ndii, jiiɓru hakkunde jiyaaɓe ɓeydii no feewi. [1] O teskiima wonde caɗeele jowitiiɗe e maccungaagu nder galle ina ndokka mo « caɗeele ɓurɗe heddiiɓe e njulaagu nguu fof e hawrude ». O teskiima wonde ina heewi jiyaaɓe dognooɓe ina njiyloo ndeenka e nder Koloni Lagos, ɓe njiyri ɗum ko no reentorde nii. McCloskey ina anndi hakkeeji joom jiyaaɓe jogaade jawdi mum en walla heɓde njoɓdi ngam ndimaagu mum en. O sosi ñaawirde ngam ñaawde ñaawoore tooñannge jiyaaɓe e jiyaaɓe dognooɓe ummoriiɓe nder leydi, o sosi &quot;Yard African Liberated&quot; ngam rokkude dognooɓe rimɗinaaɓe golle haa mbaawa toppitaade koye mum en. O sikkaano wonde ittugol macungaagu e nder koloñaal ina waawi waɗeede. [1] E hitaande 1865 McCloskry seediima yeeso goomu parlemaa ko faati e sarɗiiji to Lagos. O wiyi ko ɓuri 500 jiyaaɓe dogɓe ngarii e koloñaal gila 1861. [1]

McCloskry, e njulaagu woɗɓe e nder koloñaal, ina luulndii golle misiyoŋaaji ɗi ɓe cikki ina kaɗa njulaagu. E hitaande 1855 o jeyaa ko e siynuɓe ɗaɓɓaande ngam haɗde misiyoŋaaji ɗiɗi yahnooɓe e liggey hootde Lagos. McCloskry humpitii miijo mum e wiɗtoowo biyeteeɗo Richard Francis Burton, jiilnooɗo Lagos e [[Abeokuta]] e hitaande 1861 tawi ko konsul to Fernando Poo . {{Sfn|Peel|2003}}

== Caggal golle ==
Caggal nde o woni guwerneer gardiiɗo jaagorɗe, McCloskry wonti kadi njulaagu keeriiɗo to Lagos. O toɗɗaa ko gooto e Komiseeruuji leydi tati, o waɗa wasiyaaji feewde e guwerneer ko fayti e dokkal leydi, e nder geɗe keewɗe o rokka tiitoonde laaɓtunde wonande jooɗiiɓe heen ɓee. {{Sfn|Mann|2007}}

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'''William McCoskry''' ko njulaagu Angalteer, gonnooɗo Konsul to Lagos, ndeen wonnoo ko Guwerneer gardiiɗo [[Koloni Lagos]] .

== Lagos njulaagu ==
McCoskry yettiima Lagos e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1852, ko juuti caggal nde Oba Kosoko riiwaa. O woniino tawo lomto fedde Angalteer wiyeteende WB Hutton to Afrik worgo fotde duuɓi jeeɗiɗi. {{Sfn|Mann|2007}} McCoskry, Ecoppinaajo, ina anndiraa &quot;A l'agbon pipon&quot; (gorko mo ƴiye boɗeeje) e [[Yimɓe Yarbanko'en|leñol Yoruba en]] . Apongbon to bannge worgo duunde Lagos heɓi innde mum ko e ndeeɗoo konngol. {{Sfn|Olorunpomi|2009}} McCoskry jokkondirii e Benjamin Campbell, garɗo ñalnde 21 sulyee 1853 ngam ƴettude golle Konsul. O etiima hay neldude nebam ɗam tawa o yoɓaani njoɓdi. {{Sfn|Smith|1979}} Caggal ɗuum Campbell wasiyii McCoskry yo won cukko konsul to Badagry . {{Sfn|Smith|1979}} O joginoo ndeeɗoo darnde ko juuti hakkunde 1855 e 1856. {{Sfn|Smith|1979}} E lewru marse 1856, McCoskry ina gollina konsul Campbell, mo woɗɗaani koloñaal e njillu mum to [[maayo Benin]], nde fedde yiytaa ngam foolde Oba Lagos, Dosunmu . Nde cruisers tati peeñi e bar, plot fizzled out. {{Sfn|Smith|1979}}

== Konsul golloowo ==
Konsul keso, hono Henry Grant Foote, ari Lagos ñalnde 21 desaambar 1860. O toɗɗii McCoskry cukko konsul mo yoɓaaka. {{Sfn|Smith|1979}} E lewru mee 1861, nde o woni e njillu nder leydi, Foote maayi e nguleeki, McCoskry ƴetti golle Konsul gardiiɗo. {{Sfn|Smith|1979}} E lewru sulyee 1861, McCoskry siifondiri nanondiral e Porto Novo e Badagry ngam wallitde njulaagu e Lagos. {{Sfn|London Gazette}} E darorɗe lewru sulyee 1861 laana mawka makko biyeteeɗo ''Prometheus'' ari e maayo. Balɗe seeɗa caggal ɗuum, ñalnde 3 lewru nduu, komandaajo oo, hono N. B. Bedingfeld, waɗii njillu to Oba Lagos e wondude e McCoskry e fedde marine en jogiiɓe kaɓirɗe, o ɗaɓɓiri Dosunmu yo siynu nanondiral ngam rokkude Lagos. Laamɗo oo fuɗɗiima salii. {{Sfn|Foreign and Commonwealth}} Kono ñalnde 6 ut 1861, Bedingfeld e McCoskry mbaɗi nanondiral ( nanondiral Lagos ) e innde laamɗo leydi Angalteer e &quot;Docemo&quot; ( Dosunmu ), laamɗo Lagos. Dosunmu rokki njiimaandi duunde ndee e terɗe Lagos ɗee e juuɗe Biritaan en ngam yoɓde pension hitaande kala. {{Sfn|Foreign and Commonwealth}}

== Guwerneer jooɗiiɗo ==
McCoskry toɗɗaa ko guwerneer jooɗiiɗo ko juuti caggal nde o naati leydi ndii. [1] Njulaagu jiyaaɓe ina haɗaa, kono maccungaagu ina jokki. McCoskry hollitii wonde caggal nde Koloni Lagos heɓti leydi ndii, jiiɓru hakkunde jiyaaɓe ɓeydii no feewi. [1] O teskiima wonde caɗeele jowitiiɗe e maccungaagu nder galle ina ndokka mo « caɗeele ɓurɗe heddiiɓe e njulaagu nguu fof e hawrude ». O teskiima wonde ina heewi jiyaaɓe dognooɓe ina njiyloo ndeenka e nder Koloni Lagos, ɓe njiyri ɗum ko no reentorde nii. McCloskey ina anndi hakkeeji joom jiyaaɓe jogaade jawdi mum en walla heɓde njoɓdi ngam ndimaagu mum en. O sosi ñaawirde ngam ñaawde ñaawoore tooñannge jiyaaɓe e jiyaaɓe dognooɓe ummoriiɓe nder leydi, o sosi &quot;Yard African Liberated&quot; ngam rokkude dognooɓe rimɗinaaɓe golle haa mbaawa toppitaade koye mum en. O sikkaano wonde ittugol macungaagu e nder koloñaal ina waawi waɗeede. [1] E hitaande 1865 McCloskry seediima yeeso goomu parlemaa ko faati e sarɗiiji to Lagos. O wiyi ko ɓuri 500 jiyaaɓe dogɓe ngarii e koloñaal gila 1861. [1]

McCloskry, e njulaagu woɗɓe e nder koloñaal, ina luulndii golle misiyoŋaaji ɗi ɓe cikki ina kaɗa njulaagu. E hitaande 1855 o jeyaa ko e siynuɓe ɗaɓɓaande ngam haɗde misiyoŋaaji ɗiɗi yahnooɓe e liggey hootde Lagos. McCloskry humpitii miijo mum e wiɗtoowo biyeteeɗo Richard Francis Burton, jiilnooɗo Lagos e [[Abeokuta]] e hitaande 1861 tawi ko konsul to Fernando Poo . {{Sfn|Peel|2003}}

== Caggal golle ==
Caggal nde o woni guwerneer gardiiɗo jaagorɗe, McCloskry wonti kadi njulaagu keeriiɗo to Lagos. O toɗɗaa ko gooto e Komiseeruuji leydi tati, o waɗa wasiyaaji feewde e guwerneer ko fayti e dokkal leydi, e nder geɗe keewɗe o rokka tiitoonde laaɓtunde wonande jooɗiiɓe heen ɓee. {{Sfn|Mann|2007}}

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    <title>Samuel Rowe (gardiiɗo koloñaal)</title>
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'''Sir Samuel Rowe''' KCMG (23 mars 1835 – 28 ut 1888) ko doktoor Angalteer e gardiiɗo koloñaal, wonnooɗo laabi ɗiɗi guwerneer [[Sarliyon|Siyeraa Leyoon]], kadi o wonnoo kadi gardiiɗo [[Gammbi]], guwerneer Gold Coast e guwerneer jeneraal koɗkiiji Afrik hirnaange . O anndiranoo ko waawde jokkondirde e yimɓe nokku oo e jokkondiral hakkunde Angalteer. O woniino e yiɗde eɓɓaande tiiɗnde yaajnude gila e daande maayo haa e nder leydi ngam jaabaade golle Farayse e nder diiwaan Sahel, sahaa e sahaa fof ina luulndii politik Biro Koloñaal .

Samuel Rowe jibinaa ko ñalnde 23 marse 1835 to wuro Macclesfield, to leydi Cheshire. Ko kanko woni ɓiy gadano George Hambly Rowe, jaagorgal diine Wesley, e Lidiya Ramshall mo Londres. O janngi ko e duɗe keeriɗe, caggal ɗuum o janngi safaara e les njiimaandi Joseph Denton mo Leicester e woɗɓe. O heɓi seedantaagal safroowo e hitaande 1856. O toɗɗaa e gollordu safrooɓe konu e hitaande 1862, o toɗɗaa to [[Lagos]] to Afrik hirnaange. Rowe resi Susannah, ɓiy Wiliyam Gatliff mo Hawker Hall, to wuro Witby, to Yorkshire. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɗɗo gorko gooto, maayi ko cukalel. {{Sfn|Harris|1897}}

== Opereeji koloñaal ==
Rowe ari Lagos e lewru sulyee 1862, ɓooyaani ko o toɗɗaa ñaawoowo e nder ñaawirde mawnde e komisariyaajo jiyaaɓe, ko golle caɗtuɗe. O woni caggal ɗuum cirridiiɗo koloñaal. Rowe ina nanndi e yimɓe nokku oo, ɓe mbiyata mo caggal ɗuum &quot;Old Red Breeches&quot;, o waɗtaa komannda diiwanuuji fuɗnaange. O toɗɗaa komisariyaajo keeriiɗo ngam waɗde nanondiral e wuro Epe e nder Laamu Ijebu . O arti galle makko e lewru sulyee 1864, o jokki jaŋde makko to Aberdeen, o heɓi bak makko e safaara e seppo e hitaande 1865. {{Sfn|Harris|1897}}

Rowe arti Afrik hirnaange e hitaande 1866, o jooɗii to galle laamorɗo Cape Coast . O waɗtaa kadi surgeon koloñaal e gardiiɗo Hausa en to Lagos e hitaande 1867. E hitaande 1869 kadi o woniino magistrat e binndoowo diiso Lagos. O artiraa e staff surgeon e nder konu ñalnde 4 sulyee 1870. O arti ngam jooɗaade to Angalteer, caggal ɗuum o neldaa to Gold Coast e lewru Yarkomaa 1872. Ñalnde 1 marse 1973 o toɗɗaa surgeon-major. {{Sfn|Harris|1897}} Ina gasa tawa o wasiyiima Nathaniel King e Sylvester Cole, terɗe fedde mawnde Siyeraa Leyoon, yo njanngu safaara to Aberdeen. King heɓi bakkaa mum e hitaande 1876, o arti e golle makko to Lagos, Cole heɓi bakkaa mum ko e hitaande 1883, o naati e golle laamu to Gold Coast. {{Sfn|Killingray|2012}}

E hitaande 1873 Rowe naati e golle feewde e Ashanti en, laabi ɗiɗi o yiyi golle sara Elmina, ko ɗum waɗi o fawaade e medal e clasp. O toɗɗaa ko e konu diwooje Ashanti e gardagol Kapiteen [[John Hawley Glover]] . E nder humpito makko e gollodaade e yimɓe nokku oo o walli ngam winnditaade [[Yimɓe Yarbanko'en|Yoruba]] en. O toɗɗaa CMG e hitaande 1874 sabu golle makko e nder hareeji Angalteer-Ashanti . E hitaande 1875, o wonti seppo koloñaal koloñaal Gold Coast. Rowe woppi konu ñalnde 4 desaambar 1876 e darnde teddunde brigade-surgeon. {{Sfn|Harris|1897}}

== Njuɓɓudi koloñaal ==

=== Leydi Gammbi ===
Nde o woni e konu ndee, Rowe wonnoo ko hooreejo laamuuji [[Gammbi]] e [[Sarliyon|Siyeraa Leyoon]] . {{Sfn|Gold Coast|1887}} Gammbi laaminoo ko Siyeraa Leyoon e oon sahaa. {{Sfn|Colonial System of Administration in Gambia}} Surgeon Major Rowe toɗɗaama gardiiɗo Gammbi e lewru suwee 1875. {{Sfn|Perfect|2016}} Gonnooɗo gardiiɗo leydi ndii, hono C. H. Kortright, yaltiino Gammbi ñalnde 12 feebariyee 1875, Kapiteen Henry TM Cooper woni gardiiɗo leydi ndii. Samuel Rowe ari ñalnde 2 sulyee 1875, kono o artiraa Siyeraa Leyoon ñalnde heen, o woppi Cooper jokkude golle gardiiɗo jaagorɗe. {{Sfn|Perfect|2016}} Rowe ummii [[Bannjulu|Bathurst]] ngam ƴettude laamu to [[Firiton|Freetown]], to leydi Siyeraa Leyoon, hono guwerneer gardiiɗo jaagorɗe. {{Sfn|Perfect|2016}} Cooper sankii ñalnde 9 lewru bowte hitaande 1877, ñalnde 30 lewru marse hitaande 1877, seppo mawngo Valesius S. Gouldsbury ari ngam ƴettude golle gardiiɗo. {{Sfn|Perfect|2016}}

=== Siyeraa Leyoon ===
E nder njillu Rowe gadano e golle mum e nder guwerneer leydi Siyeraa Leyoon e hitaande 1875–81 o wallittaama e Ofis Koloñaal ngam jokkude politik doolnuɗo ngam naatde e nder leydi Koloñaal. [1] O ardii njilluuji ɗiɗi baɗɗi faayiida ngam haɓde e leñol Sherbro . [1] Ñalnde 29 abriil 1887 Rowe arti Gammbi e gardagol gardiiɗo, o lomtii gardiiɗo gardiiɗo gollordu Gilbert T. Carter. E nder dumunna makko juutɗo, laamɓe nokkuuji keewɗi njaɓii jaɓde ndeenka Angalteer. [1] Ñalnde 12 lewru juko hitaande 1887 Rowe toɗɗaa e gardagol guwerneer mawɗo koɗki Afrik hirnaange . Ñalnde 27 noowammbar 1887 o ummii Gammbi, o lomtii T. Risely Griffith gardiiɗo jaagorɗe. [1] Nde o woni guwerneer mawɗo koɗki Afrik hirnaange Angalteer o jokki e wonde guwerneer Siyeraa Leyoon. [1]

Ko o guwerneer mawɗo o salii ceergal Gammbi, o salii no feewi polis Biro Koloñaal ngam rokkude ɗaɓɓaande Faraysenaaɓe. {{Sfn|Perfect|2016}} O yuɓɓini yah-ngartaa gardiiɗo VS Gouldsbury feewde maayo Gammbi toowngo e hitaande 1881. {{Sfn|Perfect|2016}} Ñalnde 20 abriil 1880 Rowe waɗtaa KCMG (Komandaajo konu Ordre St Michael e St George). {{Sfn|Harris|1897}} O lomtinaa to Siyeraa Leyoon ko A. E. Havelock e hitaande 1881. {{Sfn|Imperial Institute|1893}} Guwerneer gardinooɗo leydi ndii heɓi kabaaru toɗɗagol Havelock e juuɗe konsul janano won e yontereeji ko adii nde ɗum tabitinaa e Biro Koloñaal. {{Sfn|Banbury|1888}}

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'''Sir Samuel Rowe''' KCMG (23 mars 1835 – 28 ut 1888) ko doktoor Angalteer e gardiiɗo koloñaal, wonnooɗo laabi ɗiɗi guwerneer [[Sarliyon|Siyeraa Leyoon]], kadi o wonnoo kadi gardiiɗo [[Gammbi]], guwerneer Gold Coast e guwerneer jeneraal koɗkiiji Afrik hirnaange . O anndiranoo ko waawde jokkondirde e yimɓe nokku oo e jokkondiral hakkunde Angalteer. O woniino e yiɗde eɓɓaande tiiɗnde yaajnude gila e daande maayo haa e nder leydi ngam jaabaade golle Farayse e nder diiwaan Sahel, sahaa e sahaa fof ina luulndii politik Biro Koloñaal .

Samuel Rowe jibinaa ko ñalnde 23 marse 1835 to wuro Macclesfield, to leydi Cheshire. Ko kanko woni ɓiy gadano George Hambly Rowe, jaagorgal diine Wesley, e Lidiya Ramshall mo Londres. O janngi ko e duɗe keeriɗe, caggal ɗuum o janngi safaara e les njiimaandi Joseph Denton mo Leicester e woɗɓe. O heɓi seedantaagal safroowo e hitaande 1856. O toɗɗaa e gollordu safrooɓe konu e hitaande 1862, o toɗɗaa to [[Lagos]] to Afrik hirnaange. Rowe resi Susannah, ɓiy Wiliyam Gatliff mo Hawker Hall, to wuro Witby, to Yorkshire. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɗɗo gorko gooto, maayi ko cukalel. {{Sfn|Harris|1897}}

== Opereeji koloñaal ==
Rowe ari Lagos e lewru sulyee 1862, ɓooyaani ko o toɗɗaa ñaawoowo e nder ñaawirde mawnde e komisariyaajo jiyaaɓe, ko golle caɗtuɗe. O woni caggal ɗuum cirridiiɗo koloñaal. Rowe ina nanndi e yimɓe nokku oo, ɓe mbiyata mo caggal ɗuum &quot;Old Red Breeches&quot;, o waɗtaa komannda diiwanuuji fuɗnaange. O toɗɗaa komisariyaajo keeriiɗo ngam waɗde nanondiral e wuro Epe e nder Laamu Ijebu . O arti galle makko e lewru sulyee 1864, o jokki jaŋde makko to Aberdeen, o heɓi bak makko e safaara e seppo e hitaande 1865. {{Sfn|Harris|1897}}

Rowe arti Afrik hirnaange e hitaande 1866, o jooɗii to galle laamorɗo Cape Coast . O waɗtaa kadi surgeon koloñaal e gardiiɗo Hausa en to Lagos e hitaande 1867. E hitaande 1869 kadi o woniino magistrat e binndoowo diiso Lagos. O artiraa e staff surgeon e nder konu ñalnde 4 sulyee 1870. O arti ngam jooɗaade to Angalteer, caggal ɗuum o neldaa to Gold Coast e lewru Yarkomaa 1872. Ñalnde 1 marse 1973 o toɗɗaa surgeon-major. {{Sfn|Harris|1897}} Ina gasa tawa o wasiyiima Nathaniel King e Sylvester Cole, terɗe fedde mawnde Siyeraa Leyoon, yo njanngu safaara to Aberdeen. King heɓi bakkaa mum e hitaande 1876, o arti e golle makko to Lagos, Cole heɓi bakkaa mum ko e hitaande 1883, o naati e golle laamu to Gold Coast. {{Sfn|Killingray|2012}}

E hitaande 1873 Rowe naati e golle feewde e Ashanti en, laabi ɗiɗi o yiyi golle sara Elmina, ko ɗum waɗi o fawaade e medal e clasp. O toɗɗaa ko e konu diwooje Ashanti e gardagol Kapiteen [[John Hawley Glover]] . E nder humpito makko e gollodaade e yimɓe nokku oo o walli ngam winnditaade [[Yimɓe Yarbanko'en|Yoruba]] en. O toɗɗaa CMG e hitaande 1874 sabu golle makko e nder hareeji Angalteer-Ashanti . E hitaande 1875, o wonti seppo koloñaal koloñaal Gold Coast. Rowe woppi konu ñalnde 4 desaambar 1876 e darnde teddunde brigade-surgeon. {{Sfn|Harris|1897}}

== Njuɓɓudi koloñaal ==

=== Leydi Gammbi ===
Nde o woni e konu ndee, Rowe wonnoo ko hooreejo laamuuji [[Gammbi]] e [[Sarliyon|Siyeraa Leyoon]] . {{Sfn|Gold Coast|1887}} Gammbi laaminoo ko Siyeraa Leyoon e oon sahaa. {{Sfn|Colonial System of Administration in Gambia}} Surgeon Major Rowe toɗɗaama gardiiɗo Gammbi e lewru suwee 1875. {{Sfn|Perfect|2016}} Gonnooɗo gardiiɗo leydi ndii, hono C. H. Kortright, yaltiino Gammbi ñalnde 12 feebariyee 1875, Kapiteen Henry TM Cooper woni gardiiɗo leydi ndii. Samuel Rowe ari ñalnde 2 sulyee 1875, kono o artiraa Siyeraa Leyoon ñalnde heen, o woppi Cooper jokkude golle gardiiɗo jaagorɗe. {{Sfn|Perfect|2016}} Rowe ummii [[Bannjulu|Bathurst]] ngam ƴettude laamu to [[Firiton|Freetown]], to leydi Siyeraa Leyoon, hono guwerneer gardiiɗo jaagorɗe. {{Sfn|Perfect|2016}} Cooper sankii ñalnde 9 lewru bowte hitaande 1877, ñalnde 30 lewru marse hitaande 1877, seppo mawngo Valesius S. Gouldsbury ari ngam ƴettude golle gardiiɗo. {{Sfn|Perfect|2016}}

=== Siyeraa Leyoon ===
E nder njillu Rowe gadano e golle mum e nder guwerneer leydi Siyeraa Leyoon e hitaande 1875–81 o wallittaama e Ofis Koloñaal ngam jokkude politik doolnuɗo ngam naatde e nder leydi Koloñaal. [1] O ardii njilluuji ɗiɗi baɗɗi faayiida ngam haɓde e leñol Sherbro . [1] Ñalnde 29 abriil 1887 Rowe arti Gammbi e gardagol gardiiɗo, o lomtii gardiiɗo gardiiɗo gollordu Gilbert T. Carter. E nder dumunna makko juutɗo, laamɓe nokkuuji keewɗi njaɓii jaɓde ndeenka Angalteer. [1] Ñalnde 12 lewru juko hitaande 1887 Rowe toɗɗaa e gardagol guwerneer mawɗo koɗki Afrik hirnaange . Ñalnde 27 noowammbar 1887 o ummii Gammbi, o lomtii T. Risely Griffith gardiiɗo jaagorɗe. [1] Nde o woni guwerneer mawɗo koɗki Afrik hirnaange Angalteer o jokki e wonde guwerneer Siyeraa Leyoon. [1]

Ko o guwerneer mawɗo o salii ceergal Gammbi, o salii no feewi polis Biro Koloñaal ngam rokkude ɗaɓɓaande Faraysenaaɓe. {{Sfn|Perfect|2016}} O yuɓɓini yah-ngartaa gardiiɗo VS Gouldsbury feewde maayo Gammbi toowngo e hitaande 1881. {{Sfn|Perfect|2016}} Ñalnde 20 abriil 1880 Rowe waɗtaa KCMG (Komandaajo konu Ordre St Michael e St George). {{Sfn|Harris|1897}} O lomtinaa to Siyeraa Leyoon ko A. E. Havelock e hitaande 1881. {{Sfn|Imperial Institute|1893}} Guwerneer gardinooɗo leydi ndii heɓi kabaaru toɗɗagol Havelock e juuɗe konsul janano won e yontereeji ko adii nde ɗum tabitinaa e Biro Koloñaal. {{Sfn|Banbury|1888}}

== Iwdiiji ==</text>
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    <title>Kofo Abayomi</title>
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Oloye Sir '''Kofoworola Adekunle &quot;Kofo&quot; Abayomi''', listen c KBE (10 juillet 1896 – 1 janvier 1979) ko politikyanke Najeriya gooto jeyaaɗo e sosɓe fedde ngenndiyankoore, fedde sukaaɓe Najeriya, e hitaande 1934, o yahri yeeso haa o dañi diɗɗal laamu. Golle makko cakkitiiɗe mawɗe e nder renndo ko wonde hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ƴellitaare Lagos gila 1958 haa 1966.

== Duuɓi gadani ==
Abayomi jibinaa ko ñalnde 10 sulyee 1896 to Lagos {{Sfn|archives}} iwdi mum ko Egbe-Yoruba . {{Sfn|Vaughan|2006}} Tuggi 1904 haa 1909, o naati duɗal UNA, Lagos, caggal ɗuum o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Wesleyan, anndiraangal hannde duɗal sukaaɓe Methodist, Lagos . O woppi golle e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1914 ngam naatde e gollotooɓe to opitaal Afrik, Lagos. E wolde adunaare adannde, o waɗti waɗde hoore makko e mbaydi mbaylaandi  to opitaal mawɗo to Kameruun . O janngi farmasi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Yaba, caggal ɗuum o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde safaara to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Edinburgh, o heɓi bak makko e hitaande 1928.

O jogaama seppooɓe haa wakkati seɗɗa ko adii o hoota lesdi Naajeeriya ngam o huuwa les Dr. [[Oguntola Sapara]] . O arti to [[Biritaani-Mawndi|leydi Angalteer]] e hitaande 1930 ngam janngude safaara e cellal nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi, kadi e hitaande 1939, o arti e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde to bannge safaara gite e safaara. {{Sfn|archives}}

Ko o doktoor Afriknaajo jogiiɗo jaŋde Angalteer, Abayomi naati e safrirde koloñaal Angalteer ngam dañde nguura. {{Sfn|Patton|1996}}

== Diɗɗal Sukaaɓe Naajeeriya ==
Abayomi ko tergal sosngal fedde sukaaɓe leydi Nijeer (NYM) e hitaande 1933. {{Sfn|Derrick|2008}} NYM sosaa ko e terɗe annduɓe Lagos, ɓe ngonnoo ko e seppude peeje ngam waɗde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Yaba, ngal ɓe cikkatnoo ina rokka Afriknaaɓe jaŋde leslesre. {{Sfn|Nwauwa|1997}} Abayomi wonti hooreejo NYM e maayde Doktoor [[James Churchill Vaughan|James Churchil Vaughan]] e hitaande 1937. {{Sfn|Derrick|2008}}

Abayomi suɓaama tergal e Diiso sarɗiiji e hitaande 1938. Nde o woppi golle ɗee ɗiɗi fof ngam waawde yahde caggal leydi ngam ɓeydaade janngude, o ɓuuɓtii kiris. Kanndidaaji luulndiiɗi ɗii ko [[Ernest Ikoli]], Ijo, e Samuel Akisanya, Ijebu mo [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] walli . Nde laamu nguu suɓii Ikoli ngam wonde kanndidaa maɓɓe, Akisanya e Azikiwe fof njalti lannda kaa, ɓe njahdi e ko ɓuri heewde e almuɓɓe maɓɓe. {{Sfn|Falola|2003}}

== Caggal golle ==
Abayomi warti lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1941 ngam jokkitugo kuugal maako nder saare maako. Caggal mum o wonti doktoor keeriiɗo gadano cuɓaaɗo hooreejo fedde safrooɓe leydi Najeriya . {{Sfn|archives}} ''Egbe Omo Oduduwa'', fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e renndo [[Yimɓe Yarbanko'en|Yoruba]] sosaande to [[London|Londres]] e hitaande 1945, udditaa to [[Ifẹ|Ile Ife]] e lewru suwee 1948. Sir [[Adeyemo Alakija]] suɓaama hooreejo leydi. Abayomi suɓaama ko keso. {{Sfn|Vaughan|2006}}

O woniino tergal e diiso doosɗe guwerneer tuggi 1949 haa 1951. 

E hitaande 1950, Alaafin Oyo, hono Adeyemi II, rokki Oloye Abayomi tiitoonde laamɗo '''gooto-Isokun''' Oyo . {{Sfn|Vaughan|2006}}

Duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, e lewru abriil 1952, Oba Adele II mo Lagos rokki mo tiitoonde '''Baba Isale''' . {{Sfn|Vaughan|2006}}

Abayomi ina jeyaa e terɗe sosɗe fedde Action Group nde oon lannda udditaa ñalnde 5 mee 1951. {{Sfn|Sklar|2004}}

E feccere adannde e hitaande 1954, waɗii fitinaaji keewɗi e nder gure Oyo worgo. E lewru ut ndeen hitaande, mawɓe [[Yimɓe Yarbanko'en|Yoruba]] en heewɓe neldi mo ngam yiyde Alaafin Oyo e etaade waɗde mo woppude ballal mum e Diiso ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer e Kameruun . {{Sfn|Post|Jenkins|1973}}

Sir Kofo woniino wakiiliijo suudu sarɗiiji leydi Najeriya e nder diiso doosɗe duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, Ibadan gila nde sosaa e hitaande 1948 haa 1961. O toɗɗaama cukko hooreejo fedde toppitiinde njuɓɓudi [[University College Hospital, Ibadan|opitaal duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, Ibadan]] nde ngal udditaa e hitaande 1951. {{Sfn|archives}}

E hitaande 1958, o toɗɗaa hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ƴellitaare Lagos, jogiinde mbaawka ustude cuuɗi ɗi ngonaa laaɓtuɗi e waɗde peeje peewnugol wuro. [1] Yiilirde ndee ina jeyaa kadi e ƴellitgol galleeji e estaaduuji ɗi ngalaa njoɓdi e nder Surulere, Fuɗnaange-rewo e Fuɗnaange-rewo Ikoyi eɓɓaaɗe ƴellitgol e fotde ujunere ektaar ƴellitgol e nder duunde Victoria . [ ]

Abayomi laati hooreejo Naajeeriya arandeejo nder kawtal suudu nyawndiigu janngirde mawnde, Ibadan nder hitaande 1958, kuugal ngal o jogi haa hitaande 1965. Nder hitaande 1959, o laati hooreejo kawtal hukuumaaji [[Lagos University Teaching Hospital|pamari janngirde janngirde Lagos]] haa Lagos. O woniino e yiilirde walla hooreejo sosiyeteeji keewɗi haa o dañi nguurndam makko fof

Sir Kofo maayi e jam e nder galle mum ñalnde 1 lewru Yarkomaa hitaande 1979, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 82, o acci debbo makko, [[Oyinkansola Abayomi|Oyinkan, Lady Abayomi]], mo kanko e hoore makko o wonnoo neɗɗo mawɗo e nder daartol leydi Najeriya. {{Sfn|archives}}

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Oloye Sir '''Kofoworola Adekunle &quot;Kofo&quot; Abayomi''', listen c KBE (10 juillet 1896 – 1 janvier 1979) ko politikyanke Najeriya gooto jeyaaɗo e sosɓe fedde ngenndiyankoore, fedde sukaaɓe Najeriya, e hitaande 1934, o yahri yeeso haa o dañi diɗɗal laamu. Golle makko cakkitiiɗe mawɗe e nder renndo ko wonde hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ƴellitaare Lagos gila 1958 haa 1966.

== Duuɓi gadani ==
Abayomi jibinaa ko ñalnde 10 sulyee 1896 to Lagos {{Sfn|archives}} iwdi mum ko Egbe-Yoruba . {{Sfn|Vaughan|2006}} Tuggi 1904 haa 1909, o naati duɗal UNA, Lagos, caggal ɗuum o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Wesleyan, anndiraangal hannde duɗal sukaaɓe Methodist, Lagos . O woppi golle e fuɗɗoode hitaande 1914 ngam naatde e gollotooɓe to opitaal Afrik, Lagos. E wolde adunaare adannde, o waɗti waɗde hoore makko e mbaydi mbaylaandi  to opitaal mawɗo to Kameruun . O janngi farmasi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Yaba, caggal ɗuum o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde safaara to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Edinburgh, o heɓi bak makko e hitaande 1928.

O jogaama seppooɓe haa wakkati seɗɗa ko adii o hoota lesdi Naajeeriya ngam o huuwa les Dr. [[Oguntola Sapara]] . O arti to [[Biritaani-Mawndi|leydi Angalteer]] e hitaande 1930 ngam janngude safaara e cellal nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi, kadi e hitaande 1939, o arti e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde to bannge safaara gite e safaara. {{Sfn|archives}}

Ko o doktoor Afriknaajo jogiiɗo jaŋde Angalteer, Abayomi naati e safrirde koloñaal Angalteer ngam dañde nguura. {{Sfn|Patton|1996}}

== Diɗɗal Sukaaɓe Naajeeriya ==
Abayomi ko tergal sosngal fedde sukaaɓe leydi Nijeer (NYM) e hitaande 1933. {{Sfn|Derrick|2008}} NYM sosaa ko e terɗe annduɓe Lagos, ɓe ngonnoo ko e seppude peeje ngam waɗde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Yaba, ngal ɓe cikkatnoo ina rokka Afriknaaɓe jaŋde leslesre. {{Sfn|Nwauwa|1997}} Abayomi wonti hooreejo NYM e maayde Doktoor [[James Churchill Vaughan|James Churchil Vaughan]] e hitaande 1937. {{Sfn|Derrick|2008}}

Abayomi suɓaama tergal e Diiso sarɗiiji e hitaande 1938. Nde o woppi golle ɗee ɗiɗi fof ngam waawde yahde caggal leydi ngam ɓeydaade janngude, o ɓuuɓtii kiris. Kanndidaaji luulndiiɗi ɗii ko [[Ernest Ikoli]], Ijo, e Samuel Akisanya, Ijebu mo [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] walli . Nde laamu nguu suɓii Ikoli ngam wonde kanndidaa maɓɓe, Akisanya e Azikiwe fof njalti lannda kaa, ɓe njahdi e ko ɓuri heewde e almuɓɓe maɓɓe. {{Sfn|Falola|2003}}

== Caggal golle ==
Abayomi warti lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1941 ngam jokkitugo kuugal maako nder saare maako. Caggal mum o wonti doktoor keeriiɗo gadano cuɓaaɗo hooreejo fedde safrooɓe leydi Najeriya . {{Sfn|archives}} ''Egbe Omo Oduduwa'', fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e renndo [[Yimɓe Yarbanko'en|Yoruba]] sosaande to [[London|Londres]] e hitaande 1945, udditaa to [[Ifẹ|Ile Ife]] e lewru suwee 1948. Sir [[Adeyemo Alakija]] suɓaama hooreejo leydi. Abayomi suɓaama ko keso. {{Sfn|Vaughan|2006}}

O woniino tergal e diiso doosɗe guwerneer tuggi 1949 haa 1951. 

E hitaande 1950, Alaafin Oyo, hono Adeyemi II, rokki Oloye Abayomi tiitoonde laamɗo '''gooto-Isokun''' Oyo . {{Sfn|Vaughan|2006}}

Duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, e lewru abriil 1952, Oba Adele II mo Lagos rokki mo tiitoonde '''Baba Isale''' . {{Sfn|Vaughan|2006}}

Abayomi ina jeyaa e terɗe sosɗe fedde Action Group nde oon lannda udditaa ñalnde 5 mee 1951. {{Sfn|Sklar|2004}}

E feccere adannde e hitaande 1954, waɗii fitinaaji keewɗi e nder gure Oyo worgo. E lewru ut ndeen hitaande, mawɓe [[Yimɓe Yarbanko'en|Yoruba]] en heewɓe neldi mo ngam yiyde Alaafin Oyo e etaade waɗde mo woppude ballal mum e Diiso ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer e Kameruun . {{Sfn|Post|Jenkins|1973}}

Sir Kofo woniino wakiiliijo suudu sarɗiiji leydi Najeriya e nder diiso doosɗe duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, Ibadan gila nde sosaa e hitaande 1948 haa 1961. O toɗɗaama cukko hooreejo fedde toppitiinde njuɓɓudi [[University College Hospital, Ibadan|opitaal duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, Ibadan]] nde ngal udditaa e hitaande 1951. {{Sfn|archives}}

E hitaande 1958, o toɗɗaa hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ƴellitaare Lagos, jogiinde mbaawka ustude cuuɗi ɗi ngonaa laaɓtuɗi e waɗde peeje peewnugol wuro. [1] Yiilirde ndee ina jeyaa kadi e ƴellitgol galleeji e estaaduuji ɗi ngalaa njoɓdi e nder Surulere, Fuɗnaange-rewo e Fuɗnaange-rewo Ikoyi eɓɓaaɗe ƴellitgol e fotde ujunere ektaar ƴellitgol e nder duunde Victoria . [ ]

Abayomi laati hooreejo Naajeeriya arandeejo nder kawtal suudu nyawndiigu janngirde mawnde, Ibadan nder hitaande 1958, kuugal ngal o jogi haa hitaande 1965. Nder hitaande 1959, o laati hooreejo kawtal hukuumaaji [[Lagos University Teaching Hospital|pamari janngirde janngirde Lagos]] haa Lagos. O woniino e yiilirde walla hooreejo sosiyeteeji keewɗi haa o dañi nguurndam makko fof

Sir Kofo maayi e jam e nder galle mum ñalnde 1 lewru Yarkomaa hitaande 1979, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 82, o acci debbo makko, [[Oyinkansola Abayomi|Oyinkan, Lady Abayomi]], mo kanko e hoore makko o wonnoo neɗɗo mawɗo e nder daartol leydi Najeriya. {{Sfn|archives}}

== Tuugnorgal ==

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    <title>Alan Burns (gardiiɗo koloñaal)</title>
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'''Sir Alan Cuthbert Maxwell Burns''' GCMG (9 noowammbar 1887 – 29 suwee 1980) ko golloowo laamu Angalteer, umminooɗo e darɗe haa wonti guwerneer koloniiji keewɗi. O winndi kadi defte keewɗe ko faati e politik e daartol, haa arti noon e deftere ko o inniri &quot;color prejudice &quot; (racisme), ɗo o ñiŋi golle ɗee.

== Nguurndam e ɓesngu puɗɗaangu ==
Burns jibinaa ko to Basseterre, to Saint-Kits e Nevis, o dañii miñiraaɓe njeeɗiɗo. Baaba makko ko James Patrick Burns, yumma makko ko Agnes Zulma Delisle Burns. Baaba makko ko keso Saint-Christophe-Nevis-Angilla, o maayi ko e hitaande 1896. Ina jeyaa e banndiraaɓe makko Cecil Delisle Burns, binndoowo e jannginoowo sekulaar ; Robert Edward Burns, gollinooɗo kadi e nder sarwiis koloñaal ; e Emile Burns, hooreejo kominist Angalteer.

E hitaande 1901 Burns naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St Edmund to Old Hall Green, kono o fotnoo ko yaltude ko yaawi sabu ɓesngu makko waawaano yoɓde njoɓdi ndii.  Yumma makko sankii ko to wuro wiyeteengo Hertfordshire e hitaande 1914. E nder hitaande ndee tan o resi Kathleen Fitzpatrick Hardtman. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe rewɓe ɗiɗo, Barbara e Benedikta. 

== Kugal ==
Burns ina joginoo golle keewɗe e nder sarwiis koloñaal. O golliima e duuɗe Leeward gila 1905 haa 1912 caggal ɗuum o wonti gardiiɗo doosɗe leydi Nijeer . E hitaande 1914 o naati e konu Afrik worgo . O golliima e kampaañ leydi Kameruun, o wonti Adjutant e Konting leydi Nijeer. Burns wonnoo ko Sekereteer keeriiɗo to Sir Frederick (caggal mum ko Lord) Lugard ndeen Hugh Clifford e sahaa nde ɓe ngonnoo guwerneeruuji leydi Najeriya.

E hitaande 1924 Burns toɗɗaa Sekereteer Koloñaal to [[Bahamas]], ɗo o golli haa hitaande 1929, o waɗi golle Guwerneer laabi keewɗi. Tuggude 1929 haa 1934 o woni cukko hooreejo hooreejo laamu leydi Nijeer. Ndeen, nde o yahrata e duuɓi 47, o artiraa to Honduras Angalteer, ɗo o woni Guwerneer tuggi 2 noowammbar 1934 haa 24 feebariyee 1939. E hitaande 1940 o artiraa e Biro Koloñaal e golle teeŋtuɗe, e darnde balloowo hooreejo leydi.

Burns toɗɗaama Guwerneer Gold Coast e hitaande 1941. E hitaande 1942 o waɗii lebbi joy e gardagol Guwerneer Naajeeriya . Ndeen o artii to Cote d’Or, ɗo e hitaande 1942 o waggini Biro Koloñaal ngam jaɓde Afriknaaɓe e Diiso doosɗe koloñaal.  E hitaande 1946 o inniri doosgal kesal  ngal Diiso sarɗiiji ngardi e terɗe jeegom &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwQg&quot;&gt;ex officio&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, terɗe jeegom toɗɗaaɗe e terɗe sappo e jeetati cuɓaaɗe.  Ko ɗum waɗi ko ɓuri heewde e Afriknaaɓe ina ngondi e Diiso ngoo. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

E hitaande 1943 warngo diine waɗi to Kyebi . Jury ina waɗi yimɓe njeegomo jeyaaɓe e leydi Gold Coast e gooto Oropnaajo, ñaawii worɓe njeetato warngooji, kono tuumaaɗo oo ina joginoo ñaawoore nde alaa kaalis, tawi ko J. B. Danquah, awokaa, politik ngenndiyanke, banndiiko won e tuumaaɗo oo. Defansiyoŋ oo fuɗɗii wullitaade to Angalteer, etinooma hollirde ñaawoore ndee ko haala « tooñannge ɓaleeɓe ». O heɓi ballal seeɗa e won e politikaaji to leydi Angalteer, ñaawoore ndee jokki duuɓi. [1] [2] [ self-published source ] Burns woppii golle guwerneer ko juuti caggal nde Goomu Ñaawirde Toownde salii wullitaango sakkitiingo e nder ñaawoore ndee. [3]

Tuggi 1947 haa o woppi golle e hitaande 1956 Burns woniino Wakiiliijo Duumotooɗo to Angalteer e nder Goomu Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe .  E hitaande 1959, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 72, o ardii Goomu wiɗto ko faati e jawdi tawaandi e mbaydiiji yimɓe e nder koloñaal Fiyi .  E hitaande 1966 Burns huutoriima jokkondiral mum ngam tabitinde yaltugol kisal wonande ɓiyiiko gorko biyeteeɗo [[Marca Burns|Dr Marca Burns]] ummoraade Ganaa e nder kuudetaa .

Burns maayi ko to opitaal Westminster to Londres. 

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Sir Alan Cuthbert Maxwell Burns''' GCMG (9 noowammbar 1887 – 29 suwee 1980) ko golloowo laamu Angalteer, umminooɗo e darɗe haa wonti guwerneer koloniiji keewɗi. O winndi kadi defte keewɗe ko faati e politik e daartol, haa arti noon e deftere ko o inniri &quot;color prejudice &quot; (racisme), ɗo o ñiŋi golle ɗee.&lt;ref&gt;Lee, Sidney; Nicholls, C. S. (Christine Stephanie) Missing persons 1993; Stephen, Leslie (22 October 1901). &quot;The Dictionary of National Biography&quot;. London Oxford University Press – via Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam e ɓesngu puɗɗaangu ==
Burns jibinaa ko to Basseterre, to Saint-Kits e Nevis, o dañii miñiraaɓe njeeɗiɗo. Baaba makko ko James Patrick Burns, yumma makko ko Agnes Zulma Delisle Burns. Baaba makko ko keso Saint-Christophe-Nevis-Angilla, o maayi ko e hitaande 1896. Ina jeyaa e banndiraaɓe makko Cecil Delisle Burns, binndoowo e jannginoowo sekulaar ; Robert Edward Burns, gollinooɗo kadi e nder sarwiis koloñaal ; e Emile Burns, hooreejo kominist Angalteer.

E hitaande 1901 Burns naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St Edmund to Old Hall Green, kono o fotnoo ko yaltude ko yaawi sabu ɓesngu makko waawaano yoɓde njoɓdi ndii.  Yumma makko sankii ko to wuro wiyeteengo Hertfordshire e hitaande 1914. E nder hitaande ndee tan o resi Kathleen Fitzpatrick Hardtman. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe rewɓe ɗiɗo, Barbara e Benedikta. 

== Kugal ==
Burns ina joginoo golle keewɗe e nder sarwiis koloñaal. O golliima e duuɗe Leeward gila 1905 haa 1912 caggal ɗuum o wonti gardiiɗo doosɗe leydi Nijeer . E hitaande 1914 o naati e konu Afrik worgo . O golliima e kampaañ leydi Kameruun, o wonti Adjutant e Konting leydi Nijeer. Burns wonnoo ko Sekereteer keeriiɗo to Sir Frederick (caggal mum ko Lord) Lugard ndeen Hugh Clifford e sahaa nde ɓe ngonnoo guwerneeruuji leydi Najeriya.

E hitaande 1924 Burns toɗɗaa Sekereteer Koloñaal to [[Bahamas]], ɗo o golli haa hitaande 1929, o waɗi golle Guwerneer laabi keewɗi. Tuggude 1929 haa 1934 o woni cukko hooreejo hooreejo laamu leydi Nijeer. Ndeen, nde o yahrata e duuɓi 47, o artiraa to Honduras Angalteer, ɗo o woni Guwerneer tuggi 2 noowammbar 1934 haa 24 feebariyee 1939. E hitaande 1940 o artiraa e Biro Koloñaal e golle teeŋtuɗe, e darnde balloowo hooreejo leydi.

Burns toɗɗaama Guwerneer Gold Coast e hitaande 1941. E hitaande 1942 o waɗii lebbi joy e gardagol Guwerneer Naajeeriya . Ndeen o artii to Cote d’Or, ɗo e hitaande 1942 o waggini Biro Koloñaal ngam jaɓde Afriknaaɓe e Diiso doosɗe koloñaal.  E hitaande 1946 o inniri doosgal kesal  ngal Diiso sarɗiiji ngardi e terɗe jeegom &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwQg&quot;&gt;ex officio&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, terɗe jeegom toɗɗaaɗe e terɗe sappo e jeetati cuɓaaɗe.  Ko ɗum waɗi ko ɓuri heewde e Afriknaaɓe ina ngondi e Diiso ngoo. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

E hitaande 1943 warngo diine waɗi to Kyebi . Jury ina waɗi yimɓe njeegomo jeyaaɓe e leydi Gold Coast e gooto Oropnaajo, ñaawii worɓe njeetato warngooji, kono tuumaaɗo oo ina joginoo ñaawoore nde alaa kaalis, tawi ko J. B. Danquah, awokaa, politik ngenndiyanke, banndiiko won e tuumaaɗo oo. Defansiyoŋ oo fuɗɗii wullitaade to Angalteer, etinooma hollirde ñaawoore ndee ko haala « tooñannge ɓaleeɓe ». O heɓi ballal seeɗa e won e politikaaji to leydi Angalteer, ñaawoore ndee jokki duuɓi. [1] [2] [ self-published source ] Burns woppii golle guwerneer ko juuti caggal nde Goomu Ñaawirde Toownde salii wullitaango sakkitiingo e nder ñaawoore ndee. [3]

Tuggi 1947 haa o woppi golle e hitaande 1956 Burns woniino Wakiiliijo Duumotooɗo to Angalteer e nder Goomu Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe .  E hitaande 1959, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 72, o ardii Goomu wiɗto ko faati e jawdi tawaandi e mbaydiiji yimɓe e nder koloñaal Fiyi .  E hitaande 1966 Burns huutoriima jokkondiral mum ngam tabitinde yaltugol kisal wonande ɓiyiiko gorko biyeteeɗo [[Marca Burns|Dr Marca Burns]] ummoraade Ganaa e nder kuudetaa .

Burns maayi ko to opitaal Westminster to Londres. 

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Sir Alan Cuthbert Maxwell Burns''' GCMG (9 noowammbar 1887 – 29 suwee 1980) ko golloowo laamu Angalteer, umminooɗo e darɗe haa wonti guwerneer koloniiji keewɗi. O winndi kadi defte keewɗe ko faati e politik e daartol, haa arti noon e deftere ko o inniri &quot;color prejudice &quot; (racisme), ɗo o ñiŋi golle ɗee.&lt;ref&gt;Lee, Sidney; Nicholls, C. S. (Christine Stephanie) Missing persons 1993; Stephen, Leslie (22 October 1901). &quot;The Dictionary of National Biography&quot;. London Oxford University Press – via Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam e ɓesngu puɗɗaangu ==
Burns jibinaa ko to Basseterre, to Saint-Kits e Nevis, o dañii miñiraaɓe njeeɗiɗo. Baaba makko ko James Patrick Burns, yumma makko ko Agnes Zulma Delisle Burns. Baaba makko ko keso Saint-Christophe-Nevis-Angilla, o maayi ko e hitaande 1896. Ina jeyaa e banndiraaɓe makko Cecil Delisle Burns, binndoowo e jannginoowo sekulaar ; Robert Edward Burns, gollinooɗo kadi e nder sarwiis koloñaal ; e Emile Burns, hooreejo kominist Angalteer.

E hitaande 1901 Burns naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St Edmund to Old Hall Green, kono o fotnoo ko yaltude ko yaawi sabu ɓesngu makko waawaano yoɓde njoɓdi ndii.  Yumma makko sankii ko to wuro wiyeteengo Hertfordshire e hitaande 1914. E nder hitaande ndee tan o resi Kathleen Fitzpatrick Hardtman. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe rewɓe ɗiɗo, Barbara e Benedikta. 

== Kugal ==
Burns ina joginoo golle keewɗe e nder sarwiis koloñaal. O golliima e duuɗe Leeward gila 1905 haa 1912 caggal ɗuum o wonti gardiiɗo doosɗe leydi Nijeer . E hitaande 1914 o naati e konu Afrik worgo . O golliima e kampaañ leydi Kameruun, o wonti Adjutant e Konting leydi Nijeer. Burns wonnoo ko Sekereteer keeriiɗo to Sir Frederick (caggal mum ko Lord) Lugard ndeen Hugh Clifford e sahaa nde ɓe ngonnoo guwerneeruuji leydi Najeriya.

E hitaande 1924 Burns toɗɗaa Sekereteer Koloñaal to [[Bahamas]], ɗo o golli haa hitaande 1929, o waɗi golle Guwerneer laabi keewɗi. Tuggude 1929 haa 1934 o woni cukko hooreejo hooreejo laamu leydi Nijeer. Ndeen, nde o yahrata e duuɓi 47, o artiraa to Honduras Angalteer, ɗo o woni Guwerneer tuggi 2 noowammbar 1934 haa 24 feebariyee 1939. E hitaande 1940 o artiraa e Biro Koloñaal e golle teeŋtuɗe, e darnde balloowo hooreejo leydi.

Burns toɗɗaama Guwerneer Gold Coast e hitaande 1941. E hitaande 1942 o waɗii lebbi joy e gardagol Guwerneer Naajeeriya . Ndeen o artii to Cote d’Or, ɗo e hitaande 1942 o waggini Biro Koloñaal ngam jaɓde Afriknaaɓe e Diiso doosɗe koloñaal.  E hitaande 1946 o inniri doosgal kesal  ngal Diiso sarɗiiji ngardi e terɗe jeegom &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwQg&quot;&gt;ex officio&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, terɗe jeegom toɗɗaaɗe e terɗe sappo e jeetati cuɓaaɗe.  Ko ɗum waɗi ko ɓuri heewde e Afriknaaɓe ina ngondi e Diiso ngoo. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

E hitaande 1943 warngo diine waɗi to Kyebi . Jury ina waɗi yimɓe njeegomo jeyaaɓe e leydi Gold Coast e gooto Oropnaajo, ñaawii worɓe njeetato warngooji, kono tuumaaɗo oo ina joginoo ñaawoore nde alaa kaalis, tawi ko J. B. Danquah, awokaa, politik ngenndiyanke, banndiiko won e tuumaaɗo oo. Defansiyoŋ oo fuɗɗii wullitaade to Angalteer, etinooma hollirde ñaawoore ndee ko haala « tooñannge ɓaleeɓe ». O heɓi ballal seeɗa e won e politikaaji to leydi Angalteer, ñaawoore ndee jokki duuɓi. [1] [2] [ self-published source ] Burns woppii golle guwerneer ko juuti caggal nde Goomu Ñaawirde Toownde salii wullitaango sakkitiingo e nder ñaawoore ndee. [3]

Tuggi 1947 haa o woppi golle e hitaande 1956 Burns woniino Wakiiliijo Duumotooɗo to Angalteer e nder Goomu Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe .  E hitaande 1959, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 72, o ardii Goomu wiɗto ko faati e jawdi tawaandi e mbaydiiji yimɓe e nder koloñaal Fiyi .  E hitaande 1966 Burns huutoriima jokkondiral mum ngam tabitinde yaltugol kisal wonande ɓiyiiko gorko biyeteeɗo [[Marca Burns|Dr Marca Burns]] ummoraade Ganaa e nder kuudetaa .

Burns maayi ko to opitaal Westminster to Londres. 

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Sir Alan Cuthbert Maxwell Burns''' GCMG (9 noowammbar 1887 – 29 suwee 1980) ko golloowo laamu Angalteer, umminooɗo e darɗe haa wonti guwerneer koloniiji keewɗi. O winndi kadi defte keewɗe ko faati e politik e daartol, haa arti noon e deftere ko o inniri &quot;color prejudice &quot; (racisme), ɗo o ñiŋi golle ɗee.&lt;ref&gt;Lee, Sidney; Nicholls, C. S. (Christine Stephanie) Missing persons 1993; Stephen, Leslie (22 October 1901). &quot;The Dictionary of National Biography&quot;. London Oxford University Press – via Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam e ɓesngu puɗɗaangu ==
Burns jibinaa ko to Basseterre, to Saint-Kits e Nevis, o dañii miñiraaɓe njeeɗiɗo. Baaba makko ko James Patrick Burns, yumma makko ko Agnes Zulma Delisle Burns. Baaba makko ko keso Saint-Christophe-Nevis-Angilla, o maayi ko e hitaande 1896. Ina jeyaa e banndiraaɓe makko Cecil Delisle Burns, binndoowo e jannginoowo sekulaar ; Robert Edward Burns, gollinooɗo kadi e nder sarwiis koloñaal ; e Emile Burns, hooreejo kominist Angalteer.

E hitaande 1901 Burns naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St Edmund to Old Hall Green, kono o fotnoo ko yaltude ko yaawi sabu ɓesngu makko waawaano yoɓde njoɓdi ndii.  Yumma makko sankii ko to wuro wiyeteengo Hertfordshire e hitaande 1914. E nder hitaande ndee tan o resi Kathleen Fitzpatrick Hardtman. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe rewɓe ɗiɗo, Barbara e Benedikta. 

== Kugal ==
Burns ina joginoo golle keewɗe e nder sarwiis koloñaal. O golliima e duuɗe Leeward gila 1905 haa 1912 caggal ɗuum o wonti gardiiɗo doosɗe leydi Nijeer . E hitaande 1914 o naati e konu Afrik worgo . O golliima e kampaañ leydi Kameruun, o wonti Adjutant e Konting leydi Nijeer. Burns wonnoo ko Sekereteer keeriiɗo to Sir Frederick (caggal mum ko Lord) Lugard ndeen Hugh Clifford e sahaa nde ɓe ngonnoo guwerneeruuji leydi Najeriya.

E hitaande 1924 Burns toɗɗaa Sekereteer Koloñaal to [[Bahamas]], ɗo o golli haa hitaande 1929, o waɗi golle Guwerneer laabi keewɗi. Tuggude 1929 haa 1934 o woni cukko hooreejo hooreejo laamu leydi Nijeer. Ndeen, nde o yahrata e duuɓi 47, o artiraa to Honduras Angalteer, ɗo o woni Guwerneer tuggi 2 noowammbar 1934 haa 24 feebariyee 1939. E hitaande 1940 o artiraa e Biro Koloñaal e golle teeŋtuɗe, e darnde balloowo hooreejo leydi.

Burns toɗɗaama Guwerneer Gold Coast e hitaande 1941. E hitaande 1942 o waɗii lebbi joy e gardagol Guwerneer Naajeeriya . Ndeen o artii to Cote d’Or, ɗo e hitaande 1942 o waggini Biro Koloñaal ngam jaɓde Afriknaaɓe e Diiso doosɗe koloñaal.  E hitaande 1946 o inniri doosgal kesal  ngal Diiso sarɗiiji ngardi e terɗe jeegom &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwQg&quot;&gt;ex officio&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, terɗe jeegom toɗɗaaɗe e terɗe sappo e jeetati cuɓaaɗe.  Ko ɗum waɗi ko ɓuri heewde e Afriknaaɓe ina ngondi e Diiso ngoo. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

E hitaande 1943 warngo diine waɗi to Kyebi . Jury ina waɗi yimɓe njeegomo jeyaaɓe e leydi Gold Coast e gooto Oropnaajo, ñaawii worɓe njeetato warngooji, kono tuumaaɗo oo ina joginoo ñaawoore nde alaa kaalis, tawi ko J. B. Danquah, awokaa, politik ngenndiyanke, banndiiko won e tuumaaɗo oo. Defansiyoŋ oo fuɗɗii wullitaade to Angalteer, etinooma hollirde ñaawoore ndee ko haala « tooñannge ɓaleeɓe ». O heɓi ballal seeɗa e won e politikaaji to leydi Angalteer, ñaawoore ndee jokki duuɓi. [1] [2] [ self-published source ] Burns woppii golle guwerneer ko juuti caggal nde Goomu Ñaawirde Toownde salii wullitaango sakkitiingo e nder ñaawoore ndee. [3]

Tuggi 1947 haa o woppi golle e hitaande 1956 Burns woniino Wakiiliijo Duumotooɗo to Angalteer e nder Goomu Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe .  E hitaande 1959, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 72, o ardii Goomu wiɗto ko faati e jawdi tawaandi e mbaydiiji yimɓe e nder koloñaal Fiyi .  E hitaande 1966 Burns huutoriima jokkondiral mum ngam tabitinde yaltugol kisal wonande ɓiyiiko gorko biyeteeɗo [[Marca Burns|Dr Marca Burns]] ummoraade Ganaa e nder kuudetaa .

Burns maayi ko to opitaal Westminster to Londres. 

== Tuugnorgal ==

== Career ==


Burns waɗi kuugal feere nder suudu koloniya. O huuwani nder Leeward Islands diga 1905 haa 1912 nden o laati ardiiɗo dow lesdi Nigeria. Nder hitaande 1914 o jaɓii nder gardagol lesdi Afrik hirnaange. O waɗi nder Campaign Cameroons nden o laati Adjudant of the Nigeria Land Contingent. Burns laati mawɗo hooreejo Sir Frederick (sare Lorde) Lugard nden [[Hugh Clifford (gardiiɗo koloñaal)|Hugh Clifford]] nder wakkati maɓɓe nder lesdi Nigeria.

Nder 1924 Burns laatii mawɗo leydi [[Bahamas]], to o huuwi haa 1929 o waɗi golle gomnati haa wakkatiji ɗuuɗɗi. Daga 1929 haa 1934 o laati ardiiɗo ardiiɗo jaɓoore dowla lesdi Naajeeriya. Nden, to o woodi duuɓi 47, o jeyaa to British Honduras, to o jeyaa dow laamu diga 2 Noofambar 1934 haa 24 Feebari 1939. Nder 1940 o darni haa Ofisi Koloniya dow kuugal mawɗo, bee darnde go'o dowɗo.

Burns toɗɗaama Guwerneer Gold Coast e hitaande 1941. E hitaande 1942 o waɗii lebbi joy e gardagol Guwerneer Naajeeriya . Ndeen o artii to Cote d’Or, ɗo e hitaande 1942 o waggini Biro Koloñaal ngam jaɓde Afriknaaɓe e Diiso doosɗe koloñaal.  E hitaande 1946 o inniri doosgal kesal  ngal Diiso sarɗiiji ngardi e terɗe jeegom &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwQg&quot;&gt;ex officio&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, terɗe jeegom toɗɗaaɗe e terɗe sappo e jeetati cuɓaaɗe.  Ko ɗum waɗi ko ɓuri heewde e Afriknaaɓe ina ngondi e Diiso ngoo. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)&quot;&gt;ciimtol ina haani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

E hitaande 1943 warngo diine waɗi to Kyebi . Jury ina waɗi yimɓe njeegomo jeyaaɓe e leydi Gold Coast e gooto Oropnaajo, ñaawii worɓe njeetato warngooji, kono tuumaaɗo oo ina joginoo ñaawoore nde alaa kaalis, tawi ko J. B. Danquah, awokaa, politik ngenndiyanke, banndiiko won e tuumaaɗo oo. Defansiyoŋ oo fuɗɗii wullitaade to Angalteer, etinooma hollirde ñaawoore ndee ko haala « tooñannge ɓaleeɓe ». O heɓi ballal seeɗa e won e politikaaji to leydi Angalteer, ñaawoore ndee jokki duuɓi.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (November 2021)&quot;&gt;self-published source&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Burns woppii golle guwerneer ko juuti caggal nde Goomu Ñaawirde Toownde salii wullitaango sakkitiingo e nder ñaawoore ndee.</text>
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'''Sir Alan Cuthbert Maxwell Burns''' GCMG (9 noowammbar 1887 – 29 suwee 1980) ko golloowo laamu Angalteer, umminooɗo e darɗe haa wonti guwerneer koloniiji keewɗi. O winndi kadi defte keewɗe ko faati e politik e daartol, haa arti noon e deftere ko o inniri &quot;color prejudice &quot; (racisme), ɗo o ñiŋi golle ɗee.&lt;ref&gt;Lee, Sidney; Nicholls, C. S. (Christine Stephanie) Missing persons 1993; Stephen, Leslie (22 October 1901). &quot;The Dictionary of National Biography&quot;. London Oxford University Press – via Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam e ɓesngu puɗɗaangu ==
Burns jibinaa ko to Basseterre, to Saint-Kits e Nevis, o dañii miñiraaɓe njeeɗiɗo. Baaba makko ko James Patrick Burns, yumma makko ko Agnes Zulma Delisle Burns. Baaba makko ko keso Saint-Christophe-Nevis-Angilla, o maayi ko e hitaande 1896. Ina jeyaa e banndiraaɓe makko Cecil Delisle Burns, binndoowo e jannginoowo sekulaar ; Robert Edward Burns, gollinooɗo kadi e nder sarwiis koloñaal ; e Emile Burns, hooreejo kominist Angalteer.

E hitaande 1901 Burns naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St Edmund to Old Hall Green, kono o fotnoo ko yaltude ko yaawi sabu ɓesngu makko waawaano yoɓde njoɓdi ndii.  Yumma makko sankii ko to wuro wiyeteengo Hertfordshire e hitaande 1914. E nder hitaande ndee tan o resi Kathleen Fitzpatrick Hardtman. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe rewɓe ɗiɗo, Barbara e Benedikta. 

== Kugal ==
Burns ina joginoo golle keewɗe e nder sarwiis koloñaal. O golliima e duuɗe Leeward gila 1905 haa 1912 caggal ɗuum o wonti gardiiɗo doosɗe leydi Nijeer . E hitaande 1914 o naati e konu Afrik worgo . O golliima e kampaañ leydi Kameruun, o wonti Adjutant e Konting leydi Nijeer. Burns wonnoo ko Sekereteer keeriiɗo to Sir Frederick (caggal mum ko Lord) Lugard ndeen Hugh Clifford e sahaa nde ɓe ngonnoo guwerneeruuji leydi Najeriya.

E hitaande 1924 Burns toɗɗaa Sekereteer Koloñaal to [[Bahamas]], ɗo o golli haa hitaande 1929, o waɗi golle Guwerneer laabi keewɗi. Tuggude 1929 haa 1934 o woni cukko hooreejo hooreejo laamu leydi Nijeer. Ndeen, nde o yahrata e duuɓi 47, o artiraa to Honduras Angalteer, ɗo o woni Guwerneer tuggi 2 noowammbar 1934 haa 24 feebariyee 1939. E hitaande 1940 o artiraa e Biro Koloñaal e golle teeŋtuɗe, e darnde balloowo hooreejo leydi.

Burns toɗɗaama Guwerneer Gold Coast e hitaande 1941. E hitaande 1942 o waɗii lebbi joy e gardagol Guwerneer Naajeeriya . Ndeen o artii to Cote d’Or, ɗo e hitaande 1942 o waggini Biro Koloñaal ngam jaɓde Afriknaaɓe e Diiso doosɗe koloñaal.  E hitaande 1946 o inniri doosgal kesal  ngal Diiso sarɗiiji ngardi e terɗe jeegom &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwQg&quot;&gt;ex officio&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, terɗe jeegom toɗɗaaɗe e terɗe sappo e jeetati cuɓaaɗe.  Ko ɗum waɗi ko ɓuri heewde e Afriknaaɓe ina ngondi e Diiso ngoo. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

E hitaande 1943 warngo diine waɗi to Kyebi . Jury ina waɗi yimɓe njeegomo jeyaaɓe e leydi Gold Coast e gooto Oropnaajo, ñaawii worɓe njeetato warngooji, kono tuumaaɗo oo ina joginoo ñaawoore nde alaa kaalis, tawi ko J. B. Danquah, awokaa, politik ngenndiyanke, banndiiko won e tuumaaɗo oo. Defansiyoŋ oo fuɗɗii wullitaade to Angalteer, etinooma hollirde ñaawoore ndee ko haala « tooñannge ɓaleeɓe ». O heɓi ballal seeɗa e won e politikaaji to leydi Angalteer, ñaawoore ndee jokki duuɓi. [1] [2] [ self-published source ] Burns woppii golle guwerneer ko juuti caggal nde Goomu Ñaawirde Toownde salii wullitaango sakkitiingo e nder ñaawoore ndee. [3]

Tuggi 1947 haa o woppi golle e hitaande 1956 Burns woniino Wakiiliijo Duumotooɗo to Angalteer e nder Goomu Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe .  E hitaande 1959, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 72, o ardii Goomu wiɗto ko faati e jawdi tawaandi e mbaydiiji yimɓe e nder koloñaal Fiyi .  E hitaande 1966 Burns huutoriima jokkondiral mum ngam tabitinde yaltugol kisal wonande ɓiyiiko gorko biyeteeɗo [[Marca Burns|Dr Marca Burns]] ummoraade Ganaa e nder kuudetaa .

Burns maayi ko to opitaal Westminster to Londres. 

== Tuugnorgal ==

== Career ==


Burns waɗi kuugal feere nder suudu koloniya. O huuwani nder Leeward Islands diga 1905 haa 1912 nden o laati ardiiɗo dow lesdi Nigeria. Nder hitaande 1914 o jaɓii nder gardagol lesdi Afrik hirnaange. O waɗi nder Campaign Cameroons nden o laati Adjudant of the Nigeria Land Contingent. Burns laati mawɗo hooreejo Sir Frederick (sare Lorde) Lugard nden [[Hugh Clifford (gardiiɗo koloñaal)|Hugh Clifford]] nder wakkati maɓɓe nder lesdi Nigeria.

Nder 1924 Burns laatii mawɗo leydi [[Bahamas]], to o huuwi haa 1929 o waɗi golle gomnati haa wakkatiji ɗuuɗɗi. Daga 1929 haa 1934 o laati ardiiɗo ardiiɗo jaɓoore dowla lesdi Naajeeriya. Nden, to o woodi duuɓi 47, o jeyaa to British Honduras, to o jeyaa dow laamu diga 2 Noofambar 1934 haa 24 Feebari 1939. Nder 1940 o darni haa Ofisi Koloniya dow kuugal mawɗo, bee darnde go'o dowɗo.

Burns toɗɗaama Guwerneer Gold Coast e hitaande 1941. E hitaande 1942 o waɗii lebbi joy e gardagol Guwerneer Naajeeriya . Ndeen o artii to Cote d’Or, ɗo e hitaande 1942 o waggini Biro Koloñaal ngam jaɓde Afriknaaɓe e Diiso doosɗe koloñaal.  E hitaande 1946 o inniri doosgal kesal  ngal Diiso sarɗiiji ngardi e terɗe jeegom &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwQg&quot;&gt;ex officio&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, terɗe jeegom toɗɗaaɗe e terɗe sappo e jeetati cuɓaaɗe.  Ko ɗum waɗi ko ɓuri heewde e Afriknaaɓe ina ngondi e Diiso ngoo. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)&quot;&gt;ciimtol ina haani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

E hitaande 1943 warngo diine waɗi to Kyebi . Jury ina waɗi yimɓe njeegomo jeyaaɓe e leydi Gold Coast e gooto Oropnaajo, ñaawii worɓe njeetato warngooji, kono tuumaaɗo oo ina joginoo ñaawoore nde alaa kaalis, tawi ko J. B. Danquah, awokaa, politik ngenndiyanke, banndiiko won e tuumaaɗo oo. Defansiyoŋ oo fuɗɗii wullitaade to Angalteer, etinooma hollirde ñaawoore ndee ko haala « tooñannge ɓaleeɓe ». O heɓi ballal seeɗa e won e politikaaji to leydi Angalteer, ñaawoore ndee jokki duuɓi.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (November 2021)&quot;&gt;self-published source&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Burns woppii golle guwerneer ko juuti caggal nde Goomu Ñaawirde Toownde salii wullitaango sakkitiingo e nder ñaawoore ndee.

==firooji==</text>
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[[File:Sir_Alexander_Boyle_Portrait.jpg|thumb|Sir Aleksanndere Boyle ko Katarin Ouless fenti ɗum ko hedde hitaande 1913]]
'''Sir Aleksanndere Joorji Boyle Esq''' . CMG . CBE ., (6 Mar 1872 - 19 Apr 1943) anndiraa kadi AG Boyle to Lagos, Koloñaal Nijeer, ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer gonnooɗo Lietnaa-Guwerneer e nder diiwanuuji Fuɗnaange, O wonnoo ko guwerneer golloowo hedde cakkital hitaande 1919 e kadi guwerneer gooto e sahaa Frederick de Lud's laamu. Laabi Boyle to duunde Lagos ina inniri ɗum. O resi Sibyl Blanche Hodgson (ɓiy debbo gardiiɗo duɗal Charterhouse ) e hitaande 1898 to Teddington . Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe worɓe njoyo. [1] [2]

== Binndanɗe ==

* Rajo Naajeeriya Fombina ngam hitaande 1913: Ko A. G. Boyle winndi. Ɓataake nelduɗo guwerneer mawɗo biyeteeɗo Frederick Lugard . Hokkaama e cuuɗi ɗiɗi ɗii fof e yamiroore mawɗo leydi ndii . Lewru Yarkomaa hitaande 1915 

== Ƴeew kadi ==

* Sarwiis Koloñaal

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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[[File:Sir_Alexander_Boyle_Portrait.jpg|thumb|Sir Aleksanndere Boyle ko Katarin Ouless fenti ɗum ko hedde hitaande 1913]]
'''Sir Aleksanndere Joorji Boyle Esq''' . CMG . CBE ., (6 Mar 1872 - 19 Apr 1943) anndiraa kadi AG Boyle to Lagos, Koloñaal Nijeer, ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer gonnooɗo Lietnaa-Guwerneer e nder diiwanuuji Fuɗnaange, O wonnoo ko guwerneer golloowo hedde cakkital hitaande 1919 e kadi guwerneer gooto e sahaa Frederick de Lud's laamu. Laabi Boyle to duunde Lagos ina inniri ɗum. O resi Sibyl Blanche Hodgson (ɓiy debbo gardiiɗo duɗal Charterhouse ) e hitaande 1898 to Teddington . Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe worɓe njoyo. &lt;ref&gt;Alexander, George Boyle (January 1915). Southern Nigeria. Report for 1913. Stationery Office.&lt;/ref&gt;[1] [2]

== Binndanɗe ==

* Rajo Naajeeriya Fombina ngam hitaande 1913: Ko A. G. Boyle winndi. Ɓataake nelduɗo guwerneer mawɗo biyeteeɗo Frederick Lugard . Hokkaama e cuuɗi ɗiɗi ɗii fof e yamiroore mawɗo leydi ndii . Lewru Yarkomaa hitaande 1915 

== Ƴeew kadi ==

* Sarwiis Koloñaal

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[[File:Sir_Alexander_Boyle_Portrait.jpg|thumb|Sir Aleksanndere Boyle ko Katarin Ouless fenti ɗum ko hedde hitaande 1913]]
'''Sir Aleksanndere Joorji Boyle Esq''' . CMG . CBE ., (6 Mar 1872 - 19 Apr 1943) anndiraa kadi AG Boyle to Lagos, Koloñaal Nijeer, ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer gonnooɗo Lietnaa-Guwerneer e nder diiwanuuji Fuɗnaange, O wonnoo ko guwerneer golloowo hedde cakkital hitaande 1919 e kadi guwerneer gooto e sahaa Frederick de Lud's laamu. Laabi Boyle to duunde Lagos ina inniri ɗum. O resi Sibyl Blanche Hodgson (ɓiy debbo gardiiɗo duɗal Charterhouse ) e hitaande 1898 to Teddington . Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe worɓe njoyo. &lt;ref&gt;Alexander, George Boyle (January 1915). Southern Nigeria. Report for 1913. Stationery Office.&lt;/ref&gt;[1] [2]

== Binndanɗe ==

* Rajo Naajeeriya Fombina ngam hitaande 1913: Ko A. G. Boyle winndi. Ɓataake nelduɗo guwerneer mawɗo biyeteeɗo Frederick Lugard . Hokkaama e cuuɗi ɗiɗi ɗii fof e yamiroore mawɗo leydi ndii . Lewru Yarkomaa hitaande 1915 

== Ƴeew kadi ==

* Sarwiis Koloñaal

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[[File:Sir_Alexander_Boyle_Portrait.jpg|thumb|Sir Aleksanndere Boyle ko Katarin Ouless fenti ɗum ko hedde hitaande 1913]]
'''Sir Aleksanndere Joorji Boyle Esq''' . CMG . CBE ., (6 Mar 1872 - 19 Apr 1943) anndiraa kadi AG Boyle to Lagos, Koloñaal Nijeer, ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer gonnooɗo Lietnaa-Guwerneer e nder diiwanuuji Fuɗnaange, O wonnoo ko guwerneer golloowo hedde cakkital hitaande 1919 e kadi guwerneer gooto e sahaa Frederick de Lud's laamu. Laabi Boyle to duunde Lagos ina inniri ɗum. O resi Sibyl Blanche Hodgson (ɓiy debbo gardiiɗo duɗal Charterhouse ) e hitaande 1898 to Teddington . Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe worɓe njoyo. &lt;ref&gt;Alexander, George Boyle (January 1915). Southern Nigeria. Report for 1913. Stationery Office.&lt;/ref&gt;[1] [2]

== Binndanɗe ==

* Rajo Naajeeriya Fombina ngam hitaande 1913: Ko A. G. Boyle winndi. Ɓataake nelduɗo guwerneer mawɗo biyeteeɗo Frederick Lugard . Hokkaama e cuuɗi ɗiɗi ɗii fof e yamiroore mawɗo leydi ndii . Lewru Yarkomaa hitaande 1915 

== Ƴeew kadi ==

* Sarwiis Koloñaal

== Tuugnorgal ==

== Publications ==

* Lifto Nigeria nder lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1913: A.G. Boyle. Wuro haɓɓugo hooreejo leydi [[Frederik Lugard, ko Baron Lugard gadano|Frederick Lugard]]. Wondiri to suudu leydi ndii ɗiɗo fuu dow umroore Laamu maako. Janaare, 1915</text>
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    <title>Bernard Henri Burdiyon</title>
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'''Sir Bernard Henri Burdiyon''' GCMG KBE (1883-1948) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer, wonnoo ko guwerneer [[Ugannda|Uganndaa]] (1932-1935) e [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]] (1935-1943).

== Duuɓi gadani ==
Bourdillon jibinaa ko ñalnde 3 desaambar 1883 to Burnie, to Tasmani, jibnaaɓe mum ko Engele en.  Hay so o jibinaa ko to Tasmani, o wiyi omo jogori wonde « Engele, wonaa Ostarali ». &lt;ref name=&quot;Meredith&quot; /&gt; O mawni ko to Angalteer e Afrik worgo, o janngi to duɗal Tonbridge to Tonbridge, Kent .   O naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St John, Oxford, o heɓi bak makko e hitaande 1906. E hitaande 1908, o naati e golle laamu leydi Indiya . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bodley&quot; /&gt;  O resi Violet Grace Billinghurst e lewru noowammbar 1909. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meredith&quot; /&gt; E hitaande 1935, Violet siforaa ko « debbo guwerneer timmuɗo ».  Ɓiɓɓe makko tato ɓee, hono Bernard Godwin Burdillon, Henri Townsend Burdillon e Patrik Imbert Burdillon njanngii e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Korpus Christi, Oxford, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e baaba maɓɓe e nder golle koloñaal. Bernard Godwin Bourdillon, balloowo mawɗo jaagorɗe leydi Palestiin, waraa caggal ɗuum e bommbooji baɗnooɗi e otel King David e hitaande 1946.

E hitaande 1913, Bourdillon toɗɗaa yo won gardiiɗo jaagorɗe laamu diiwanuuji dentuɗi ɗii. E hitaande 1915, o waɗtaa binnditoowo to Ñaawirde Toownde Allahabad. Nde o woni to leydi Inndo, o dañii innde ganndo ɗemɗe. 

E nder wolde adunaare adannde, Bourdillon naati konu, o woni Lietnaa ɗiɗaɓo e hitaande 1917, o artiraa to Irak e hitaande 1918.  O arti e darnde Major, e nder fitinaaji Iraak e hitaande 1919, o haalaama e nder binndanɗe. 
[[File:Baghdad_1923_Bell_Cornwallis_Eskell_Bourdillon.jpg|right|thumb|Foto tedduɓe Angalteer e Iraak to Bagdaad gila 1923 e jamaanu Iraak Mandatory . Gila ɗiɗaɓo nano haa nyaamo e doggol yeeso ngol, ko Kinahan Kornwalis, Sassoon Eskel, e Gertrude Bell . Bourdillon ina darii caggal Bell to bannge doggol ɗiɗaɓol.]]
Bourdillon yalti konu e hitaande 1919 ngam naatde e njuɓɓudi siwil Iraak, o toɗɗaa Sekereteer politik to Komiseer Toowɗo Iraak e hitaande 1921. Tuggi 1924 haa 1929, o woni Konseye. Hakkunde 1925 e 1926, o woniino Komiseer mawɗo jogiiɗo doole guurɗe e nder kaaldigal nanondiral hakkunde Angalteer e Irak e hitaande 1926. 

== Sarwiis koloñaal ==

=== Seylan ===
Bourdillon artiraa e Sarwiis Siwil Koloñaal e hitaande 1929 ngam ƴettude golle Sekereteer Koloñaal Ceylon, o woni e oon darnde haa hitaande 1932, o wonii laabi ɗiɗi guwerneer Ceylon . Nde o woni to leydi Ceylon, o wonii hooreejo fedde laamuyankoore Asiyankoore to Ceylon e hitaande 1931.  O noddaama kadi to Maldives e hitaande 1931 ngam wasiyaade Sultan Muhammadu Shamsuddeen III e binndol doosgal leydi ndii gadanal binndaangal . O wasiyiima yo leydi ndi ardo diiso jaagorɗe, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii, kono wasiyaaji makko njaɓaaka e goomu ƴettugol binnditagol ngol. 

=== Uganndaa ===
E hitaande 1932, o waɗaa Guwerneer e Komaandaŋ mawɗo leydi Uganndaa.  To leydi Uganndaa, Bourdillon wiyaama &quot;heɓii safaara&quot; nde tawnoo geɗe keewɗe ummiima nde o woni guwerneer ɗo o waawi waɗde kuule ɗe ko ɓuri heewde e Afriknaaɓe njiɗi. Heen sahaaji, luural waɗii hakkunde njulaagu aarabeeɓe to Kampala (kamɓe e koye maɓɓe ko eggooɓe ummoriiɓe leydi Angalteer to Aden) e jom en njulaagu Afriknaaɓe e nder renndo ngoo. Bourdillon ƴeewtii hujjaaji ɗii, o miijii wonde ko goonga, sibu jom en jawɗeele en aarabeeɓe ɓee mbaɗii golle bonɗe, tawi heen huunde ina luurdi e sariyaaji Protektorat Uganndaa . E ko nanndi heen, o laamiima e fawaade e depasuuji Afrik.

E sahaa goɗɗo o ɓadtiima ardiiɓe Laamu Tooro, ɓe mbiyi wonde wuyɓe belsik ina taƴa leydi Konngo Belsik tawa ko e dow laawol, ina njiyloo jawdi e dow leyɗeele jeyaaɗe e Laamu Tooro. Bourdillon ƴeewtindiima haala kaa, yamiri Askari yo ƴeewndo keeri ngam nanngude wuyɓe ɓee. Caggal ɗuum, wuyɓe ɓee nanngaa, laamuuji Angalteer nanngi ɗum en kasoo, hay so tawii ko Oropnaaɓe. Heen sahaa goɗɗo, belsiknaajo gooto hoɗnooɗo to Entebbe, tuumaama fiyde gollotooɓe mum afriknaaɓe. Bourdillon noddi seedeeji, ina heen gollotooɓe gorko belsiknaajo woɗɓe ɓee. Caggal nde o nani hujjaaji ɗii fof, gorko belsiknaajo oo waɗtaa yoɓde njoɓdi, caggal ɗuum o riiwaa e nder leydi Uganndaa, o artiraa e leydi Konngo belsik. E nder ɗeeɗoo geɗe ɗiɗi fof, Bourdillon ina wondi e Afriknaaɓe ɓiɗɓe leydi ndii e Oropnaaɓe, o huutoriima nokku makko e nder njuɓɓudi laamu koloñaal ngam ƴellitde kuule ɗe Afriknaaɓe njiɗi e Oropnaaɓe. Ɗumɗoo ina teskaa nde tawnoo ina famɗi no feewi e nder Afrik koloñaal.  

Wonno ko laabi njoɓdi mahaaɗi rewrude e leydi leñol Lango e nder caka protektoraat. Lango heewɓe ngulliima e ɗeen laabi njoɓdi. Caggal nde &quot;Komisiyoŋ diiwaan gooto hirjini ɓe ngam ɗaɓɓude guwerneer oo e wullitaango maɓɓe&quot;, fedde yimɓe Lango hawri e ɗaɓɓaande ngam humpitaade ko waɗi ɓe njiɗaa laabi tolnooji ɗii, ɓe njiɗi ko yo tolnooji ɗii ittu. Teemedde Langooji ciifi ɗaɓɓaande ndee. Komiseriyaa diiwaan oo walli ɓe addude ɗaɓɓaande maɓɓe to Bourdillon. Caggal nde o ƴeewti ɗaɓɓaande ndee, o haaldii e DC e ardiiɓe Lango ɓe DC addi e makko ɓee fof, Bourdillon yamiri yo tolnooji ɗii ƴette ɗoon e ɗoon. Joɗnde ndee fof waɗii waktuuji ɗiɗi tan, gartugol DC e ardiiɓe Lango to diiwaan mo Lango ɓuri heewde e mum en to caka protektoraat oo, ko &quot;nafoore&quot;. [1] [2]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Sir Bernard Henri Burdiyon''' GCMG KBE (1883-1948) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer, wonnoo ko guwerneer [[Ugannda|Uganndaa]] (1932-1935) e [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]] (1935-1943).

== Duuɓi gadani ==
Bourdillon jibinaa ko ñalnde 3 desaambar 1883 to Burnie, to Tasmani, jibnaaɓe mum ko Engele en.  Hay so o jibinaa ko to Tasmani, o wiyi omo jogori wonde « Engele, wonaa Ostarali ». &lt;ref name=&quot;Meredith&quot; /&gt; O mawni ko to Angalteer e Afrik worgo, o janngi to duɗal Tonbridge to Tonbridge, Kent .   O naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St John, Oxford, o heɓi bak makko e hitaande 1906. E hitaande 1908, o naati e golle laamu leydi Indiya . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bodley&quot; /&gt;  O resi Violet Grace Billinghurst e lewru noowammbar 1909. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meredith&quot; /&gt; E hitaande 1935, Violet siforaa ko « debbo guwerneer timmuɗo ».  Ɓiɓɓe makko tato ɓee, hono Bernard Godwin Burdillon, Henri Townsend Burdillon e Patrik Imbert Burdillon njanngii e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Korpus Christi, Oxford, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e baaba maɓɓe e nder golle koloñaal. Bernard Godwin Bourdillon, balloowo mawɗo jaagorɗe leydi Palestiin, waraa caggal ɗuum e bommbooji baɗnooɗi e otel King David e hitaande 1946.

E hitaande 1913, Bourdillon toɗɗaa yo won gardiiɗo jaagorɗe laamu diiwanuuji dentuɗi ɗii. E hitaande 1915, o waɗtaa binnditoowo to Ñaawirde Toownde Allahabad. Nde o woni to leydi Inndo, o dañii innde ganndo ɗemɗe. 

E nder wolde adunaare adannde, Bourdillon naati konu, o woni Lietnaa ɗiɗaɓo e hitaande 1917, o artiraa to Irak e hitaande 1918.  O arti e darnde Major, e nder fitinaaji Iraak e hitaande 1919, o haalaama e nder binndanɗe. 
[[File:Baghdad_1923_Bell_Cornwallis_Eskell_Bourdillon.jpg|right|thumb|Foto tedduɓe Angalteer e Iraak to Bagdaad gila 1923 e jamaanu Iraak Mandatory . Gila ɗiɗaɓo nano haa nyaamo e doggol yeeso ngol, ko Kinahan Kornwalis, Sassoon Eskel, e Gertrude Bell . Bourdillon ina darii caggal Bell to bannge doggol ɗiɗaɓol.]]
Bourdillon yalti konu e hitaande 1919 ngam naatde e njuɓɓudi siwil Iraak, o toɗɗaa Sekereteer politik to Komiseer Toowɗo Iraak e hitaande 1921. Tuggi 1924 haa 1929, o woni Konseye. Hakkunde 1925 e 1926, o woniino Komiseer mawɗo jogiiɗo doole guurɗe e nder kaaldigal nanondiral hakkunde Angalteer e Irak e hitaande 1926. 

== Sarwiis koloñaal ==

=== Seylan ===
Bourdillon artiraa e Sarwiis Siwil Koloñaal e hitaande 1929 ngam ƴettude golle Sekereteer Koloñaal Ceylon, o woni e oon darnde haa hitaande 1932, o wonii laabi ɗiɗi guwerneer Ceylon . Nde o woni to leydi Ceylon, o wonii hooreejo fedde laamuyankoore Asiyankoore to Ceylon e hitaande 1931.  O noddaama kadi to Maldives e hitaande 1931 ngam wasiyaade Sultan Muhammadu Shamsuddeen III e binndol doosgal leydi ndii gadanal binndaangal . O wasiyiima yo leydi ndi ardo diiso jaagorɗe, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii, kono wasiyaaji makko njaɓaaka e goomu ƴettugol binnditagol ngol. 

=== Uganndaa ===
E hitaande 1932, o waɗaa Guwerneer e Komaandaŋ mawɗo leydi Uganndaa.  To leydi Uganndaa, Bourdillon wiyaama &quot;heɓii safaara&quot; nde tawnoo geɗe keewɗe ummiima nde o woni guwerneer ɗo o waawi waɗde kuule ɗe ko ɓuri heewde e Afriknaaɓe njiɗi. Heen sahaaji, luural waɗii hakkunde njulaagu aarabeeɓe to Kampala (kamɓe e koye maɓɓe ko eggooɓe ummoriiɓe leydi Angalteer to Aden) e jom en njulaagu Afriknaaɓe e nder renndo ngoo. Bourdillon ƴeewtii hujjaaji ɗii, o miijii wonde ko goonga, sibu jom en jawɗeele en aarabeeɓe ɓee mbaɗii golle bonɗe, tawi heen huunde ina luurdi e sariyaaji Protektorat Uganndaa . E ko nanndi heen, o laamiima e fawaade e depasuuji Afrik.

E sahaa goɗɗo o ɓadtiima ardiiɓe Laamu Tooro, ɓe mbiyi wonde wuyɓe belsik ina taƴa leydi Konngo Belsik tawa ko e dow laawol, ina njiyloo jawdi e dow leyɗeele jeyaaɗe e Laamu Tooro. Bourdillon ƴeewtindiima haala kaa, yamiri Askari yo ƴeewndo keeri ngam nanngude wuyɓe ɓee. Caggal ɗuum, wuyɓe ɓee nanngaa, laamuuji Angalteer nanngi ɗum en kasoo, hay so tawii ko Oropnaaɓe. Heen sahaa goɗɗo, belsiknaajo gooto hoɗnooɗo to Entebbe, tuumaama fiyde gollotooɓe mum afriknaaɓe. Bourdillon noddi seedeeji, ina heen gollotooɓe gorko belsiknaajo woɗɓe ɓee. Caggal nde o nani hujjaaji ɗii fof, gorko belsiknaajo oo waɗtaa yoɓde njoɓdi, caggal ɗuum o riiwaa e nder leydi Uganndaa, o artiraa e leydi Konngo belsik. E nder ɗeeɗoo geɗe ɗiɗi fof, Bourdillon ina wondi e Afriknaaɓe ɓiɗɓe leydi ndii e Oropnaaɓe, o huutoriima nokku makko e nder njuɓɓudi laamu koloñaal ngam ƴellitde kuule ɗe Afriknaaɓe njiɗi e Oropnaaɓe. Ɗumɗoo ina teskaa nde tawnoo ina famɗi no feewi e nder Afrik koloñaal.  

Wonno ko laabi njoɓdi mahaaɗi rewrude e leydi leñol Lango e nder caka protektoraat. Lango heewɓe ngulliima e ɗeen laabi njoɓdi. Caggal nde &quot;Komisiyoŋ diiwaan gooto hirjini ɓe ngam ɗaɓɓude guwerneer oo e wullitaango maɓɓe&quot;, fedde yimɓe Lango hawri e ɗaɓɓaande ngam humpitaade ko waɗi ɓe njiɗaa laabi tolnooji ɗii, ɓe njiɗi ko yo tolnooji ɗii ittu. Teemedde Langooji ciifi ɗaɓɓaande ndee. Komiseriyaa diiwaan oo walli ɓe addude ɗaɓɓaande maɓɓe to Bourdillon. Caggal nde o ƴeewti ɗaɓɓaande ndee, o haaldii e DC e ardiiɓe Lango ɓe DC addi e makko ɓee fof, Bourdillon yamiri yo tolnooji ɗii ƴette ɗoon e ɗoon. Joɗnde ndee fof waɗii waktuuji ɗiɗi tan, gartugol DC e ardiiɓe Lango to diiwaan mo Lango ɓuri heewde e mum en to caka protektoraat oo, ko &quot;nafoore&quot;. [1] [2]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Sir Bernard Henri Burdiyon''' GCMG KBE (1883-1948) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer, wonnoo ko guwerneer [[Ugannda|Uganndaa]] (1932-1935) e [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]] (1935-1943).

== Duuɓi gadani ==
Bourdillon jibinaa ko ñalnde 3 desaambar 1883 to Burnie, to Tasmani, jibnaaɓe mum ko Engele en.  Hay so o jibinaa ko to Tasmani, o wiyi omo jogori wonde « Engele, wonaa Ostarali ». &lt;ref name=&quot;Meredith&quot; /&gt; O mawni ko to Angalteer e Afrik worgo, o janngi to duɗal Tonbridge to Tonbridge, Kent .   O naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St John, Oxford, o heɓi bak makko e hitaande 1906. E hitaande 1908, o naati e golle laamu leydi Indiya . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bodley&quot; /&gt;  O resi Violet Grace Billinghurst e lewru noowammbar 1909. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meredith&quot; /&gt; E hitaande 1935, Violet siforaa ko « debbo guwerneer timmuɗo ».  Ɓiɓɓe makko tato ɓee, hono Bernard Godwin Burdillon, Henri Townsend Burdillon e Patrik Imbert Burdillon njanngii e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Korpus Christi, Oxford, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e baaba maɓɓe e nder golle koloñaal. Bernard Godwin Bourdillon, balloowo mawɗo jaagorɗe leydi Palestiin, waraa caggal ɗuum e bommbooji baɗnooɗi e otel King David e hitaande 1946.

E hitaande 1913, Bourdillon toɗɗaa yo won gardiiɗo jaagorɗe laamu diiwanuuji dentuɗi ɗii. E hitaande 1915, o waɗtaa binnditoowo to Ñaawirde Toownde Allahabad. Nde o woni to leydi Inndo, o dañii innde ganndo ɗemɗe. 

E nder wolde adunaare adannde, Bourdillon naati konu, o woni Lietnaa ɗiɗaɓo e hitaande 1917, o artiraa to Irak e hitaande 1918.  O arti e darnde Major, e nder fitinaaji Iraak e hitaande 1919, o haalaama e nder binndanɗe. 
[[File:Baghdad_1923_Bell_Cornwallis_Eskell_Bourdillon.jpg|right|thumb|Foto tedduɓe Angalteer e Iraak to Bagdaad gila 1923 e jamaanu Iraak Mandatory . Gila ɗiɗaɓo nano haa nyaamo e doggol yeeso ngol, ko Kinahan Kornwalis, Sassoon Eskel, e Gertrude Bell . Bourdillon ina darii caggal Bell to bannge doggol ɗiɗaɓol.]]
Bourdillon yalti konu e hitaande 1919 ngam naatde e njuɓɓudi siwil Iraak, o toɗɗaa Sekereteer politik to Komiseer Toowɗo Iraak e hitaande 1921. Tuggi 1924 haa 1929, o woni Konseye. Hakkunde 1925 e 1926, o woniino Komiseer mawɗo jogiiɗo doole guurɗe e nder kaaldigal nanondiral hakkunde Angalteer e Irak e hitaande 1926. 

== Sarwiis koloñaal ==

=== Seylan ===
Bourdillon artiraa e Sarwiis Siwil Koloñaal e hitaande 1929 ngam ƴettude golle Sekereteer Koloñaal Ceylon, o woni e oon darnde haa hitaande 1932, o wonii laabi ɗiɗi guwerneer Ceylon . Nde o woni to leydi Ceylon, o wonii hooreejo fedde laamuyankoore Asiyankoore to Ceylon e hitaande 1931.  O noddaama kadi to Maldives e hitaande 1931 ngam wasiyaade Sultan Muhammadu Shamsuddeen III e binndol doosgal leydi ndii gadanal binndaangal . O wasiyiima yo leydi ndi ardo diiso jaagorɗe, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii, kono wasiyaaji makko njaɓaaka e goomu ƴettugol binnditagol ngol. 

=== Uganndaa ===
E hitaande 1932, o waɗaa Guwerneer e Komaandaŋ mawɗo leydi Uganndaa.  To leydi Uganndaa, Bourdillon wiyaama &quot;heɓii safaara&quot; nde tawnoo geɗe keewɗe ummiima nde o woni guwerneer ɗo o waawi waɗde kuule ɗe ko ɓuri heewde e Afriknaaɓe njiɗi. Heen sahaaji, luural waɗii hakkunde njulaagu aarabeeɓe to Kampala (kamɓe e koye maɓɓe ko eggooɓe ummoriiɓe leydi Angalteer to Aden) e jom en njulaagu Afriknaaɓe e nder renndo ngoo. Bourdillon ƴeewtii hujjaaji ɗii, o miijii wonde ko goonga, sibu jom en jawɗeele en aarabeeɓe ɓee mbaɗii golle bonɗe, tawi heen huunde ina luurdi e sariyaaji Protektorat Uganndaa . E ko nanndi heen, o laamiima e fawaade e depasuuji Afrik.

E sahaa goɗɗo o ɓadtiima ardiiɓe Laamu Tooro, ɓe mbiyi wonde wuyɓe belsik ina taƴa leydi Konngo Belsik tawa ko e dow laawol, ina njiyloo jawdi e dow leyɗeele jeyaaɗe e Laamu Tooro. Bourdillon ƴeewtindiima haala kaa, yamiri Askari yo ƴeewndo keeri ngam nanngude wuyɓe ɓee. Caggal ɗuum, wuyɓe ɓee nanngaa, laamuuji Angalteer nanngi ɗum en kasoo, hay so tawii ko Oropnaaɓe. Heen sahaa goɗɗo, belsiknaajo gooto hoɗnooɗo to Entebbe, tuumaama fiyde gollotooɓe mum afriknaaɓe. Bourdillon noddi seedeeji, ina heen gollotooɓe gorko belsiknaajo woɗɓe ɓee. Caggal nde o nani hujjaaji ɗii fof, gorko belsiknaajo oo waɗtaa yoɓde njoɓdi, caggal ɗuum o riiwaa e nder leydi Uganndaa, o artiraa e leydi Konngo belsik. E nder ɗeeɗoo geɗe ɗiɗi fof, Bourdillon ina wondi e Afriknaaɓe ɓiɗɓe leydi ndii e Oropnaaɓe, o huutoriima nokku makko e nder njuɓɓudi laamu koloñaal ngam ƴellitde kuule ɗe Afriknaaɓe njiɗi e Oropnaaɓe. Ɗumɗoo ina teskaa nde tawnoo ina famɗi no feewi e nder Afrik koloñaal.  

Wonno ko laabi njoɓdi mahaaɗi rewrude e leydi leñol Lango e nder caka protektoraat. Lango heewɓe ngulliima e ɗeen laabi njoɓdi. Caggal nde &quot;Komisiyoŋ diiwaan gooto hirjini ɓe ngam ɗaɓɓude guwerneer oo e wullitaango maɓɓe&quot;, fedde yimɓe Lango hawri e ɗaɓɓaande ngam humpitaade ko waɗi ɓe njiɗaa laabi tolnooji ɗii, ɓe njiɗi ko yo tolnooji ɗii ittu. Teemedde Langooji ciifi ɗaɓɓaande ndee. Komiseriyaa diiwaan oo walli ɓe addude ɗaɓɓaande maɓɓe to Bourdillon. Caggal nde o ƴeewti ɗaɓɓaande ndee, o haaldii e DC e ardiiɓe Lango ɓe DC addi e makko ɓee fof, Bourdillon yamiri yo tolnooji ɗii ƴette ɗoon e ɗoon. Joɗnde ndee fof waɗii waktuuji ɗiɗi tan, gartugol DC e ardiiɓe Lango to diiwaan mo Lango ɓuri heewde e mum en to caka protektoraat oo, ko &quot;nafoore&quot;. [1] [2]

== Tuugnorgal ==

== Colonial service ==


=== Ceylon ===
Bourdillon jaɓɓii to Dowla leydi leydi leydi leydi ndii nder 1929 ngam o jaɓɓina golle mawɗo leydi Ceylon, o waɗi golle ɗee haa 1932 e ɗiɗi o golli hooreejo leydi Ceylons. Nde o wonnoo nder Ceylon, o waɗi hooreejo Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society nder 1931. O ɗon nodda to Maldives nder 1931 ngam hokki Sultan Muhammad Shamsuddeen III ha nder haɓɓugo leydi ndii fuɗnaande nde windaa. O holli leydi ndii haani wonde ko e hooreejo leydi, kono ko e dowla makko, o jaɓaani.

=== Uganda ===
E hitaande 1932, o laamaama hooreejo leydi Uganda e hooreejo leydi.  Nder Uganda, Bourdillon wi'i o &quot;wurtini fota&quot; ngam daliila feere feere fuɗɗi wakkati o jeyaa e laamu, to o waawi waɗugo hakkiiloji je je ɗon yiɗugo yimɓe Afrik. Wakkati go'oto, hawti hakkunde jaayndiyankooɓe Arabɓe nder Kampala (ko'en ɓe immireɓe diga lesdi Aden nder lesdi Biritaniya) e jaayndiyaaɓe Afrikɓe nder ummaatoore nden. Bourdillon ɗaɓɓiti daliila boo o yi'i ɗum goonga ngam yimɓe Arab'en ɓe ɗon mari kuuje ɗe ɓe ɗon kuuwa, feere nder ɗi ɗon haani e dille ɗe lesdi Uganda ɗon haani. Ngam maajum o waɗi kiita ngam ɓe ɗon jaɓɓa kuuje nder lesdi Afrika.

Nder wakkati feere o haani hooreeɓe Laamu Tooro ɓe mbi'i ɓe haani ɓe haani belji'en ɓe haani haani diga Belji'en Congo e haani haandi dow lesdi to Tooro. Bourdillon ɗon ɗaɓɓita haala nden, o waɗi Askari'en ɗon ɗon ɗon ɗon jaɓɓa nder hirsirde ngam ɓe mburtina ɓe. Ɓaawo ɗon mawɓe man ɓe ɗon haɓɓana ɓe ɓe ɓe ɓe ɗon haɓɓa ngam ɓe ɗon ɓe ɗon ɓe ɓe ɗon ɓe nder suudu kurkutu, ɓe ɗon ɓe ɗo ɓe ɗon ɓe woni ɓe ɓe ɓe nder lesdi Europe. Nder wakkati feere, goɗɗo Beljiyanko'en nder Entebbe ɗon ceede ngam woppaago maccuɓe maako nder lesdi Afrika. Bourdillon noddi goɗɗum, hawti e go'o gollooɓe belji. Caggal nanki daliila fuu, beljiyankeejo on ɗon haɓa hokkugo mo boɗɗum, nden o ɗon wurtina diga lesdi Uganda to lesdi Beljiyan Congo. Nder haalaji ɗiɗawɗi ɗi ɗi ɗum wi'i, Bourdillon wari dow lesdi Afriknaaɓe ha dow Europe'en e huutori nokkuure maako nder laamu koloniyaal ngam waɗugo kiita dow Afriknaaɓe haa ɓe hawtoro Europe'en. Ɗuum waɗi ɗum ɓurɗo seɗɗa nder Afrik koloniyaal.  

Wonaa laawolji ɗi laatii nder lesdi Lango nder nder lesdi protectorate. Yimɓe Lango ɗuuɗɓe ɗon ɗon ɗon ɗon nganndi dow laawolji ɗi ɗon mari limce. &quot;Ɓay ɓe ɗon &quot;jiɓɓa ngam komiisaaru diiwaan ngam ɓe ƴaɓɓita gomnaaru ngam ɓe ɗon njanngina&quot;, yimɓe Lango ɓe kawti ngam ɓe ɗon faami daliila ɓe ngalaa laawolji ɗi ɓe ɗon mari tolle e ɓe ngiɗi ɓe ƴaƴina tolle. Yimɓe Lango ɗuuɗɓe ɓe dentuɗo petisyon. Komisaaru diiwaan walliɓe ɓe ɓe wurtina ɓe bo Bourdillon. Caggal nde boodi petisiyon nden haalanki bee hooreejo DC e hooreejo Lango ɓe DC wari to maako, Bourdillon umri boodi'en ɓe ɗon njaɓa. Kawtal ngal fuɗɗii sahaaji ɗiɗi tan, nden warugo hooreeɓe DC e Lango to leydi Lango nder fannu protectorate &quot;footi&quot;.  

=== Nigeria ===
E hitaande 1935, o waɗii hooreejo leydi Nigeria e hooreejo leydi, o jokki golle ɗee haa o hootiima laamu e hitaande 1943. Sir Bernard Bourdillon ɗon haɗi e laabi habaru nder siyasa koloniya, e ɗon ɓeyda heɓugo hakkiilo e jaɓugo yimɓe lesdi Nigeria. E 1 feebari 1938, o hawti e Movement Youth Nigeria ngam nanugo ko ɓe nganndi dow laawol ngol kawtal Kooko Pool Europe'en ɗon sakkindi gasa. Nde ɓe noddi mo ngam jaɓugo darnde gootol nder nder nder hawtaade o jaɓaayi, o wi'i o ɗon jaɓɓa darnde Afrik. Balɗe goɗɗe ɓaawo, Jaɓɓorgo Koloniyaal ngal anndini bandol jaɓɓorgo, ɓaawo nde poolgu ngal ummi. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]]'s West African Pilot be'i bo'o ngam Bourdillon. O tokki haa o haɓɓii e ardiiɓe hakkilantaaji lesdi Naajeeriya nder wakkati maako fuu.

Bourdillon siforaama wonde « ina woɗɗi jamaanu mum » e geɗe njiyaagu. O meeɗii winndude wonde o &quot;salii e ɓernde makko fof miijo ngo alaa ɗo haaɗi wonde won e leƴƴi ina ɓura woɗɓe&quot; o wiyi &quot;hono ɗeeɗoo haalaaji ngalaa daliilu e ganndal walla e diine kerecee en.&quot; E won e fannuuji ɗum addani mo luulndaade, o jokki e wallitde Afriknaaɓe e dañde laamu mum, e nder leydi Uganndaa e Nijeer fof o ƴettii darnde ngam ɓeydude naatgol Afriknaaɓe e laamu.</text>
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'''Sir Bernard Henri Burdiyon''' GCMG KBE (1883-1948) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer, wonnoo ko guwerneer [[Ugannda|Uganndaa]] (1932-1935) e [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]] (1935-1943).

== Duuɓi gadani ==
Bourdillon jibinaa ko ñalnde 3 desaambar 1883 to Burnie, to Tasmani, jibnaaɓe mum ko Engele en.  Hay so o jibinaa ko to Tasmani, o wiyi omo jogori wonde « Engele, wonaa Ostarali ». &lt;ref name=&quot;Meredith&quot; /&gt; O mawni ko to Angalteer e Afrik worgo, o janngi to duɗal Tonbridge to Tonbridge, Kent .   O naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St John, Oxford, o heɓi bak makko e hitaande 1906. E hitaande 1908, o naati e golle laamu leydi Indiya . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bodley&quot; /&gt;  O resi Violet Grace Billinghurst e lewru noowammbar 1909. &lt;ref name=&quot;Meredith&quot; /&gt; E hitaande 1935, Violet siforaa ko « debbo guwerneer timmuɗo ».  Ɓiɓɓe makko tato ɓee, hono Bernard Godwin Burdillon, Henri Townsend Burdillon e Patrik Imbert Burdillon njanngii e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Korpus Christi, Oxford, kamɓe fof ɓe ndewi e baaba maɓɓe e nder golle koloñaal. Bernard Godwin Bourdillon, balloowo mawɗo jaagorɗe leydi Palestiin, waraa caggal ɗuum e bommbooji baɗnooɗi e otel King David e hitaande 1946.

E hitaande 1913, Bourdillon toɗɗaa yo won gardiiɗo jaagorɗe laamu diiwanuuji dentuɗi ɗii. E hitaande 1915, o waɗtaa binnditoowo to Ñaawirde Toownde Allahabad. Nde o woni to leydi Inndo, o dañii innde ganndo ɗemɗe. 

E nder wolde adunaare adannde, Bourdillon naati konu, o woni Lietnaa ɗiɗaɓo e hitaande 1917, o artiraa to Irak e hitaande 1918.  O arti e darnde Major, e nder fitinaaji Iraak e hitaande 1919, o haalaama e nder binndanɗe. 
[[File:Baghdad_1923_Bell_Cornwallis_Eskell_Bourdillon.jpg|right|thumb|Foto tedduɓe Angalteer e Iraak to Bagdaad gila 1923 e jamaanu Iraak Mandatory . Gila ɗiɗaɓo nano haa nyaamo e doggol yeeso ngol, ko Kinahan Kornwalis, Sassoon Eskel, e Gertrude Bell . Bourdillon ina darii caggal Bell to bannge doggol ɗiɗaɓol.]]
Bourdillon yalti konu e hitaande 1919 ngam naatde e njuɓɓudi siwil Iraak, o toɗɗaa Sekereteer politik to Komiseer Toowɗo Iraak e hitaande 1921. Tuggi 1924 haa 1929, o woni Konseye. Hakkunde 1925 e 1926, o woniino Komiseer mawɗo jogiiɗo doole guurɗe e nder kaaldigal nanondiral hakkunde Angalteer e Irak e hitaande 1926. 

== Sarwiis koloñaal ==

=== Seylan ===
Bourdillon artiraa e Sarwiis Siwil Koloñaal e hitaande 1929 ngam ƴettude golle Sekereteer Koloñaal Ceylon, o woni e oon darnde haa hitaande 1932, o wonii laabi ɗiɗi guwerneer Ceylon . Nde o woni to leydi Ceylon, o wonii hooreejo fedde laamuyankoore Asiyankoore to Ceylon e hitaande 1931.  O noddaama kadi to Maldives e hitaande 1931 ngam wasiyaade Sultan Muhammadu Shamsuddeen III e binndol doosgal leydi ndii gadanal binndaangal . O wasiyiima yo leydi ndi ardo diiso jaagorɗe, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii, kono wasiyaaji makko njaɓaaka e goomu ƴettugol binnditagol ngol. 

=== Uganndaa ===
E hitaande 1932, o waɗaa Guwerneer e Komaandaŋ mawɗo leydi Uganndaa.  To leydi Uganndaa, Bourdillon wiyaama &quot;heɓii safaara&quot; nde tawnoo geɗe keewɗe ummiima nde o woni guwerneer ɗo o waawi waɗde kuule ɗe ko ɓuri heewde e Afriknaaɓe njiɗi. Heen sahaaji, luural waɗii hakkunde njulaagu aarabeeɓe to Kampala (kamɓe e koye maɓɓe ko eggooɓe ummoriiɓe leydi Angalteer to Aden) e jom en njulaagu Afriknaaɓe e nder renndo ngoo. Bourdillon ƴeewtii hujjaaji ɗii, o miijii wonde ko goonga, sibu jom en jawɗeele en aarabeeɓe ɓee mbaɗii golle bonɗe, tawi heen huunde ina luurdi e sariyaaji Protektorat Uganndaa . E ko nanndi heen, o laamiima e fawaade e depasuuji Afrik.

E sahaa goɗɗo o ɓadtiima ardiiɓe Laamu Tooro, ɓe mbiyi wonde wuyɓe belsik ina taƴa leydi Konngo Belsik tawa ko e dow laawol, ina njiyloo jawdi e dow leyɗeele jeyaaɗe e Laamu Tooro. Bourdillon ƴeewtindiima haala kaa, yamiri Askari yo ƴeewndo keeri ngam nanngude wuyɓe ɓee. Caggal ɗuum, wuyɓe ɓee nanngaa, laamuuji Angalteer nanngi ɗum en kasoo, hay so tawii ko Oropnaaɓe. Heen sahaa goɗɗo, belsiknaajo gooto hoɗnooɗo to Entebbe, tuumaama fiyde gollotooɓe mum afriknaaɓe. Bourdillon noddi seedeeji, ina heen gollotooɓe gorko belsiknaajo woɗɓe ɓee. Caggal nde o nani hujjaaji ɗii fof, gorko belsiknaajo oo waɗtaa yoɓde njoɓdi, caggal ɗuum o riiwaa e nder leydi Uganndaa, o artiraa e leydi Konngo belsik. E nder ɗeeɗoo geɗe ɗiɗi fof, Bourdillon ina wondi e Afriknaaɓe ɓiɗɓe leydi ndii e Oropnaaɓe, o huutoriima nokku makko e nder njuɓɓudi laamu koloñaal ngam ƴellitde kuule ɗe Afriknaaɓe njiɗi e Oropnaaɓe. Ɗumɗoo ina teskaa nde tawnoo ina famɗi no feewi e nder Afrik koloñaal.  

Wonno ko laabi njoɓdi mahaaɗi rewrude e leydi leñol Lango e nder caka protektoraat. Lango heewɓe ngulliima e ɗeen laabi njoɓdi. Caggal nde &quot;Komisiyoŋ diiwaan gooto hirjini ɓe ngam ɗaɓɓude guwerneer oo e wullitaango maɓɓe&quot;, fedde yimɓe Lango hawri e ɗaɓɓaande ngam humpitaade ko waɗi ɓe njiɗaa laabi tolnooji ɗii, ɓe njiɗi ko yo tolnooji ɗii ittu. Teemedde Langooji ciifi ɗaɓɓaande ndee. Komiseriyaa diiwaan oo walli ɓe addude ɗaɓɓaande maɓɓe to Bourdillon. Caggal nde o ƴeewti ɗaɓɓaande ndee, o haaldii e DC e ardiiɓe Lango ɓe DC addi e makko ɓee fof, Bourdillon yamiri yo tolnooji ɗii ƴette ɗoon e ɗoon. Joɗnde ndee fof waɗii waktuuji ɗiɗi tan, gartugol DC e ardiiɓe Lango to diiwaan mo Lango ɓuri heewde e mum en to caka protektoraat oo, ko &quot;nafoore&quot;. [1] [2]

== Tuugnorgal ==

== Colonial service ==


=== Ceylon ===
Bourdillon jaɓɓii to Dowla leydi leydi leydi leydi ndii nder 1929 ngam o jaɓɓina golle mawɗo leydi Ceylon, o waɗi golle ɗee haa 1932 e ɗiɗi o golli hooreejo leydi Ceylons. Nde o wonnoo nder Ceylon, o waɗi hooreejo Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society nder 1931. O ɗon nodda to Maldives nder 1931 ngam hokki Sultan Muhammad Shamsuddeen III ha nder haɓɓugo leydi ndii fuɗnaande nde windaa. O holli leydi ndii haani wonde ko e hooreejo leydi, kono ko e dowla makko, o jaɓaani.

=== Uganda ===
E hitaande 1932, o laamaama hooreejo leydi Uganda e hooreejo leydi.  Nder Uganda, Bourdillon wi'i o &quot;wurtini fota&quot; ngam daliila feere feere fuɗɗi wakkati o jeyaa e laamu, to o waawi waɗugo hakkiiloji je je ɗon yiɗugo yimɓe Afrik. Wakkati go'oto, hawti hakkunde jaayndiyankooɓe Arabɓe nder Kampala (ko'en ɓe immireɓe diga lesdi Aden nder lesdi Biritaniya) e jaayndiyaaɓe Afrikɓe nder ummaatoore nden. Bourdillon ɗaɓɓiti daliila boo o yi'i ɗum goonga ngam yimɓe Arab'en ɓe ɗon mari kuuje ɗe ɓe ɗon kuuwa, feere nder ɗi ɗon haani e dille ɗe lesdi Uganda ɗon haani. Ngam maajum o waɗi kiita ngam ɓe ɗon jaɓɓa kuuje nder lesdi Afrika.

Nder wakkati feere o haani hooreeɓe Laamu Tooro ɓe mbi'i ɓe haani ɓe haani belji'en ɓe haani haani diga Belji'en Congo e haani haandi dow lesdi to Tooro. Bourdillon ɗon ɗaɓɓita haala nden, o waɗi Askari'en ɗon ɗon ɗon ɗon jaɓɓa nder hirsirde ngam ɓe mburtina ɓe. Ɓaawo ɗon mawɓe man ɓe ɗon haɓɓana ɓe ɓe ɓe ɓe ɗon haɓɓa ngam ɓe ɗon ɓe ɗon ɓe ɓe ɗon ɓe nder suudu kurkutu, ɓe ɗon ɓe ɗo ɓe ɗon ɓe woni ɓe ɓe ɓe nder lesdi Europe. Nder wakkati feere, goɗɗo Beljiyanko'en nder Entebbe ɗon ceede ngam woppaago maccuɓe maako nder lesdi Afrika. Bourdillon noddi goɗɗum, hawti e go'o gollooɓe belji. Caggal nanki daliila fuu, beljiyankeejo on ɗon haɓa hokkugo mo boɗɗum, nden o ɗon wurtina diga lesdi Uganda to lesdi Beljiyan Congo. Nder haalaji ɗiɗawɗi ɗi ɗi ɗum wi'i, Bourdillon wari dow lesdi Afriknaaɓe ha dow Europe'en e huutori nokkuure maako nder laamu koloniyaal ngam waɗugo kiita dow Afriknaaɓe haa ɓe hawtoro Europe'en. Ɗuum waɗi ɗum ɓurɗo seɗɗa nder Afrik koloniyaal.  

Wonaa laawolji ɗi laatii nder lesdi Lango nder nder lesdi protectorate. Yimɓe Lango ɗuuɗɓe ɗon ɗon ɗon ɗon nganndi dow laawolji ɗi ɗon mari limce. &quot;Ɓay ɓe ɗon &quot;jiɓɓa ngam komiisaaru diiwaan ngam ɓe ƴaɓɓita gomnaaru ngam ɓe ɗon njanngina&quot;, yimɓe Lango ɓe kawti ngam ɓe ɗon faami daliila ɓe ngalaa laawolji ɗi ɓe ɗon mari tolle e ɓe ngiɗi ɓe ƴaƴina tolle. Yimɓe Lango ɗuuɗɓe ɓe dentuɗo petisyon. Komisaaru diiwaan walliɓe ɓe ɓe wurtina ɓe bo Bourdillon. Caggal nde boodi petisiyon nden haalanki bee hooreejo DC e hooreejo Lango ɓe DC wari to maako, Bourdillon umri boodi'en ɓe ɗon njaɓa. Kawtal ngal fuɗɗii sahaaji ɗiɗi tan, nden warugo hooreeɓe DC e Lango to leydi Lango nder fannu protectorate &quot;footi&quot;.  

=== Nigeria ===
E hitaande 1935, o waɗii hooreejo leydi Nigeria e hooreejo leydi, o jokki golle ɗee haa o hootiima laamu e hitaande 1943. Sir Bernard Bourdillon ɗon haɗi e laabi habaru nder siyasa koloniya, e ɗon ɓeyda heɓugo hakkiilo e jaɓugo yimɓe lesdi Nigeria. E 1 feebari 1938, o hawti e Movement Youth Nigeria ngam nanugo ko ɓe nganndi dow laawol ngol kawtal Kooko Pool Europe'en ɗon sakkindi gasa. Nde ɓe noddi mo ngam jaɓugo darnde gootol nder nder nder hawtaade o jaɓaayi, o wi'i o ɗon jaɓɓa darnde Afrik. Balɗe goɗɗe ɓaawo, Jaɓɓorgo Koloniyaal ngal anndini bandol jaɓɓorgo, ɓaawo nde poolgu ngal ummi. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]]'s West African Pilot be'i bo'o ngam Bourdillon. O tokki haa o haɓɓii e ardiiɓe hakkilantaaji lesdi Naajeeriya nder wakkati maako fuu.

Bourdillon siforaama wonde « ina woɗɗi jamaanu mum » e geɗe njiyaagu. O meeɗii winndude wonde o &quot;salii e ɓernde makko fof miijo ngo alaa ɗo haaɗi wonde won e leƴƴi ina ɓura woɗɓe&quot; o wiyi &quot;hono ɗeeɗoo haalaaji ngalaa daliilu e ganndal walla e diine kerecee en.&quot; E won e fannuuji ɗum addani mo luulndaade, o jokki e wallitde Afriknaaɓe e dañde laamu mum, e nder leydi Uganndaa e Nijeer fof o ƴettii darnde ngam ɓeydude naatgol Afriknaaɓe e laamu.
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'''Sir Gawain Westray Bell''' KCMG CBE (21 lewru Yarkomaa 1909 – 26 lewru Siilo hitaande 1995) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Biritaan, wonnooɗo Guwerneer Fuɗnaange Nijeer .

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Bell jibinaa ko to [[Cape Town|wuro wiyeteengo Cape Town]], [[Sawdafirika|to Afrik worgo ,]] ko gardiiɗo sosiyatee laaɗe diwooje Nuwel Selannde . E duuɓi 10, ɓesngu makko arti Cumberland, Angalteer ɗo o naati duɗal Dragon, Oxford, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Winchester e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hertford, Oxford . 

== Sudaan, Palestiin, e wolde adunaare ɗimmere ==
E hitaande 1931, Bell naati e Sarwiis Politik Sudaan, ɗo o janngi Arab . Ko o gollotoo ko Fuɗnaange [[Sudan|Sudaan]], koɗli Nuba, e Kurdofan . 

E hitaande 1938, Bell toɗɗaa e laamu Palestiin ɗo o gollodii e polis to Gaza. O wonii gardiiɗo sanndarmori gelooɗi Beerseba . 

Bell hollitii hoore mum ngam golloraade e wolde adunaare ɗimmere . Bell ina yahra e puccu e doole pucci Druze en ɗe ngonaa njuɓɓudi, tawtoraama nanngugol Suweida e juuɗe Faraysenaaɓe Vichy . O wonti hooreejo konu Legiyoŋ aarabeeɓe, o toɗɗaa MBE (militeer) e hitaande 1942 e teddungal hitaande hesere .  E hitaande 1945, o resi Silviya Kornwel-Klayn. 

Caggal wolde ndee, Bell arti [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan|Sudaan]] ɗo o wonti cukko hooreejo leydi, caggal ɗuum o woni cukko hooreejo leydi duumotooɗo to ministeer nder leydi. O ummii Sudaan e hitaande 1955 ngam wontude gardiiɗo politik Angalteer to [[Kuwait|Kuwoyt]] e sahaa kiris Suez . 

== Naajeeriya ==
[[File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-82-19.jpg|thumb|Gawain Westray Bell e lomto mum [[Kashim Ibrahim|Kashim Ibraahiima]] e nder jarde Hidcote Bartrim Manor]]
E hitaande 1957, Biro Koloñaal ƴetti Bell ngam wontude Guwerneer Fuɗnaange Nijeer, [1] ɗo o gollodii e Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna Sokoto . Bello ko Biritaannaaɓe njiyri ɗum ko no caɗtuɗo gollodaade ; Bell arii e golle mum kese ɗee e hakkille udditiino, o heɓi Bello haa o dañi heen ballal ngam o heddotoo e golle makko guwerneer caggal nde leydi Najeriya heɓi ndimaagu mum e leydi Biritaan . O woppi laamu guwerneer e hitaande 1962. [2]

== Nguurndam caggal ==
Bell golliima e eɓɓooji politik keewɗi e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo caggal nde o woni e leydi Najeriya. O gollodiima e Sir Ralph Hone e doosgal leydi ngam Fedde Arabi Sud, e eɓɓaaɗe ɓeydooje e nder Dowlaaji Trucial e [[Oman]] . Tuggi 1966 haa 1970 ko kanko woni hooreejo Orop cakkitiiɗo e Komisariyaa Pasifik worgo (hono hannde ina wiyee Sekretariat Dental Pasifik . 

Caggal nde o woppi golle e hitaande 1970, o waɗti hakkille makko e golle ballondiral e ballal. O wonii cukko hooreejo, caggal ɗuum hooreejo LEPRA, o woniino e yiilirde toppitiinde jaŋde Fuɗnaange e Afrik to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Londres .  Ko kanko kadi woni hooreejo gadano fedde janngugol Sudaan UK 

O yaltini defte ɗiɗi ciimtol. Arandeere nde, &quot;Shadows on the Sand&quot;, yalti ko e hitaande 1984, nde siftini nguurndam makko e sahaa nde o woni to Sudaan. Ɗiɗaɓo oo, &quot;An Imperial Twilight&quot;, ina hollita duuɓi makko joy to leydi Nijeer, kam e sahaa nde o woni to leydi Arabi. 

== Njeenaaje e dekoraasiyoŋaaji ==

* Tergal e fedde laamu Angalteer (Division militaire; 1942) 
* Koolaaɗo kuuɓal laamu Biritaan (1955) 
* Koolaaɗo kuuɓal konu St Michael e St George (1957) 
* Kaɓirgal fedde St John (1959) 

== Tuugnorgal ==

*  
* [http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U171082 BELL, Sir Gawain (Westray)], ''Who Was Who'', A &amp; C Black, 1920–2015 (online edition, Oxford University Press, 2014)</text>
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 {{Databox}}
'''Sir Gawain Westray Bell''' KCMG CBE (21 lewru Yarkomaa 1909 – 26 lewru Siilo hitaande 1995) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Biritaan, wonnooɗo Guwerneer Fuɗnaange Nijeer .

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Bell jibinaa ko to [[Cape Town|wuro wiyeteengo Cape Town]], [[Sawdafirika|to Afrik worgo ,]] ko gardiiɗo sosiyatee laaɗe diwooje Nuwel Selannde . E duuɓi 10, ɓesngu makko arti Cumberland, Angalteer ɗo o naati duɗal Dragon, Oxford, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Winchester e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hertford, Oxford . 

== Sudaan, Palestiin, e wolde adunaare ɗimmere ==
E hitaande 1931, Bell naati e Sarwiis Politik Sudaan, ɗo o janngi Arab . Ko o gollotoo ko Fuɗnaange [[Sudan|Sudaan]], koɗli Nuba, e Kurdofan . 

E hitaande 1938, Bell toɗɗaa e laamu Palestiin ɗo o gollodii e polis to Gaza. O wonii gardiiɗo sanndarmori gelooɗi Beerseba . 

Bell hollitii hoore mum ngam golloraade e wolde adunaare ɗimmere . Bell ina yahra e puccu e doole pucci Druze en ɗe ngonaa njuɓɓudi, tawtoraama nanngugol Suweida e juuɗe Faraysenaaɓe Vichy . O wonti hooreejo konu Legiyoŋ aarabeeɓe, o toɗɗaa MBE (militeer) e hitaande 1942 e teddungal hitaande hesere .  E hitaande 1945, o resi Silviya Kornwel-Klayn. 

Caggal wolde ndee, Bell arti [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan|Sudaan]] ɗo o wonti cukko hooreejo leydi, caggal ɗuum o woni cukko hooreejo leydi duumotooɗo to ministeer nder leydi. O ummii Sudaan e hitaande 1955 ngam wontude gardiiɗo politik Angalteer to [[Kuwait|Kuwoyt]] e sahaa kiris Suez . 

== Naajeeriya ==
[[File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-82-19.jpg|thumb|Gawain Westray Bell e lomto mum [[Kashim Ibrahim|Kashim Ibraahiima]] e nder jarde Hidcote Bartrim Manor]]
E hitaande 1957, Biro Koloñaal ƴetti Bell ngam wontude Guwerneer Fuɗnaange Nijeer, [1] ɗo o gollodii e Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna Sokoto . Bello ko Biritaannaaɓe njiyri ɗum ko no caɗtuɗo gollodaade ; Bell arii e golle mum kese ɗee e hakkille udditiino, o heɓi Bello haa o dañi heen ballal ngam o heddotoo e golle makko guwerneer caggal nde leydi Najeriya heɓi ndimaagu mum e leydi Biritaan . O woppi laamu guwerneer e hitaande 1962. [2]

== Nguurndam caggal ==
Bell golliima e eɓɓooji politik keewɗi e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo caggal nde o woni e leydi Najeriya. O gollodiima e Sir Ralph Hone e doosgal leydi ngam Fedde Arabi Sud, e eɓɓaaɗe ɓeydooje e nder Dowlaaji Trucial e [[Oman]] . Tuggi 1966 haa 1970 ko kanko woni hooreejo Orop cakkitiiɗo e Komisariyaa Pasifik worgo (hono hannde ina wiyee Sekretariat Dental Pasifik . 

Caggal nde o woppi golle e hitaande 1970, o waɗti hakkille makko e golle ballondiral e ballal. O wonii cukko hooreejo, caggal ɗuum hooreejo LEPRA, o woniino e yiilirde toppitiinde jaŋde Fuɗnaange e Afrik to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Londres .  Ko kanko kadi woni hooreejo gadano fedde janngugol Sudaan UK 

O yaltini defte ɗiɗi ciimtol. Arandeere nde, &quot;Shadows on the Sand&quot;, yalti ko e hitaande 1984, nde siftini nguurndam makko e sahaa nde o woni to Sudaan. Ɗiɗaɓo oo, &quot;An Imperial Twilight&quot;, ina hollita duuɓi makko joy to leydi Nijeer, kam e sahaa nde o woni to leydi Arabi. 

== Njeenaaje e dekoraasiyoŋaaji ==

* Tergal e fedde laamu Angalteer (Division militaire; 1942) 
* Koolaaɗo kuuɓal laamu Biritaan (1955) 
* Koolaaɗo kuuɓal konu St Michael e St George (1957) 
* Kaɓirgal fedde St John (1959) 

== Tuugnorgal ==

*  
* [http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U171082 BELL, Sir Gawain (Westray)], ''Who Was Who'', A &amp; C Black, 1920–2015 (online edition, Oxford University Press, 2014)</text>
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'''Sir Henri Hesket Joudo Bell''' GCMG , FRGS (17 desaambar 1864 – 1 ut 1952)  ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer e binndoowo.

== Nguurndam ==
Bell jibinaa ko ñalnde 17 desaambar 1864 to Chambéry to diiwaan Savoie to fuɗnaange-rewo Farayse. Ko o ɓiy Henri Jean Antoin Joudou, njulaagu leɗɗe, e debbo Ecoppi biyeteeɗo Martha Bell. O joginoo ko musiɗɗo gooto: Eleonoor Marte Joudu-Bell (1867-1951). Iwdi Hesketh Bell wiɗtaama no feewi. 

Bell janngi ko e duuɗe Laana, e nder Pari e Biriksel.  E lewru mee 1882 o fuɗɗii golle to Barbados, o woni gardiiɗo tataɓo e biro guwerneer Barbados e duuɗe Leeward, posto mo sehil makko galle Sir William CF Robinson rokki mo. Gila ndeen o ummii ko e system e nder postooji garooji ɗii :

* 1885-1889 – Departemaa njeeygu nder leydi Grenada
* 1890-94 – Gardiiɗo Dowlaaji Dentuɗi to Cote d’Or
* Jaɓɓoowo Seneraal e Kaalis leydi Bahamas
* 1899-1905 – Gardiiɗo leydi Dominik
* 1905-08 – Komiseer (caggal ɗuum, guwerneer) e nder leydi Uganndaa
* 1909-11 – Guwerneer Fuɗnaange Nijeer
* 1912-16 – Guwerneer duuɗe Leewarde
* 1916-24 – Guwerneer leydi Moritani

[[File:British_Governor_Sir_Hesketh_Bell_with_hunting_trophies_in_Uganda,_1908_(cropped).png|thumb|600x600px|Bell e kaɓirɗe diwgol to Uganndaa, hitaande 1908]]
E lewru desaambar 2007, jaaynde internet wiyeteende ''New Vision'', yaltinii winndannde wiyeteende « iwdi Uganndaa Hesketh Bell » ɗo Ketty Karuyonga Bell, jahroowo e duuɓi 72, wiyeteeɗo ko taaniiko debbo gonnooɗo guwerneer oo, haali daartol mum. 

Hesketh Bell, mo meeɗaa resde, ina wiyee ina joginoo ɓiɗɗo gorko e debbo Mutooro , ina wiyee Mariyam Nyamuhaibona. Suka oo, hono John Dick Bell, ina wiyee jibinaa ko ñalnde 18 desaambar 1905. Ina wiyee wonde Hesketh Bell neldii ballal e suka oo, haa o anndi John waɗii aksidaa mawɗo nde o yahrata e duuɓi 10 ; ballal ndeen dartiima. John, mo ɓiɓɓe 12, maayi ko e rafi ɓernde e hitaande 1953.

Golle keewɗe ɗe Bell waɗi e nder leydi Uganndaa, ciimtaama ko ballal janngingol. 

Ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude, peeje ngam haɓaade ñawu ɗanngal, ɗe Bell ƴetti e lewru ut 1907. Caggal nde Kaalis leydi ndii yamiri kaalis ngam golle ɗee, jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii ngummiima e diiwaan mo mborosaaji keewɗi ngoni e mum oo, to daande maayo Victoria, fayti e nokkuuji celluɗi nder leydi ndii. Ñawɓe ɓee mbaɗtaa e kaɓirɗe ceertuɗe ngam waɗde ko wiyetee safaara atoxyl ; ko ina tolnoo e 20 000 neɗɗo ina kaɓa heen. Daande maayo Victoria laɓɓinaama e denndaangal leɗɗe, ɗum noon ina itta heen mboros tsetse . [1]

Yiyngo Hesketh Bell wonande Uganndaa ina waɗi ƴellitaare mawnde e laawol mum laana njoorndi. E hitaande 1909 to haɓaama no feewi ngam jaɓde peeje ɗiɗi : gadanol ngol ko laana ummoraade Jinja, to bannge worgo maayo Victoria haa Kakindu, caggal ɗuum haa maayo Kioga ; e ɗiɗmo oo, ko laawol toowngol ummoraade [[Kampala]] feewde maayo Albert . 

Bell woppi golle mum to Cannes e hitaande 1924, kono haa jooni omo yahra no feewi. E hitaande 1925-26 o waɗii njillu yaajngu semi-officiel to Fuɗnaange ɓadiiɗo ngam janngude no laamu koloñaal Farayse e Holannda yahri.  Ciimtol makko yaltinaa ko e ''njuɓɓudi koloñaal caggal leydi to Fuɗnaange ɓadiiɗo'' e hitaande 1928,  ko ɗum waɗi o rokkaa njeenaari kaŋŋe ndi Fedde Laamlaamu Laamɗo .

E nder wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere, Bell arti hoɗde to Bahamas, kono o heewnoo yahde ko to Londres, ɗo o woni tergal e fedde wiyeteende Conservative Club to St James's .E hitaande 1951, wasiyya Bell siynaa, seedtinaama to Monako, ɗo o joginoo kadi galle. E nder maggal o:

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'''Sir Henri Hesket Joudo Bell''' GCMG , FRGS (17 desaambar 1864 – 1 ut 1952)  ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer e binndoowo.

== Nguurndam ==
Bell jibinaa ko ñalnde 17 desaambar 1864 to Chambéry to diiwaan Savoie to fuɗnaange-rewo Farayse. Ko o ɓiy Henri Jean Antoin Joudou, njulaagu leɗɗe, e debbo Ecoppi biyeteeɗo Martha Bell. O joginoo ko musiɗɗo gooto: Eleonoor Marte Joudu-Bell (1867-1951). Iwdi Hesketh Bell wiɗtaama no feewi. &lt;ref&gt;KS. &quot;Sir Henry Hesketh Bell Collection&quot;. Janus. University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bell janngi ko e duuɗe Laana, e nder Pari e Biriksel.  E lewru mee 1882 o fuɗɗii golle to Barbados, o woni gardiiɗo tataɓo e biro guwerneer Barbados e duuɗe Leeward, posto mo sehil makko galle Sir William CF Robinson rokki mo. Gila ndeen o ummii ko e system e nder postooji garooji ɗii :

* 1885-1889 – Departemaa njeeygu nder leydi Grenada
* 1890-94 – Gardiiɗo Dowlaaji Dentuɗi to Cote d’Or
* Jaɓɓoowo Seneraal e Kaalis leydi Bahamas
* 1899-1905 – Gardiiɗo leydi Dominik
* 1905-08 – Komiseer (caggal ɗuum, guwerneer) e nder leydi Uganndaa
* 1909-11 – Guwerneer Fuɗnaange Nijeer
* 1912-16 – Guwerneer duuɗe Leewarde
* 1916-24 – Guwerneer leydi Moritani

[[File:British_Governor_Sir_Hesketh_Bell_with_hunting_trophies_in_Uganda,_1908_(cropped).png|thumb|600x600px|Bell e kaɓirɗe diwgol to Uganndaa, hitaande 1908]]
E lewru desaambar 2007, jaaynde internet wiyeteende ''New Vision'', yaltinii winndannde wiyeteende « iwdi Uganndaa Hesketh Bell » ɗo Ketty Karuyonga Bell, jahroowo e duuɓi 72, wiyeteeɗo ko taaniiko debbo gonnooɗo guwerneer oo, haali daartol mum. 

Hesketh Bell, mo meeɗaa resde, ina wiyee ina joginoo ɓiɗɗo gorko e debbo Mutooro , ina wiyee Mariyam Nyamuhaibona. Suka oo, hono John Dick Bell, ina wiyee jibinaa ko ñalnde 18 desaambar 1905. Ina wiyee wonde Hesketh Bell neldii ballal e suka oo, haa o anndi John waɗii aksidaa mawɗo nde o yahrata e duuɓi 10 ; ballal ndeen dartiima. John, mo ɓiɓɓe 12, maayi ko e rafi ɓernde e hitaande 1953.

Golle keewɗe ɗe Bell waɗi e nder leydi Uganndaa, ciimtaama ko ballal janngingol. 

Ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude, peeje ngam haɓaade ñawu ɗanngal, ɗe Bell ƴetti e lewru ut 1907. Caggal nde Kaalis leydi ndii yamiri kaalis ngam golle ɗee, jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii ngummiima e diiwaan mo mborosaaji keewɗi ngoni e mum oo, to daande maayo Victoria, fayti e nokkuuji celluɗi nder leydi ndii. Ñawɓe ɓee mbaɗtaa e kaɓirɗe ceertuɗe ngam waɗde ko wiyetee safaara atoxyl ; ko ina tolnoo e 20 000 neɗɗo ina kaɓa heen. Daande maayo Victoria laɓɓinaama e denndaangal leɗɗe, ɗum noon ina itta heen mboros tsetse . [1]

Yiyngo Hesketh Bell wonande Uganndaa ina waɗi ƴellitaare mawnde e laawol mum laana njoorndi. E hitaande 1909 to haɓaama no feewi ngam jaɓde peeje ɗiɗi : gadanol ngol ko laana ummoraade Jinja, to bannge worgo maayo Victoria haa Kakindu, caggal ɗuum haa maayo Kioga ; e ɗiɗmo oo, ko laawol toowngol ummoraade [[Kampala]] feewde maayo Albert . 

Bell woppi golle mum to Cannes e hitaande 1924, kono haa jooni omo yahra no feewi. E hitaande 1925-26 o waɗii njillu yaajngu semi-officiel to Fuɗnaange ɓadiiɗo ngam janngude no laamu koloñaal Farayse e Holannda yahri.  Ciimtol makko yaltinaa ko e ''njuɓɓudi koloñaal caggal leydi to Fuɗnaange ɓadiiɗo'' e hitaande 1928,  ko ɗum waɗi o rokkaa njeenaari kaŋŋe ndi Fedde Laamlaamu Laamɗo .

E nder wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere, Bell arti hoɗde to Bahamas, kono o heewnoo yahde ko to Londres, ɗo o woni tergal e fedde wiyeteende Conservative Club to St James's .E hitaande 1951, wasiyya Bell siynaa, seedtinaama to Monako, ɗo o joginoo kadi galle. E nder maggal o:

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'''Sir Henri Hesket Joudo Bell''' GCMG , FRGS (17 desaambar 1864 – 1 ut 1952)  ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer e binndoowo.

== Nguurndam ==
Bell jibinaa ko ñalnde 17 desaambar 1864 to Chambéry to diiwaan Savoie to fuɗnaange-rewo Farayse. Ko o ɓiy Henri Jean Antoin Joudou, njulaagu leɗɗe, e debbo Ecoppi biyeteeɗo Martha Bell. O joginoo ko musiɗɗo gooto: Eleonoor Marte Joudu-Bell (1867-1951). Iwdi Hesketh Bell wiɗtaama no feewi. &lt;ref&gt;KS. &quot;Sir Henry Hesketh Bell Collection&quot;. Janus. University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bell janngi ko e duuɗe Laana, e nder Pari e Biriksel.  E lewru mee 1882 o fuɗɗii golle to Barbados, o woni gardiiɗo tataɓo e biro guwerneer Barbados e duuɗe Leeward, posto mo sehil makko galle Sir William CF Robinson rokki mo. Gila ndeen o ummii ko e system e nder postooji garooji ɗii :

* 1885-1889 – Departemaa njeeygu nder leydi Grenada
* 1890-94 – Gardiiɗo Dowlaaji Dentuɗi to Cote d’Or
* Jaɓɓoowo Seneraal e Kaalis leydi Bahamas
* 1899-1905 – Gardiiɗo leydi Dominik
* 1905-08 – Komiseer (caggal ɗuum, guwerneer) e nder leydi Uganndaa
* 1909-11 – Guwerneer Fuɗnaange Nijeer
* 1912-16 – Guwerneer duuɗe Leewarde
* 1916-24 – Guwerneer leydi Moritani

[[File:British_Governor_Sir_Hesketh_Bell_with_hunting_trophies_in_Uganda,_1908_(cropped).png|thumb|600x600px|Bell e kaɓirɗe diwgol to Uganndaa, hitaande 1908]]
E lewru desaambar 2007, jaaynde internet wiyeteende ''New Vision'', yaltinii winndannde wiyeteende « iwdi Uganndaa Hesketh Bell » ɗo Ketty Karuyonga Bell, jahroowo e duuɓi 72, wiyeteeɗo ko taaniiko debbo gonnooɗo guwerneer oo, haali daartol mum. 

Hesketh Bell, mo meeɗaa resde, ina wiyee ina joginoo ɓiɗɗo gorko e debbo Mutooro , ina wiyee Mariyam Nyamuhaibona. Suka oo, hono John Dick Bell, ina wiyee jibinaa ko ñalnde 18 desaambar 1905. Ina wiyee wonde Hesketh Bell neldii ballal e suka oo, haa o anndi John waɗii aksidaa mawɗo nde o yahrata e duuɓi 10 ; ballal ndeen dartiima. John, mo ɓiɓɓe 12, maayi ko e rafi ɓernde e hitaande 1953.

Golle keewɗe ɗe Bell waɗi e nder leydi Uganndaa, ciimtaama ko ballal janngingol. 

Ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude, peeje ngam haɓaade ñawu ɗanngal, ɗe Bell ƴetti e lewru ut 1907. Caggal nde Kaalis leydi ndii yamiri kaalis ngam golle ɗee, jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii ngummiima e diiwaan mo mborosaaji keewɗi ngoni e mum oo, to daande maayo Victoria, fayti e nokkuuji celluɗi nder leydi ndii. Ñawɓe ɓee mbaɗtaa e kaɓirɗe ceertuɗe ngam waɗde ko wiyetee safaara atoxyl ; ko ina tolnoo e 20 000 neɗɗo ina kaɓa heen. Daande maayo Victoria laɓɓinaama e denndaangal leɗɗe, ɗum noon ina itta heen mboros tsetse . [1]

Yiyngo Hesketh Bell wonande Uganndaa ina waɗi ƴellitaare mawnde e laawol mum laana njoorndi. E hitaande 1909 to haɓaama no feewi ngam jaɓde peeje ɗiɗi : gadanol ngol ko laana ummoraade Jinja, to bannge worgo maayo Victoria haa Kakindu, caggal ɗuum haa maayo Kioga ; e ɗiɗmo oo, ko laawol toowngol ummoraade [[Kampala]] feewde maayo Albert . 

Bell woppi golle mum to Cannes e hitaande 1924, kono haa jooni omo yahra no feewi. E hitaande 1925-26 o waɗii njillu yaajngu semi-officiel to Fuɗnaange ɓadiiɗo ngam janngude no laamu koloñaal Farayse e Holannda yahri.  Ciimtol makko yaltinaa ko e ''njuɓɓudi koloñaal caggal leydi to Fuɗnaange ɓadiiɗo'' e hitaande 1928,  ko ɗum waɗi o rokkaa njeenaari kaŋŋe ndi Fedde Laamlaamu Laamɗo .

E nder wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere, Bell arti hoɗde to Bahamas, kono o heewnoo yahde ko to Londres, ɗo o woni tergal e fedde wiyeteende Conservative Club to St James's .E hitaande 1951, wasiyya Bell siynaa, seedtinaama to Monako, ɗo o joginoo kadi galle. E nder maggal o:

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Sir Henri Hesket Joudo Bell''' GCMG , FRGS (17 desaambar 1864 – 1 ut 1952)  ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer e binndoowo.

== Nguurndam ==
Bell jibinaa ko ñalnde 17 desaambar 1864 to Chambéry to diiwaan Savoie to fuɗnaange-rewo Farayse. Ko o ɓiy Henri Jean Antoin Joudou, njulaagu leɗɗe, e debbo Ecoppi biyeteeɗo Martha Bell. O joginoo ko musiɗɗo gooto: Eleonoor Marte Joudu-Bell (1867-1951). Iwdi Hesketh Bell wiɗtaama no feewi. &lt;ref&gt;KS. &quot;Sir Henry Hesketh Bell Collection&quot;. Janus. University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bell janngi ko e duuɗe Laana, e nder Pari e Biriksel.  E lewru mee 1882 o fuɗɗii golle to Barbados, o woni gardiiɗo tataɓo e biro guwerneer Barbados e duuɗe Leeward, posto mo sehil makko galle Sir William CF Robinson rokki mo. Gila ndeen o ummii ko e system e nder postooji garooji ɗii :

* 1885-1889 – Departemaa njeeygu nder leydi Grenada
* 1890-94 – Gardiiɗo Dowlaaji Dentuɗi to Cote d’Or
* Jaɓɓoowo Seneraal e Kaalis leydi Bahamas
* 1899-1905 – Gardiiɗo leydi Dominik
* 1905-08 – Komiseer (caggal ɗuum, guwerneer) e nder leydi Uganndaa
* 1909-11 – Guwerneer Fuɗnaange Nijeer
* 1912-16 – Guwerneer duuɗe Leewarde
* 1916-24 – Guwerneer leydi Moritani

[[File:British_Governor_Sir_Hesketh_Bell_with_hunting_trophies_in_Uganda,_1908_(cropped).png|thumb|600x600px|Bell e kaɓirɗe diwgol to Uganndaa, hitaande 1908]]
E lewru desaambar 2007, jaaynde internet wiyeteende ''New Vision'', yaltinii winndannde wiyeteende « iwdi Uganndaa Hesketh Bell » ɗo Ketty Karuyonga Bell, jahroowo e duuɓi 72, wiyeteeɗo ko taaniiko debbo gonnooɗo guwerneer oo, haali daartol mum. 

Hesketh Bell, mo meeɗaa resde, ina wiyee ina joginoo ɓiɗɗo gorko e debbo Mutooro , ina wiyee Mariyam Nyamuhaibona. Suka oo, hono John Dick Bell, ina wiyee jibinaa ko ñalnde 18 desaambar 1905. Ina wiyee wonde Hesketh Bell neldii ballal e suka oo, haa o anndi John waɗii aksidaa mawɗo nde o yahrata e duuɓi 10 ; ballal ndeen dartiima. John, mo ɓiɓɓe 12, maayi ko e rafi ɓernde e hitaande 1953.

Golle keewɗe ɗe Bell waɗi e nder leydi Uganndaa, ciimtaama ko ballal janngingol. 

Ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude, peeje ngam haɓaade ñawu ɗanngal, ɗe Bell ƴetti e lewru ut 1907. Caggal nde Kaalis leydi ndii yamiri kaalis ngam golle ɗee, jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii ngummiima e diiwaan mo mborosaaji keewɗi ngoni e mum oo, to daande maayo Victoria, fayti e nokkuuji celluɗi nder leydi ndii. Ñawɓe ɓee mbaɗtaa e kaɓirɗe ceertuɗe ngam waɗde ko wiyetee safaara atoxyl ; ko ina tolnoo e 20 000 neɗɗo ina kaɓa heen. Daande maayo Victoria laɓɓinaama e denndaangal leɗɗe, ɗum noon ina itta heen mboros tsetse . [1]

Yiyngo Hesketh Bell wonande Uganndaa ina waɗi ƴellitaare mawnde e laawol mum laana njoorndi. E hitaande 1909 to haɓaama no feewi ngam jaɓde peeje ɗiɗi : gadanol ngol ko laana ummoraade Jinja, to bannge worgo maayo Victoria haa Kakindu, caggal ɗuum haa maayo Kioga ; e ɗiɗmo oo, ko laawol toowngol ummoraade [[Kampala]] feewde maayo Albert . 

Bell woppi golle mum to Cannes e hitaande 1924, kono haa jooni omo yahra no feewi. E hitaande 1925-26 o waɗii njillu yaajngu semi-officiel to Fuɗnaange ɓadiiɗo ngam janngude no laamu koloñaal Farayse e Holannda yahri.  Ciimtol makko yaltinaa ko e ''njuɓɓudi koloñaal caggal leydi to Fuɗnaange ɓadiiɗo'' e hitaande 1928,  ko ɗum waɗi o rokkaa njeenaari kaŋŋe ndi Fedde Laamlaamu Laamɗo .

E nder wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere, Bell arti hoɗde to Bahamas, kono o heewnoo yahde ko to Londres, ɗo o woni tergal e fedde wiyeteende Conservative Club to St James's .E hitaande 1951, wasiyya Bell siynaa, seedtinaama to Monako, ɗo o joginoo kadi galle. E nder maggal o:

== Tuugnorgal ==

== Death ==


Sir Henry Hesketh Joudou Bell, GCMG, who lived at 92 Redcliffe Gardens, Kensington, died at a nursing home on 1 August 1952. </text>
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'''Sir Henri Hesket Joudo Bell''' GCMG , FRGS (17 desaambar 1864 – 1 ut 1952)  ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer e binndoowo.

== Nguurndam ==
Bell jibinaa ko ñalnde 17 desaambar 1864 to Chambéry to diiwaan Savoie to fuɗnaange-rewo Farayse. Ko o ɓiy Henri Jean Antoin Joudou, njulaagu leɗɗe, e debbo Ecoppi biyeteeɗo Martha Bell. O joginoo ko musiɗɗo gooto: Eleonoor Marte Joudu-Bell (1867-1951). Iwdi Hesketh Bell wiɗtaama no feewi. &lt;ref&gt;KS. &quot;Sir Henry Hesketh Bell Collection&quot;. Janus. University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bell janngi ko e duuɗe Laana, e nder Pari e Biriksel.  E lewru mee 1882 o fuɗɗii golle to Barbados, o woni gardiiɗo tataɓo e biro guwerneer Barbados e duuɗe Leeward, posto mo sehil makko galle Sir William CF Robinson rokki mo. Gila ndeen o ummii ko e system e nder postooji garooji ɗii :

* 1885-1889 – Departemaa njeeygu nder leydi Grenada
* 1890-94 – Gardiiɗo Dowlaaji Dentuɗi to Cote d’Or
* Jaɓɓoowo Seneraal e Kaalis leydi Bahamas
* 1899-1905 – Gardiiɗo leydi Dominik
* 1905-08 – Komiseer (caggal ɗuum, guwerneer) e nder leydi Uganndaa
* 1909-11 – Guwerneer Fuɗnaange Nijeer
* 1912-16 – Guwerneer duuɗe Leewarde
* 1916-24 – Guwerneer leydi Moritani

[[File:British_Governor_Sir_Hesketh_Bell_with_hunting_trophies_in_Uganda,_1908_(cropped).png|thumb|600x600px|Bell e kaɓirɗe diwgol to Uganndaa, hitaande 1908]]
E lewru desaambar 2007, jaaynde internet wiyeteende ''New Vision'', yaltinii winndannde wiyeteende « iwdi Uganndaa Hesketh Bell » ɗo Ketty Karuyonga Bell, jahroowo e duuɓi 72, wiyeteeɗo ko taaniiko debbo gonnooɗo guwerneer oo, haali daartol mum. 

Hesketh Bell, mo meeɗaa resde, ina wiyee ina joginoo ɓiɗɗo gorko e debbo Mutooro , ina wiyee Mariyam Nyamuhaibona. Suka oo, hono John Dick Bell, ina wiyee jibinaa ko ñalnde 18 desaambar 1905. Ina wiyee wonde Hesketh Bell neldii ballal e suka oo, haa o anndi John waɗii aksidaa mawɗo nde o yahrata e duuɓi 10 ; ballal ndeen dartiima. John, mo ɓiɓɓe 12, maayi ko e rafi ɓernde e hitaande 1953.

Golle keewɗe ɗe Bell waɗi e nder leydi Uganndaa, ciimtaama ko ballal janngingol. 

Ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri teeŋtude, peeje ngam haɓaade ñawu ɗanngal, ɗe Bell ƴetti e lewru ut 1907. Caggal nde Kaalis leydi ndii yamiri kaalis ngam golle ɗee, jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii ngummiima e diiwaan mo mborosaaji keewɗi ngoni e mum oo, to daande maayo Victoria, fayti e nokkuuji celluɗi nder leydi ndii. Ñawɓe ɓee mbaɗtaa e kaɓirɗe ceertuɗe ngam waɗde ko wiyetee safaara atoxyl ; ko ina tolnoo e 20 000 neɗɗo ina kaɓa heen. Daande maayo Victoria laɓɓinaama e denndaangal leɗɗe, ɗum noon ina itta heen mboros tsetse . [1]

Yiyngo Hesketh Bell wonande Uganndaa ina waɗi ƴellitaare mawnde e laawol mum laana njoorndi. E hitaande 1909 to haɓaama no feewi ngam jaɓde peeje ɗiɗi : gadanol ngol ko laana ummoraade Jinja, to bannge worgo maayo Victoria haa Kakindu, caggal ɗuum haa maayo Kioga ; e ɗiɗmo oo, ko laawol toowngol ummoraade [[Kampala]] feewde maayo Albert . 

Bell woppi golle mum to Cannes e hitaande 1924, kono haa jooni omo yahra no feewi. E hitaande 1925-26 o waɗii njillu yaajngu semi-officiel to Fuɗnaange ɓadiiɗo ngam janngude no laamu koloñaal Farayse e Holannda yahri.  Ciimtol makko yaltinaa ko e ''njuɓɓudi koloñaal caggal leydi to Fuɗnaange ɓadiiɗo'' e hitaande 1928,  ko ɗum waɗi o rokkaa njeenaari kaŋŋe ndi Fedde Laamlaamu Laamɗo .

E nder wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere, Bell arti hoɗde to Bahamas, kono o heewnoo yahde ko to Londres, ɗo o woni tergal e fedde wiyeteende Conservative Club to St James's .E hitaande 1951, wasiyya Bell siynaa, seedtinaama to Monako, ɗo o joginoo kadi galle. E nder maggal o:

== Tuugnorgal ==

== Death ==


Sir Henry Hesketh Joudou Bell, GCMG, who lived at 92 Redcliffe Gardens, Kensington, died at a nursing home on 1 August 1952. 

== Death ==


Sir Henry Hesketh Joudou Bell, GCMG, who lived at 92 Redcliffe Gardens, Kensington, died at a nursing home on 1 August 1952. </text>
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[[File:Sir_Frank_Morrish_Baddeley.jpg|right|thumb|Baddeley e hitaande 1931.]]
'''Sir Frank Moris Baddeley''', KBE CMG (30 noowammbar 1874 – 18 abriil 1966) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer.  

== Ngendam ==
Janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Liverpool e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Magdalene, to Cambridge, Baddeley naati e sarwiis laamu Malawi e hitaande 1897, [1] o arti e darnde gardiiɗo jaagorɗe koɗkiiji e nder geec . [2] O wonti hooreejo hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1924. O woniino hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1925, 1927, e hitaande 1928–1929. O lomtii Naajeeriya e batu birooji koloñaal e hitaande 1930.

O toɗɗaa ko sehil e nder fedde St Michael e St George e hitaande 1925,  o woni kadi konu e hitaande 1928,  o toɗɗaa kadi koolaaɗo kuuɓal laamu Angalteer e hitaande 1930. 

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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[[File:Sir_Frank_Morrish_Baddeley.jpg|right|thumb|Baddeley e hitaande 1931.]]
'''Sir Frank Moris Baddeley''', KBE CMG (30 noowammbar 1874 – 18 abriil 1966) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer.  &lt;ref&gt;John Hillman (25 February 2010). The International Tin Cartel. Routledge. pp. 122. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-135-15132-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngendam ==
Janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Liverpool e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Magdalene, to Cambridge, Baddeley naati e sarwiis laamu Malawi e hitaande 1897, [1] o arti e darnde gardiiɗo jaagorɗe koɗkiiji e nder geec . [2] O wonti hooreejo hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1924. O woniino hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1925, 1927, e hitaande 1928–1929. O lomtii Naajeeriya e batu birooji koloñaal e hitaande 1930.

O toɗɗaa ko sehil e nder fedde St Michael e St George e hitaande 1925,  o woni kadi konu e hitaande 1928,  o toɗɗaa kadi koolaaɗo kuuɓal laamu Angalteer e hitaande 1930. 

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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[[File:Sir_Frank_Morrish_Baddeley.jpg|right|thumb|Baddeley e hitaande 1931.]]
'''Sir Frank Moris Baddeley''', KBE CMG (30 noowammbar 1874 – 18 abriil 1966) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer.  &lt;ref&gt;John Hillman (25 February 2010). The International Tin Cartel. Routledge. pp. 122. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-135-15132-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngendam ==
Janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Liverpool e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Magdalene, to Cambridge, Baddeley naati e sarwiis laamu Malawi e hitaande 1897, [1] o arti e darnde gardiiɗo jaagorɗe koɗkiiji e nder geec . [2] O wonti hooreejo hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1924. O woniino hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1925, 1927, e hitaande 1928–1929. O lomtii Naajeeriya e batu birooji koloñaal e hitaande 1930.

O toɗɗaa ko sehil e nder fedde St Michael e St George e hitaande 1925,  o woni kadi konu e hitaande 1928,  o toɗɗaa kadi koolaaɗo kuuɓal laamu Angalteer e hitaande 1930. 

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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[[File:Sir_Frank_Morrish_Baddeley.jpg|right|thumb|Baddeley e hitaande 1931.]]
'''Sir Frank Moris Baddeley''', KBE CMG (30 noowammbar 1874 – 18 abriil 1966) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer.  &lt;ref&gt;John Hillman (25 February 2010). The International Tin Cartel. Routledge. pp. 122. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-135-15132-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngendam ==
Janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Liverpool e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Magdalene, to Cambridge, Baddeley naati e sarwiis laamu Malawi e hitaande 1897, [1] o arti e darnde gardiiɗo jaagorɗe koɗkiiji e nder geec . [2] O wonti hooreejo hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1924. O woniino hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1925, 1927, e hitaande 1928–1929. O lomtii Naajeeriya e batu birooji koloñaal e hitaande 1930.

O toɗɗaa ko sehil e nder fedde St Michael e St George e hitaande 1925,  o woni kadi konu e hitaande 1928,  o toɗɗaa kadi koolaaɗo kuuɓal laamu Angalteer e hitaande 1930. 

== Tuugnorgal ==

== Life ==


Hono o janngini e Liverpool Institute e Magdalene College, Cambridge, Baddeley naatiri e Malaya Civil Service e hitaande 1897, o ɓeydi haa o ardiiɗo hooreejo leydi dow ɗo ɓe njogii. O laati ardiiɗo mawɗo dowla lesdi Naajeeriya nder 1924. O jeyaaɗo hooreejo lesdi Nigeria nder hitaande 1925, 1927, e nder hitaande 1928-1929. O wakkilani lesdi Naijeriya nder jamma koloniyaal 1930.

O wonnooɗo jokkondirɗo dow Orde St Michael e St George e hitaande 1925, o wonnoo knight e hitaande 1928, o wonnoo Knight Commander dow Orde British Empire e hitaande 1930.</text>
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[[File:Sir_Frank_Morrish_Baddeley.jpg|right|thumb|Baddeley e hitaande 1931.]]
'''Sir Frank Moris Baddeley''', KBE CMG (30 noowammbar 1874 – 18 abriil 1966) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer.  &lt;ref&gt;John Hillman (25 February 2010). The International Tin Cartel. Routledge. pp. 122. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-135-15132-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngendam ==
Janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Liverpool e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Magdalene, to Cambridge, Baddeley naati e sarwiis laamu Malawi e hitaande 1897, [1] o arti e darnde gardiiɗo jaagorɗe koɗkiiji e nder geec . [2] O wonti hooreejo hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1924. O woniino hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya e hitaande 1925, 1927, e hitaande 1928–1929. O lomtii Naajeeriya e batu birooji koloñaal e hitaande 1930.

O toɗɗaa ko sehil e nder fedde St Michael e St George e hitaande 1925,  o woni kadi konu e hitaande 1928,  o toɗɗaa kadi koolaaɗo kuuɓal laamu Angalteer e hitaande 1930. 

== Tuugnorgal ==

== Life ==


Hono o janngini e Liverpool Institute e Magdalene College, Cambridge, Baddeley naatiri e Malaya Civil Service e hitaande 1897, o ɓeydi haa o ardiiɗo hooreejo leydi dow ɗo ɓe njogii. O laati ardiiɗo mawɗo dowla lesdi Naajeeriya nder 1924. O jeyaaɗo hooreejo lesdi Nigeria nder hitaande 1925, 1927, e nder hitaande 1928-1929. O wakkilani lesdi Naijeriya nder jamma koloniyaal 1930.

O wonnooɗo jokkondirɗo dow Orde St Michael e St George e hitaande 1925, o wonnoo knight e hitaande 1928, o wonnoo Knight Commander dow Orde British Empire e hitaande 1930.

==firooji==</text>
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'''Frederik John Dealtri Lugard, Baron 1ɓo Lugard''' GCMG CB DSO PC (22 lewru Yarkomaa 1858 – 11 lewru Abriil 1945), ganndiraaɗo '''Sir Frederick Lugard''' hakkunde 1901 e 1928, ko soldaat Angalteer, jiiloowo Afrik, njuɓɓudi koloñaal. Ko kanko woni guwerneer Hong Kong (1907–1912), guwerneer cakkitiiɗo e [[Protektorat Fombina Naajeeriya|nder leydi Nijeer]] (1912–1914), ko o komisariyaajo mawɗo gadano (1900–1906), ko kanko woni guwerneer cakkitiiɗo (1912–1914) e [[Fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya|nder leydi]] Nijeer-Gene191.

== Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol ==
Lugard jibinaa ko to Madras (hannde Chennai ), to leydi Inndo, kono o mawni ko to Worcester, to Angalteer. O woniino ɓiy mawɗo konu Angalteer to Madras, e debbo makko tataɓo, Mary Howard (1819-1865), ɓiɗɗo debbo ɓurɗo famɗude e mawɗo leydi ummoriiɗo Thorne e Melbour . Kaaw makko to bannge baaba ko Sir Edward Lugard, gardiiɗo konu to leydi Indiya tuggi 1857 haa 1858 e gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii e nder biro konu tuggi 1861 haa 1871.  Lugard janngi ko to duɗal Rossall e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde konu Royal, to Sandhurst . Innde ‘Dealtry’ ndee ko ngam teddinde Thomas Dealtry, sehil baaba makko maayɗo.

== Golle konu ==
Lugard yamiraa e nder konu 9ɓo (Regiment Norfolk fuɗnaange) e hitaande 1878, o naati e bataliyoŋ ɗiɗaɓo to leydi Inndo. O golliima e wolde ɗiɗmere hakkunde Angalteer e Afganistaan (1878–1880), e kampaañ Sudaan (  e wolde tataɓere hakkunde Angalteer e Birmaani (Novembre 1885) o rokkaama njeenaari « Ordre de service distinguishé » e hitaande 1887 divorcee mo o hawri e leydi Indiya. Nde o anndi o gaañiiɗo e aksidaa, o woppi golle makko to [[Miyammar|Birmaani]] ngam tawtoreede mo to Lucknow, o rewi e makko haa Angalteer. Nde o salii mo, Lugard felliti fuɗɗoraade golle kese e nder Afrik. 

=== Hare Karonga ===
Hedde hitaande 1880, fedde njulaagu Swahili en, e gardagol Mlozi bin Kazbadema, sosi nokkuuji njulaagu e nder sekteer fuɗnaange-rewo maayo Malawi, ina heen kadi nokku ɗo njulaagu (stockade) to Chilumba, dow maayo ngoo, ɗo ƴiye e [[Korɗo|jiyaaɓe]] mbaawi neldude e nder maayo ngoo. E hitaande 1883 Sosiyetee Lakeeji Afrik sosi nokku to Karonga ngam waylude ivoire e marsandiis njulaagu ummoraade e njulaagu Swahili .  

Jokkondiral hakkunde pelle ɗiɗi ɗee bonnii, tawi heen geɗal ko sabu sosiyetee oo leeltude walla waasde yiɗde rokkude kaɓirɗe, kaɓirɗe e geɗe njulaagu goɗɗe kadi sabu njulaagu Swahili en ɓuri waawde huutoraade maccuɓe e njanguuji renndooji ɗi sosiyetee oo fodaniino reende ɗii. Hoɗɓe puɗɗii ko e cakkital hitaande 1887. Hareeji hakkunde-leyɗe baɗnooɗi haa cakkital hitaande 1889 ina nganndiraa wolde Karonga walla sahaa e sahaa fof « wolde aarabeeɓe ». [1]

Depo Sosiyetee Lakeeji Afrik to Karonga, ummiima e darorɗe hitaande ndee, kono e lewru mee 1888, Kapiteen Lugard, mo Konsul Angalteer to [[Mozammbik|Mosammbik]], waawni, ari ngam ardaade njillu feewde e Mlozi, tawi ko Sosiyetee Lakeeji Afrik ballitooɗo ɗum kono alaa ballal laamu Angalteer . 

Eɓɓoore Lugard adannde tuggi lewru mee haa suwee 1888, yani e stockades Swahili en, tawi alaa ko heɓi heen, e nder njillu gooto, o gaañiiɗo, o woppii fuɗnaange.   Laawol ɗiɗaɓol Lugard ngol e lewru desaambar 1888 haa marse 1889 ɓuri mawnude, ina waɗi bundu 7 kiloo, kono ngol waawaano ɓuuɓnude mahe stockade. Caggal nde o dañi caɗeele ɗiɗmere, Lugard ummii e diiwaan maayo Malawi, fayti Angalteer e lewru abriil 1889.  

== Yiylaade Fuɗnaange Afrik ==
[[File:Frederick_John_Dealtry_Lugard,_Vanity_Fair,_1895-12-19.jpg|left|thumb|Lugard ko Spy waɗi ɗum e ''hitaande'' 1895]]
Caggal nde o ummii Nyasaland e lewru abriil 1889, Lugard jaɓi golle e nder Sosiyetee Angalteer Fuɗnaange Afrik (IBEAC) o ari Mombasa, to bannge worgo Afrik fuɗnaange, e lewru desaambar.  Hitaande ko adii ɗuum, e hitaande 1888, IBEAC rokkaama yamiroore laamɗo ummoraade e laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Victoria ngam jagginde « fannu doole Angalteer » hakkunde [[𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤶𞤭𞤦𞤢𞥄𞤪|Sansibar]] e [[Ugannda|Uganndaa]] , e yiɗde udditaade laawol njulaagu hakkunde maayo Victoria, to Uganndaa, e porto Mombasa to bannge maayo. Posto njulaagu nder leydi gadano sosaa ko to Machakos, 240 kiloomeeteer e nder geec, kono laawol aadaaji sosaangol feewde Machakos ko yahdu janfaandu e nder jeereende mawnde Taru, 93 kiloomeeteer e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Kuulal Lugard gadanal ko anndude so tawii laawol ngol ina waawi ummoraade Mombasa feewde Machakos, ngol rewata ko e jeereende Taru.  O ƴeewtindiima maayo Sabaki e diiwaan hoɗdiiɓe mum, ko jiidaa e ƴellitde peeje ngam rimɗinde jiyaaɓe ɓe aarabeeɓe njoginoo e nder leydi mawndi Sansibar . {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Ñalnde 6 ut 1890, Lugard fuɗɗii yah-ngartaa mum karawan feewde Uganndaa, o yahdi e Oropnaaɓe njoyo woɗɓe : George Wilson, Fenwick De Winton (ɓiy Fransis de Winton - mawɗo Lugard goɗɗo oo), William Grant e Archibald Brown.
[[File:Captain_Lugard,_F._de_Winton_and_Grant_at_Kampala,_Mengo.png|thumb|Kapiteen Frederik Lugard, Fenwick de Winton e Wiliyam Grant to Mengo, Uganndaa e worɓe laamɗo Afriknaajo e bundu Maxim]]
O ummii Mombasa feewde [[Ugannda|Uganndaa]] ngam heɓtude njiimaandi Angalteer e dow doole [[Almaanya|Almaañ]] e nokku hee e dartinde jiiɓru siwil hakkunde pelle e nder Laamu Buganndaa .  

E nder laawol, Lugard yamiraama yo waɗ nanondiral e leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii, mahde cuuɗi ngam heɓde laawol kisal ngam yah-ngartaa IBEAC garoowo.  IBEAC huutoriima binndanɗe nanondiral laawɗuɗe, ɗe njuɓɓudi maɓɓe e ardiiɓe nokkuuji ɗii ciifi, kono Lugard ɓuri yiɗde ko kewu banndiraagal ƴiiƴam ɓurngal fotde , o naati e jokkondiral banndiraagal keewngal e ardiiɓe hoɗɓe e nokkuuji hakkunde Mombasa e Uganndaa. Gooto e jokkondiral makko ƴiiƴam lollungal, siifi ko e lewru oktoobar 1890 e nder dingiral makko to Uganndaa, nde o joofni to Dagoretti e nder leydi Kikuyu, o naati e nanondiral e Waiyaki Wa Hinga . 

Lugard wonnoo ko gardiiɗo konu leydi Uganndaa tuggi 26 desaambar 1890 haa lewru mee 1892. Nde o ardii leydi Uganndaa ndee, o yahri ko e koɗli Rwenzori haa o arti e maayo Edward, o waɗi kartal nokku mawɗo e nder leydi ndii. O yilliima kadi maayo Albert, o addi heen ujunnaaje ujunnaaje Sudaannaaɓe ɓe Emin Pasha e Henry Morton Stanley ngoppi toon e nder njillu ballal Emin Pasha . {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Nde Lugard arti Angalteer e hitaande 1892, o dañii nafoore e haɗde gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii , hono William Gladstone, haɗde IBEAC woppude leydi Uganndaa. 

== Tuugnorgal ==

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'''Frederik John Dealtri Lugard, Baron 1ɓo Lugard''' GCMG CB DSO PC (22 lewru Yarkomaa 1858 – 11 lewru Abriil 1945), ganndiraaɗo '''Sir Frederick Lugard''' hakkunde 1901 e 1928, ko soldaat Angalteer, jiiloowo Afrik, njuɓɓudi koloñaal. Ko kanko woni guwerneer Hong Kong (1907–1912), guwerneer cakkitiiɗo e [[Protektorat Fombina Naajeeriya|nder leydi Nijeer]] (1912–1914), ko o komisariyaajo mawɗo gadano (1900–1906), ko kanko woni guwerneer cakkitiiɗo (1912–1914) e [[Fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya|nder leydi]] Nijeer-Gene191.

== Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol ==
Lugard jibinaa ko to Madras (hannde Chennai ), to leydi Inndo, kono o mawni ko to Worcester, to Angalteer. O woniino ɓiy mawɗo konu Angalteer to Madras, e debbo makko tataɓo, Mary Howard (1819-1865), ɓiɗɗo debbo ɓurɗo famɗude e mawɗo leydi ummoriiɗo Thorne e Melbour . Kaaw makko to bannge baaba ko Sir Edward Lugard, gardiiɗo konu to leydi Indiya tuggi 1857 haa 1858 e gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii e nder biro konu tuggi 1861 haa 1871.  Lugard janngi ko to duɗal Rossall e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde konu Royal, to Sandhurst . Innde ‘Dealtry’ ndee ko ngam teddinde Thomas Dealtry, sehil baaba makko maayɗo.

== Golle konu ==
Lugard yamiraa e nder konu 9ɓo (Regiment Norfolk fuɗnaange) e hitaande 1878, o naati e bataliyoŋ ɗiɗaɓo to leydi Inndo. O golliima e wolde ɗiɗmere hakkunde Angalteer e Afganistaan (1878–1880), e kampaañ Sudaan (  e wolde tataɓere hakkunde Angalteer e Birmaani (Novembre 1885) o rokkaama njeenaari « Ordre de service distinguishé » e hitaande 1887 divorcee mo o hawri e leydi Indiya. Nde o anndi o gaañiiɗo e aksidaa, o woppi golle makko to [[Miyammar|Birmaani]] ngam tawtoreede mo to Lucknow, o rewi e makko haa Angalteer. Nde o salii mo, Lugard felliti fuɗɗoraade golle kese e nder Afrik. 

=== Hare Karonga ===
Hedde hitaande 1880, fedde njulaagu Swahili en, e gardagol Mlozi bin Kazbadema, sosi nokkuuji njulaagu e nder sekteer fuɗnaange-rewo maayo Malawi, ina heen kadi nokku ɗo njulaagu (stockade) to Chilumba, dow maayo ngoo, ɗo ƴiye e [[Korɗo|jiyaaɓe]] mbaawi neldude e nder maayo ngoo. E hitaande 1883 Sosiyetee Lakeeji Afrik sosi nokku to Karonga ngam waylude ivoire e marsandiis njulaagu ummoraade e njulaagu Swahili .  

Jokkondiral hakkunde pelle ɗiɗi ɗee bonnii, tawi heen geɗal ko sabu sosiyetee oo leeltude walla waasde yiɗde rokkude kaɓirɗe, kaɓirɗe e geɗe njulaagu goɗɗe kadi sabu njulaagu Swahili en ɓuri waawde huutoraade maccuɓe e njanguuji renndooji ɗi sosiyetee oo fodaniino reende ɗii. Hoɗɓe puɗɗii ko e cakkital hitaande 1887. Hareeji hakkunde-leyɗe baɗnooɗi haa cakkital hitaande 1889 ina nganndiraa wolde Karonga walla sahaa e sahaa fof « wolde aarabeeɓe ». [1]

Depo Sosiyetee Lakeeji Afrik to Karonga, ummiima e darorɗe hitaande ndee, kono e lewru mee 1888, Kapiteen Lugard, mo Konsul Angalteer to [[Mozammbik|Mosammbik]], waawni, ari ngam ardaade njillu feewde e Mlozi, tawi ko Sosiyetee Lakeeji Afrik ballitooɗo ɗum kono alaa ballal laamu Angalteer . 

Eɓɓoore Lugard adannde tuggi lewru mee haa suwee 1888, yani e stockades Swahili en, tawi alaa ko heɓi heen, e nder njillu gooto, o gaañiiɗo, o woppii fuɗnaange.   Laawol ɗiɗaɓol Lugard ngol e lewru desaambar 1888 haa marse 1889 ɓuri mawnude, ina waɗi bundu 7 kiloo, kono ngol waawaano ɓuuɓnude mahe stockade. Caggal nde o dañi caɗeele ɗiɗmere, Lugard ummii e diiwaan maayo Malawi, fayti Angalteer e lewru abriil 1889.  

== Yiylaade Fuɗnaange Afrik ==
[[File:Frederick_John_Dealtry_Lugard,_Vanity_Fair,_1895-12-19.jpg|left|thumb|Lugard ko Spy waɗi ɗum e ''hitaande'' 1895]]
Caggal nde o ummii Nyasaland e lewru abriil 1889, Lugard jaɓi golle e nder Sosiyetee Angalteer Fuɗnaange Afrik (IBEAC) o ari Mombasa, to bannge worgo Afrik fuɗnaange, e lewru desaambar.  Hitaande ko adii ɗuum, e hitaande 1888, IBEAC rokkaama yamiroore laamɗo ummoraade e laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Victoria ngam jagginde « fannu doole Angalteer » hakkunde [[𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤶𞤭𞤦𞤢𞥄𞤪|Sansibar]] e [[Ugannda|Uganndaa]] , e yiɗde udditaade laawol njulaagu hakkunde maayo Victoria, to Uganndaa, e porto Mombasa to bannge maayo. Posto njulaagu nder leydi gadano sosaa ko to Machakos, 240 kiloomeeteer e nder geec, kono laawol aadaaji sosaangol feewde Machakos ko yahdu janfaandu e nder jeereende mawnde Taru, 93 kiloomeeteer e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Kuulal Lugard gadanal ko anndude so tawii laawol ngol ina waawi ummoraade Mombasa feewde Machakos, ngol rewata ko e jeereende Taru.  O ƴeewtindiima maayo Sabaki e diiwaan hoɗdiiɓe mum, ko jiidaa e ƴellitde peeje ngam rimɗinde jiyaaɓe ɓe aarabeeɓe njoginoo e nder leydi mawndi Sansibar . {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Ñalnde 6 ut 1890, Lugard fuɗɗii yah-ngartaa mum karawan feewde Uganndaa, o yahdi e Oropnaaɓe njoyo woɗɓe : George Wilson, Fenwick De Winton (ɓiy Fransis de Winton - mawɗo Lugard goɗɗo oo), William Grant e Archibald Brown.
[[File:Captain_Lugard,_F._de_Winton_and_Grant_at_Kampala,_Mengo.png|thumb|Kapiteen Frederik Lugard, Fenwick de Winton e Wiliyam Grant to Mengo, Uganndaa e worɓe laamɗo Afriknaajo e bundu Maxim]]
O ummii Mombasa feewde [[Ugannda|Uganndaa]] ngam heɓtude njiimaandi Angalteer e dow doole [[Almaanya|Almaañ]] e nokku hee e dartinde jiiɓru siwil hakkunde pelle e nder Laamu Buganndaa .  

E nder laawol, Lugard yamiraama yo waɗ nanondiral e leƴƴi nokkuuji ɗii, mahde cuuɗi ngam heɓde laawol kisal ngam yah-ngartaa IBEAC garoowo.  IBEAC huutoriima binndanɗe nanondiral laawɗuɗe, ɗe njuɓɓudi maɓɓe e ardiiɓe nokkuuji ɗii ciifi, kono Lugard ɓuri yiɗde ko kewu banndiraagal ƴiiƴam ɓurngal fotde , o naati e jokkondiral banndiraagal keewngal e ardiiɓe hoɗɓe e nokkuuji hakkunde Mombasa e Uganndaa. Gooto e jokkondiral makko ƴiiƴam lollungal, siifi ko e lewru oktoobar 1890 e nder dingiral makko to Uganndaa, nde o joofni to Dagoretti e nder leydi Kikuyu, o naati e nanondiral e Waiyaki Wa Hinga . 

Lugard wonnoo ko gardiiɗo konu leydi Uganndaa tuggi 26 desaambar 1890 haa lewru mee 1892. Nde o ardii leydi Uganndaa ndee, o yahri ko e koɗli Rwenzori haa o arti e maayo Edward, o waɗi kartal nokku mawɗo e nder leydi ndii. O yilliima kadi maayo Albert, o addi heen ujunnaaje ujunnaaje Sudaannaaɓe ɓe Emin Pasha e Henry Morton Stanley ngoppi toon e nder njillu ballal Emin Pasha . {{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Nde Lugard arti Angalteer e hitaande 1892, o dañii nafoore e haɗde gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii , hono William Gladstone, haɗde IBEAC woppude leydi Uganndaa. 

== Tuugnorgal ==

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    <title>Wiliyam Frederik Gowers</title>
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      <text bytes="4990" sha1="q591eyc65hsm0kiq5gq2112gpedlvsi" xml:space="preserve">'''Sir William Frederick Gowers,''' KCMG (31 Duujal 1875 – 7 Oktoobar 1954) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer, wonnooɗo Guwerneer Uganndaa tuggi 1925 haa 1932.

== Duuɓi gadani ==
Gowers jibinaa ko ñalnde 31 desaambar 1875 to Londres. O janngi to duɗal Rugby, caggal ɗuum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Trinity, to Cambridge,  ɗo o heɓi bakkaa makko BA e hitaande 1898 e gadano e nder Tripos kiisɗo.  O jokki e yiɗde makko e defte kiiɗɗi e nder nguurndam makko fof. O yahi Afrik e hitaande 1899, o woni golloowo e Sosiyetee Biritanik Afrik worgo (BSA) o wonti balloowo Komiseer Native to Matabeleland, to bannge worgo [[Simmbaabuwe|Zimbaabwee]] hannde, o woppi ndeeɗoo golle e hitaande 1902. 

Ko kanko woni mawniiko Ernest Gowers .

== Naajeeriya ==
E hitaande 1902, Gowers woppi BSA, o naati e sarwiis koloñaal, o ƴetti golle jooɗiiɗo tataɓo e nder Fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer . O ƴetti ndee ɗoo darnde duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal nde Protectorate Nigeria bayyinaa, o yi’i njiimaandi Emiraaji Juulɓe e nder diiwaan hee e les njiimaandi Frederick Lugard 's politik laamu nguu.  E nder wolde adunaare adannde Gowers wonnoo ko jaagorgal politik e nder doole kisal Kameruun (1915–1916). &lt;ref name=&quot;janus&quot; /&gt; O ummi haa o laati Lietnaa-Guwerneer lesdi Naajeeriya. 

== Uganndaa ==
Tuggi 1925 haa 1932 Gowers wonii guwerneer e hooreejo leydi Uganndaa.  Caggal nde o heɓi laamu, ɓooyaani ko Gowers ƴetti feere ngam feewnude feere yoɓde ''envujo'' e dow gese kaalis, ɗe ardiiɓe koloñaal en mbiyata ko « ina njiɗi nuunɗal e nehdi ». Wasiya makko ko yo ''envujo'' yoɓee e njuɓɓudi laamu Angalteer, wonaa e joom en leyɗeele Afrik.  E naamnal Laamu Toro, ngu Biritaan en ngartiri caggal nde ndiiwi Banyoro en, Gowers miijii wonde nanondiral baɗngal e oon sahaa ko bayyinaango tan ko laamu reenoowo. Angalteer ina joginoo ndimaagu haɓde e laamu nguu no yiɗiri. 

Goomuuji politik ɗemɗe e nder leydi Uganndaa ina wasiyoo janngineede Acholi to bannge worgo, Teso to nokkuuji fuɗnaange leydi ndii e Luganda to nokkuuji goɗɗi.

Ko o guwerneer Uganndaa, Gowers hollitii nafoore nokkuure Swahili, ɗemngal Bantu kaaleteengal kadi to [[Keniya|Keñiya]] e Tanganyika e fuɗnaange Konngo. Ina gasa tawa omo anndi haaju ɗemngal gootal e nder fedde leyɗeele e nder diiwaan Lakeeji mawɗi Afrik .  Gowers ina hormii njiimaandi Afrik, ina toppitii sahaa kala wonde teddungal e laamɓe Bunyoro e Uganndaa. O yiyi mbele safaara ina yaaji e ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii mbele ɓe mbaasa maayde e ñawuuji safrooɓe. Haa teeŋti noon, renndinde kiniin ngam ñawu nguu wonti ko heewi. 

Nde Gowers waawaano waawnude biro koloñaal oo ɓeydude kaalis baɗaaɗo e Uganndaa ngam yoɓde gollotooɓe laamu Afriknaaɓe, Gowers ƴetti feere (e oon sahaa, ko ɗum huunde nde luulndii) ngam riiwtude ko ina tolnoo e sappo e ɗiɗo gollotooɓe mum Oropnaaɓe e nder laamorgo leydi ndii, caggal ɗuum huutoroo kaalis mo o dañi ngam ɓeydude no feewi njoɓdi gollotooɓe laamu Afriknaaɓe ɓe o gollotoo ɓee.  Gowers ina toppitii naatgol ballal laamu wonande remooɓe jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii, ina renndini kaɓirɗe ko wayi no kaɓirɗe peewnugol feccere, jolɗe, jolɗe tawa kadi ina ɗaɓɓi soodde won e geɗe ndema ngam sosde faggudu ndema ɓuuɓndu. Ndeeɗoo feere ina jokki e golle gila 1926 haa 1931. Gowers fellitii joofnude feere ndee sabu ŋakkeende kaalis e nder winndere ndee . Kono o dañii jokkude eɓɓaande ndee e nder ko ɓuri heewde e hitaande 1931, hay so tawii o ronkii waɗde ɗum, e taƴde kaalis ngam geɗe goɗɗe (ina heen ekipaaji makko kisal). O joofniri koɗki caɗtuki wonande gollotooɓe laamu Orop haa laaɓi (to seppooji keewɗi) kono hay ɗuum tan woppii kaalis keewɗo ngam jokkude ballal ndema fotde lebbi seeɗa. Kono hay e taƴgol bidsee e nokkuuji goɗɗi o dogi o joofni eɓɓaande ndee e darorɗe hitaande 1931. 

E hitaande 1926, Sir Edward Grigg, guwerneer Keña Angalteer, noddii batu to Nairobi ngam yeewtidde e dental ɓurngal ɓadaade hakkunde koloniiji Afrik e nder geec mawɗo, ngal Sir William Gowers wallitorii miijo ngoo no feewi e dow daliilu wonde maa ɗum ɓeydu no feewi kaalis koloñaal Uganndaa. Kono guwerneer Tanganyika biyeteeɗo Donald Charles Cameron ina salii ɗum no feewi, sibu o sikki ko ɗum huunde nde fotaani wonde e Afriknaaɓe sabu heen geɗal e peeje ɗee ina jeyaa heen leydi Tanganyika ina foti reweede ngam koɗdiiɗo Oropnaaɓe no waɗiranoo to Keñiya nii. Teskaama wonde peeje ɗee mbiyaani hay leydi gooto e nder Uganndaa ina foti reweede ngam Oropnaaɓe, tee ko e dow ɗuum (e dow tuugnorgal wonde ngal resndaani hay leydi gooto e nder Uganndaa wonande Oropnaaɓe) Gowers jaɓi ɗum. [1]

== Caggal golle ==
Gowers toɗɗaama hooreejo mawɗo laamu ngam koloñaal en (1932-1938), cukko hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e cereeli (1939-1940) e gardiiɗo jokkondiral e ndeenka siwil, komanndaaji fuɗnaange (1940-1942). Gowers sankii ko ñalnde 7 ut 1954, ina yahra e duuɓi 78. 

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'''Sir William Frederick Gowers,''' KCMG (31 Duujal 1875 – 7 Oktoobar 1954) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer, wonnooɗo Guwerneer Uganndaa tuggi 1925 haa 1932.

== Duuɓi gadani ==
Gowers jibinaa ko ñalnde 31 desaambar 1875 to Londres. O janngi to duɗal Rugby, caggal ɗuum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Trinity, to Cambridge,  ɗo o heɓi bakkaa makko BA e hitaande 1898 e gadano e nder Tripos kiisɗo.  O jokki e yiɗde makko e defte kiiɗɗi e nder nguurndam makko fof. O yahi Afrik e hitaande 1899, o woni golloowo e Sosiyetee Biritanik Afrik worgo (BSA) o wonti balloowo Komiseer Native to Matabeleland, to bannge worgo [[Simmbaabuwe|Zimbaabwee]] hannde, o woppi ndeeɗoo golle e hitaande 1902. 

Ko kanko woni mawniiko Ernest Gowers .

== Naajeeriya ==
E hitaande 1902, Gowers woppi BSA, o naati e sarwiis koloñaal, o ƴetti golle jooɗiiɗo tataɓo e nder Fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer . O ƴetti ndee ɗoo darnde duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal nde Protectorate Nigeria bayyinaa, o yi’i njiimaandi Emiraaji Juulɓe e nder diiwaan hee e les njiimaandi Frederick Lugard 's politik laamu nguu.  E nder wolde adunaare adannde Gowers wonnoo ko jaagorgal politik e nder doole kisal Kameruun (1915–1916). &lt;ref name=&quot;janus&quot; /&gt; O ummi haa o laati Lietnaa-Guwerneer lesdi Naajeeriya. 

== Uganndaa ==
Tuggi 1925 haa 1932 Gowers wonii guwerneer e hooreejo leydi Uganndaa.  Caggal nde o heɓi laamu, ɓooyaani ko Gowers ƴetti feere ngam feewnude feere yoɓde ''envujo'' e dow gese kaalis, ɗe ardiiɓe koloñaal en mbiyata ko « ina njiɗi nuunɗal e nehdi ». Wasiya makko ko yo ''envujo'' yoɓee e njuɓɓudi laamu Angalteer, wonaa e joom en leyɗeele Afrik.  E naamnal Laamu Toro, ngu Biritaan en ngartiri caggal nde ndiiwi Banyoro en, Gowers miijii wonde nanondiral baɗngal e oon sahaa ko bayyinaango tan ko laamu reenoowo. Angalteer ina joginoo ndimaagu haɓde e laamu nguu no yiɗiri. 

Goomuuji politik ɗemɗe e nder leydi Uganndaa ina wasiyoo janngineede Acholi to bannge worgo, Teso to nokkuuji fuɗnaange leydi ndii e Luganda to nokkuuji goɗɗi.

Ko o guwerneer Uganndaa, Gowers hollitii nafoore nokkuure Swahili, ɗemngal Bantu kaaleteengal kadi to [[Keniya|Keñiya]] e Tanganyika e fuɗnaange Konngo. Ina gasa tawa omo anndi haaju ɗemngal gootal e nder fedde leyɗeele e nder diiwaan Lakeeji mawɗi Afrik .  Gowers ina hormii njiimaandi Afrik, ina toppitii sahaa kala wonde teddungal e laamɓe Bunyoro e Uganndaa. O yiyi mbele safaara ina yaaji e ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii mbele ɓe mbaasa maayde e ñawuuji safrooɓe. Haa teeŋti noon, renndinde kiniin ngam ñawu nguu wonti ko heewi. 

Nde Gowers waawaano waawnude biro koloñaal oo ɓeydude kaalis baɗaaɗo e Uganndaa ngam yoɓde gollotooɓe laamu Afriknaaɓe, Gowers ƴetti feere (e oon sahaa, ko ɗum huunde nde luulndii) ngam riiwtude ko ina tolnoo e sappo e ɗiɗo gollotooɓe mum Oropnaaɓe e nder laamorgo leydi ndii, caggal ɗuum huutoroo kaalis mo o dañi ngam ɓeydude no feewi njoɓdi gollotooɓe laamu Afriknaaɓe ɓe o gollotoo ɓee.  Gowers ina toppitii naatgol ballal laamu wonande remooɓe jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii, ina renndini kaɓirɗe ko wayi no kaɓirɗe peewnugol feccere, jolɗe, jolɗe tawa kadi ina ɗaɓɓi soodde won e geɗe ndema ngam sosde faggudu ndema ɓuuɓndu. Ndeeɗoo feere ina jokki e golle gila 1926 haa 1931. Gowers fellitii joofnude feere ndee sabu ŋakkeende kaalis e nder winndere ndee . Kono o dañii jokkude eɓɓaande ndee e nder ko ɓuri heewde e hitaande 1931, hay so tawii o ronkii waɗde ɗum, e taƴde kaalis ngam geɗe goɗɗe (ina heen ekipaaji makko kisal). O joofniri koɗki caɗtuki wonande gollotooɓe laamu Orop haa laaɓi (to seppooji keewɗi) kono hay ɗuum tan woppii kaalis keewɗo ngam jokkude ballal ndema fotde lebbi seeɗa. Kono hay e taƴgol bidsee e nokkuuji goɗɗi o dogi o joofni eɓɓaande ndee e darorɗe hitaande 1931. 

E hitaande 1926, Sir Edward Grigg, guwerneer Keña Angalteer, noddii batu to Nairobi ngam yeewtidde e dental ɓurngal ɓadaade hakkunde koloniiji Afrik e nder geec mawɗo, ngal Sir William Gowers wallitorii miijo ngoo no feewi e dow daliilu wonde maa ɗum ɓeydu no feewi kaalis koloñaal Uganndaa. Kono guwerneer Tanganyika biyeteeɗo Donald Charles Cameron ina salii ɗum no feewi, sibu o sikki ko ɗum huunde nde fotaani wonde e Afriknaaɓe sabu heen geɗal e peeje ɗee ina jeyaa heen leydi Tanganyika ina foti reweede ngam koɗdiiɗo Oropnaaɓe no waɗiranoo to Keñiya nii. Teskaama wonde peeje ɗee mbiyaani hay leydi gooto e nder Uganndaa ina foti reweede ngam Oropnaaɓe, tee ko e dow ɗuum (e dow tuugnorgal wonde ngal resndaani hay leydi gooto e nder Uganndaa wonande Oropnaaɓe) Gowers jaɓi ɗum. [1]

== Caggal golle ==
Gowers toɗɗaama hooreejo mawɗo laamu ngam koloñaal en (1932-1938), cukko hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e cereeli (1939-1940) e gardiiɗo jokkondiral e ndeenka siwil, komanndaaji fuɗnaange (1940-1942). Gowers sankii ko ñalnde 7 ut 1954, ina yahra e duuɓi 78. 

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'''Sir Eduward Persi Kranwil Giruard''', KCMG , DSO (26 lewru Yarkomaa 1867 – 26 Suwee 1932) ko jiɗɗo Laamaandi, mahoowo laabi njamndi Kanadaa, Komiseer mawɗo to Fuɗnaange Nijeer e Protektorat Fuɗnaange Afrik e golloowo sanɗaaji Angalteer.

== Jaangirde ==
O jibinaa ko to Montreal, Kebek, ɓiy Desiré Girouard e Essie Cranwill, o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Montréal (1877–1878) e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St awokaa Faraysenaajo-Kanadaajo alɗuɗo jahruɗo yeeso haa wonti depitee Conservative e ñaawoore Suudu Sarɗiiji tawi yumma mum ko immigrant Irlande.  Girourad wayi ko no ko ɓuri heewde e terɗe fedde Farayse-Kanadaa keddiiɗe ɗee nii, janngaani to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Laval, nokku janngirde aadaaji fedde Farayse, o suɓii ko janngude e ɗemngal Engele to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Royal Military College. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 78&quot; /&gt; Girouard heɓi dipolom mum gadano e nder duɗal mum ko innde injenieer, ko kanko woni katolik Roma gadano heɓde dipolom injenieer to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde militeer laamɗo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 78&quot; /&gt;

== Kugal ==
Girouard golliima duuɓi ɗiɗi e &quot; Laana njoorndi hakkunde leyɗeele Maine &quot; to Greenville, Maine, hade makko waɗeede e golle e nder Royal Engineers e hitaande 1888. Ko yaawi dañde innde wonde neɗɗo laana njoorndi baawɗo no feewi, tiiɗɗo no feewi sabu golle makko to Maine, addani Girouard arde e leydi Angalteer e  Ɓesngu Girouard yiɗiino yo o jooɗo to Kanadaa, kono Girouard yiɗiino yiyde aduna o e mahde laabi njamndi e nder laamu Angalteer fof. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 79&quot; /&gt;

=== Laabi-njamndi e nder leydi Sudaan e Misra ===
Tuggi 1890 haa 1895 o woniino gardiiɗo laawol laana njoorndi Woolwich Arsenal hade makko naatde e Ekspedisiyoŋ Dongola e hitaande 1896, Kitchener naamndii mo yo o ƴeewto yaajnude laawol laana njoorndi ɓooyngol Wadi-Halfa haa Akasha, ngol woni fuɗɗoode laana njoorndi Rail Sudaan .  Kitchener naamndinooma Girouard nde tawnoo ko kanko ɓuri waawde mahde laabi njamndi e nder laamu Angalteer fof. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 79&quot; /&gt; Ñalnde 20 marse 1896, wuro Akasheh ƴettaa ko e juuɗe Sir Archibald Hunter, Girouard yahi golloyaade mahngo laawol laana njoorndi e nder jeereende. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 79&quot; /&gt; E ñalnde 4 ut 1896 Girouard habri Kitchener wonde laawol laana njoorndi ngol ina yaaji jooni gila Wali Halfa haa Kosheh, ina yaaji fotde 116 kiloomeeteer jeereende joornde. 

Mahngo laawol laana njoorndi e nder jeereende e teeminannde 19ɓiire addani caɗeele mawɗe ko wayi no njanguuji ummoraade e ''Ansar'', gollordu fotde 800 suudannaajo mo nganndaa hay huunde e mahngo laana njoorndi, ina foti jannginde kala ko ina wona, toɓooli mawɗi sahaa e sahaa fof ina loota kala ko ina ustoo laawol ngol, ko ɓuri heewde e haajuuji kille a off gollotooɓe e lewru ut 1896.  Girouard fotnoo ko sosde duɗe karallaagal ɗiɗi ngam jannginde gollotooɓe mum Sudannaaɓe no gollortoo ko wayi no jaagorɗe station, shunters yard e signalers nde tawnoo hay gooto e ɗeen karallaagal anndaaka e nder Sudaan mo meeɗaa anndude laabi njamndi.  E nder deftere makko 1899 wiyeteende ''« Hare maayo »'', Winston Churchill yetti Girouard wonde ko o neɗɗo baawɗo no feewi, baawɗo yahrude yeeso e nder leydi Sudaan. 

Caggal nde Angalteer fooli ''Ansar en'' e wolde Hafir ñalnde 19 suwee 1896, Dongola heɓtaa ñalnde 24 suwee 1896.  Ɗee nafooje ɓuri waawde waɗeede ko e laawol laana njoorndi ngol Girouard mahi, ngol addani Kitchener addude kaɓirɗe keewɗe ngam haɓaade fisarre e worɓe ngam ''apply'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 81&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Percy_Girouard_in_Egyptian_uniform.png|thumb|Girouard e nder uniforme mawɗo leydi Ejipt]]
E hitaande 1897, Kitchener yamiri mo mahde laawol laana njoorndi ummoraade Wadi Halfa fayde Abu Hamed, 235 kiloomeeteer (235) e nder jeereende Nubi, ɗum itti 500 kiloomeeteer (500) e yahdu dow maayo Niil.  Ɗum ina waɗi riis no feewi nde tawnoo Girouard ina joginoo sahaa kala laawol mum laana njoorndi sara maayo Niil, ɗo laanaaji diwooje ngonnoo ngam reende gollotooɓe mum e hareeji ''Ansar'', kono o jaɓi riis oo, o yahi golloyaade.  Girouard ina heewi yahde dow e les e laawol laana njoorndi, omo toppitii golle ɗee nde tawnoo o alaa hoolaare e mbaawka gollotooɓe makko Sudaannaaɓe mahde laawol laana njoorndi e dow koye mum en. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; Nde Kitchener soodi lokomotiiji keewɗi ɗi Girouard miijinoo ina weeɓi no feewi ngam golloraade e nder jeereende, ɗiɗaɓo o yahi to Angalteer ngam soodde e hoore makko lokomotiiji ɓurɗi teeŋtude to Amerik e nde o ñamli Cecil Rhodes goɗɗi keewɗi to Afrik worgo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 81&quot; /&gt; Miliyoŋaajo biyeteeɗo Rodes, baɗnooɗo ngalu e nder njulaagu kaaƴe e kaŋŋe Afrik worgo, ina joginoo koyɗol mawngol mahde laawol laana njoorndi ummoraade Kap to Kaayi, ngol ummotoo [[Cape Town|Kap Town]] e nder Afrik haa Kaayi . &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 81&quot; /&gt; E nder heen, &quot;laabi laana njoorndi Kap to Kaayre&quot; maa won kuutorgal ngam jagginde Angalteer ko heewi e Afrik nde tawnoo Rode ina joginoo peeje mawɗe ngam hoɗnude miliyoŋaaji Angalteer koɗdiiɗo e Afrik. Ko noon ne kadi, Rode ina yiɗi waɗde kala ko ina wallita Kitchener heɓtude Sudaan mbele ina waawa mahde « laawol laana njoorndi Cape to Cairo » mum. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 81&quot; /&gt; Girouard, jom hakkille tiiɗɗo oo, ina anndaa no feewi e yiɗde haaldude e Kitchener, gorko mo heewɓe njiyri ina hulɓinii no feewi, tee hay so ɓe keewi luurondirde, Kitchener meeɗaa ittude mo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 81&quot; /&gt; Ngolɗoo laawol ngol Girouard mahi addani Kitchener nawde konu Misra e Angalteer e les njiimaandi mum e nder ɓernde Sudaan, o fooli konu Khaliifa to Atbara e Omdurman e hitaande 1898. O heɓi yamiroore Distinguished Service Order (DSO) caggal nde Sudaannaaɓe fooli Sudaan. Oon sahaa Girouard toɗɗaama hooreejo fedde laamu leydi Ejipt, ko kanko woni kalfinaaɗo laɓɓinde jolngo e Port Alexandrie. E hitaande 1902, o rokkaa njeenaari ɗiɗmiri e nder njuɓɓudi laamɗo Ottomaan ( Ordre Impérial Ottoman) to Medjidie « ngam teddinde golle makko e nder Diiso Njuɓɓudi Laabi njamndi Ejipt, Telegaraamuuji, e Port Aleksandri ». 
[[File:Sir_Percy_Girouard_1903.jpg|left|thumb|Girouard e hitaande 1903, e oon sahaa nde o woni hooreejo komisariyaajo laana njoorndi wonande Transvaal e Koloni maayo Orange]]
[[File:Sir_Percy_Girouard,_Kenya_1909.png|thumb|Percy Girouard (naamo), guwerneer garoowo e nder leydi Afrik fuɗnaange, mo koɗdiiɗo Angalteer jaɓɓii e hitaande 1909]]
[[File:Sir_Percy_Girouard_with_Kikuyu_chief_c._1910.png|thumb|Girouard (joɗiiɗo ñaamo) ina yeewtida e mawɗo Kikuyu to leydi Keñiya c. 1910]]

=== Afrik worgo, hitaande 1899-1904 ===
E lewru oktoobar 1899 Girouard neldaa to Biro konu to Afrik worgo ngam wasiyaade ngonka laawol laana njoorndi e nder Koloni Kap. Nde wolde Boer (1899–1902) fuɗɗii o wonti Direkteer Laanaaji diwooje konu Imperial tawi ina jeyaa heen laabi e nder Kap, kam e laabi ɗi Boer en ƴetti e juuɗe Orange Free State e Transvaal. Jaawgol makko feewnude laabi bonɗi ɗii e ƴellitaare leslesre hesere e saraaji pontiiji bonɗi ɗii, addani mo yahdu yaawndu e worɓe e kaɓirɗe ngam wallitde yahrude yeeso jaawɗo konu Lord Robert e hitaande 1900 ngam heɓtude Pretoria. O siftinaama e diisnondiral (31 marse 1900  e 23 suwee 1902  ), o heɓi njeenaari Afrik worgo, e lewru noowammbar 1900 o heɓi njeenaari konu (Comandant de la Ordre de St Michael et de St George ) (KCMG) sabu golle makko e nder wolde.  Lord Kitchener winndi e nder ɓataake no Girouard wonnoo ''« wasiyaaji makko mawɗi e denndaangal naamne keewɗe e caɗtuɗe jowitiiɗe e njuɓɓudi laana njoorndi e nder Afrik worgo »'', o joofniri wonde ''« ko o ofisee baawɗo wonde fof ».'' &lt;ref name=&quot;LG27459&quot; /&gt; Caggal nde wolde ndee joofi, laana njoorndi konu laamɗo oo wayli innde mum, wonti laana njoorndi hakkundeejo Afrik worgo e lewru sulyee 1902.  Girouard heddii e Afrik worgo ko Komiseer laana njoorndi (e darnde nokkuure nde ko lietnaa-kolonel  ) gila minhaers to pressure Jonnese dooli mo woppude laamu e hitaande 1904.

=== Komisinaajo mawɗo, Naajeeriya e Fuɗnaange Afrik, 1906-1912 ===
E hitaande 1906, Winston Churchill, e oon sahaa gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi to Biro Koloñaal, ƴetti Girouard ngam wonde lomto Sir Frederick Lugard, hono Komiseer mawɗo to Fuɗnaange Nijeer . Girouard kadi ko kañum halfinaa mahngo laawol laana njoorndi ummoraade Baro, to maayo Niiseer, 366 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange wuro ɓooyngo wiyeteengo Kano. Ko o Komisinaajo mawɗo o walliri kadi golle Goomu Leyɗeele Fuɗnaange-rewo Naajeeriya e sariyaaji ɗi o heɓi e ngal ɗoon golle ina njogii batte haɗde sosde jeyi keeriiɗo e nder leydi. Ndeen o woniino Komiseer Protektoraat Afrik Fuɗnaange Angalteer ( Kenya ) tuggi 1909 haa 1912. Naatgol makko e dille luulndiiɗe Maasai en addani mo luural mawngal e Sekereteer Koloñaal, Lord Milner, jaɓɗo deƴƴere makko e hitaande 1912 e golle Eslwick ɗe njuɓɓudi kaɓirɗe e mahngo laanaaji Armstrong Whitworth e Co.

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'''Sir Eduward Persi Kranwil Giruard''', KCMG , DSO (26 lewru Yarkomaa 1867 – 26 Suwee 1932) ko jiɗɗo Laamaandi, mahoowo laabi njamndi Kanadaa, Komiseer mawɗo to Fuɗnaange Nijeer e Protektorat Fuɗnaange Afrik e golloowo sanɗaaji Angalteer.

== Jaangirde ==
O jibinaa ko to Montreal, Kebek, ɓiy Desiré Girouard e Essie Cranwill, o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Montréal (1877–1878) e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St awokaa Faraysenaajo-Kanadaajo alɗuɗo jahruɗo yeeso haa wonti depitee Conservative e ñaawoore Suudu Sarɗiiji tawi yumma mum ko immigrant Irlande.  Girourad wayi ko no ko ɓuri heewde e terɗe fedde Farayse-Kanadaa keddiiɗe ɗee nii, janngaani to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Laval, nokku janngirde aadaaji fedde Farayse, o suɓii ko janngude e ɗemngal Engele to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Royal Military College. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 78&quot; /&gt; Girouard heɓi dipolom mum gadano e nder duɗal mum ko innde injenieer, ko kanko woni katolik Roma gadano heɓde dipolom injenieer to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde militeer laamɗo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 78&quot; /&gt;

== Kugal ==
Girouard golliima duuɓi ɗiɗi e &quot; Laana njoorndi hakkunde leyɗeele Maine &quot; to Greenville, Maine, hade makko waɗeede e golle e nder Royal Engineers e hitaande 1888. Ko yaawi dañde innde wonde neɗɗo laana njoorndi baawɗo no feewi, tiiɗɗo no feewi sabu golle makko to Maine, addani Girouard arde e leydi Angalteer e  Ɓesngu Girouard yiɗiino yo o jooɗo to Kanadaa, kono Girouard yiɗiino yiyde aduna o e mahde laabi njamndi e nder laamu Angalteer fof. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 79&quot; /&gt;

=== Laabi-njamndi e nder leydi Sudaan e Misra ===
Tuggi 1890 haa 1895 o woniino gardiiɗo laawol laana njoorndi Woolwich Arsenal hade makko naatde e Ekspedisiyoŋ Dongola e hitaande 1896, Kitchener naamndii mo yo o ƴeewto yaajnude laawol laana njoorndi ɓooyngol Wadi-Halfa haa Akasha, ngol woni fuɗɗoode laana njoorndi Rail Sudaan .  Kitchener naamndinooma Girouard nde tawnoo ko kanko ɓuri waawde mahde laabi njamndi e nder laamu Angalteer fof. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 79&quot; /&gt; Ñalnde 20 marse 1896, wuro Akasheh ƴettaa ko e juuɗe Sir Archibald Hunter, Girouard yahi golloyaade mahngo laawol laana njoorndi e nder jeereende. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 79&quot; /&gt; E ñalnde 4 ut 1896 Girouard habri Kitchener wonde laawol laana njoorndi ngol ina yaaji jooni gila Wali Halfa haa Kosheh, ina yaaji fotde 116 kiloomeeteer jeereende joornde. 

Mahngo laawol laana njoorndi e nder jeereende e teeminannde 19ɓiire addani caɗeele mawɗe ko wayi no njanguuji ummoraade e ''Ansar'', gollordu fotde 800 suudannaajo mo nganndaa hay huunde e mahngo laana njoorndi, ina foti jannginde kala ko ina wona, toɓooli mawɗi sahaa e sahaa fof ina loota kala ko ina ustoo laawol ngol, ko ɓuri heewde e haajuuji kille a off gollotooɓe e lewru ut 1896.  Girouard fotnoo ko sosde duɗe karallaagal ɗiɗi ngam jannginde gollotooɓe mum Sudannaaɓe no gollortoo ko wayi no jaagorɗe station, shunters yard e signalers nde tawnoo hay gooto e ɗeen karallaagal anndaaka e nder Sudaan mo meeɗaa anndude laabi njamndi.  E nder deftere makko 1899 wiyeteende ''« Hare maayo »'', Winston Churchill yetti Girouard wonde ko o neɗɗo baawɗo no feewi, baawɗo yahrude yeeso e nder leydi Sudaan. 

Caggal nde Angalteer fooli ''Ansar en'' e wolde Hafir ñalnde 19 suwee 1896, Dongola heɓtaa ñalnde 24 suwee 1896.  Ɗee nafooje ɓuri waawde waɗeede ko e laawol laana njoorndi ngol Girouard mahi, ngol addani Kitchener addude kaɓirɗe keewɗe ngam haɓaade fisarre e worɓe ngam ''apply'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 81&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Percy_Girouard_in_Egyptian_uniform.png|thumb|Girouard e nder uniforme mawɗo leydi Ejipt]]
E hitaande 1897, Kitchener yamiri mo mahde laawol laana njoorndi ummoraade Wadi Halfa fayde Abu Hamed, 235 kiloomeeteer (235) e nder jeereende Nubi, ɗum itti 500 kiloomeeteer (500) e yahdu dow maayo Niil.  Ɗum ina waɗi riis no feewi nde tawnoo Girouard ina joginoo sahaa kala laawol mum laana njoorndi sara maayo Niil, ɗo laanaaji diwooje ngonnoo ngam reende gollotooɓe mum e hareeji ''Ansar'', kono o jaɓi riis oo, o yahi golloyaade.  Girouard ina heewi yahde dow e les e laawol laana njoorndi, omo toppitii golle ɗee nde tawnoo o alaa hoolaare e mbaawka gollotooɓe makko Sudaannaaɓe mahde laawol laana njoorndi e dow koye mum en. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; Nde Kitchener soodi lokomotiiji keewɗi ɗi Girouard miijinoo ina weeɓi no feewi ngam golloraade e nder jeereende, ɗiɗaɓo o yahi to Angalteer ngam soodde e hoore makko lokomotiiji ɓurɗi teeŋtude to Amerik e nde o ñamli Cecil Rhodes goɗɗi keewɗi to Afrik worgo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 81&quot; /&gt; Miliyoŋaajo biyeteeɗo Rodes, baɗnooɗo ngalu e nder njulaagu kaaƴe e kaŋŋe Afrik worgo, ina joginoo koyɗol mawngol mahde laawol laana njoorndi ummoraade Kap to Kaayi, ngol ummotoo [[Cape Town|Kap Town]] e nder Afrik haa Kaayi . &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 81&quot; /&gt; E nder heen, &quot;laabi laana njoorndi Kap to Kaayre&quot; maa won kuutorgal ngam jagginde Angalteer ko heewi e Afrik nde tawnoo Rode ina joginoo peeje mawɗe ngam hoɗnude miliyoŋaaji Angalteer koɗdiiɗo e Afrik. Ko noon ne kadi, Rode ina yiɗi waɗde kala ko ina wallita Kitchener heɓtude Sudaan mbele ina waawa mahde « laawol laana njoorndi Cape to Cairo » mum. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 81&quot; /&gt; Girouard, jom hakkille tiiɗɗo oo, ina anndaa no feewi e yiɗde haaldude e Kitchener, gorko mo heewɓe njiyri ina hulɓinii no feewi, tee hay so ɓe keewi luurondirde, Kitchener meeɗaa ittude mo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pigott, Peter page 81&quot; /&gt; Ngolɗoo laawol ngol Girouard mahi addani Kitchener nawde konu Misra e Angalteer e les njiimaandi mum e nder ɓernde Sudaan, o fooli konu Khaliifa to Atbara e Omdurman e hitaande 1898. O heɓi yamiroore Distinguished Service Order (DSO) caggal nde Sudaannaaɓe fooli Sudaan. Oon sahaa Girouard toɗɗaama hooreejo fedde laamu leydi Ejipt, ko kanko woni kalfinaaɗo laɓɓinde jolngo e Port Alexandrie. E hitaande 1902, o rokkaa njeenaari ɗiɗmiri e nder njuɓɓudi laamɗo Ottomaan ( Ordre Impérial Ottoman) to Medjidie « ngam teddinde golle makko e nder Diiso Njuɓɓudi Laabi njamndi Ejipt, Telegaraamuuji, e Port Aleksandri ». 
[[File:Sir_Percy_Girouard_1903.jpg|left|thumb|Girouard e hitaande 1903, e oon sahaa nde o woni hooreejo komisariyaajo laana njoorndi wonande Transvaal e Koloni maayo Orange]]
[[File:Sir_Percy_Girouard,_Kenya_1909.png|thumb|Percy Girouard (naamo), guwerneer garoowo e nder leydi Afrik fuɗnaange, mo koɗdiiɗo Angalteer jaɓɓii e hitaande 1909]]
[[File:Sir_Percy_Girouard_with_Kikuyu_chief_c._1910.png|thumb|Girouard (joɗiiɗo ñaamo) ina yeewtida e mawɗo Kikuyu to leydi Keñiya c. 1910]]

=== Afrik worgo, hitaande 1899-1904 ===
E lewru oktoobar 1899 Girouard neldaa to Biro konu to Afrik worgo ngam wasiyaade ngonka laawol laana njoorndi e nder Koloni Kap. Nde wolde Boer (1899–1902) fuɗɗii o wonti Direkteer Laanaaji diwooje konu Imperial tawi ina jeyaa heen laabi e nder Kap, kam e laabi ɗi Boer en ƴetti e juuɗe Orange Free State e Transvaal. Jaawgol makko feewnude laabi bonɗi ɗii e ƴellitaare leslesre hesere e saraaji pontiiji bonɗi ɗii, addani mo yahdu yaawndu e worɓe e kaɓirɗe ngam wallitde yahrude yeeso jaawɗo konu Lord Robert e hitaande 1900 ngam heɓtude Pretoria. O siftinaama e diisnondiral (31 marse 1900  e 23 suwee 1902  ), o heɓi njeenaari Afrik worgo, e lewru noowammbar 1900 o heɓi njeenaari konu (Comandant de la Ordre de St Michael et de St George ) (KCMG) sabu golle makko e nder wolde.  Lord Kitchener winndi e nder ɓataake no Girouard wonnoo ''« wasiyaaji makko mawɗi e denndaangal naamne keewɗe e caɗtuɗe jowitiiɗe e njuɓɓudi laana njoorndi e nder Afrik worgo »'', o joofniri wonde ''« ko o ofisee baawɗo wonde fof ».'' &lt;ref name=&quot;LG27459&quot; /&gt; Caggal nde wolde ndee joofi, laana njoorndi konu laamɗo oo wayli innde mum, wonti laana njoorndi hakkundeejo Afrik worgo e lewru sulyee 1902.  Girouard heddii e Afrik worgo ko Komiseer laana njoorndi (e darnde nokkuure nde ko lietnaa-kolonel  ) gila minhaers to pressure Jonnese dooli mo woppude laamu e hitaande 1904.

=== Komisinaajo mawɗo, Naajeeriya e Fuɗnaange Afrik, 1906-1912 ===
E hitaande 1906, Winston Churchill, e oon sahaa gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi to Biro Koloñaal, ƴetti Girouard ngam wonde lomto Sir Frederick Lugard, hono Komiseer mawɗo to Fuɗnaange Nijeer . Girouard kadi ko kañum halfinaa mahngo laawol laana njoorndi ummoraade Baro, to maayo Niiseer, 366 kiloomeeteer to fuɗnaange wuro ɓooyngo wiyeteengo Kano. Ko o Komisinaajo mawɗo o walliri kadi golle Goomu Leyɗeele Fuɗnaange-rewo Naajeeriya e sariyaaji ɗi o heɓi e ngal ɗoon golle ina njogii batte haɗde sosde jeyi keeriiɗo e nder leydi. Ndeen o woniino Komiseer Protektoraat Afrik Fuɗnaange Angalteer ( Kenya ) tuggi 1909 haa 1912. Naatgol makko e dille luulndiiɗe Maasai en addani mo luural mawngal e Sekereteer Koloñaal, Lord Milner, jaɓɗo deƴƴere makko e hitaande 1912 e golle Eslwick ɗe njuɓɓudi kaɓirɗe e mahngo laanaaji Armstrong Whitworth e Co.

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'''Sir Hugh Charles Clifford''' (5 marse 1866 – 18 desaambar 1941) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer, joginooɗo guwerneeruuji keewɗi.

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Clifford jibinaa ko to Roehampton, [[London|to Londres]], o woni go’o e ɓiɓɓe njeetato ɓe seneraal mawɗo biyeteeɗo Sir Henry Hugh Clifford e debbo mum Josephine Elizabeth, jibinaaɗo e Anstice ; mawniiko ko Hugh Clifford, baron 7ɓo mo Chudleigh . 

== Kugal ==
Clifford ina anniyii rewde e baaba mum, hono Sir Henry Hugh Clifford, seneraal konu Angalteer tedduɗo, e nder konu, kono caggal ɗuum o felliti naatde e golle laamu e nder koɗkiiji Straits, e ballal banndiiko Sir Frederick Weld, guwerneer e oon sahaa e nder koɗkiiji Angalteer toowɗi Malaya . Caggal ɗuum o artiraa e Protectorat Angalteer to Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Malaysi . Clifford ari Malaya e hitaande 1883, ina yahra e duuɓi 17. 

O adii wonde kadet to Dowla Perak . E nder duuɓi makko capanɗe jeegom toon e nder daande maayo fuɗnaange-rewo leydi Malaysi to Pahang, Clifford renndini ko Malaysinaaɓe nokku oo, o janngi ɗemngal maɓɓe e pinal maɓɓe no feewi. O ari ko yurmaade no feewi e yiɗde won e geɗe pine ɓiɗɓe leydi ndii, o anndi kadi wonde waylo-waylo weeyo ngoo ko batte eɓɓaande koloñaal nde o gollinoo ndee, ko huunde nde fotaani waɗeede. O woniino golloowo laamu Pahang (1887-1888), o woniino hooreejo Ulu Pahang (1889), o woniino jooɗiiɗo Biritaan en to Pahang, e hitaande 1896-1900 e hitaande 1901-1903, e guwerneer Borneo worgo, e hitaande 1900-1901. 

E hitaande 1903, o ummii Malaya ngam ƴettude golle Sekereteer Koloñaal to Trinidad e Tobago . Caggal ɗuum o toɗɗaa Guwerneer Seylan Biritaan (1907-1912), Guwerneer Koɗki kaŋŋe, 1912-1919, Nijeer, 1919-1925, e Seylan, 1925-1927. [1] E nder golle makko to Malaya e caggal mum o winndii daartol, miijooji e defte keewɗe ko adii fof ko fayti e nguurndam Malaya, heewɓe e majji ina njibina nostalji ɗiɗi. Posto makko cakkitiiɗo ko, e makko, weltaare gartugol makko to Malaya mo o yiɗi, hono Guwerneer Straits Settlements e Komiseer Toowɗo Angalteer to Malaya, ɗo o gollinoo gila 1927 haa 1929, caggal ɗuum, rafi cellal Lady Clifford dooli mo woppude golle. [1] E sara defte makko goɗɗe o winndi Farther India (tiitoonde deftere ndee e hoore mum ina tuugnii e helmere ɓooynde tuugniinde e Asii fuɗnaange-rewo) nde o winndi e wiɗtooji e jiytugol Oropnaaɓe e Asii fuɗnaange-rewo.

== Nguurndam neɗɗo ==
Ñalnde 15 abriil 1896, Clifford resi Minna, ɓiɗɗo gooto e Gilbert Artur . Ko adii maayde makko ñalnde 14 lewru bowte hitaande 1907, ɓe ndañi ɓiɗɗo gorko gooto e ɓiɓɓe rewɓe ɗiɗo: 

* Hugh Gilbert Francis Clifford (1897–1916), mo ɓe mbari ñalnde 1 sulyee 1916, ñalnde adannde wolde Somme, ina yahra e duuɓi 19. 
* Mariyam Agnes Filipa Kilifoor (1898–1978),  mo resndi Maj. Sir Noel Galway Holmes, ɓiy Kapiteen Hari W. Holmes, e hitaande 1920. 
* Monika Elisabeth Mary Clifford (1903–1965),  mo resndi Maj. Eleanor Mary Petre (ɓiy debbo 12ɓo Baron Petre ), e hitaande 1925. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mosley2003&quot; /&gt; Caggal nde o maayi, o resi Major Richard Desiré Girouard, ɓiy Major-Gen. Sir Edward Persi Kranwell Giruard e jom suudu mum née suudu mum, e hitaande 1952. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mosley2003&quot; /&gt;

Ñalnde 24 suwee 1910, Clifford resi kadi, e Elisabeth Lidiya Rosabel Bonham,  CBE,  ɓiy Edward Bonham mo Bramling, Kent, konsul Angalteer. Katolik, ko debbo jom suudu Henri Filip Ducarel de la Pasture mo suudu dewal Llandogo, to Monmouthshire . Ko noon Clifford wontiri baaba mum E. M. Delafield, binnduɗo deftere ''wiyeteende Laamɗo diiwaan oo'' .

Clifford sankii e jam ñalnde 18 desaambar 1941 to wuro mum Roehampton. Debbo makko, hono Elizabeth, sankii ñalnde 30 ut 1945. 

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'''Sir Hugh Charles Clifford''' (5 marse 1866 – 18 desaambar 1941) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer, joginooɗo guwerneeruuji keewɗi.

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Clifford jibinaa ko to Roehampton, [[London|to Londres]], o woni go’o e ɓiɓɓe njeetato ɓe seneraal mawɗo biyeteeɗo Sir Henry Hugh Clifford e debbo mum Josephine Elizabeth, jibinaaɗo e Anstice ; mawniiko ko Hugh Clifford, baron 7ɓo mo Chudleigh . 

== Kugal ==
Clifford ina anniyii rewde e baaba mum, hono Sir Henry Hugh Clifford, seneraal konu Angalteer tedduɗo, e nder konu, kono caggal ɗuum o felliti naatde e golle laamu e nder koɗkiiji Straits, e ballal banndiiko Sir Frederick Weld, guwerneer e oon sahaa e nder koɗkiiji Angalteer toowɗi Malaya . Caggal ɗuum o artiraa e Protectorat Angalteer to Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Malaysi . Clifford ari Malaya e hitaande 1883, ina yahra e duuɓi 17. 

O adii wonde kadet to Dowla Perak . E nder duuɓi makko capanɗe jeegom toon e nder daande maayo fuɗnaange-rewo leydi Malaysi to Pahang, Clifford renndini ko Malaysinaaɓe nokku oo, o janngi ɗemngal maɓɓe e pinal maɓɓe no feewi. O ari ko yurmaade no feewi e yiɗde won e geɗe pine ɓiɗɓe leydi ndii, o anndi kadi wonde waylo-waylo weeyo ngoo ko batte eɓɓaande koloñaal nde o gollinoo ndee, ko huunde nde fotaani waɗeede. O woniino golloowo laamu Pahang (1887-1888), o woniino hooreejo Ulu Pahang (1889), o woniino jooɗiiɗo Biritaan en to Pahang, e hitaande 1896-1900 e hitaande 1901-1903, e guwerneer Borneo worgo, e hitaande 1900-1901. 

E hitaande 1903, o ummii Malaya ngam ƴettude golle Sekereteer Koloñaal to Trinidad e Tobago . Caggal ɗuum o toɗɗaa Guwerneer Seylan Biritaan (1907-1912), Guwerneer Koɗki kaŋŋe, 1912-1919, Nijeer, 1919-1925, e Seylan, 1925-1927. [1] E nder golle makko to Malaya e caggal mum o winndii daartol, miijooji e defte keewɗe ko adii fof ko fayti e nguurndam Malaya, heewɓe e majji ina njibina nostalji ɗiɗi. Posto makko cakkitiiɗo ko, e makko, weltaare gartugol makko to Malaya mo o yiɗi, hono Guwerneer Straits Settlements e Komiseer Toowɗo Angalteer to Malaya, ɗo o gollinoo gila 1927 haa 1929, caggal ɗuum, rafi cellal Lady Clifford dooli mo woppude golle. [1] E sara defte makko goɗɗe o winndi Farther India (tiitoonde deftere ndee e hoore mum ina tuugnii e helmere ɓooynde tuugniinde e Asii fuɗnaange-rewo) nde o winndi e wiɗtooji e jiytugol Oropnaaɓe e Asii fuɗnaange-rewo.

== Nguurndam neɗɗo ==
Ñalnde 15 abriil 1896, Clifford resi Minna, ɓiɗɗo gooto e Gilbert Artur . Ko adii maayde makko ñalnde 14 lewru bowte hitaande 1907, ɓe ndañi ɓiɗɗo gorko gooto e ɓiɓɓe rewɓe ɗiɗo: 

* Hugh Gilbert Francis Clifford (1897–1916), mo ɓe mbari ñalnde 1 sulyee 1916, ñalnde adannde wolde Somme, ina yahra e duuɓi 19. 
* Mariyam Agnes Filipa Kilifoor (1898–1978),  mo resndi Maj. Sir Noel Galway Holmes, ɓiy Kapiteen Hari W. Holmes, e hitaande 1920. 
* Monika Elisabeth Mary Clifford (1903–1965),  mo resndi Maj. Eleanor Mary Petre (ɓiy debbo 12ɓo Baron Petre ), e hitaande 1925. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mosley2003&quot; /&gt; Caggal nde o maayi, o resi Major Richard Desiré Girouard, ɓiy Major-Gen. Sir Edward Persi Kranwell Giruard e jom suudu mum née suudu mum, e hitaande 1952. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mosley2003&quot; /&gt;

Ñalnde 24 suwee 1910, Clifford resi kadi, e Elisabeth Lidiya Rosabel Bonham,  CBE,  ɓiy Edward Bonham mo Bramling, Kent, konsul Angalteer. Katolik, ko debbo jom suudu Henri Filip Ducarel de la Pasture mo suudu dewal Llandogo, to Monmouthshire . Ko noon Clifford wontiri baaba mum E. M. Delafield, binnduɗo deftere ''wiyeteende Laamɗo diiwaan oo'' .

Clifford sankii e jam ñalnde 18 desaambar 1941 to wuro mum Roehampton. Debbo makko, hono Elizabeth, sankii ñalnde 30 ut 1945. 

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'''Rafiiji keertiiɗi e jimɗi''' ina kaɗa neɗɗo waawde faamde, jaabaade, e weltaade e jimɗi ; ɗeen caɗeele ina mbaawi wonde jibinannde (ina tawee e jibinannde) e keɓtinaaɗe . Eɗe mbaawi haɗde neɗɗo waawde faamde geɗe jimɗi, ko wayi no mbaydi, mbaydi, mbaydi, e mbaydi ; mbaawka jaabaade e nder ɓernde e nder dille ɓanndu (yeru, jimɗi ) e jimɗi ; ngam sosde ciftorɗe jowitiiɗe e jimɗi ; e waawde tafde e waɗde jimɗi. So tawii noon e nder aadaaji, jimɗi ina njiytee ko no huunde nanndunde tan, jaŋde ganndal hannde e jimɗi – ganndal jimɗi – ko ganndal hakkunde ganndal hakkille, ganndal ƴiiƴam, e ganndal hakkille . Wiɗtude caɗeele keertiiɗe e nder jimɗi e nder ɗeen ɗoon geɗe, wallitii en no feewi faamde ganndal hakkille e ganndal neurobiyoloji jimɗi . 

== Ɓawo ==
Musikoloji jamaanu ina anndita jimɗi jogiiɗi sifaaji seeɗa kuuɓtodinɗi, hay so tawii noon ɗi ngonaa doosɗe : pitch, melody, harmonie, timbre, jokkondiral waktu, (tempo e ritme fof), e mbaawka mum e ƴellitde jaabawol ɓernde.

=== Fayande ===
E nder maanaa ɓanndu helmere ndee, konngol &quot; pitch &quot; ngol firti ko keewal daande. Helmere woɗnde nde annduɓe neurobiyoloji muusik keewi huutoraade ko « fine-grained pitch processing » firti ko mbaawka neɗɗo seerndude waylooji tokoosi walla mbayliigaaji pitch. Pitch processing ko huunde tiiɗnde no feewi e ganndal muusik. Ko ɓooyaani koo, ƴellitaare karallaagal ƴeewndo ngaandi hollitii wonde ɓalndu ɗiɗaɓuru caggal ina jogii geɗal mawngal no feewi e nder ƴellitgol pittaali e nder ngaandi. [1] E nder jimɗi, &quot;jokkondiral pitch&quot; ɓuri pitch e hoore mum. Subset pittaali joy haa jeeɗiɗi ina sosa njuuteendi. Toonuuji njuuteendi ɗii « ngonaa gootum, ɗi yuɓɓinaama e sara tonngoode hakkundeere, wiyeteende tonik » (Peretz 2005).

=== Jokkondiral waktuuji ===
Yuɓɓo jimɗi e sahaa ina heewi wiyeede &quot; ritme &quot;. E hitaande 1982 ganndo neurobiyoloji biyeteeɗo Fraisse wiyi wonde ko ɓuri heewde e sifaaji jokkondire waktuuji ɗiɗi ina ngoodi, ko ɗum huunde tiiɗnde e yuɓɓo waktuuji muusik : (1) « peccitagol jokkondire jokkondire e nder pelle muusik » tuugiiɗe e nafooje dumunna (e nder haalaaji muusik, denndaangal, feccere, sappoɓal, go’o walla sappo e jeegom (sappo e jeegom) sahaa (traex an) regularly of &quot;). fi'ugo&quot;. 

E nder ngaandi, ina sikkaa wonde ɓalndu ñaamo ɓuri waawde jogaade meeteer, ɓalndu nano ɓuri waawde jogaade rimre. Annduɓe njanngii ñawɓe wonduɓe e mborosaaji ngaandi e nder ɓalndu mum en ñaamo, ɓe nganndi ɓe mbaawaa « tappude beat walla jibinde pulse steady ». 

=== Timbre ===
&quot; Timbre &quot; ko sifaa nootagol jimɗi baawngol seerndude hakkunde sifaaji peewnugol sonndu ceertuɗi. Ko sifaa jimɗi wallitata en anndude kuutorgal walla iwdi sonndu keeriiɗo—hono piyanɗe, saksofon, walla fulfulde.

=== Ngaandi ===
Miijo ina ƴellitoo e nder sahaa, ko ɗum waɗi &quot;sifaa ganndal nanoowo ina foti fawaade e no feewi e peeje baawɗe addande stimulus jogaade on-line ngam waawde jokkondirde huunde wootere e nder doggol e huunde woɗnde waɗnde caggal&quot; (Peretz 2005). Wiɗtooji kollitii wonde kuutorɗe ciftorgol gollotooɗe ngam humpitaade pittaali e nder dumunna juutɗo ina mbaawi seertude e kuutorɗe jokkondirɗe e haala. Gaa gaa darnde nde kortikol nanoowo jogii e ciimtol gollorngol ngam miijaade, wiɗtooji neuroimaging e lesion ina kollita wonde nokkuuji kortikol yeeso ina njogii kadi darnde teeŋtunde. 

=== Miijo ===
Miijo wonaa tan &quot;keeriiɗo e faamde e siftorde&quot;, kono kadi ina ɓadii e miijo. No jimɗi (mawɗi walla tokoosi), e mbaydi jimɗi (yaawɗi walla leelɗi) ina mbaawi jibinde weltaare walla mette e nanoowo.  E nder ngaandi, ƴeewndo miijooji ina waɗee e &quot;relay kortikol kuuɓtodinɗo, ina hollita wonde alaa ko jokkondiri e mbaydiiji subkortikal, limbic&quot;. 

== Rafiiji muusik ==
[[File:Music_Disorders.jpg|right|thumb|Rafiiji keertiiɗi e musiiba ina mbaawi heɓde walla jibinde]]
E ɓeydagol nafoore ganndal muusik e nder annduɓe neurobiyoloji, ŋakkeende muusik ina ɓeydoo jogaade faayiida e wiɗtooji e faamde golle muusik e nder ngaandi. Rafiiji keewɗi keertiiɗi e musiiba ina teskaa, tawi sabaabu mum en ina ummoo e jibinannde haa e keɓtinaaɗi (ñawbuuli keertiiɗi e nder ngaandi).

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'''Rafiiji keertiiɗi e jimɗi''' ina kaɗa neɗɗo waawde faamde, jaabaade, e weltaade e jimɗi ; ɗeen caɗeele ina mbaawi wonde jibinannde (ina tawee e jibinannde) e keɓtinaaɗe . Eɗe mbaawi haɗde neɗɗo waawde faamde geɗe jimɗi, ko wayi no mbaydi, mbaydi, mbaydi, e mbaydi ; mbaawka jaabaade e nder ɓernde e nder dille ɓanndu (yeru, jimɗi ) e jimɗi ; ngam sosde ciftorɗe jowitiiɗe e jimɗi ; e waawde tafde e waɗde jimɗi. So tawii noon e nder aadaaji, jimɗi ina njiytee ko no huunde nanndunde tan, jaŋde ganndal hannde e jimɗi – ganndal jimɗi – ko ganndal hakkunde ganndal hakkille, ganndal ƴiiƴam, e ganndal hakkille . Wiɗtude caɗeele keertiiɗe e nder jimɗi e nder ɗeen ɗoon geɗe, wallitii en no feewi faamde ganndal hakkille e ganndal neurobiyoloji jimɗi . &lt;ref&gt;Satoh M. A case of auditory agnosia with impairment of perception and expression of music: cognitive processing of tonality (2007) European Neurology 58(2) 70-77&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ɓawo ==
Musikoloji jamaanu ina anndita jimɗi jogiiɗi sifaaji seeɗa kuuɓtodinɗi, hay so tawii noon ɗi ngonaa doosɗe : pitch, melody, harmonie, timbre, jokkondiral waktu, (tempo e ritme fof), e mbaawka mum e ƴellitde jaabawol ɓernde.

=== Fayande ===
E nder maanaa ɓanndu helmere ndee, konngol &quot; pitch &quot; ngol firti ko keewal daande. Helmere woɗnde nde annduɓe neurobiyoloji muusik keewi huutoraade ko « fine-grained pitch processing » firti ko mbaawka neɗɗo seerndude waylooji tokoosi walla mbayliigaaji pitch. Pitch processing ko huunde tiiɗnde no feewi e ganndal muusik. Ko ɓooyaani koo, ƴellitaare karallaagal ƴeewndo ngaandi hollitii wonde ɓalndu ɗiɗaɓuru caggal ina jogii geɗal mawngal no feewi e nder ƴellitgol pittaali e nder ngaandi. [1] E nder jimɗi, &quot;jokkondiral pitch&quot; ɓuri pitch e hoore mum. Subset pittaali joy haa jeeɗiɗi ina sosa njuuteendi. Toonuuji njuuteendi ɗii « ngonaa gootum, ɗi yuɓɓinaama e sara tonngoode hakkundeere, wiyeteende tonik » (Peretz 2005).

=== Jokkondiral waktuuji ===
Yuɓɓo jimɗi e sahaa ina heewi wiyeede &quot; ritme &quot;. E hitaande 1982 ganndo neurobiyoloji biyeteeɗo Fraisse wiyi wonde ko ɓuri heewde e sifaaji jokkondire waktuuji ɗiɗi ina ngoodi, ko ɗum huunde tiiɗnde e yuɓɓo waktuuji muusik : (1) « peccitagol jokkondire jokkondire e nder pelle muusik » tuugiiɗe e nafooje dumunna (e nder haalaaji muusik, denndaangal, feccere, sappoɓal, go’o walla sappo e jeegom (sappo e jeegom) sahaa (traex an) regularly of &quot;). fi'ugo&quot;. 

E nder ngaandi, ina sikkaa wonde ɓalndu ñaamo ɓuri waawde jogaade meeteer, ɓalndu nano ɓuri waawde jogaade rimre. Annduɓe njanngii ñawɓe wonduɓe e mborosaaji ngaandi e nder ɓalndu mum en ñaamo, ɓe nganndi ɓe mbaawaa « tappude beat walla jibinde pulse steady ». 

=== Timbre ===
&quot; Timbre &quot; ko sifaa nootagol jimɗi baawngol seerndude hakkunde sifaaji peewnugol sonndu ceertuɗi. Ko sifaa jimɗi wallitata en anndude kuutorgal walla iwdi sonndu keeriiɗo—hono piyanɗe, saksofon, walla fulfulde.

=== Ngaandi ===
Miijo ina ƴellitoo e nder sahaa, ko ɗum waɗi &quot;sifaa ganndal nanoowo ina foti fawaade e no feewi e peeje baawɗe addande stimulus jogaade on-line ngam waawde jokkondirde huunde wootere e nder doggol e huunde woɗnde waɗnde caggal&quot; (Peretz 2005). Wiɗtooji kollitii wonde kuutorɗe ciftorgol gollotooɗe ngam humpitaade pittaali e nder dumunna juutɗo ina mbaawi seertude e kuutorɗe jokkondirɗe e haala. Gaa gaa darnde nde kortikol nanoowo jogii e ciimtol gollorngol ngam miijaade, wiɗtooji neuroimaging e lesion ina kollita wonde nokkuuji kortikol yeeso ina njogii kadi darnde teeŋtunde. 

=== Miijo ===
Miijo wonaa tan &quot;keeriiɗo e faamde e siftorde&quot;, kono kadi ina ɓadii e miijo. No jimɗi (mawɗi walla tokoosi), e mbaydi jimɗi (yaawɗi walla leelɗi) ina mbaawi jibinde weltaare walla mette e nanoowo.  E nder ngaandi, ƴeewndo miijooji ina waɗee e &quot;relay kortikol kuuɓtodinɗo, ina hollita wonde alaa ko jokkondiri e mbaydiiji subkortikal, limbic&quot;. 

== Rafiiji muusik ==
[[File:Music_Disorders.jpg|right|thumb|Rafiiji keertiiɗi e musiiba ina mbaawi heɓde walla jibinde]]
E ɓeydagol nafoore ganndal muusik e nder annduɓe neurobiyoloji, ŋakkeende muusik ina ɓeydoo jogaade faayiida e wiɗtooji e faamde golle muusik e nder ngaandi. Rafiiji keewɗi keertiiɗi e musiiba ina teskaa, tawi sabaabu mum en ina ummoo e jibinannde haa e keɓtinaaɗi (ñawbuuli keertiiɗi e nder ngaandi).

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'''Rafiiji keertiiɗi e jimɗi''' ina kaɗa neɗɗo waawde faamde, jaabaade, e weltaade e jimɗi ; ɗeen caɗeele ina mbaawi wonde jibinannde (ina tawee e jibinannde) e keɓtinaaɗe . Eɗe mbaawi haɗde neɗɗo waawde faamde geɗe jimɗi, ko wayi no mbaydi, mbaydi, mbaydi, e mbaydi ; mbaawka jaabaade e nder ɓernde e nder dille ɓanndu (yeru, jimɗi ) e jimɗi ; ngam sosde ciftorɗe jowitiiɗe e jimɗi ; e waawde tafde e waɗde jimɗi. So tawii noon e nder aadaaji, jimɗi ina njiytee ko no huunde nanndunde tan, jaŋde ganndal hannde e jimɗi – ganndal jimɗi – ko ganndal hakkunde ganndal hakkille, ganndal ƴiiƴam, e ganndal hakkille . Wiɗtude caɗeele keertiiɗe e nder jimɗi e nder ɗeen ɗoon geɗe, wallitii en no feewi faamde ganndal hakkille e ganndal neurobiyoloji jimɗi . &lt;ref&gt;Satoh M. A case of auditory agnosia with impairment of perception and expression of music: cognitive processing of tonality (2007) European Neurology 58(2) 70-77&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ɓawo ==
Musikoloji jamaanu ina anndita jimɗi jogiiɗi sifaaji seeɗa kuuɓtodinɗi, hay so tawii noon ɗi ngonaa doosɗe : pitch, melody, harmonie, timbre, jokkondiral waktu, (tempo e ritme fof), e mbaawka mum e ƴellitde jaabawol ɓernde.

=== Fayande ===
E nder maanaa ɓanndu helmere ndee, konngol &quot; pitch &quot; ngol firti ko keewal daande. Helmere woɗnde nde annduɓe neurobiyoloji muusik keewi huutoraade ko « fine-grained pitch processing » firti ko mbaawka neɗɗo seerndude waylooji tokoosi walla mbayliigaaji pitch. Pitch processing ko huunde tiiɗnde no feewi e ganndal muusik. Ko ɓooyaani koo, ƴellitaare karallaagal ƴeewndo ngaandi hollitii wonde ɓalndu ɗiɗaɓuru caggal ina jogii geɗal mawngal no feewi e nder ƴellitgol pittaali e nder ngaandi. [1] E nder jimɗi, &quot;jokkondiral pitch&quot; ɓuri pitch e hoore mum. Subset pittaali joy haa jeeɗiɗi ina sosa njuuteendi. Toonuuji njuuteendi ɗii « ngonaa gootum, ɗi yuɓɓinaama e sara tonngoode hakkundeere, wiyeteende tonik » (Peretz 2005).

=== Jokkondiral waktuuji ===
Yuɓɓo jimɗi e sahaa ina heewi wiyeede &quot; ritme &quot;. E hitaande 1982 ganndo neurobiyoloji biyeteeɗo Fraisse wiyi wonde ko ɓuri heewde e sifaaji jokkondire waktuuji ɗiɗi ina ngoodi, ko ɗum huunde tiiɗnde e yuɓɓo waktuuji muusik : (1) « peccitagol jokkondire jokkondire e nder pelle muusik » tuugiiɗe e nafooje dumunna (e nder haalaaji muusik, denndaangal, feccere, sappoɓal, go’o walla sappo e jeegom (sappo e jeegom) sahaa (traex an) regularly of &quot;). fi'ugo&quot;. 

E nder ngaandi, ina sikkaa wonde ɓalndu ñaamo ɓuri waawde jogaade meeteer, ɓalndu nano ɓuri waawde jogaade rimre. Annduɓe njanngii ñawɓe wonduɓe e mborosaaji ngaandi e nder ɓalndu mum en ñaamo, ɓe nganndi ɓe mbaawaa « tappude beat walla jibinde pulse steady ». 

=== Timbre ===
&quot; Timbre &quot; ko sifaa nootagol jimɗi baawngol seerndude hakkunde sifaaji peewnugol sonndu ceertuɗi. Ko sifaa jimɗi wallitata en anndude kuutorgal walla iwdi sonndu keeriiɗo—hono piyanɗe, saksofon, walla fulfulde.

=== Ngaandi ===
Miijo ina ƴellitoo e nder sahaa, ko ɗum waɗi &quot;sifaa ganndal nanoowo ina foti fawaade e no feewi e peeje baawɗe addande stimulus jogaade on-line ngam waawde jokkondirde huunde wootere e nder doggol e huunde woɗnde waɗnde caggal&quot; (Peretz 2005). Wiɗtooji kollitii wonde kuutorɗe ciftorgol gollotooɗe ngam humpitaade pittaali e nder dumunna juutɗo ina mbaawi seertude e kuutorɗe jokkondirɗe e haala. Gaa gaa darnde nde kortikol nanoowo jogii e ciimtol gollorngol ngam miijaade, wiɗtooji neuroimaging e lesion ina kollita wonde nokkuuji kortikol yeeso ina njogii kadi darnde teeŋtunde. 

=== Miijo ===
Miijo wonaa tan &quot;keeriiɗo e faamde e siftorde&quot;, kono kadi ina ɓadii e miijo. No jimɗi (mawɗi walla tokoosi), e mbaydi jimɗi (yaawɗi walla leelɗi) ina mbaawi jibinde weltaare walla mette e nanoowo.  E nder ngaandi, ƴeewndo miijooji ina waɗee e &quot;relay kortikol kuuɓtodinɗo, ina hollita wonde alaa ko jokkondiri e mbaydiiji subkortikal, limbic&quot;. 

== Rafiiji muusik ==
[[File:Music_Disorders.jpg|right|thumb|Rafiiji keertiiɗi e musiiba ina mbaawi heɓde walla jibinde]]
E ɓeydagol nafoore ganndal muusik e nder annduɓe neurobiyoloji, ŋakkeende muusik ina ɓeydoo jogaade faayiida e wiɗtooji e faamde golle muusik e nder ngaandi. Rafiiji keewɗi keertiiɗi e musiiba ina teskaa, tawi sabaabu mum en ina ummoo e jibinannde haa e keɓtinaaɗi (ñawbuuli keertiiɗi e nder ngaandi).

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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    <title>Nanondiral ngam haɗde cirƴam binndanɗe mbonɗe</title>
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        <id>12706</id>
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Ɗuum holli dow haɓugo nder nder nder nder ɗemngal ɓesngu ɓesngu, ɗum haalde dow haɓugo e ɓesngu nder nder nder ɓesngu. Ɗum haɓɓii e Protocol 1949 . Haa 2013, traktateere woodi dowle 57 je ɗon jaɓɓa.

Wondiral ngal waɗii e 4 mee 1910 to Paris, fuɗɗam o noddi &quot;Wondiral ngam hallude kubaruuji ɓeydi ɓeydi. Woni alkawal ngal fuɗɗii haɓaade e leyɗe goɗɗe, hawti e Farayse, Jarmalen, Austria-Hungary, Russia, e Great Britain. Nder nder nder nder nder alkawal ngal, leyɗe ɗen njaɓi hokki laamu dowla ngam hokki dowla dowla dowle feere dow dow ko haani &quot;nde kuuɗe feere feere ɗe waɗata nder leyɗe feere feere&quot;. Wondiral ngal waɗii &quot;ko'e binndi, ko'e, fotooji, koo ko'e&quot;. Nder hitaande 1923, leyɗeele njaɓii ngam ɓe njogii waɗugo ko waɗi, ɓe ngurtini, e ɓe mbaɗata kuuɗe ɗe ɗe ɗe ɗe njogii ngam ɓe mbaɗɓa ko ɓe mbaɗataa e nder nder nder nder defte ɗe ɗe njongii.

Nder 1948, jamma jamma jammaaji ummaatooje fuu haani haaki Protocol ngam haaki alkawal 1910. Nder 4 Maay 1949 haa Lake Success, New York, Protocol ngal haɓɓii dow dow dow dow leyɗe. Ha sakkinde, Protocol ngal wonnoo haɓɓii e 35 leydi, ko waɗi nde traktateeji ɗi ɓe waylitii fuɗɗiima huutoraade e 1 mars 1950. Go'o nder waylitol ngal waɗii e Protocol woni innde traktatu. Haa 2013, versiyon 1949 nder traktatu ɗon haani e woodi dowle 57 je ɗon jaɓɓa.

== Jaɓɓorgo Kewuuji pinal ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Dowla
!Nyannde nde ɓe mbinndi
!Nyalnde tiiɗnaade, ɓeydiinde walla ɓeydi&lt;br /&gt;
!Ɗeeɗoo ko'e
|-
|[[Principality of Albania|Laamu Albaniya]]
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Austria-Hungary
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Belgium
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Brazil
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Laamu Bulgaria
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Fedde lesdi lesdi
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Czechoslovakia
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Czech Republic
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|1993
|
|-
|Denmark
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Laamu Misra
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Estonia
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Fiji
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|1971
|
|-
|Finland
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
| French Republic
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|laamu Jarmaa
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Jaŋde leydi Irlandiije
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Laamu Itali
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Latvia
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Liberia
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|2005
|
|-
|Luxembourg
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Monaco
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Hollande
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Norway
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
| Poland
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Laamu Portugal
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Laamu Romaniya
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|San Marino
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Slovakia
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|1993
|
|-
| Spain
|1910
|1910
|
|-
| Switzerland
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Tailandia
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Ledde mawnde
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Zimbabwe
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|1998
|
|}

== Jaŋde ɓeydi ==

* Perry, Stuart. ''Indecent Publication Tribunal: A Social Experiment. E Ɗe Fedde Fedde Fuuta e Fedde Fuuɗunde'' (Whicombe and Tombs, 1965).

== Wurooji wurooji ==</text>
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Ɗuum holli dow haɓugo nder nder nder nder ɗemngal ɓesngu ɓesngu, ɗum haalde dow haɓugo e ɓesngu nder nder nder ɓesngu. Ɗum haɓɓii e Protocol 1949 . Haa 2013, traktateere woodi dowle 57 je ɗon jaɓɓa.

Wondiral ngal waɗii e 4 mee 1910 to Paris, fuɗɗam o noddi &quot;Wondiral ngam hallude kubaruuji ɓeydi ɓeydi. Woni alkawal ngal fuɗɗii haɓaade e leyɗe goɗɗe, hawti e Farayse, Jarmalen, Austria-Hungary, Russia, e Great Britain. Nder nder nder nder nder alkawal ngal, leyɗe ɗen njaɓi hokki laamu dowla ngam hokki dowla dowla dowle feere dow dow ko haani &quot;nde kuuɗe feere feere ɗe waɗata nder leyɗe feere feere&quot;. Wondiral ngal waɗii &quot;ko'e binndi, ko'e, fotooji, koo ko'e&quot;. Nder hitaande 1923, leyɗeele njaɓii ngam ɓe njogii waɗugo ko waɗi, ɓe ngurtini, e ɓe mbaɗata kuuɗe ɗe ɗe ɗe ɗe njogii ngam ɓe mbaɗɓa ko ɓe mbaɗataa e nder nder nder nder defte ɗe ɗe njongii.

Nder 1948, jamma jamma jammaaji ummaatooje fuu haani haaki Protocol ngam haaki alkawal 1910. Nder 4 Maay 1949 haa Lake Success, New York, Protocol ngal haɓɓii dow dow dow dow leyɗe. Ha sakkinde, Protocol ngal wonnoo haɓɓii e 35 leydi, ko waɗi nde traktateeji ɗi ɓe waylitii fuɗɗiima huutoraade e 1 mars 1950. Go'o nder waylitol ngal waɗii e Protocol woni innde traktatu. Haa 2013, versiyon 1949 nder traktatu ɗon haani e woodi dowle 57 je ɗon jaɓɓa.

== Jaɓɓorgo Kewuuji pinal ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Dowla
!Nyannde nde ɓe mbinndi
!Nyalnde tiiɗnaade, ɓeydiinde walla ɓeydi&lt;br /&gt;
!Ɗeeɗoo ko'e
|-
|[[Principality of Albania|Laamu Albaniya]]
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Austria-Hungary
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Belgium
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Brazil
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Laamu Bulgaria
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Fedde lesdi lesdi
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Czechoslovakia
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Czech Republic
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|1993
|
|-
|Denmark
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Laamu Misra
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Estonia
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Fiji
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|1971
|
|-
|Finland
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
| French Republic
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|laamu Jarmaa
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Jaŋde leydi Irlandiije
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Laamu Itali
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Latvia
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Liberia
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|2005
|
|-
|Luxembourg
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Monaco
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Hollande
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Norway
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
| Poland
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Laamu Portugal
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Laamu Romaniya
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|San Marino
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Slovakia
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|1993
|
|-
| Spain
|1910
|1910
|
|-
| Switzerland
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Tailandia
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|
|
|-
|Ledde mawnde
|1910
|1910
|
|-
|Zimbabwe
| - Ko ɗum waɗi?
|1998
|
|}

== Jaŋde ɓeydi ==

* Perry, Stuart. ''Indecent Publication Tribunal: A Social Experiment. E Ɗe Fedde Fedde Fuuta e Fedde Fuuɗunde'' (Whicombe and Tombs, 1965).

== Wurooji wurooji ==</text>
      <sha1>4s74eup774d5mkchhqffiy0ib1euqtq</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Koolol Bruxelles jowitiingol e ballal e hisnude e nder geec</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>176830</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T17:42:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>12706</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291517996|Brussels Convention on Assistance and Salvage at Sea]]&quot;</comment>
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Kawtal [[Brussels]] ngam hawtuki dow laabi goɗɗi dow walli e sallude nder maayo (Faransi: Convention pour l'unification de certaines règles en matiere assistance et de sauvetage maritimes) woni kawtal dow sallude ndiyam ngal waɗii 23 lewru Septemba 1910, nder Brussels, Belgium.

Haa 2013, kawtal ngal ɗon haani ha nder lesdi 70. Dowlaaji ɗi taƴii konngol ngol caggal nde ɓe njaɓii ɗum woni [[Kanada]], [[Korowaasiya|Croatia]], [[Danemark|Denmark]], Jarmalen, [[Iran]], Netherlands, [[Niw-Zilannda|New Zealand]], [[Norwees|Norway]], Spain, e [[Suwed|Sweden]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ratifications&quot; /&gt;

Ko kawtal Brussels woni ko dow dental dookaaji duniyaaru haɓɓugo ndiyam. Konwol ngol haɓɓii e Protocol ngal waɗii e Brussels e 27 mee 1967. Ammaa, ha nder lesdi feere, kawtal Brussels ɓeydi ha nder kawtal caaɗngal dow kisal, ha nder hitaande 1989, ha nder hitaande 1996. Wurooji feere je ɗon haɓɓii Konteengal 1989 ɗon haɓɓita Konteengol 1910.

== Ndaare kadi ==

* Kawtal Kawtal Leydi Leydi Ɗiɗe Ɗiɗe Dentuɗe
* Sallude ndiyam

== Firooji ==</text>
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Kawtal [[Brussels]] ngam hawtuki dow laabi goɗɗi dow walli e sallude nder maayo (Faransi: Convention pour l'unification de certaines règles en matiere assistance et de sauvetage maritimes) woni kawtal dow sallude ndiyam ngal waɗii 23 lewru Septemba 1910, nder Brussels, Belgium.

Haa 2013, kawtal ngal ɗon haani ha nder lesdi 70. Dowlaaji ɗi taƴii konngol ngol caggal nde ɓe njaɓii ɗum woni [[Kanada]], [[Korowaasiya|Croatia]], [[Danemark|Denmark]], Jarmalen, [[Iran]], Netherlands, [[Niw-Zilannda|New Zealand]], [[Norwees|Norway]], Spain, e [[Suwed|Sweden]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ratifications&quot; /&gt;

Ko kawtal Brussels woni ko dow dental dookaaji duniyaaru haɓɓugo ndiyam. Konwol ngol haɓɓii e Protocol ngal waɗii e Brussels e 27 mee 1967. Ammaa, ha nder lesdi feere, kawtal Brussels ɓeydi ha nder kawtal caaɗngal dow kisal, ha nder hitaande 1989, ha nder hitaande 1996. Wurooji feere je ɗon haɓɓii Konteengal 1989 ɗon haɓɓita Konteengol 1910.

== Ndaare kadi ==

* Kawtal Kawtal Leydi Leydi Ɗiɗe Ɗiɗe Dentuɗe
* Sallude ndiyam

== Firooji ==</text>
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        <id>12706</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291517991|Brussels Collision Convention]]&quot;</comment>
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[[File:Tanker_Mindoro.JPG|thumb|Minndoro naftal ngal ɗon ɓamda nder canal Caland caggal nde o hawti e Jork Ranger]]
Kawtal Brussels dow dow hawtaade (ngare mum, kawtal dow hawtaaki dow hawtaare dow hawtaari dow hawtaadi hakkunde ndiyamji) woni kawtal dow dow hawtiade dow hawtaandi dow hawtaani dow hawtaande dow hawtaaku dow hawtaange dow hawtaango dow hawtaandu dow hawtaako dow hawtaago dow hawtaali dow hawtaaru dow hawtaangu dow hawtaangal hakkunde ndiyamji dow maayo.

== Ko woni nder ==
Ɗuum ko kañum jeyaaɓe e jaɓɓaade ko'e maɓɓe:

# To hawtaaki waɗii ko haani walla ko haani, ɓandu ɓanduɗo ɗum ɓanngina ɗum;
# To hawtaaki waɗii ɗum woni hakke parti, parti je ɗon foti foti ngam daliila ɓaleeɓe ɗi ɗi waɗii; e
# To hawtaaki waɗii ko woni hakke ɓurɗo gooto, ɓooyiɓe ɗon njaɓɓa jaɓɓaade e ko ɓe njaɓa.  (To ɗum waawaa heɓuki daliila nanondiral, jaɓal ngal ina taƴa hakkunde yimɓe je ɗon njogii hakke.) 

Fuuɗugo kuuje ɗe'e ɗon halki kooje kiitaji ɗi ɗon ɗon ɗon ɗon haandi dow gooduɗo hakke nder hawtaade nder maayo.

Konwol ngal waɗi haa kawtal ngal Brussels Maritime Conference nden haɓɓii e leyɗe 24 ha 23 Septemba 1910. Ɗum fuɗɗii fuɗugo e 1 mars 1913 nden ha nder konu duuniyaaru ɗiɗaɓu ɓe ɗon haɓɓii e nder mawɓe leyɗe ndiyam. Ɗum ɗon haaji ngam lesdi ɗuuɗɗe bana Konvental ngal ɗon jeyaaji jaɓugo hakke nder nyauji hawtaade nder maayo. Dowlaaji ɗi ɓe mbinndi alkawal ngal amma ɓe ngaɗaayi ɗum ɗum woni United States, [[Kubaa|Cuba]], e Chile. Deftorɗo Konwol ngol woni laamu [[Beljik|Belgium]].

== Ndaare kadi ==

* Ɗuum woni ko haalaaji feere-feere ngam haɗugo hawtaade nder maayo

== Wurooji wurooji ==

* [http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/conven/collisions1910.html Koolol ngal]
* (e Farayse) Fedde Fedde [teddungal ɓaawoore), anndal jaaynde </text>
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        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>12706</id>
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[[File:Tanker_Mindoro.JPG|thumb|Minndoro naftal ngal ɗon ɓamda nder canal Caland caggal nde o hawti e Jork Ranger]]
Kawtal Brussels dow dow hawtaade (ngare mum, kawtal dow hawtaaki dow hawtaare dow hawtaari dow hawtaadi hakkunde ndiyamji) woni kawtal dow dow hawtiade dow hawtaandi dow hawtaani dow hawtaande dow hawtaaku dow hawtaange dow hawtaango dow hawtaandu dow hawtaako dow hawtaago dow hawtaali dow hawtaaru dow hawtaangu dow hawtaangal hakkunde ndiyamji dow maayo.

== Ko woni nder ==
Ɗuum ko kañum jeyaaɓe e jaɓɓaade ko'e maɓɓe:

# To hawtaaki waɗii ko haani walla ko haani, ɓandu ɓanduɗo ɗum ɓanngina ɗum;
# To hawtaaki waɗii ɗum woni hakke parti, parti je ɗon foti foti ngam daliila ɓaleeɓe ɗi ɗi waɗii; e
# To hawtaaki waɗii ko woni hakke ɓurɗo gooto, ɓooyiɓe ɗon njaɓɓa jaɓɓaade e ko ɓe njaɓa.  (To ɗum waawaa heɓuki daliila nanondiral, jaɓal ngal ina taƴa hakkunde yimɓe je ɗon njogii hakke.) 

Fuuɗugo kuuje ɗe'e ɗon halki kooje kiitaji ɗi ɗon ɗon ɗon ɗon haandi dow gooduɗo hakke nder hawtaade nder maayo.

Konwol ngal waɗi haa kawtal ngal Brussels Maritime Conference nden haɓɓii e leyɗe 24 ha 23 Septemba 1910. Ɗum fuɗɗii fuɗugo e 1 mars 1913 nden ha nder konu duuniyaaru ɗiɗaɓu ɓe ɗon haɓɓii e nder mawɓe leyɗe ndiyam. Ɗum ɗon haaji ngam lesdi ɗuuɗɗe bana Konvental ngal ɗon jeyaaji jaɓugo hakke nder nyauji hawtaade nder maayo. Dowlaaji ɗi ɓe mbinndi alkawal ngal amma ɓe ngaɗaayi ɗum ɗum woni United States, [[Kubaa|Cuba]], e Chile. Deftorɗo Konwol ngol woni laamu [[Beljik|Belgium]].

== Ndaare kadi ==

* Ɗuum woni ko haalaaji feere-feere ngam haɗugo hawtaade nder maayo

== Wurooji wurooji ==

* [http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/conven/collisions1910.html Koolol ngal]
* (e Farayse) Fedde Fedde [teddungal ɓaawoore), anndal jaaynde </text>
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    <title>Koolol ɗiɗmol hakkunde leyɗeele ko fayti e opiyoŋ</title>
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        <id>12706</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348850898|Second International Opium Convention]]&quot;</comment>
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Kaɓirgal Opium ɗiɗawru (ngam anndiraa bana Kaɓirgol Opium Geneva malla Kaɓirol Opium 1925) woni kaɓirgal caahu ngal wonnoo nder Gine e hitaande 1925. Kawtal ngal wonnoo ko ɓeydaaki e nder kawtal Haag e hitaande 1912.

Kañum 1925 holli hujjaaji jaɓɓorgo dow jaɓɓorgal jaɓɓorɗe dow jaɓɓoraade jaɓɓorgol jaɓɓorɗum dow jaɓɓore jaɓɓorle jaɓɓorlooje (goɗol jaɓɓorɗo, amma to goɗɗi e jaɓɓorli dow jaɓɓorde ummaatooje), ɓeydi jaɓɓorki dow jaɓɓoore jaɓɓoraare e jaɓɓoraango e jaɓɓore e jaɓɓorde jaɓɓorlude jaɓɓorlaade jaɓɓoraande jaɓɓorɗi e jaɓɓolɗe jaɓɓorɓe e jaɓɓorgol jaɓɓoraange.

== Taariiha ==
Nder hitaande 1912, kawtal Opium International Conference aranndeere waɗii nder Haag, Netherlands, ɗum waɗi ko kawtal Oopium International First Convention. Caggal Kawtal jammu Pari ɓaawo konu duuniyaaru arande, Haag Opium Convention fuɗɗi fuɗugo nder duniyaaru. Ngam o woodi Laaki ɗuuɗɗi, ummaatoore duniyaaru nanni ko haani waɗugo &quot;tondiral ɓeydiingo ngam waɗugo laabi feerewol hakkillaaji duniyaaru&quot;. Ɗuum waɗi kuuje ɗiɗi keso ɗe caaɗe e nder leyɗe ɗe ɓe njogii nder hitaande 1925: Konvental Opium ɗiɗaɓu e Protocol Opium.

Konwol ngol jaɓi ha wakkere go'o caggal Protocol, ɗi ɗi ɗi ɗiɗmen ɓe njaɓaama nder Gine. Ammaa, ɗi treaty ɗi ɗi ɗon walaa hawtaade dow. Ɓe ɗon mari laabi feere-feere, nden kuuɗe maɓɓe ɗon hawta. Woni traktate go'o jaɓaama lebbi seɗɗa ɓaawo e Brussels no hawtaaki e siyaasaji ɗi jamba ɗon jeji nder nder kawtal Gine foonde 1925 dow jamba, walaa hawtaade e dow dow.

Nder hitaande 1925, kawtal ɗiɗaɓal International Opium Conference ha Geneva ha Palais Wilson, wuro hooreejo League of Nations (ko ɗonno nodda &quot;''Palais des nations''&quot;). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɗum waɗi ko ɗum waɗi ko e nder suudu F walla Orange Room nder wuro wuro leydi Gine, nder 19 feebari 1925.

Kañum waɗi huutoree e 25 lewru Septemba 1928, nden ɗum hawriti nder nder nder nder dooka dooka dookeeji dow nden nyalaade.

== Kuje ɗe sariya ==

=== Daande Central Opium Board ===
Kaɓirɗe 1925 ɗon haɗu ngam tiggo boordi oopium mawɗo (PCOB). O fuɗɗi huutoraade nder 1928. Ko ɗum wonnoo ko e dow dow dow dow leyɗe, ko e dow miijo, ɗum naatnoo e nder leyɗe leyɗeele.

PCOB fuɗɗii anndiraama bana Dowla Central Permanent Opium Board, nden bana Dowla central Narcotics Board. Ɗum ɗon anndiraa wakkati feere bana Daartol Fedde Fedde Fuuta.

Nder 1931 laamorde nden fuɗɗii haɓɓugo laamorde feere nder &quot;Limitation Convention&quot;: laamorde laamorde huutoreeɓe huutoreede (&quot;''Organe de Contrôle''&quot;) nden, hawti e PCOB, ɓaawo ɗun, haɓɓii laamorde International Narcotics Control Board nder hitaande 1968.

=== Hakkiilo cannabis ===
Misra, e jaɓugo daga [[Italiya]] e [[Sawdafirika|Afrik worgo]], holli wonde laabi hakkille ɓeydani haa ɓeydani ɓesngu opium e cocaine, haa ɓeydana haasish. Sub-committee woodi haɓɓii,  nden waɗi taƴre ɗo'o:

[[Hinndi|India]] e leyɗe goɗɗe ɗon haɓɓi e ɗemngal ngal, ɗon wi'a aadaaji ummaatooje e diina e ɓurna fuɗɗuki ɗi ɗi ɗi ɗon ɓesda cannabis ngam ɗum waɗay ɗum saɗugo ngam waɗugo ɗum. 

Woni haɓɓii ko haɓɓii fuɗnaade ''Hemp Indiyan''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'en to leyɗe ɗe haɓɓii huutore mum, e haɓɓii leyɗe ɗe ngaddani ɗum ngam hokkude certification ngam jaɓɓaade fuɗnaaki e hollaade ɗum haɓɓii &quot; ngam daliilaji jaɓɓaaki walla anndal&quot;.  

== Ndaare kadi ==

* Koolol Farmakopeeya Brussels (1925) 
* Centennial of Cannabis ban
* Kawtal Opium Duniyaaji (Hague) 
* Hakkiilo Demmbe Demmbe Haaru
* Dental lesdi
* Fedde Leƴƴi
* Kujeji jaayndeeji cannabis
* Ofisi international d'hygiène publique
* Kawtal gootol dow kuuje cukalel
* Timeline law cannabis

== Firooji ==

[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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Kaɓirgal Opium ɗiɗawru (ngam anndiraa bana Kaɓirgol Opium Geneva malla Kaɓirol Opium 1925) woni kaɓirgal caahu ngal wonnoo nder Gine e hitaande 1925. Kawtal ngal wonnoo ko ɓeydaaki e nder kawtal Haag e hitaande 1912.

Kañum 1925 holli hujjaaji jaɓɓorgo dow jaɓɓorgal jaɓɓorɗe dow jaɓɓoraade jaɓɓorgol jaɓɓorɗum dow jaɓɓore jaɓɓorle jaɓɓorlooje (goɗol jaɓɓorɗo, amma to goɗɗi e jaɓɓorli dow jaɓɓorde ummaatooje), ɓeydi jaɓɓorki dow jaɓɓoore jaɓɓoraare e jaɓɓoraango e jaɓɓore e jaɓɓorde jaɓɓorlude jaɓɓorlaade jaɓɓoraande jaɓɓorɗi e jaɓɓolɗe jaɓɓorɓe e jaɓɓorgol jaɓɓoraange.

== Taariiha ==
Nder hitaande 1912, kawtal Opium International Conference aranndeere waɗii nder Haag, Netherlands, ɗum waɗi ko kawtal Oopium International First Convention. Caggal Kawtal jammu Pari ɓaawo konu duuniyaaru arande, Haag Opium Convention fuɗɗi fuɗugo nder duniyaaru. Ngam o woodi Laaki ɗuuɗɗi, ummaatoore duniyaaru nanni ko haani waɗugo &quot;tondiral ɓeydiingo ngam waɗugo laabi feerewol hakkillaaji duniyaaru&quot;. Ɗuum waɗi kuuje ɗiɗi keso ɗe caaɗe e nder leyɗe ɗe ɓe njogii nder hitaande 1925: Konvental Opium ɗiɗaɓu e Protocol Opium.

Konwol ngol jaɓi ha wakkere go'o caggal Protocol, ɗi ɗi ɗi ɗiɗmen ɓe njaɓaama nder Gine. Ammaa, ɗi treaty ɗi ɗi ɗon walaa hawtaade dow. Ɓe ɗon mari laabi feere-feere, nden kuuɗe maɓɓe ɗon hawta. Woni traktate go'o jaɓaama lebbi seɗɗa ɓaawo e Brussels no hawtaaki e siyaasaji ɗi jamba ɗon jeji nder nder kawtal Gine foonde 1925 dow jamba, walaa hawtaade e dow dow.

Nder hitaande 1925, kawtal ɗiɗaɓal International Opium Conference ha Geneva ha Palais Wilson, wuro hooreejo League of Nations (ko ɗonno nodda &quot;''Palais des nations''&quot;). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɗum waɗi ko ɗum waɗi ko e nder suudu F walla Orange Room nder wuro wuro leydi Gine, nder 19 feebari 1925.

Kañum waɗi huutoree e 25 lewru Septemba 1928, nden ɗum hawriti nder nder nder nder dooka dooka dookeeji dow nden nyalaade.

== Kuje ɗe sariya ==

=== Daande Central Opium Board ===
Kaɓirɗe 1925 ɗon haɗu ngam tiggo boordi oopium mawɗo (PCOB). O fuɗɗi huutoraade nder 1928. Ko ɗum wonnoo ko e dow dow dow dow leyɗe, ko e dow miijo, ɗum naatnoo e nder leyɗe leyɗeele.

PCOB fuɗɗii anndiraama bana Dowla Central Permanent Opium Board, nden bana Dowla central Narcotics Board. Ɗum ɗon anndiraa wakkati feere bana Daartol Fedde Fedde Fuuta.

Nder 1931 laamorde nden fuɗɗii haɓɓugo laamorde feere nder &quot;Limitation Convention&quot;: laamorde laamorde huutoreeɓe huutoreede (&quot;''Organe de Contrôle''&quot;) nden, hawti e PCOB, ɓaawo ɗun, haɓɓii laamorde International Narcotics Control Board nder hitaande 1968.

=== Hakkiilo cannabis ===
Misra, e jaɓugo daga [[Italiya]] e [[Sawdafirika|Afrik worgo]], holli wonde laabi hakkille ɓeydani haa ɓeydani ɓesngu opium e cocaine, haa ɓeydana haasish. Sub-committee woodi haɓɓii,  nden waɗi taƴre ɗo'o:

[[Hinndi|India]] e leyɗe goɗɗe ɗon haɓɓi e ɗemngal ngal, ɗon wi'a aadaaji ummaatooje e diina e ɓurna fuɗɗuki ɗi ɗi ɗi ɗon ɓesda cannabis ngam ɗum waɗay ɗum saɗugo ngam waɗugo ɗum. 

Woni haɓɓii ko haɓɓii fuɗnaade ''Hemp Indiyan''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'en to leyɗe ɗe haɓɓii huutore mum, e haɓɓii leyɗe ɗe ngaddani ɗum ngam hokkude certification ngam jaɓɓaade fuɗnaaki e hollaade ɗum haɓɓii &quot; ngam daliilaji jaɓɓaaki walla anndal&quot;.  

== Ndaare kadi ==

* Koolol Farmakopeeya Brussels (1925) 
* Centennial of Cannabis ban
* Kawtal Opium Duniyaaji (Hague) 
* Hakkiilo Demmbe Demmbe Haaru
* Dental lesdi
* Fedde Leƴƴi
* Kujeji jaayndeeji cannabis
* Ofisi international d'hygiène publique
* Kawtal gootol dow kuuje cukalel
* Timeline law cannabis

== Firooji ==

[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Nanondiral hakkunde leyɗeele ngam haɗde njulaagu jiyaaɓe ɓaleeɓe</title>
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Kaɓɓol International Agreement for the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic (ngam anndiraa kadi White Slave convention)  ko kaɓɓol dooka dow haɓɓugo yimɓe, ko haani haɓɓugo haɓɓugo feere feere feere feere, ko arande fu haɓɓugo nder Pari e 1904. Ɗum wondi go'o nder doofte ɓurɗe fuuji ngam haɓɓugo haala maccuɗo e kuuɓal yimɓe. Kaɓirgal ngal holli wonde ƴellitaare yimɓe ko hakke je ɗon jeyaa e 12 jaayndiyankooɓe ɓe mbi'a ɓe haɓɓii anndal dow kuuɗe ƴellitaare neɗɗo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ko'e nder nder nder nder hitaande 1926 ko'e nder hitaande 1933 ko'e dow dow dow dow ɗowtanaade rewɓe e sukaaɓe, e dow kuuɗe e kuuɗe ɗe ɗe'e.

== Ɓaawoore ==
Nder leyɗe ɗe yimɓe anglofoon ɗon mbi'a nder karnijum 19 e fuɗɗoode karnijum 20, ɓe naftiri e &quot;laamiiɓe laamiiɓe&quot; ngam holla gollaamu rewɓe laamiiɗo. Ɗum hawti e haala rewɓe ɓe ɓe njogii e nder harems fuɗnaange fuɗnaande, bana no ɓe noddi ɓaleeɓe Circassian,  ɗum woni jaaynde maccuɓe je ɗon waɗa haa fuɗɗam karnijum 20. Yimɓe ɗuuɗɓe e ɓe ɓe ɓe ɓe njaɓaa ɓe ɓe ɓe njokka ɓe ɓe ɓe ɗowtani ɓe ɓe ɓe ɓaleeɓe ɓe ɓe ɓe njiɗi ɓe ɓe ɓe njooɗata nder Constantinople nder konu leydi Crim, nder duuɓi 1850's, ɓe ngaɗi suudu nduu nder Port Said nder Misra wakkati ɓe ngaɗi nder maare Suez Canal, nden suudu nduu je ɓe nganndi ɓe ɓe ngannda yimɓe ɗuuɗɓe ɓe ɓe ngonndi ɓe ɓe ɓe ngollani ɓe maccuɓe, ngam ɓe ɗon nder ɗowtaniɓe ɓe ɓe ngaddani ɓe ngam daliila ɓe ɓe nguddani ɓe haa hitaande 1937 ngam ɓe njogii ɓe polis.

Wurooji feere feere nder lesdi Yammaaru fuɗɗiti haɓugo bee kuuɓol maccuɓe ɓaleeɓe nder lesdi lesdi lesdi lesdi fuɗɗii nder hitaande 1900. E hitaande 1877, kawtal jaayndeere arande ngam halkugol luural waɗii haa Gine e Suwiisa, caggal ɗum, ɓe tiggi fedde hakkundeere nde doɓɓe sukaaɓe sukaaɓe (Almaaŋ: ''International Verein Freundinnen junger Mädchen'' walla FJM; Farayse: ''Amies de la jeune fille''); caggal ɗuum, feddeere nde haɓɓi jaaynde sukaaɓe laamiiɓe laamiije e leydi ndii, ina tiggi e leyɗe feere, bana Freundinnenverein e leydi Jarmalin, National Vigilance Association e leydi Britaaniya e ''Vaksamhet'' e leydi Swidin. &quot;Naaje nder rewɓe&quot; ɓeydi ɓeydiima e nder lesdi England nder duuɓi 1880's, caggal nde Eliza Armstrong ɓeydi e nder duuɓi 1880s, e nder nder lesdi lesdi fuu, ɓe ɗon anndina feere feere feere feere nder lesdi.

E hitaande 1899 jaŋde arande nde jaŋde ƴellitaare ɓaleeɓe e nder leydi London waɗi, to ɗum waɗi ɗum waɗi nde jaŋdaade jaŋde jaŋde e nder leydi, ngam jaŋde dabareeji jaŋde dow no jaŋde ɓaleeɓe to Pari e hitaande 1902, ɗum waɗi nde dabareeji dow no jaɓde jaŋdaare ɓaleeɓe nder leydi ndii, haa ɓe taƴi jaŋde feere e nder leydi ndiin e lewru Mee 1904.

== Koolol fuɗɗam ==
Woni alkawal ngal fuɗɗii waɗde e Pari e 18 mee 1904 e fuɗɗii fuɗɗida e 18 Julaay 1905. Ko ɓuri 26 leydi haɓɓii ko nde 1904 waɗi. Ammaa, duuɓi jowi ɓaawo alkawal ngal fuɗɗii fuɗugo, ɓe njogii ɗum nder Pari, ɓe waɗi ɗum nder 4 mee 1910. Kuftal 1910 fuɗɗii huutoraade e 5 lewru Yuli 1920, e leyɗe 41 fuu ɓe njaɓii ɗum.

== Protocol 1949 ==
Nder hitaande 1949 nder Lake Success, New York, Protocol wondi haade nder nder nder nder nde ɗon wayli e ɓeydaaki nder nder nder do'aare 1904 e nder do'aaare 1910. Protocol ngal waɗii ko e 4 mee 1949 e fuɗɗii fuɗɗude e nder balɗe goɗɗe. Ɗee doosɗe ɗe ɓe waylitii fuɗɗii fuɗɗugo fuɗɗugo waɗugo nder 21 lewru junngo 1951 (feere 1904) e 14 lewru awtiyee 1951 (feerre 1910). Haa 2013, leyɗe 33 ɗon haaki Protocol ngal haaki e nder nder nder nder hitaande 1949 haaki e dow leyɗe 54 ɗon haaki.

== Ndaare kadi ==

* Ɓiɗɗo ɓooyma
* Baawol waɗugo ko e nder jonde

== Firooji ==</text>
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Kaɓɓol International Agreement for the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic (ngam anndiraa kadi White Slave convention)  ko kaɓɓol dooka dow haɓɓugo yimɓe, ko haani haɓɓugo haɓɓugo feere feere feere feere, ko arande fu haɓɓugo nder Pari e 1904. Ɗum wondi go'o nder doofte ɓurɗe fuuji ngam haɓɓugo haala maccuɗo e kuuɓal yimɓe. Kaɓirgal ngal holli wonde ƴellitaare yimɓe ko hakke je ɗon jeyaa e 12 jaayndiyankooɓe ɓe mbi'a ɓe haɓɓii anndal dow kuuɗe ƴellitaare neɗɗo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ko'e nder nder nder nder hitaande 1926 ko'e nder hitaande 1933 ko'e dow dow dow dow ɗowtanaade rewɓe e sukaaɓe, e dow kuuɗe e kuuɗe ɗe ɗe'e.

== Ɓaawoore ==
Nder leyɗe ɗe yimɓe anglofoon ɗon mbi'a nder karnijum 19 e fuɗɗoode karnijum 20, ɓe naftiri e &quot;laamiiɓe laamiiɓe&quot; ngam holla gollaamu rewɓe laamiiɗo. Ɗum hawti e haala rewɓe ɓe ɓe njogii e nder harems fuɗnaange fuɗnaande, bana no ɓe noddi ɓaleeɓe Circassian,  ɗum woni jaaynde maccuɓe je ɗon waɗa haa fuɗɗam karnijum 20. Yimɓe ɗuuɗɓe e ɓe ɓe ɓe ɓe njaɓaa ɓe ɓe ɓe njokka ɓe ɓe ɓe ɗowtani ɓe ɓe ɓe ɓaleeɓe ɓe ɓe ɓe njiɗi ɓe ɓe ɓe njooɗata nder Constantinople nder konu leydi Crim, nder duuɓi 1850's, ɓe ngaɗi suudu nduu nder Port Said nder Misra wakkati ɓe ngaɗi nder maare Suez Canal, nden suudu nduu je ɓe nganndi ɓe ɓe ngannda yimɓe ɗuuɗɓe ɓe ɓe ngonndi ɓe ɓe ɓe ngollani ɓe maccuɓe, ngam ɓe ɗon nder ɗowtaniɓe ɓe ɓe ngaddani ɓe ngam daliila ɓe ɓe nguddani ɓe haa hitaande 1937 ngam ɓe njogii ɓe polis.

Wurooji feere feere nder lesdi Yammaaru fuɗɗiti haɓugo bee kuuɓol maccuɓe ɓaleeɓe nder lesdi lesdi lesdi lesdi fuɗɗii nder hitaande 1900. E hitaande 1877, kawtal jaayndeere arande ngam halkugol luural waɗii haa Gine e Suwiisa, caggal ɗum, ɓe tiggi fedde hakkundeere nde doɓɓe sukaaɓe sukaaɓe (Almaaŋ: ''International Verein Freundinnen junger Mädchen'' walla FJM; Farayse: ''Amies de la jeune fille''); caggal ɗuum, feddeere nde haɓɓi jaaynde sukaaɓe laamiiɓe laamiije e leydi ndii, ina tiggi e leyɗe feere, bana Freundinnenverein e leydi Jarmalin, National Vigilance Association e leydi Britaaniya e ''Vaksamhet'' e leydi Swidin. &quot;Naaje nder rewɓe&quot; ɓeydi ɓeydiima e nder lesdi England nder duuɓi 1880's, caggal nde Eliza Armstrong ɓeydi e nder duuɓi 1880s, e nder nder lesdi lesdi fuu, ɓe ɗon anndina feere feere feere feere nder lesdi.

E hitaande 1899 jaŋde arande nde jaŋde ƴellitaare ɓaleeɓe e nder leydi London waɗi, to ɗum waɗi ɗum waɗi nde jaŋdaade jaŋde jaŋde e nder leydi, ngam jaŋde dabareeji jaŋde dow no jaŋde ɓaleeɓe to Pari e hitaande 1902, ɗum waɗi nde dabareeji dow no jaɓde jaŋdaare ɓaleeɓe nder leydi ndii, haa ɓe taƴi jaŋde feere e nder leydi ndiin e lewru Mee 1904.

== Koolol fuɗɗam ==
Woni alkawal ngal fuɗɗii waɗde e Pari e 18 mee 1904 e fuɗɗii fuɗɗida e 18 Julaay 1905. Ko ɓuri 26 leydi haɓɓii ko nde 1904 waɗi. Ammaa, duuɓi jowi ɓaawo alkawal ngal fuɗɗii fuɗugo, ɓe njogii ɗum nder Pari, ɓe waɗi ɗum nder 4 mee 1910. Kuftal 1910 fuɗɗii huutoraade e 5 lewru Yuli 1920, e leyɗe 41 fuu ɓe njaɓii ɗum.

== Protocol 1949 ==
Nder hitaande 1949 nder Lake Success, New York, Protocol wondi haade nder nder nder nder nde ɗon wayli e ɓeydaaki nder nder nder do'aare 1904 e nder do'aaare 1910. Protocol ngal waɗii ko e 4 mee 1949 e fuɗɗii fuɗɗude e nder balɗe goɗɗe. Ɗee doosɗe ɗe ɓe waylitii fuɗɗii fuɗɗugo fuɗɗugo waɗugo nder 21 lewru junngo 1951 (feere 1904) e 14 lewru awtiyee 1951 (feerre 1910). Haa 2013, leyɗe 33 ɗon haaki Protocol ngal haaki e nder nder nder nder hitaande 1949 haaki e dow leyɗe 54 ɗon haaki.

== Ndaare kadi ==

* Ɓiɗɗo ɓooyma
* Baawol waɗugo ko e nder jonde

== Firooji ==</text>
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    <title>Kawral hakkunde leyɗeele gadanal ko fayti e opiyoŋ</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345583821|First International Opium Convention]]&quot;</comment>
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Kaɓirgal Opium Fuuta Fuuta (ngam anndiraa kadi kaɓirgal 1912 Opium) ko kaɓirgol international international wonande ko haɓɓii e Haag e hitaande 1912. Kawtal ngal ko gollaaku caahugol dowla ngam darnugo jaayndeeji oopiyam e Laaki nyaamugo oopiyam.  Nde ɗon tokki nder 1925 nder kawtal ɗiɗaɓal duniyaaru dow opium, ɗum saini nder Geneva.

== Ɓaawoore ==
Kañum Opium 1912 ko kañum ko kañuma arandeeji duniyaaru dow huutoreeji. 

Wonnoo hujjaaji ɓooyɗi ɗi ɗi ɗi taƴiino hujjaaji caaɗeele dow lekki, bana hujja kawtal Brussels 1890, ngam hujja koɗki toɗɗe nder lesdi Afrika, koo to jaaynde Farmakopeeya e 1902.

Ammaa, hujjannde caaɗeere nde'e, ko ɗum yi'ata bana ko'e ardiiɗo to kawtal Opium e hitaande 1912, woni hujjannde jaɓnde International Opium Commission, nde'e hawruki nder Shanghai e hitaande 1909. Jaɓɓorgo International Opium Commission of Shanghai be lesdi 13 Laaki hawtoreede ngam hawtoreeɓe ɓeydaaki dow jaɓɓorgo opium be ngam hawtoraaki konu opium. Ɓaawo duuɓi goɗɗi, nder 1912, kawtal Opium International Conference fuɗnaama ha Haag ngam ɓe tokki haala fuɗɗiiɗum nder Shanghai e ɓe taƴina ɗum nder dooka.

== Kawtal Opium International ha Haag, 1912 ==
Conference hawtiti ha Haag nder 1912 e hawtiti e Netherlands, caggal nde leydi ndii hokki darnde darnde daranaade Conference nde nde nde tawnoo e International Opium Commission ha Shanghai nder 1909.

Kaɓirgal Opium 1912 haɓɓii ha jonde haaki, ha 23 janngo 1912. Ɗum hawriti nder nder nder nder dooka League of Nations on 23 Janambar 1922. Dow lesdi Germany, United States, China, France, United Kingdom, Italiya, Japon, Netherlands, [[Iran|Persia]], Portugal, [[Laamu Russiya|Russia]], e [[Tailannde|Siyam]], ɓe saini alkawal ngal. Haa 1915 jaaynde nden ɗon hawtana nder lesdi Amerika, Netherlands, China, Honduras, e [[Norwees|Norway]]. Ɗum fuɗɗii huutoraade nder duniyaaru nder 1919, nde ɗum hawti nder nder nder alkawal Versailles.

== Ɗuɓɓugo Dental Haag ==
Ngam daliila mawɗum nder konwol ngol woni hokki hakkillaaji dow jaaynde; ɗum hawtaayi dow halki koo jondeeji ngam naftoraago e mawnugo poppy, coca plant, malla ''cannabis''. 

E wi'uki Raymond Leslie Buell, Konvental Opium 1912 ɓurna fu footi e heɓugo ko yiɗi, ngam hawtaaki ɗum ɓenni e laatini huwtoreeki hakkillaaji opium nder hakkillaaji lesdi:

&quot;Wolde hakkilantaaki dow hakkilantaaku nder konngol 1912 waɗi, caggal 1920, to miijo noddugo konngol Opium keso ngam hokkude &quot;tunndi ɓeydiingo ngam waɗugo laabi dow hakkillaaji duniyaaru&quot;. Ɗu'um wari nder 1925 bee haɓɓugo kawtal ɗiɗaɓo dow Opium, bana Protocol dow Opiumu, ɗi ɗi ɗi fuu ɓe jaɓaama nder Geneva.

== Ndaare kadi ==

* [[Koolol ɗiɗmol hakkunde leyɗeele ko fayti e opiyoŋ|Kaɓirɗe Opium ɗiɗawre (Geneva)]]
* Hakkiilo Demmbe Demmbe Haaru
* Dental lesdi
* Kawtal gootol dow kuuje cukalel
* Fedde Leƴƴi
* Ofisi international d'hygiène publique
* Timeline law cannabis
* Kujeji jaayndeeji cannabis
* Koolol Farmakopeeya Brussels (1902) 

== Firooji ==</text>
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Kaɓirgal Opium Fuuta Fuuta (ngam anndiraa kadi kaɓirgal 1912 Opium) ko kaɓirgol international international wonande ko haɓɓii e Haag e hitaande 1912. Kawtal ngal ko gollaaku caahugol dowla ngam darnugo jaayndeeji oopiyam e Laaki nyaamugo oopiyam.  Nde ɗon tokki nder 1925 nder kawtal ɗiɗaɓal duniyaaru dow opium, ɗum saini nder Geneva.

== Ɓaawoore ==
Kañum Opium 1912 ko kañum ko kañuma arandeeji duniyaaru dow huutoreeji. 

Wonnoo hujjaaji ɓooyɗi ɗi ɗi ɗi taƴiino hujjaaji caaɗeele dow lekki, bana hujja kawtal Brussels 1890, ngam hujja koɗki toɗɗe nder lesdi Afrika, koo to jaaynde Farmakopeeya e 1902.

Ammaa, hujjannde caaɗeere nde'e, ko ɗum yi'ata bana ko'e ardiiɗo to kawtal Opium e hitaande 1912, woni hujjannde jaɓnde International Opium Commission, nde'e hawruki nder Shanghai e hitaande 1909. Jaɓɓorgo International Opium Commission of Shanghai be lesdi 13 Laaki hawtoreede ngam hawtoreeɓe ɓeydaaki dow jaɓɓorgo opium be ngam hawtoraaki konu opium. Ɓaawo duuɓi goɗɗi, nder 1912, kawtal Opium International Conference fuɗnaama ha Haag ngam ɓe tokki haala fuɗɗiiɗum nder Shanghai e ɓe taƴina ɗum nder dooka.

== Kawtal Opium International ha Haag, 1912 ==
Conference hawtiti ha Haag nder 1912 e hawtiti e Netherlands, caggal nde leydi ndii hokki darnde darnde daranaade Conference nde nde nde tawnoo e International Opium Commission ha Shanghai nder 1909.

Kaɓirgal Opium 1912 haɓɓii ha jonde haaki, ha 23 janngo 1912. Ɗum hawriti nder nder nder nder dooka League of Nations on 23 Janambar 1922. Dow lesdi Germany, United States, China, France, United Kingdom, Italiya, Japon, Netherlands, [[Iran|Persia]], Portugal, [[Laamu Russiya|Russia]], e [[Tailannde|Siyam]], ɓe saini alkawal ngal. Haa 1915 jaaynde nden ɗon hawtana nder lesdi Amerika, Netherlands, China, Honduras, e [[Norwees|Norway]]. Ɗum fuɗɗii huutoraade nder duniyaaru nder 1919, nde ɗum hawti nder nder nder alkawal Versailles.

== Ɗuɓɓugo Dental Haag ==
Ngam daliila mawɗum nder konwol ngol woni hokki hakkillaaji dow jaaynde; ɗum hawtaayi dow halki koo jondeeji ngam naftoraago e mawnugo poppy, coca plant, malla ''cannabis''. 

E wi'uki Raymond Leslie Buell, Konvental Opium 1912 ɓurna fu footi e heɓugo ko yiɗi, ngam hawtaaki ɗum ɓenni e laatini huwtoreeki hakkillaaji opium nder hakkillaaji lesdi:

&quot;Wolde hakkilantaaki dow hakkilantaaku nder konngol 1912 waɗi, caggal 1920, to miijo noddugo konngol Opium keso ngam hokkude &quot;tunndi ɓeydiingo ngam waɗugo laabi dow hakkillaaji duniyaaru&quot;. Ɗu'um wari nder 1925 bee haɓɓugo kawtal ɗiɗaɓo dow Opium, bana Protocol dow Opiumu, ɗi ɗi ɗi fuu ɓe jaɓaama nder Geneva.

== Ndaare kadi ==

* [[Koolol ɗiɗmol hakkunde leyɗeele ko fayti e opiyoŋ|Kaɓirɗe Opium ɗiɗawre (Geneva)]]
* Hakkiilo Demmbe Demmbe Haaru
* Dental lesdi
* Kawtal gootol dow kuuje cukalel
* Fedde Leƴƴi
* Ofisi international d'hygiène publique
* Timeline law cannabis
* Kujeji jaayndeeji cannabis
* Koolol Farmakopeeya Brussels (1902) 

== Firooji ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Koolol doosɗe jowitiingol e naatgol otooji laawol keeringol e sahaa</title>
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    <id>42662</id>
    <revision>
      <id>176840</id>
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        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>12706</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359038083|Customs Convention on the Temporary Importation of Private Road Vehicles]]&quot;</comment>
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Kaɓɓol Customs Convention dow importation temporary of private road vehicles woni dowol do ummaatooje do ummaatoore dow hitaande 1954. Nder leyɗe ɗe jaɓii to Konvental, ɗum hokki yimɓe ɓe ɗon yahu leydi feere-feere - bana yimɓe ɓe ɗon jaɓɓa visa jaɓuɓe - yahugo masin nder laawol to lesdi man.

Konwol ngal waɗii nder New York nder 4 lewru Yune 1954 nder kawtal ngal konwol ngal waɗaa dow laabi kalluɗi ngam jaaynde. Konwol ngol fuɗɗii fuɗugo e nder 15 lewru december 1957. Ɗum haɓɓii e leyɗe 32 e haa 2013 woodi goɗɗe 80, haa e nder ɗe hawti e leyɗe 79 nder kawtal kawtal kawgel kawtal kawtuɗe e kawtal kawtital kawtal kawte e kawtal hawtaaki e kawtal mawtal kawtal mawɗo kawtal kawtaaku kawtal kawti e kawtal dow kawtal kawgal kawtal kawten e kawtal yimɓe kawtal kawtanɗe e kawgel kawgel kawtaaku. Yimɓe ɓe mbinndi Konwol ngol, ammaa ɓe ngalaa haɓɓugo ɗum, ɓeen ngoni [[Arjentiina|Argentina]], [[Kamboodiyya|Kambodiya]], Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Holy See, Honduras, [[Monako|Monaco]], Panama, e [[Uruguwaay|Uruguay]].

Kaɓirgal ngal fuɗɗii nder hitaande 1990 e kaɓirgal Istanbul, ngal hawti e kaɓiri dow kaɓirgol feere-feere dow jaɓɓorgo wakkatiire nder kareeji goɗɗi nder go'o.

== Ndaare kadi ==

* ATA Carnet
* Kañgal kalluɗe dow importation temporary of commercial road vehicles
* Kaɓɓal ngal dow importation temporary for private use of aircraft and pleasure boats

== Wurooji wurooji ==</text>
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Kaɓɓol Customs Convention dow importation temporary of private road vehicles woni dowol do ummaatooje do ummaatoore dow hitaande 1954. Nder leyɗe ɗe jaɓii to Konvental, ɗum hokki yimɓe ɓe ɗon yahu leydi feere-feere - bana yimɓe ɓe ɗon jaɓɓa visa jaɓuɓe - yahugo masin nder laawol to lesdi man.

Konwol ngal waɗii nder New York nder 4 lewru Yune 1954 nder kawtal ngal konwol ngal waɗaa dow laabi kalluɗi ngam jaaynde. Konwol ngol fuɗɗii fuɗugo e nder 15 lewru december 1957. Ɗum haɓɓii e leyɗe 32 e haa 2013 woodi goɗɗe 80, haa e nder ɗe hawti e leyɗe 79 nder kawtal kawtal kawgel kawtal kawtuɗe e kawtal kawtital kawtal kawte e kawtal hawtaaki e kawtal mawtal kawtal mawɗo kawtal kawtaaku kawtal kawti e kawtal dow kawtal kawgal kawtal kawten e kawtal yimɓe kawtal kawtanɗe e kawgel kawgel kawtaaku. Yimɓe ɓe mbinndi Konwol ngol, ammaa ɓe ngalaa haɓɓugo ɗum, ɓeen ngoni [[Arjentiina|Argentina]], [[Kamboodiyya|Kambodiya]], Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Holy See, Honduras, [[Monako|Monaco]], Panama, e [[Uruguwaay|Uruguay]].

Kaɓirgal ngal fuɗɗii nder hitaande 1990 e kaɓirgal Istanbul, ngal hawti e kaɓiri dow kaɓirgol feere-feere dow jaɓɓorgo wakkatiire nder kareeji goɗɗi nder go'o.

== Ndaare kadi ==

* ATA Carnet
* Kañgal kalluɗe dow importation temporary of commercial road vehicles
* Kaɓɓal ngal dow importation temporary for private use of aircraft and pleasure boats

== Wurooji wurooji ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Konngol ko faati e nokkuuji doosɗe ngam njilluuji</title>
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        <id>12706</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359038116|Convention Concerning Customs Facilities for Touring]]&quot;</comment>
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Convention Concerning Customs Facilities for Touring woni dowol ngal ummaatooje kawtal nder hitaande 1954. Nder leyɗe ɗe jaɓii to Konvent, ɗum ɗon haani turistooɓe ɓe ngaddana kuuje maɓɓe to lesdi ɗe ɓe mbaadi kuuje ɗe ɓe mbaɗata to leydi ndii, bana so kuuje ɗe mbaɗata ngam kuuje maɓɓe boo ɓe mbaɗataa nder yimɓe boo nder kuuje maɓɓe.

== Ko woni nder ==
&quot;Kuuje ɓooyɗe&quot; hawti e kuuje ɗe'e:
 
Kañum hokki feere feere feere feere ngam ɓe mbaɗata ko ɓe mbaɗataa. &quot;Turuist&quot; ɗum hollii nder Konwol ngal &quot;koomoy fuu, to walaa feere dow lenyol, koomoy, koomoo, koomoe, koomoi, koomoa, koomoye, koomoyo, koomoyi, koomoya, koomoyto, koomoyay, koomoyaa, koomoyta, koomoytata, koomoytuɗo, koomooy, koomoyte, koomoyti, koomoyatta, koomota, kookoy, kookooy, kookoyo, kookoo, kookoye, kookoya, kookoyay, kookoyaa, kooko, kookoowo, kookowo, kookowoo, kookooyo, kookooowo, koomootoy, kootoy, mootoy, koookoy, koo kookoy&quot;.

== Foonditgol e tiiɗugol ==
Konwol ngal waɗi nder New York nder 4 lewru June 1954 nder kawtal ngal ngal konwol ngal waɗi dow konwol dow jaɓɓorgo wakkatiire dow karallaaji laawol. Ɗum saini ɗum leyɗe 32 e fuɗɗii fuɗɗugo ha 11 Septemba 1957. Haa 2013, dowle 79 haɓɓii nde traktate. Dowlaaji ɗi ɓe mballaaki dow konwensiya nde'e, ammaa ɓe mballaani ɗum, ko Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Holy See, Honduras, [[Monako|Monaco]], e Panama. Singapore haɓɓiti Konwol ngal nder 1966 amma o haɓɓiti ɗum nder 1999, diga e hitaande 2001.

== Ɓaawo ɗun ==
Kaɓirgal ngal fuɗɗii nder hitaande 1990 e kaɓirgal Istanbul, ngal hawti e kaɓiri dow kaɓirgol feere-feere dow jaɓɓorgo wakkatiire nder kareeji goɗɗi nder go'o.

== Ndaare kadi ==

* ATA Carnet
* [http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/conventn/Touring-1954e.pdf Ɗuum ko e deftere]
* Ratifikations Archived 7 Septemba 2015 at</text>
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        <id>12706</id>
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Convention Concerning Customs Facilities for Touring woni dowol ngal ummaatooje kawtal nder hitaande 1954. Nder leyɗe ɗe jaɓii to Konvent, ɗum ɗon haani turistooɓe ɓe ngaddana kuuje maɓɓe to lesdi ɗe ɓe mbaadi kuuje ɗe ɓe mbaɗata to leydi ndii, bana so kuuje ɗe mbaɗata ngam kuuje maɓɓe boo ɓe mbaɗataa nder yimɓe boo nder kuuje maɓɓe.

== Ko woni nder ==
&quot;Kuuje ɓooyɗe&quot; hawti e kuuje ɗe'e:
 
Kañum hokki feere feere feere feere ngam ɓe mbaɗata ko ɓe mbaɗataa. &quot;Turuist&quot; ɗum hollii nder Konwol ngal &quot;koomoy fuu, to walaa feere dow lenyol, koomoy, koomoo, koomoe, koomoi, koomoa, koomoye, koomoyo, koomoyi, koomoya, koomoyto, koomoyay, koomoyaa, koomoyta, koomoytata, koomoytuɗo, koomooy, koomoyte, koomoyti, koomoyatta, koomota, kookoy, kookooy, kookoyo, kookoo, kookoye, kookoya, kookoyay, kookoyaa, kooko, kookoowo, kookowo, kookowoo, kookooyo, kookooowo, koomootoy, kootoy, mootoy, koookoy, koo kookoy&quot;.

== Foonditgol e tiiɗugol ==
Konwol ngal waɗi nder New York nder 4 lewru June 1954 nder kawtal ngal ngal konwol ngal waɗi dow konwol dow jaɓɓorgo wakkatiire dow karallaaji laawol. Ɗum saini ɗum leyɗe 32 e fuɗɗii fuɗɗugo ha 11 Septemba 1957. Haa 2013, dowle 79 haɓɓii nde traktate. Dowlaaji ɗi ɓe mballaaki dow konwensiya nde'e, ammaa ɓe mballaani ɗum, ko Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Holy See, Honduras, [[Monako|Monaco]], e Panama. Singapore haɓɓiti Konwol ngal nder 1966 amma o haɓɓiti ɗum nder 1999, diga e hitaande 2001.

== Ɓaawo ɗun ==
Kaɓirgal ngal fuɗɗii nder hitaande 1990 e kaɓirgal Istanbul, ngal hawti e kaɓiri dow kaɓirgol feere-feere dow jaɓɓorgo wakkatiire nder kareeji goɗɗi nder go'o.

== Ndaare kadi ==

* ATA Carnet
* [http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/conventn/Touring-1954e.pdf Ɗuum ko e deftere]
* Ratifikations Archived 7 Septemba 2015 at</text>
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    <title>Koolol gollal, 1948</title>
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Kawtal ngal ngal ngal ngalɗoo golle, 1948 woni kawtal ngal ngal International Labour Organization.&lt;blockquote&gt;Nde o waɗi anniya jaɓugo dabareeji feere-feere dow darnde darnde darnuki darnde golle,...&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Jaɓɓorgo Kewuuji ==
Haa Desemba 2022, kawtal ngal haawnii leyɗe 92 . Nder leyɗe ɗe jaɓii, leyɗe tati ɗon ɗon ɗon ɗon ceede traktate.

== Wurooji wurooji ==</text>
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Kawtal ngal ngal ngal ngalɗoo golle, 1948 woni kawtal ngal ngal International Labour Organization.&lt;blockquote&gt;Nde o waɗi anniya jaɓugo dabareeji feere-feere dow darnde darnde darnuki darnde golle,...&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Jaɓɓorgo Kewuuji ==
Haa Desemba 2022, kawtal ngal haawnii leyɗe 92 . Nder leyɗe ɗe jaɓii, leyɗe tati ɗon ɗon ɗon ɗon ceede traktate.

== Wurooji wurooji ==</text>
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    <title>Bayyinaango jaɓoowo Hakke Banndiraawo Dowlaaji ɗi ngalaa daande maayo</title>
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Declaration reconnaissant le droit à un drapeau des États dépourvus de littoral (Faransi: Déclaration portant reconnaissance du droit au pavillon des États dépurvus de littorale) ko doolnde 1921 dow dow dow dow dowla dowle ɗe anndini dowla dow leydi ndii haani haani haandi dowla dowlaaji; , dowla dowlo haani haanduki ndiyam e haandi dowle nder maayo e dowla hoore mum.

Haa 2013, ɓurɗe 50 leydi haɓɓii Declaration, e dental leyɗe duniyaaru anndini hakkki dow leydi fuu ngam yahugo ndiyam nder maayo nder hoore mum. Hannde, leyɗe ɗe mbaɗata maayo ɗe mbaɗataa ndiyamji mbaɗata ndiyamji mbaɗi ko [[Armaaniya|Armenia]], [[Otiris|Austria]], [[Aserbayjan|Azerbaijan]], [[Boliwiya|Bolivia]], [[Ecoppi|Ethiopia]], [[Hunngariya|Hungary]], [[Kasakstan|Kazakhstan]], [[Laos]], [[Luksammbuur|Luxembourg]], [[Monngoliya|Mongolia]], [[Moldowa|Moldova]], [[Paraguwaay|Paraguay]], [[Sulowakiya|Slovakia]], [[Suwis|Switzerland]] e [[Turkmenistan]], koo nde ɗeen, Ethiopia e Mongolia tan mbaɗataa maayo/galle maayo to ɓe mbaɗata haa maayo.

Ha wakkati feere, leyɗe ɗe mari laawol to maayo Caspian (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan) ina waawi heɓugo laawol to maayo Black, Baltic, e White Sea e laawol Sistemji ndiyam ɓurɗum ɓurɗum nder Urusiya (UDWS) nder nder nder nder dookaji duniyaaru. Hannde, tonnaji dooje je ɗon yahda nder UDWS ɗon haa ton 10,000, je ɗon marki dowji ɗi ɗon naftora naa' tan dooje nder ladde ladde ladda, ammaa boo dooje ladde laddake.

== Ɓaawoore ==
Nder decenniiji ɗiɗi fuɗnaande karnijum 20, woodi tabbitol dow ko leydi fuɗnaange waawi jaajugo ndiyamji ndiyamji e haani ɓe jaajugo e dow flagji mumji: Faransa, United Kingdom, e [[Almaanya|Germany]] ɗon holli wonde hakke non waawaa walaa ngam ɗum waɗay leydi fuɗnannge ndiyamji nder darnde warugo haani hakkillaaji dow kuuɗe ndiyamji ɗi ɗon jaajugo flagji mum ngam daliila daliila daliili laamuji heɓugo laawol haaji e maayo. Kaŋko konu duuniyaaru [[Farayse|France]], Suwiis taƴii ko ɗuuɗal dow dow dow dow koomboji kuuɓal ngam ɓe ndokka bandira Suwiis.

== Duuɗugo, tiiɗugo, e hujja ==
Caggal konu duuniyaaru arande, ɓesngu leydiji ɗi ɗi ɗi mbaawata maayo, bano Czechoslovakia, Austria, e Hungary, waɗi mawɓe laamuji ɓe ɗon ɗaɓɓa haala. Wato nder nder nder Wato Versailles, Germany jaɓi dow ngam haani dow lesdi ɗi ɗon mbaadi maayo ngam yaajugo jawdi e yimɓe nder lesdi lesdi lesdi lesdi Germany haa nder nder maayo, ngam ɗi ɗon mari boo maral maɓɓe nder nder nder nder manjum.

Declaration'en waɗi ngam hollaago no ɓe njogori. Ɗum waɗi e haɓɓii e nder 20 abriil 1921 diga dow 25 leydi ha Barcelona, Spain, ha Conference of Nations on Communications and Transit, bana addendum to Convention Barcelona e Statute dow Regime of Navigable Waterways of International Concern, je haɓɓii nder nyalaade nden. Deftere nden fuɗɗii fuɗɗugo fuɗɗugo haɓɓugo.

== Ndaare kadi ==

* Fedde ngam huwugo (ngol naftoraama e [[Moldowa|Moldova]], [[Monngoliya|Mongolia]] e [[Boliwiya|Bolivia]]) 

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Declaration reconnaissant le droit à un drapeau des États dépourvus de littoral (Faransi: Déclaration portant reconnaissance du droit au pavillon des États dépurvus de littorale) ko doolnde 1921 dow dow dow dow dowla dowle ɗe anndini dowla dow leydi ndii haani haani haandi dowla dowlaaji; , dowla dowlo haani haanduki ndiyam e haandi dowle nder maayo e dowla hoore mum.

Haa 2013, ɓurɗe 50 leydi haɓɓii Declaration, e dental leyɗe duniyaaru anndini hakkki dow leydi fuu ngam yahugo ndiyam nder maayo nder hoore mum. Hannde, leyɗe ɗe mbaɗata maayo ɗe mbaɗataa ndiyamji mbaɗata ndiyamji mbaɗi ko [[Armaaniya|Armenia]], [[Otiris|Austria]], [[Aserbayjan|Azerbaijan]], [[Boliwiya|Bolivia]], [[Ecoppi|Ethiopia]], [[Hunngariya|Hungary]], [[Kasakstan|Kazakhstan]], [[Laos]], [[Luksammbuur|Luxembourg]], [[Monngoliya|Mongolia]], [[Moldowa|Moldova]], [[Paraguwaay|Paraguay]], [[Sulowakiya|Slovakia]], [[Suwis|Switzerland]] e [[Turkmenistan]], koo nde ɗeen, Ethiopia e Mongolia tan mbaɗataa maayo/galle maayo to ɓe mbaɗata haa maayo.

Ha wakkati feere, leyɗe ɗe mari laawol to maayo Caspian (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan) ina waawi heɓugo laawol to maayo Black, Baltic, e White Sea e laawol Sistemji ndiyam ɓurɗum ɓurɗum nder Urusiya (UDWS) nder nder nder nder dookaji duniyaaru. Hannde, tonnaji dooje je ɗon yahda nder UDWS ɗon haa ton 10,000, je ɗon marki dowji ɗi ɗon naftora naa' tan dooje nder ladde ladde ladda, ammaa boo dooje ladde laddake.

== Ɓaawoore ==
Nder decenniiji ɗiɗi fuɗnaande karnijum 20, woodi tabbitol dow ko leydi fuɗnaange waawi jaajugo ndiyamji ndiyamji e haani ɓe jaajugo e dow flagji mumji: Faransa, United Kingdom, e [[Almaanya|Germany]] ɗon holli wonde hakke non waawaa walaa ngam ɗum waɗay leydi fuɗnannge ndiyamji nder darnde warugo haani hakkillaaji dow kuuɗe ndiyamji ɗi ɗon jaajugo flagji mum ngam daliila daliila daliili laamuji heɓugo laawol haaji e maayo. Kaŋko konu duuniyaaru [[Farayse|France]], Suwiis taƴii ko ɗuuɗal dow dow dow dow koomboji kuuɓal ngam ɓe ndokka bandira Suwiis.

== Duuɗugo, tiiɗugo, e hujja ==
Caggal konu duuniyaaru arande, ɓesngu leydiji ɗi ɗi ɗi mbaawata maayo, bano Czechoslovakia, Austria, e Hungary, waɗi mawɓe laamuji ɓe ɗon ɗaɓɓa haala. Wato nder nder nder Wato Versailles, Germany jaɓi dow ngam haani dow lesdi ɗi ɗon mbaadi maayo ngam yaajugo jawdi e yimɓe nder lesdi lesdi lesdi lesdi Germany haa nder nder maayo, ngam ɗi ɗon mari boo maral maɓɓe nder nder nder nder manjum.

Declaration'en waɗi ngam hollaago no ɓe njogori. Ɗum waɗi e haɓɓii e nder 20 abriil 1921 diga dow 25 leydi ha Barcelona, Spain, ha Conference of Nations on Communications and Transit, bana addendum to Convention Barcelona e Statute dow Regime of Navigable Waterways of International Concern, je haɓɓii nder nyalaade nden. Deftere nden fuɗɗii fuɗɗugo fuɗɗugo haɓɓugo.

== Ndaare kadi ==

* Fedde ngam huwugo (ngol naftoraama e [[Moldowa|Moldova]], [[Monngoliya|Mongolia]] e [[Boliwiya|Bolivia]]) 

== Firooji ==</text>
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    <title>Ndimaagu fedde e reende hakke yuɓɓinde nanondiral</title>
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Fedde Ɓamtaare e Hakkilantaaku Hakkilantaaki (1948) [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312232:NO No 87] woni Fedde Hawrugol International Labor Organization, e go'o nder kawtal joweego nder hakkilantaaku hawtaaku hawtaaki nder hakkillaaji hawtaaku nder golle, bana ko haɓɓii e Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work.

== Ko woni nder ==
Fedde Fedde Ɓamtaare e Hakkiilo Fedde Ɓamɗitinde hawti e darnde, e darnde jeɗɗi e darnde nayi e darnde 21 darnde. Ɗuum kaalaŋgal ngal hawti e haɓɓugol huutore nden, nder jamma tati e go'o nder jamma mawɗo International Labour Organization, nder 17 lewru June 1948. &quot;Wajdi&quot; ɗi waɗi ɗum haɓɓugo dokkal ngal. Ɗe hawti e ko haani e dowla to Saddaaku International Labour Organization; hollaago dowlaaku Philadelphia dow haala ndu; e dowlaaku nde Kawtal Kawtal Goomu Kawtal Leydi, nde o jaɓii jaabawol 1947 ngam &quot;tawi fuu ngam ɗum waawi waɗugo go'o koo go'o nder kaalis duniyaaru&quot;. Ha sakkinde, dowlaaku ɗon wi'a nde ɗum jaɓɓi: 9 lewru Yuli 1948.

Part 1 hawti e darnde sappo je ɗon holla hakkki marɓe e jaajotooɓe &quot;taƴugo nder kuugal ɓe suɓaaɓe ɓe'e, ɓe ngalaa jaajorgal&quot;. Hay kadi ko haani waɗeede e nder goɗɗe goɗɗe. Ɓe ɗon haani, nder huutoreeɓe hakkilooji ɗi, ɓe ɗon tokka tawreeta lesdi. &quot;Wonde ɗe leydi ndii ɗon waɗa, &quot;taa'a ɗon waɗa, naa' ɗum waɗata ngam waɗugo, ko haani nder kaalisol ngol&quot;. Ko woni e dow, darnde 9 wi'i ɗe ɗe naftoroo dow jawdi e polisaji tan no leyɗe lesdi e farillaaji ɗi ɗon waɗa, nden ɗe ɓeydaayi dow leyɗe lesdi ɗe ɗon holla hakkeeji ɗi ɗi ɗon waɗana. Ɗuum darnde 1 wi'i fuu ardiiɓe ILO ɓe haani waɗugo ko haani.

Fedde 2 ɗon wi'a fuu gooduɗo ILO ɗon waɗuki alkawal ngam &quot;ngam kuje je haani e je haani ngam huuwugo kuje e jaajotooɓe ngam huwtoreeɓe hakke ngam hujja&quot;.

Fedde 3, je ɗon hawta dookaaji 12 e 13, ɗon haalaa dow haalaji teknikiji je ɗon hawti e Konwol. Ɗum holli ko haani jaɓugo (go habaru walla go walaa), ko haani yaaki hakkilooji nder konfensiyon ngal e nder &quot;laawol du'aaji&quot;, ɗi laamuji hoore maɓɓe ɗon ɓesda nder nokkuure nde.[ies] Ɗum ɗon anndina kadi laabi jaaynde ngam waylude jaayndeeji ɓooɗi ngam jaɓɓorgo ɗeen hakkilooje. Fedde 4 ɗon holli laabi ngam haɓɓugo haɓɓugo konngol. Konngol ngol fuɗɗii fuɗugo e nder balɗe sappo e ɗiɗi gila nde nde darnde nde darnde mawɗo darnde ngal anndini ɗum ngam rokkude ɗum leyɗe ɗiɗi. Tawi sahaa 4 Julaay 1950, hitaande go'o caggal [[Norwees|Norway]] (ko [[Suwed|Sweden]] waɗi yeeso) haaki Konvent. Fedde 4 boo ɗon holla laabi ngam haaki kawtal, hawti e sahaaji je duuɓi sappo. Deftere nde ɓeydiima holli laabi ɗi waɗata to nde kawtal ngal fuɗɗii ɗum hawtaaki e kawtal kesal, fuu e nder goɗɗi.

== Jaɓɓorgo Kewuuji ==
[[File:Ratifications_of_ILO_C087_-_Freedom_of_Association_and_Protection_of_the_Right_to_Organise_Convention,_1948.svg|thumb|300x300px|Ɗe jaaynde nde'e. Green: tiiɗnaama. Yellow: ratified, ɗum naftirta nder yeeso. Red: naa haɓɓii.]]
Haa febaraar 2024, 158 nder 187 leyɗeele ILO ɗon haɓɓii konngol:

== Ndaare kadi ==

* Dental golle
* Deftere dow hakkiilooji e hakkillaaji ɗi ɗi ɗon haandi nder golle
* Ley golle UK

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Fedde Ɓamtaare e Hakkilantaaku Hakkilantaaki (1948) [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312232:NO No 87] woni Fedde Hawrugol International Labor Organization, e go'o nder kawtal joweego nder hakkilantaaku hawtaaku hawtaaki nder hakkillaaji hawtaaku nder golle, bana ko haɓɓii e Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work.

== Ko woni nder ==
Fedde Fedde Ɓamtaare e Hakkiilo Fedde Ɓamɗitinde hawti e darnde, e darnde jeɗɗi e darnde nayi e darnde 21 darnde. Ɗuum kaalaŋgal ngal hawti e haɓɓugol huutore nden, nder jamma tati e go'o nder jamma mawɗo International Labour Organization, nder 17 lewru June 1948. &quot;Wajdi&quot; ɗi waɗi ɗum haɓɓugo dokkal ngal. Ɗe hawti e ko haani e dowla to Saddaaku International Labour Organization; hollaago dowlaaku Philadelphia dow haala ndu; e dowlaaku nde Kawtal Kawtal Goomu Kawtal Leydi, nde o jaɓii jaabawol 1947 ngam &quot;tawi fuu ngam ɗum waawi waɗugo go'o koo go'o nder kaalis duniyaaru&quot;. Ha sakkinde, dowlaaku ɗon wi'a nde ɗum jaɓɓi: 9 lewru Yuli 1948.

Part 1 hawti e darnde sappo je ɗon holla hakkki marɓe e jaajotooɓe &quot;taƴugo nder kuugal ɓe suɓaaɓe ɓe'e, ɓe ngalaa jaajorgal&quot;. Hay kadi ko haani waɗeede e nder goɗɗe goɗɗe. Ɓe ɗon haani, nder huutoreeɓe hakkilooji ɗi, ɓe ɗon tokka tawreeta lesdi. &quot;Wonde ɗe leydi ndii ɗon waɗa, &quot;taa'a ɗon waɗa, naa' ɗum waɗata ngam waɗugo, ko haani nder kaalisol ngol&quot;. Ko woni e dow, darnde 9 wi'i ɗe ɗe naftoroo dow jawdi e polisaji tan no leyɗe lesdi e farillaaji ɗi ɗon waɗa, nden ɗe ɓeydaayi dow leyɗe lesdi ɗe ɗon holla hakkeeji ɗi ɗi ɗon waɗana. Ɗuum darnde 1 wi'i fuu ardiiɓe ILO ɓe haani waɗugo ko haani.

Fedde 2 ɗon wi'a fuu gooduɗo ILO ɗon waɗuki alkawal ngam &quot;ngam kuje je haani e je haani ngam huuwugo kuje e jaajotooɓe ngam huwtoreeɓe hakke ngam hujja&quot;.

Fedde 3, je ɗon hawta dookaaji 12 e 13, ɗon haalaa dow haalaji teknikiji je ɗon hawti e Konwol. Ɗum holli ko haani jaɓugo (go habaru walla go walaa), ko haani yaaki hakkilooji nder konfensiyon ngal e nder &quot;laawol du'aaji&quot;, ɗi laamuji hoore maɓɓe ɗon ɓesda nder nokkuure nde.[ies] Ɗum ɗon anndina kadi laabi jaaynde ngam waylude jaayndeeji ɓooɗi ngam jaɓɓorgo ɗeen hakkilooje. Fedde 4 ɗon holli laabi ngam haɓɓugo haɓɓugo konngol. Konngol ngol fuɗɗii fuɗugo e nder balɗe sappo e ɗiɗi gila nde nde darnde nde darnde mawɗo darnde ngal anndini ɗum ngam rokkude ɗum leyɗe ɗiɗi. Tawi sahaa 4 Julaay 1950, hitaande go'o caggal [[Norwees|Norway]] (ko [[Suwed|Sweden]] waɗi yeeso) haaki Konvent. Fedde 4 boo ɗon holla laabi ngam haaki kawtal, hawti e sahaaji je duuɓi sappo. Deftere nde ɓeydiima holli laabi ɗi waɗata to nde kawtal ngal fuɗɗii ɗum hawtaaki e kawtal kesal, fuu e nder goɗɗi.

== Jaɓɓorgo Kewuuji ==
[[File:Ratifications_of_ILO_C087_-_Freedom_of_Association_and_Protection_of_the_Right_to_Organise_Convention,_1948.svg|thumb|300x300px|Ɗe jaaynde nde'e. Green: tiiɗnaama. Yellow: ratified, ɗum naftirta nder yeeso. Red: naa haɓɓii.]]
Haa febaraar 2024, 158 nder 187 leyɗeele ILO ɗon haɓɓii konngol:

== Ndaare kadi ==

* Dental golle
* Deftere dow hakkiilooji e hakkillaaji ɗi ɗi ɗon haandi nder golle
* Ley golle UK

== Firooji ==</text>
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    <title>Koolol Geneve gadanol</title>
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Kañum Gine (I) ngam ɓeydaade haala ɓeydaaniɓe nder konu (French: Convention pour l'amélioration du sort des blessés et des malades dans les forces armées en campagne), ko ɓuri anndude no Kañum Geneve koo Kañum Jeeneve I e ko ɓeydaama no '''GCI''', ko kañum nder dookaaji nayi nder kañum Gine 1949. Ko fuɗɗii waɗde e 22 August 1864, ɗum holli &quot;nde dow laabi dookaaji duniyaaru ngam hakkilantaago yimɓe ɓe ɓe mbaɗata konu&quot;.

Caggal nde nde nde arande nde wonnoo nder hitaande 1864, ɗum waylitii e nder hitaande 1906, 1929, nden fuɗɗam e hitaande 1949. Ko Gineewre I hawti e Komiteeji Dentuɗi, ko woni ko fuɗɗii e waɗugo ko nder kaalisji nder kaalis ɗi.

== Taariiha ==
[[File:Henry_Dunant-young.jpg|thumb|Henry Dunant, mo fuɗɗoriiɗo Red CrossƁaarawol Lemmba]]
Ko Gineewre 1864 haɓɓii nder wakkati saɗtinde nder taariha siyasa e konu Europe. konu lesdi Amerika ɗon ɗon ɗon ɗon wurtina diga 1861, nden ɗon ɗon wara diga 750,000 haa 900,000. Hakkunde saɗugo Napoleon nder konu Waterloo nder 1815 e ɓeydaago ɓiyum nder konu Itali nder 1859, laamuji ɗon ɗon ɗon mari jam nder hirnaange Europe.

Ammaa, e nder konu nder Crimea nder duuɓi 1853-1856, konu warti haa Orop, nden wakkati caɗeele ɗe ɗon &quot; nder nokkuure woɗɗunde e ɓurɗe yahugo&quot;, konu nder Itali hirnaange &quot; ɗon yahugo diga nder nder hirnaange Orop fuu, ɗon ɗon maɓɓata bee yimɓe ɗon ɗaɓɓita bee yi'ugo ko'e maɓɓe; &quot; wakkati ƴiiƴam ɗon maɓɓita, yi'ugo ɗum ɗon ɓura e ɓurna. Ko e nder nder nder warugo warugo wargooje, fuɗɗol kawtal Gine e hitaande 1864 fuɗɗii &quot;ngam ɓeydaaki kuuɗe konu nder laabi mawɗi, ɗe yimɓe hirnaange Orop... ɓe njokki ɗum diga Napoleon arandeeji&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;davis&quot; /&gt;

Fedde ngam darnde caaɗeele dow darnde e darnde ngam woɗɓe e maccuɓe konu fuɗɗi nde Henry Dunant, mo ɗon jaɓɓa kuugal ngam yaafuki konu, o yi'i konu Solferino nder hitaande 1859, hakkunde konu Farayse e konu Piemonteese e konu Austrian nder Itali. Ɓaawo ɗon torraaki so'aɓe 40,000 ɓe mbari ɓe acci nder fannu ngam ɓe walaa ciimtol, yimɓe, e ceertuɗe ngam hokkude ɓe wallifaaji ngam ɓe njogita Dunant nder kuuɗe. Nde o wardi to Gine, Dunant wurtini haala maako ''Un Souvenir de Solferino''. O noddi noddugo hawtaade kawtal jaayndeere nden e ɓaawo ɗon o haɓɓii e jaayndeejo Swiss Gustave Moynier, jaaynde nde Red Cross ha hitaande 1863.
[[File:Signing_of_the_first_geneva_convention.jpg|thumb|Jaɓɓorgo Ganndal Gine fuɗɗam e nder goɗɗe mawɗe Europee nder hitaande 1864]]
Jaɓɓorgo Kawtal Ɓalli Ɓalli Ɓaleeji (ICRC), nde anndini &quot;ɗum woni &quot;kaɗal e hakkillaaji lesdi ngam hakkilana jawdi e ɓernde yimɓe mum&quot;, anndini &quot;ko haani haaje, ɓurɗum nder wakkati konu, ngam &quot;ko haajji jaɓɓa ngam ɓeydude... jaɓɓaɓe jaɓɓaɓɓe hakkillaaji ɗi nder lesdi fuu&quot;.  ngam tabbitina ngam jaɓɓaago kuugal maako, o yiɗi hujjaaji ngam laɓɓina kuuɗe maako e ɗe yimɓe ɗon ɗon haɓana.

Ko caggal hitaande go'oto, laamu Suwiis noddi gomnati leyɗe Europe fuu e Amerik, Brazil, e Meksiko ngam ɓe njogii jaaynde diplomasi. Luttuɓe 16 neli limtuɓe 26 haa Gine. Kawtal ngal waɗi hooreejo General Guillaume Henri Dufour. Kawtal ngal waɗi nder suudu Alabama to Geneva's Hotel de Ville (goomu wuro) e 22 August 1864. Kawtal ngal jaɓii Kawtal Gine &quot;ɗam ɓeydaaki haala yimɓe ɓe ɓe mbaroodi nder konu&quot;. Wakilotooɓe dow leyɗe 12 ɓe mbinndi kawtal ngal:

Ngam ɓeydaaki nder ɗereeji ɗi ɗi ɗi ɗon mari kalfinaaji e nootaaki feere-feere, e ɓeydaago boo ngam ɓeydaade ɓeydaare konu e teknoloji konu, ɗereeji asli ɗi ɗon haani haɓɓugo e ɓeydagol, ɓeydaani e haɓɓugo nder kawtal ɗiɗawal Geneva nder hitaande 1906 e Haag Convention nder hitaande 1899 e 1907 ngam ɓeydaggol ɗereeji to konu maayo. Fedde 1906 ɗon ɓeydaama e nde 1929 nde ɓe njaltini ɗum. Ɗum fuɗɗii ɓeydaade e darnde 1949 nde, anndiraa ko Act Final of Geneva Conference, 1949.

Ammaa, bana Jean S. Pictet, mawɗo jaayɗe jaayndeeji ɓalli ɓalli ɓoli, &quot;laawre, ko'e mon, ɗon ɓaawo kuugal; ɗum ɗon ɓaawo ngam haani bee hakkiilooji nguurndam e ɓaleeɓe yimɓe&quot;, bana non, ɗum wajiigu jaaynde &quot;tawi wallude nder ɓesngu sariya, ngam...laawre ɗon haani maaki maaki&quot;, ɓurna fuu nder waylaago e ɓesngu ɗii umrooje je ɗon nder kaalis Gineef.

Ngam haala ɓurna dow kala darnde nder alkawal ngal, ndaaruki defte fuɗɗore nden e baylitol ngol. Won jooni leyɗe 196 jeyaaɗe dow kaɓirɗe Gine 1949 , hawti e kaɓirgal ngal arande, amma kadi hawti e tati.

== Firooji ==</text>
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Kañum Gine (I) ngam ɓeydaade haala ɓeydaaniɓe nder konu (French: Convention pour l'amélioration du sort des blessés et des malades dans les forces armées en campagne), ko ɓuri anndude no Kañum Geneve koo Kañum Jeeneve I e ko ɓeydaama no '''GCI''', ko kañum nder dookaaji nayi nder kañum Gine 1949. Ko fuɗɗii waɗde e 22 August 1864, ɗum holli &quot;nde dow laabi dookaaji duniyaaru ngam hakkilantaago yimɓe ɓe ɓe mbaɗata konu&quot;.

Caggal nde nde nde arande nde wonnoo nder hitaande 1864, ɗum waylitii e nder hitaande 1906, 1929, nden fuɗɗam e hitaande 1949. Ko Gineewre I hawti e Komiteeji Dentuɗi, ko woni ko fuɗɗii e waɗugo ko nder kaalisji nder kaalis ɗi.

== Taariiha ==
[[File:Henry_Dunant-young.jpg|thumb|Henry Dunant, mo fuɗɗoriiɗo Red CrossƁaarawol Lemmba]]
Ko Gineewre 1864 haɓɓii nder wakkati saɗtinde nder taariha siyasa e konu Europe. konu lesdi Amerika ɗon ɗon ɗon ɗon wurtina diga 1861, nden ɗon ɗon wara diga 750,000 haa 900,000. Hakkunde saɗugo Napoleon nder konu Waterloo nder 1815 e ɓeydaago ɓiyum nder konu Itali nder 1859, laamuji ɗon ɗon ɗon mari jam nder hirnaange Europe.

Ammaa, e nder konu nder Crimea nder duuɓi 1853-1856, konu warti haa Orop, nden wakkati caɗeele ɗe ɗon &quot; nder nokkuure woɗɗunde e ɓurɗe yahugo&quot;, konu nder Itali hirnaange &quot; ɗon yahugo diga nder nder hirnaange Orop fuu, ɗon ɗon maɓɓata bee yimɓe ɗon ɗaɓɓita bee yi'ugo ko'e maɓɓe; &quot; wakkati ƴiiƴam ɗon maɓɓita, yi'ugo ɗum ɗon ɓura e ɓurna. Ko e nder nder nder warugo warugo wargooje, fuɗɗol kawtal Gine e hitaande 1864 fuɗɗii &quot;ngam ɓeydaaki kuuɗe konu nder laabi mawɗi, ɗe yimɓe hirnaange Orop... ɓe njokki ɗum diga Napoleon arandeeji&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;davis&quot; /&gt;

Fedde ngam darnde caaɗeele dow darnde e darnde ngam woɗɓe e maccuɓe konu fuɗɗi nde Henry Dunant, mo ɗon jaɓɓa kuugal ngam yaafuki konu, o yi'i konu Solferino nder hitaande 1859, hakkunde konu Farayse e konu Piemonteese e konu Austrian nder Itali. Ɓaawo ɗon torraaki so'aɓe 40,000 ɓe mbari ɓe acci nder fannu ngam ɓe walaa ciimtol, yimɓe, e ceertuɗe ngam hokkude ɓe wallifaaji ngam ɓe njogita Dunant nder kuuɗe. Nde o wardi to Gine, Dunant wurtini haala maako ''Un Souvenir de Solferino''. O noddi noddugo hawtaade kawtal jaayndeere nden e ɓaawo ɗon o haɓɓii e jaayndeejo Swiss Gustave Moynier, jaaynde nde Red Cross ha hitaande 1863.
[[File:Signing_of_the_first_geneva_convention.jpg|thumb|Jaɓɓorgo Ganndal Gine fuɗɗam e nder goɗɗe mawɗe Europee nder hitaande 1864]]
Jaɓɓorgo Kawtal Ɓalli Ɓalli Ɓaleeji (ICRC), nde anndini &quot;ɗum woni &quot;kaɗal e hakkillaaji lesdi ngam hakkilana jawdi e ɓernde yimɓe mum&quot;, anndini &quot;ko haani haaje, ɓurɗum nder wakkati konu, ngam &quot;ko haajji jaɓɓa ngam ɓeydude... jaɓɓaɓe jaɓɓaɓɓe hakkillaaji ɗi nder lesdi fuu&quot;.  ngam tabbitina ngam jaɓɓaago kuugal maako, o yiɗi hujjaaji ngam laɓɓina kuuɗe maako e ɗe yimɓe ɗon ɗon haɓana.

Ko caggal hitaande go'oto, laamu Suwiis noddi gomnati leyɗe Europe fuu e Amerik, Brazil, e Meksiko ngam ɓe njogii jaaynde diplomasi. Luttuɓe 16 neli limtuɓe 26 haa Gine. Kawtal ngal waɗi hooreejo General Guillaume Henri Dufour. Kawtal ngal waɗi nder suudu Alabama to Geneva's Hotel de Ville (goomu wuro) e 22 August 1864. Kawtal ngal jaɓii Kawtal Gine &quot;ɗam ɓeydaaki haala yimɓe ɓe ɓe mbaroodi nder konu&quot;. Wakilotooɓe dow leyɗe 12 ɓe mbinndi kawtal ngal:

Ngam ɓeydaaki nder ɗereeji ɗi ɗi ɗi ɗon mari kalfinaaji e nootaaki feere-feere, e ɓeydaago boo ngam ɓeydaade ɓeydaare konu e teknoloji konu, ɗereeji asli ɗi ɗon haani haɓɓugo e ɓeydagol, ɓeydaani e haɓɓugo nder kawtal ɗiɗawal Geneva nder hitaande 1906 e Haag Convention nder hitaande 1899 e 1907 ngam ɓeydaggol ɗereeji to konu maayo. Fedde 1906 ɗon ɓeydaama e nde 1929 nde ɓe njaltini ɗum. Ɗum fuɗɗii ɓeydaade e darnde 1949 nde, anndiraa ko Act Final of Geneva Conference, 1949.

Ammaa, bana Jean S. Pictet, mawɗo jaayɗe jaayndeeji ɓalli ɓalli ɓoli, &quot;laawre, ko'e mon, ɗon ɓaawo kuugal; ɗum ɗon ɓaawo ngam haani bee hakkiilooji nguurndam e ɓaleeɓe yimɓe&quot;, bana non, ɗum wajiigu jaaynde &quot;tawi wallude nder ɓesngu sariya, ngam...laawre ɗon haani maaki maaki&quot;, ɓurna fuu nder waylaago e ɓesngu ɗii umrooje je ɗon nder kaalis Gineef.

Ngam haala ɓurna dow kala darnde nder alkawal ngal, ndaaruki defte fuɗɗore nden e baylitol ngol. Won jooni leyɗe 196 jeyaaɗe dow kaɓirɗe Gine 1949 , hawti e kaɓirgal ngal arande, amma kadi hawti e tati.

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[[File:USNS_Mercy_T-AH-19.jpg|thumb|Luttugal suudu suudu dowol USNS Mercy nder nder nder United States Navy]]
Kañum Gine (II) ngam ɓeydaade haala yimɓe ɓe ɓe mbari, ɓe mbaɗi e ɓe mbaɗi ndiyam, woni go'o nder dookaaji nayi nder kañum Gine e nder dookaji ɗiɗawɗi e nder doomaji ɗiɗayɗi e nder nder doomaaji ɗiɗayɓe e nder doomaaji ɗiɗee e nder dookaaji ɗiɗayi. Ɗum fuɗɗii haɓɓugo nder hitaande 1949, haa ɗum jeyaa Haag Convention (X) nder hitaande 1907. O ɗon haɓɓii ko'e mum ko'e laamu hakkilantaaku nder Gine Fuuta ngam haɓugo nder maayo.

Ko Gineew II woni dokkal ngal ɓurngal e nder kuuje 63. Ɗuum ko ko ɓuri haani e nder nder nder ko traktata:

Ngam haala ɓurna dow kala darnde nder alkawal ngal, ndaaruki defte fuɗɗore nden e baylitol ngol. Won jooni 196 leyɗe ɗe jeyaa e Gine 1949 Convention, hawti e nder nde ɗiɗawre nde, amma kadi hawti e tati ɗiɗawɗe.

== Ndaare kadi ==

* Kawtal Gine 1949
* [[Koolol Geneve gadanol|Kawtal Gine I]]
* Koolnde Gine III
* Koolnde Gine IV
* Dental yimɓe
* Yimɓe ɓe njaɓaay
* ''Hors de combat''
* Lisi ɓesnguɗe to Jineefɗe</text>
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[[File:USNS_Mercy_T-AH-19.jpg|thumb|Luttugal suudu suudu dowol USNS Mercy nder nder nder United States Navy]]
Kañum Gine (II) ngam ɓeydaade haala yimɓe ɓe ɓe mbari, ɓe mbaɗi e ɓe mbaɗi ndiyam, woni go'o nder dookaaji nayi nder kañum Gine e nder dookaji ɗiɗawɗi e nder doomaji ɗiɗayɗi e nder nder doomaaji ɗiɗayɓe e nder doomaaji ɗiɗee e nder dookaaji ɗiɗayi. Ɗum fuɗɗii haɓɓugo nder hitaande 1949, haa ɗum jeyaa Haag Convention (X) nder hitaande 1907. O ɗon haɓɓii ko'e mum ko'e laamu hakkilantaaku nder Gine Fuuta ngam haɓugo nder maayo.

Ko Gineew II woni dokkal ngal ɓurngal e nder kuuje 63. Ɗuum ko ko ɓuri haani e nder nder nder ko traktata:

Ngam haala ɓurna dow kala darnde nder alkawal ngal, ndaaruki defte fuɗɗore nden e baylitol ngol. Won jooni 196 leyɗe ɗe jeyaa e Gine 1949 Convention, hawti e nder nde ɗiɗawre nde, amma kadi hawti e tati ɗiɗawɗe.

== Ndaare kadi ==

* Kawtal Gine 1949
* [[Koolol Geneve gadanol|Kawtal Gine I]]
* Koolnde Gine III
* Koolnde Gine IV
* Dental yimɓe
* Yimɓe ɓe njaɓaay
* ''Hors de combat''
* Lisi ɓesnguɗe to Jineefɗe</text>
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[[File:POW_Packages_in_1942.jpg|thumb|Goonɗinɓe Ɓalli Ɓalliiɗi ɗon cuɓɓa nyaamdu ngam maccuɓe konu]]
Geneve Convention (III) dow hakkilanaago je'eeɓe konu, ko ɓuri anndude bana Geneve Convention III koo Geneva Convention III e gabbol '''GCIII''', woni go'o nder doolije nayi nder Geneve Convention'en 1949. Ɗum fuɗɗii jaɓugo nder 1929, ammaa ɗum haɓɓii e nder jamma 1949 dow 12 August 1949. GCIII holli hakkilantaaki yimɓe ngam fursina'en konu. Won dowle 196 je ɗon jeyaa e kawtal ngal.

== Fedde II: Hakkilantaaku mawɗo gaɗooɓe konu ==
Ɗuuruki 12 ɗon wi'a fursiniiɓe konu ɗon haani dow lesdi, naa yimɓe ɓe nangiɓe, nden ɓe mbaawataa darugo to lesdi naa' parti to kawtal.

Ɗe kuuje 13 haa 16 ɗon wi'a yimɓe ɓe jeyaaɓe konu ɓe haani haani haade ɓe be yimɓe ɓe walaa hakkilantaaku be ɓe haani hakkilantaaki ngam hakkilantaago.

== Fedde III: Baɗol ==
Fedde 1 ɗon hawta fuɗɗam booftol (Kartikuuje 17-20). Ɗum ɗon holla ko jaaynde mo haani hokkata (&quot;hanjum, innde arande e darnde, nde jibinol, e konu, regimental, hooreejo walla lamba seri&quot;), e laabi jaɓugo ɗe laamu haɓɓugo waawi huutoreede (&quot;Haa'a torra ɓandu malla ɓernde, koo boo feere feere fuɗugo&quot;. O ɗon holla ko jawdi konu haani jogugo e ko ɗum haani wurtugo konu haa nokkuure konu.

Fedde 2 ɗon hawta e jaɓɓorgo fursinaaɓe konu, nden ɗon haɓɓana nder fannuje 8 ɗe hawta:

Fasal 3 (Kartikuuji 49-57) ɗon hawta dow kuuɗe ɗe fursinɗo konu waawaa waɗugo, ngam hakkilantaago kuuɗe bana daraja, duuɓi, e jinsi, nden ngam ɗe walaa hakkilantaaku boo ɗe haɗata waɗugo tan ngam fursinɓe konu ɓe ɗon kuuwa ngam kuuɗe ɗe. Ɗum ɗon anndina dow ko'e bana suudu, cuuɗi jaɓɓugo ngam warugo, e dow ko'o boo to fursinɗo konu ɗon huuwa ngam goɗɗo feere, laamu konu ɗon mari hakkiilo dow maɓɓe. Ɗuum ko e nder karallaagal 62 nder fannu ɗo'o.

Fedde 4 (jiha 58-68) hawti e jawdi jawdi je je je jejeɓe konu.

Fedde 5 (jihaadi 69-74) ɗon hawta dow no yimɓe konu ɗon hawta bee yimɓe fuɗɗiiɓe. Ɗuum hawti e ɗuuɗal ngal fursinɗo konu waawi jaɓɓugo e jaɓɓugo posta, hawti e pakke. Dowla je ɗon ɗaɓɓita woodi hakke je ɗon jaɓɓa dow ko'e posta fuu, ammaa o ɗon waɗa non nder wakkati ɓurɗum.

Fedde 6 hawti e jokkondiral hakkunde fursiniiɓe konu e laamuɓe jaɓooɓe: ɗum haɓɓii to cuttingol tati.

== Fedde IV: Fuuɗuki Baɗol ==
Ɗuum geɗe ina feccina e kuuje tati:

Fasal 1 (ji'a 109-117) hawti e repatriation e jaɓɓorgo nder lesɗe neutral.

Fasal 2 (jiha 118-119) ɗon hawta haɓɓugo e jaɓɓugo booɓe konu ha jungo konu.

Fedde 3 (jiha 120-121) ɗon hawta dow maayde konu.

== Fedde V: Ofisa habaru e jamirooje wallitol ngam fursinaaɓe konu ==
Bureau Information ko goomu nde doole je ɗon jogiiɗo haɓɓuki foondira ngam ɓe ɓeydana yimɓe ɓe ɓe ɗon haɓɓuki e ɓe ɗon haɓa dow ko ɓe yiɗi, bana ko haɓɓii e nder jonde feere feere nder Jinewa Fedde Tatta. Ɗum ɗon haani haɓɓugo &quot;A Central Prisoners of War Information Agency ... footi nder lesdi neutral&quot; ngam huutoraade bana laawol bee laamu to ɗi fursinaaɓe konu ɗon njaɓɓa goɗɗum. Ɗuum darnde ina haani e nder karallaaji 122 haa 125.

Wuro jaɓɓorgo habaru konu haɓɓooɓe nder ɓandu Ɓalli Ɓalli.
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[[File:POW_Packages_in_1942.jpg|thumb|Goonɗinɓe Ɓalli Ɓalliiɗi ɗon cuɓɓa nyaamdu ngam maccuɓe konu]]
Geneve Convention (III) dow hakkilanaago je'eeɓe konu, ko ɓuri anndude bana Geneve Convention III koo Geneva Convention III e gabbol '''GCIII''', woni go'o nder doolije nayi nder Geneve Convention'en 1949. Ɗum fuɗɗii jaɓugo nder 1929, ammaa ɗum haɓɓii e nder jamma 1949 dow 12 August 1949. GCIII holli hakkilantaaki yimɓe ngam fursina'en konu. Won dowle 196 je ɗon jeyaa e kawtal ngal.

== Fedde II: Hakkilantaaku mawɗo gaɗooɓe konu ==
Ɗuuruki 12 ɗon wi'a fursiniiɓe konu ɗon haani dow lesdi, naa yimɓe ɓe nangiɓe, nden ɓe mbaawataa darugo to lesdi naa' parti to kawtal.

Ɗe kuuje 13 haa 16 ɗon wi'a yimɓe ɓe jeyaaɓe konu ɓe haani haani haade ɓe be yimɓe ɓe walaa hakkilantaaku be ɓe haani hakkilantaaki ngam hakkilantaago.

== Fedde III: Baɗol ==
Fedde 1 ɗon hawta fuɗɗam booftol (Kartikuuje 17-20). Ɗum ɗon holla ko jaaynde mo haani hokkata (&quot;hanjum, innde arande e darnde, nde jibinol, e konu, regimental, hooreejo walla lamba seri&quot;), e laabi jaɓugo ɗe laamu haɓɓugo waawi huutoreede (&quot;Haa'a torra ɓandu malla ɓernde, koo boo feere feere fuɗugo&quot;. O ɗon holla ko jawdi konu haani jogugo e ko ɗum haani wurtugo konu haa nokkuure konu.

Fedde 2 ɗon hawta e jaɓɓorgo fursinaaɓe konu, nden ɗon haɓɓana nder fannuje 8 ɗe hawta:

Fasal 3 (Kartikuuji 49-57) ɗon hawta dow kuuɗe ɗe fursinɗo konu waawaa waɗugo, ngam hakkilantaago kuuɗe bana daraja, duuɓi, e jinsi, nden ngam ɗe walaa hakkilantaaku boo ɗe haɗata waɗugo tan ngam fursinɓe konu ɓe ɗon kuuwa ngam kuuɗe ɗe. Ɗum ɗon anndina dow ko'e bana suudu, cuuɗi jaɓɓugo ngam warugo, e dow ko'o boo to fursinɗo konu ɗon huuwa ngam goɗɗo feere, laamu konu ɗon mari hakkiilo dow maɓɓe. Ɗuum ko e nder karallaagal 62 nder fannu ɗo'o.

Fedde 4 (jiha 58-68) hawti e jawdi jawdi je je je jejeɓe konu.

Fedde 5 (jihaadi 69-74) ɗon hawta dow no yimɓe konu ɗon hawta bee yimɓe fuɗɗiiɓe. Ɗuum hawti e ɗuuɗal ngal fursinɗo konu waawi jaɓɓugo e jaɓɓugo posta, hawti e pakke. Dowla je ɗon ɗaɓɓita woodi hakke je ɗon jaɓɓa dow ko'e posta fuu, ammaa o ɗon waɗa non nder wakkati ɓurɗum.

Fedde 6 hawti e jokkondiral hakkunde fursiniiɓe konu e laamuɓe jaɓooɓe: ɗum haɓɓii to cuttingol tati.

== Fedde IV: Fuuɗuki Baɗol ==
Ɗuum geɗe ina feccina e kuuje tati:

Fasal 1 (ji'a 109-117) hawti e repatriation e jaɓɓorgo nder lesɗe neutral.

Fasal 2 (jiha 118-119) ɗon hawta haɓɓugo e jaɓɓugo booɓe konu ha jungo konu.

Fedde 3 (jiha 120-121) ɗon hawta dow maayde konu.

== Fedde V: Ofisa habaru e jamirooje wallitol ngam fursinaaɓe konu ==
Bureau Information ko goomu nde doole je ɗon jogiiɗo haɓɓuki foondira ngam ɓe ɓeydana yimɓe ɓe ɓe ɗon haɓɓuki e ɓe ɗon haɓa dow ko ɓe yiɗi, bana ko haɓɓii e nder jonde feere feere nder Jinewa Fedde Tatta. Ɗum ɗon haani haɓɓugo &quot;A Central Prisoners of War Information Agency ... footi nder lesdi neutral&quot; ngam huutoraade bana laawol bee laamu to ɗi fursinaaɓe konu ɗon njaɓɓa goɗɗum. Ɗuum darnde ina haani e nder karallaaji 122 haa 125.

Wuro jaɓɓorgo habaru konu haɓɓooɓe nder ɓandu Ɓalli Ɓalli.
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    <title>Koolol Geneve nayaɓol</title>
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Geneva Convention (IV) dow hakkilantaaku yimɓe civil nder wakkati konu (French: Convention relative à la protection des personnes civiles en temps de guerre), ɓurɗo anndude bana Fourth Geneva Convention ko Geneva Convention IV (gurtinaama '''GCIV'''), woni go'o nder dooli go'o dow Geneva Conventions 1949 . Ɗum jaɓii ñalnde 12 lewru August 1949, e o fuɗɗii waɗugo nder lewru oktoobar 1950. Nde kawtal tati fuɗnaande 1949 ɗon hawta e warɓe, Kawtal Gine IV woni mawɗo hawtaago e hakkilantaaki yimɓe nder konu. GCIV ɗon holla hakkilantaaku yimɓe. Won jooni leyɗe 196 jeyaaɗe dow Ɗuumol Gine 1949 , hawti e ɗoon e dow dooliiɗe goɗɗe tati.

Kañgal Gine IV ɗon hawta tan e yimɓe ummoriiɓe nder lesdi ɗi ɗo'o, naa e kuuɗe konu, bana no ɓe mbaɗata bee bombingol konu nder konu duuniyaaru ɗiɗawre. Nder ɗuuɗal darnde mum, GCIV ɗon haɗina laaɓɗum darnde yimɓe laamu jooɗorɗo nder lesdi ɗi ɗon jooɗorgo.

Protocol Additional I e hitaande 1977 to Geneva Conventions (API) 1949 ina haɗii fuu ko waɗata &quot; yimɓe e yimɓe e yimɓe &quot;.  [[note 3]&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; O haɗii kadi &quot; ko waɗata yimɓe &quot; bana &quot; ko waɗataa yimɓe e yimɓe, ko waɗata ɓe, ko waɗataa ɓe, ko ɓeydaani e yimɓe, koo ko haɗata ɓe, ɗum ɓeydaaki e dow ko ɓe keɓa haa ɓe keɓa ɓe&quot;.   Haa ɓaawo konu duuniyaaru ɗiɗaɓo timmi nder 1945, hujjaji ɗiɗawre ɗon hokki daliila ngam waɗugo nder konu.

Nder hitaande 1993, Kawtal jamirooje kawtal kawtal kawgel kawtal kawti e jaaynde mawɗo e jaayndiyankooɓe, ɓe mbi'i ko kaɓirɗe Gine ɓaditi nder ko'e jonde caaɗeele keewɗe, ngam maajum ɓe waɗii ɗe binditaaki dow ɓe ɓe ngalaa jaayndiyaaɓe kaɓirɗi ɗi dow ko'e nder kaɓirɗum.

== Fedde I. Ɗuɓɓudi goɗɗi ==
[[File:Warsaw_1939_refugees_and_soldier.jpg|thumb|Warsaw 1939 ɓaleeɓe e sooja]]
Ɗo ɗon holla ko haani ngam haalde Gine IV:

=== Kuulal 2: Fulfulde Konte ===
Ɗuum darnde 2 wi'i ɓe ɗon haɓɓii e konfensiyonji ɗi ɗon haɓɓoo nder konu, nder hawtaade konu to warugo naa' ɗum haɓɓii, e nder haɓɓugo lesdi feere.

=== Article 3: Kaɓirɗe ɗe wonaa ɗe caaɗtirɗe ===
Ɗuum darnde 3 wi'i, koo to walaa ko'e hawtaade e dowle, dowle fuu doole ɓe ɗon tokka ko'e hakkille ɗe ɓe mbi'ata: yimɓe ɓe ɗon njaɓa konu, yimɓe ɓe ɗon jeyaaɓe e dowle hawɓe, e yimɓe ɓe ɗon jaɓa ɓe ɗon njaɓɓa konu (ɓe njaɓa konu) ngam ɓe ɗon maaro, ɓe ɗon jeya, koo ngam daliila feere feere fuu, ɓe ɗon haani yaaki yimɓe, bee haɗuki ɗi ɗon:

== Fedde IV. Fulfulde Kuftal ==
Ɗuum geɗe ɗon hawta &quot;ji'aadiji ɗi'i ɗi'i e ɗi'i je ɗon haani waɗugo ha jonde jaayndeere ngam huutoree laawol huutoreede ɗum'en ɗon hawroto nder darnde nde'e&quot; (1). Ɓe ɗon nandi nder kaakaaji Ginewa nayi fuu.</text>
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Geneva Convention (IV) dow hakkilantaaku yimɓe civil nder wakkati konu (French: Convention relative à la protection des personnes civiles en temps de guerre), ɓurɗo anndude bana Fourth Geneva Convention ko Geneva Convention IV (gurtinaama '''GCIV'''), woni go'o nder dooli go'o dow Geneva Conventions 1949 . Ɗum jaɓii ñalnde 12 lewru August 1949, e o fuɗɗii waɗugo nder lewru oktoobar 1950. Nde kawtal tati fuɗnaande 1949 ɗon hawta e warɓe, Kawtal Gine IV woni mawɗo hawtaago e hakkilantaaki yimɓe nder konu. GCIV ɗon holla hakkilantaaku yimɓe. Won jooni leyɗe 196 jeyaaɗe dow Ɗuumol Gine 1949 , hawti e ɗoon e dow dooliiɗe goɗɗe tati.

Kañgal Gine IV ɗon hawta tan e yimɓe ummoriiɓe nder lesdi ɗi ɗo'o, naa e kuuɗe konu, bana no ɓe mbaɗata bee bombingol konu nder konu duuniyaaru ɗiɗawre. Nder ɗuuɗal darnde mum, GCIV ɗon haɗina laaɓɗum darnde yimɓe laamu jooɗorɗo nder lesdi ɗi ɗon jooɗorgo.

Protocol Additional I e hitaande 1977 to Geneva Conventions (API) 1949 ina haɗii fuu ko waɗata &quot; yimɓe e yimɓe e yimɓe &quot;.  [[note 3]&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; O haɗii kadi &quot; ko waɗata yimɓe &quot; bana &quot; ko waɗataa yimɓe e yimɓe, ko waɗata ɓe, ko waɗataa ɓe, ko ɓeydaani e yimɓe, koo ko haɗata ɓe, ɗum ɓeydaaki e dow ko ɓe keɓa haa ɓe keɓa ɓe&quot;.   Haa ɓaawo konu duuniyaaru ɗiɗaɓo timmi nder 1945, hujjaji ɗiɗawre ɗon hokki daliila ngam waɗugo nder konu.

Nder hitaande 1993, Kawtal jamirooje kawtal kawtal kawgel kawtal kawti e jaaynde mawɗo e jaayndiyankooɓe, ɓe mbi'i ko kaɓirɗe Gine ɓaditi nder ko'e jonde caaɗeele keewɗe, ngam maajum ɓe waɗii ɗe binditaaki dow ɓe ɓe ngalaa jaayndiyaaɓe kaɓirɗi ɗi dow ko'e nder kaɓirɗum.

== Fedde I. Ɗuɓɓudi goɗɗi ==
[[File:Warsaw_1939_refugees_and_soldier.jpg|thumb|Warsaw 1939 ɓaleeɓe e sooja]]
Ɗo ɗon holla ko haani ngam haalde Gine IV:

=== Kuulal 2: Fulfulde Konte ===
Ɗuum darnde 2 wi'i ɓe ɗon haɓɓii e konfensiyonji ɗi ɗon haɓɓoo nder konu, nder hawtaade konu to warugo naa' ɗum haɓɓii, e nder haɓɓugo lesdi feere.

=== Article 3: Kaɓirɗe ɗe wonaa ɗe caaɗtirɗe ===
Ɗuum darnde 3 wi'i, koo to walaa ko'e hawtaade e dowle, dowle fuu doole ɓe ɗon tokka ko'e hakkille ɗe ɓe mbi'ata: yimɓe ɓe ɗon njaɓa konu, yimɓe ɓe ɗon jeyaaɓe e dowle hawɓe, e yimɓe ɓe ɗon jaɓa ɓe ɗon njaɓɓa konu (ɓe njaɓa konu) ngam ɓe ɗon maaro, ɓe ɗon jeya, koo ngam daliila feere feere fuu, ɓe ɗon haani yaaki yimɓe, bee haɗuki ɗi ɗon:

== Fedde IV. Fulfulde Kuftal ==
Ɗuum geɗe ɗon hawta &quot;ji'aadiji ɗi'i ɗi'i e ɗi'i je ɗon haani waɗugo ha jonde jaayndeere ngam huutoree laawol huutoreede ɗum'en ɗon hawroto nder darnde nde'e&quot; (1). Ɓe ɗon nandi nder kaakaaji Ginewa nayi fuu.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kuule La Haye–Visby</title>
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Haag-Visby Rules be be be be set international rules for the international sea freight. Ɓe ɗon jeyaa e feeroore fooyre nder sariila Haag fuɗɗam, ɗi ɓe ɓesdi nder Brussels nder 1924.

Fedde Haag-Visby Rules (e nder jonde English common law nde Rules'en ɗon ƴiwo) woni dow darnde darnde darngal dow darnde dow darnde, nden ngam hakkilana ɓurɓe darnde dardaade darnde darndaangal darnde darndoowo/darnde darnde, darnde darnugo darnde daranaade darnde dow dow darnde. Ammaa, Hague e Hague-Visby Rules ɗon ɓeyda dow hakkilantaaku keso ngam jaajotooɓe cargo; sariyaaji English gaɗa 1924 ɗon hokki hakkilantaaki ɓeydi ngam jaajinooɓe cargo, e ɓe ɗon hokki &quot;jooji marɓe cargo&quot;. 

&quot;Kololol ngol hawti e &quot;Kolwol ngal hawti e huutoreeji dow ko'e leyɗe ɗe ɓe njogii dow ko'i dow ko'a&quot;. Caggal nde ɓe waylitii e Brussels Amendments (officially the &quot;Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading&quot;) e 1968, Rules became colloquially known as the Hague-Visby Rules.

Ɓeydaaki haɓɓuki SDR nder hitaande 1979. Leyɗe ɗuuɗɗe ɗon njaɓa haaki haaki-Visby Rules e ɗon njaɓa Haaki Rules 1924. Fuu leyɗe goɗɗe ɗe ɓeydi haa Haag-Visby ɓaawo ɗon ɓe njaɓaayi SDR Protocol 1979.

== Fedde huutoreede ==
Hague-Visby Rules be nder law English be Sea Carriage Act 1971, be be be be law both be the provisions of the statute be the text of the rules be applicable in law. Ngam misaalu, ngam daliila darnde I (c) nder Rules ɗon ƴettu dabbaaji goɗɗi e karallaaji dow deck, darnde 1 (7) ɗon hokki ɗi nder &quot;ji'aaji&quot;. Kadi, so tawtoreede III (4) holli dow dowla dowla dowle ngam wonde &quot;awdi dowla dow dowla e dowla dow laɓɓinaago ko'e nder jungo, &quot; leygal 4 nder Law dow Lamarɗe e maayo 1992 maɓɓiti dowla dowlu dowla dowlo ngam wonde &quot;&quot;awdi dowlo&quot;.

E nder artigo X, Rules do apply to &quot;a) bill of lading do be issued in a Contracting State, or (b) transport is from a port in a Contract State, or, (c) contract (of transport) provides that (the) Rules ... do be governed the contract&quot;. To Rules huutoree, ko'e maɓɓe fuu ɓe hawti nder konngol jaaynde, nden ko'e nder artiiki III (8) ɓe ngalaa ko'e ɓe hawti e Rules.

== Kuugal jaayɓe ==
E nder Sariya, kuugal mawɗo jaaynde'en woni &quot;ngam e hakkillaaji laaɓɗi e laaɓɗi ngam &quot;ngam, jonta, jontaade, jaɓɓugo, rokkata, jaɓɓude, jaɓɓinde, e jaɓɓugo kuuje ɗe jaɓɓetee&quot; e &quot;ngam waɗugo ... jaaynde ngam ... waɗugo jaaynde&quot; e &quot;... jaɓɓugo jaayndi, jaɓɓorgo e jaɓɓorgal jaaynde&quot;. Ɗum ɗon taƴa (daga dookaaji goɗɗi) ko jaayɗo na'i waawaa yaaki dow laawol haani e laawol haani; amma darnde IV (4) ɗon holla &quot;ko yaaki dow kisndam maa yaaki kisndam e jawdi nder maayo malla yaaki dow yaaki dow ko yaaki dow maajum, walaa ko yaaki ngam yaaki dow ɗii Nokkuuji&quot;.

Kuugal jaayɗo naa' &quot;ngol&quot;, ammaa ko haani tan ko haani haandiji e jaayɗe; e darnde IV ɗon hokki jaayɗo haalaji ɗuuɗɗi ngam yaafugo mo daga hakkillaaji dow dow dow dow ko'e je'e. Ɗee ƴettuɗe hawti e halki ko'e ko'e nder kuuje ɗe: yiite, haɗiiji nder maayo, Kuugal Allah, e konu. Ɗuum je ɗon haɓɓii dow ko haɓɓii e dow ko hawtata &quot;ko hooreejo maral ngal &quot;taƴii ko haɓɓaa ko haɓɓata ko haɓɓataa ko haɓɓetee ko haɓɓoo e nder laawol walla nder jaango ndiyam&quot;. Ɗuum darnde ɗon haani haani ha haaniɗo; nden both the later Hamburg Rules (which require contracting states to denounce the Hague-Visby Rules) and the Rotterdam Rules (who are not yet in force) refuse exemption for negligent navigation and management.

Kadi, to Rules Haag-Visby yiɗi ndiyam be yahugo yahugo tan &quot;kaŋko e fuɗɗam&quot; yahugo, to Rules Rotterdam yahugo on haani yahugo ndiyam nder yahugo (ko goonga, darnde keso nden yahugo to haala yahugo nder maayo).

== Kuugal marɗo ==
Ha tawii, jaayndiyankeejo ina jogii hakkeeji feewde (ji ɓuri fuu, ɗi ɗi ɗiɗmetee), ko wayi no: (i) jaaynde; (ii) jaayndiyaaji jaaynde huutoreede; (iii) baylitde jaayndiya e goonga; (iv) jaayndaaki jaayndi (to ɓe njaɓaay); e (v) jaayndiyaaki jaaynde jaaynde no ɓe njaɓaani; (q.v. &quot;teddungal jaayndi&quot;). Walaa ko'e ɗii ɗofte jaayndeeji ɗi ɓe'e waɗata nder sariyaaji, ammaa ɓe'e ɓe'e ɓurtata waɗugo kuuɗe nder kontraka.

== Fedde nde ==
Nder daliila 10 tan, kuuje ɗe ɗon mari kuuje ɗe ɓurɗe, amma ɗe ɗon woodi kuuje ɗuuɗɗe. Nde, caggal duuɓi 44 e nder anndal, sariyaaji 1924 ɓe ɓeydi e laaɓal go'o, ɓe ɗon hawti e jaɓɓorgo ndiyam tan (ji'eteeɗum jaɓɓorgal ɓeydi-ngam), ɓe ɗon anndina saɗtital jaɓɓorɗe nder duuɓi 1950. Kadi, UNCTAD tawi ɓe ɗon ɓeyda hakkilantaaku to ɓe ɗon jaɓa nder jonde ɗe jonde Angalteer ɗon mari, ɓe ɗon taƴina ha wakkere maajum dokkal Hamburg ɓurɗum habaru nder 1978, ɗi ɓesdi ɓesdi nder lesdi ɓamtaare, ammaa ɓurna ''fuu'' ɓe ɗon yi'a ngam ummaatooje ɗe ɗon jaɓa jonde. Sariya Rotterdam hannde, e dowji 96 beji, ina woodi ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo e hawtaade e jaɓɓorgo dowji ɗuuɗɗi, ammaa ɗon haaɗa bee huutoreeji fuu.
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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Haag-Visby Rules be be be be set international rules for the international sea freight. Ɓe ɗon jeyaa e feeroore fooyre nder sariila Haag fuɗɗam, ɗi ɓe ɓesdi nder Brussels nder 1924.

Fedde Haag-Visby Rules (e nder jonde English common law nde Rules'en ɗon ƴiwo) woni dow darnde darnde darngal dow darnde dow darnde, nden ngam hakkilana ɓurɓe darnde dardaade darnde darndaangal darnde darndoowo/darnde darnde, darnde darnugo darnde daranaade darnde dow dow darnde. Ammaa, Hague e Hague-Visby Rules ɗon ɓeyda dow hakkilantaaku keso ngam jaajotooɓe cargo; sariyaaji English gaɗa 1924 ɗon hokki hakkilantaaki ɓeydi ngam jaajinooɓe cargo, e ɓe ɗon hokki &quot;jooji marɓe cargo&quot;. 

&quot;Kololol ngol hawti e &quot;Kolwol ngal hawti e huutoreeji dow ko'e leyɗe ɗe ɓe njogii dow ko'i dow ko'a&quot;. Caggal nde ɓe waylitii e Brussels Amendments (officially the &quot;Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading&quot;) e 1968, Rules became colloquially known as the Hague-Visby Rules.

Ɓeydaaki haɓɓuki SDR nder hitaande 1979. Leyɗe ɗuuɗɗe ɗon njaɓa haaki haaki-Visby Rules e ɗon njaɓa Haaki Rules 1924. Fuu leyɗe goɗɗe ɗe ɓeydi haa Haag-Visby ɓaawo ɗon ɓe njaɓaayi SDR Protocol 1979.

== Fedde huutoreede ==
Hague-Visby Rules be nder law English be Sea Carriage Act 1971, be be be be law both be the provisions of the statute be the text of the rules be applicable in law. Ngam misaalu, ngam daliila darnde I (c) nder Rules ɗon ƴettu dabbaaji goɗɗi e karallaaji dow deck, darnde 1 (7) ɗon hokki ɗi nder &quot;ji'aaji&quot;. Kadi, so tawtoreede III (4) holli dow dowla dowla dowle ngam wonde &quot;awdi dowla dow dowla e dowla dow laɓɓinaago ko'e nder jungo, &quot; leygal 4 nder Law dow Lamarɗe e maayo 1992 maɓɓiti dowla dowlu dowla dowlo ngam wonde &quot;&quot;awdi dowlo&quot;.

E nder artigo X, Rules do apply to &quot;a) bill of lading do be issued in a Contracting State, or (b) transport is from a port in a Contract State, or, (c) contract (of transport) provides that (the) Rules ... do be governed the contract&quot;. To Rules huutoree, ko'e maɓɓe fuu ɓe hawti nder konngol jaaynde, nden ko'e nder artiiki III (8) ɓe ngalaa ko'e ɓe hawti e Rules.

== Kuugal jaayɓe ==
E nder Sariya, kuugal mawɗo jaaynde'en woni &quot;ngam e hakkillaaji laaɓɗi e laaɓɗi ngam &quot;ngam, jonta, jontaade, jaɓɓugo, rokkata, jaɓɓude, jaɓɓinde, e jaɓɓugo kuuje ɗe jaɓɓetee&quot; e &quot;ngam waɗugo ... jaaynde ngam ... waɗugo jaaynde&quot; e &quot;... jaɓɓugo jaayndi, jaɓɓorgo e jaɓɓorgal jaaynde&quot;. Ɗum ɗon taƴa (daga dookaaji goɗɗi) ko jaayɗo na'i waawaa yaaki dow laawol haani e laawol haani; amma darnde IV (4) ɗon holla &quot;ko yaaki dow kisndam maa yaaki kisndam e jawdi nder maayo malla yaaki dow yaaki dow ko yaaki dow maajum, walaa ko yaaki ngam yaaki dow ɗii Nokkuuji&quot;.

Kuugal jaayɗo naa' &quot;ngol&quot;, ammaa ko haani tan ko haani haandiji e jaayɗe; e darnde IV ɗon hokki jaayɗo haalaji ɗuuɗɗi ngam yaafugo mo daga hakkillaaji dow dow dow dow ko'e je'e. Ɗee ƴettuɗe hawti e halki ko'e ko'e nder kuuje ɗe: yiite, haɗiiji nder maayo, Kuugal Allah, e konu. Ɗuum je ɗon haɓɓii dow ko haɓɓii e dow ko hawtata &quot;ko hooreejo maral ngal &quot;taƴii ko haɓɓaa ko haɓɓata ko haɓɓataa ko haɓɓetee ko haɓɓoo e nder laawol walla nder jaango ndiyam&quot;. Ɗuum darnde ɗon haani haani ha haaniɗo; nden both the later Hamburg Rules (which require contracting states to denounce the Hague-Visby Rules) and the Rotterdam Rules (who are not yet in force) refuse exemption for negligent navigation and management.

Kadi, to Rules Haag-Visby yiɗi ndiyam be yahugo yahugo tan &quot;kaŋko e fuɗɗam&quot; yahugo, to Rules Rotterdam yahugo on haani yahugo ndiyam nder yahugo (ko goonga, darnde keso nden yahugo to haala yahugo nder maayo).

== Kuugal marɗo ==
Ha tawii, jaayndiyankeejo ina jogii hakkeeji feewde (ji ɓuri fuu, ɗi ɗi ɗiɗmetee), ko wayi no: (i) jaaynde; (ii) jaayndiyaaji jaaynde huutoreede; (iii) baylitde jaayndiya e goonga; (iv) jaayndaaki jaayndi (to ɓe njaɓaay); e (v) jaayndiyaaki jaaynde jaaynde no ɓe njaɓaani; (q.v. &quot;teddungal jaayndi&quot;). Walaa ko'e ɗii ɗofte jaayndeeji ɗi ɓe'e waɗata nder sariyaaji, ammaa ɓe'e ɓe'e ɓurtata waɗugo kuuɗe nder kontraka.

== Fedde nde ==
Nder daliila 10 tan, kuuje ɗe ɗon mari kuuje ɗe ɓurɗe, amma ɗe ɗon woodi kuuje ɗuuɗɗe. Nde, caggal duuɓi 44 e nder anndal, sariyaaji 1924 ɓe ɓeydi e laaɓal go'o, ɓe ɗon hawti e jaɓɓorgo ndiyam tan (ji'eteeɗum jaɓɓorgal ɓeydi-ngam), ɓe ɗon anndina saɗtital jaɓɓorɗe nder duuɓi 1950. Kadi, UNCTAD tawi ɓe ɗon ɓeyda hakkilantaaku to ɓe ɗon jaɓa nder jonde ɗe jonde Angalteer ɗon mari, ɓe ɗon taƴina ha wakkere maajum dokkal Hamburg ɓurɗum habaru nder 1978, ɗi ɓesdi ɓesdi nder lesdi ɓamtaare, ammaa ɓurna ''fuu'' ɓe ɗon yi'a ngam ummaatooje ɗe ɗon jaɓa jonde. Sariya Rotterdam hannde, e dowji 96 beji, ina woodi ko ɓuri ɗuuɗugo e hawtaade e jaɓɓorgo dowji ɗuuɗɗi, ammaa ɗon haaɗa bee huutoreeji fuu.
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]

==firooji==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nanondiral jowitiingal e naatgol geɗe jaŋde e ganndal e pinal</title>
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      <id>176860</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>12706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355682169|Agreement on the Importation of Educational, Scientific and Cultural Materials]]&quot;</comment>
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Ɗuum dow dow kawtal dow jaayndeeji jaayndeeje, anndal e aada (ngam anndiraa kadi dow kawtal Florence) woni kawtal [[UNESCO]] nder hitaande 1950 nde leyɗe nganndi ngam jaayndeede toɗɗaaji kalfinaaji dow kuuje jaayndeje, anndal, e aada ɗe jaaynde.

== Ko woni nder ==
Kuɓol ngal hawti e dow dow dow ko'e nder doofal ngal hawti bee defte ɗe ɗabbi, bolle, bolle ngam ummaatoore, ko'e ummaatoore boo, ko'en feere, kuuɗe seniije, ko'a duuɓi 100 ɓurii, kuɓol anndal huutoreeɓe nder ekkitinol walla kuudi, e filmji ekkitinɗi. Ɗuum Fedde ngal huutoroo ko e dow kuuje ɗe ina woodi kuuje ɗuuɗɗe ɗe kuuje kuuje kuugal.

== Foondude e dowlaje goɗɗe ==
Ɗuum jangol ngol haɓɓiti e jaaynde 17 lewru junngo 1950, ha kawtal UNESCO ngal waɗii e Florence, Itali. Ɗum haɓɓii ngam sainiingo e 22 lewru Noofambar 1950 to Lake Success, New York, e fuɗɗii waɗugo e 21 lewru Mee 1952. Haa 2014, ɗum haɓɓii 29 leyɗe e haɓɓii 102 leyɗe, ɗum hawti e leyɗe 101 leyɗe goɗɗe nder kawtal kawtal kawgel kawtal kawtuɗe e Daande Ceniiɗe. Dowlaaji ɗi ɓe mbinndi, ammaa ɓe mbinndaaki dow Ɗuumol ngol ngoni [[Colombia|Kolombiya]], Dominican Republic, [[Ekwadoor|Ecuador]], [[Gine-Bissaawo|Guinea-Bissau]], Honduras, e [[Peru]]. Walaa wakkati ngam sainiigo koo haakiigo gooduɗo.

== Protocol ==
Nder 26 lewru Noofambar 1976, Protocol to Dental dow Haɓɓugo Fedde Fedde Fandango, Fedde Fannu e Fedde Fandi, haani waɗugo nder [[Nairobi]], Kenya. Protocol, ko anndiraa kadi '''Protocol Nairobi''', ɓeydi ko haani nder kuuje ɗe nder nder alkawal ngal. Protocol ngal fuɗɗii huwtoreede e 2 lewru Janaayo 1982 nden haa e 2013 ɗum haɓɓii e leyɗe 13 nden ɗum haɓɓiti e leyɗe 46. [[Niw-Zilannda|New Zealand]] e [[Oman]] ɗon haɓɓii, ammaa ɓe ɗon haɓɓita Protocol.

== Wurooji wurooji ==

* Ɗe dow dow dow dow haala e baylitol, unesco.org
* Ɗuum ko firti e tiiɗinki, un.org
* Ɗuum ko deftere e baylitol Protocol, unesco.org
* Ɗuɓɓugo Protocol e tiiɗinki, un.org</text>
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        <id>12706</id>
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Ɗuum dow dow kawtal dow jaayndeeji jaayndeeje, anndal e aada (ngam anndiraa kadi dow kawtal Florence) woni kawtal [[UNESCO]] nder hitaande 1950 nde leyɗe nganndi ngam jaayndeede toɗɗaaji kalfinaaji dow kuuje jaayndeje, anndal, e aada ɗe jaaynde.

== Ko woni nder ==
Kuɓol ngal hawti e dow dow dow ko'e nder doofal ngal hawti bee defte ɗe ɗabbi, bolle, bolle ngam ummaatoore, ko'e ummaatoore boo, ko'en feere, kuuɗe seniije, ko'a duuɓi 100 ɓurii, kuɓol anndal huutoreeɓe nder ekkitinol walla kuudi, e filmji ekkitinɗi. Ɗuum Fedde ngal huutoroo ko e dow kuuje ɗe ina woodi kuuje ɗuuɗɗe ɗe kuuje kuuje kuugal.

== Foondude e dowlaje goɗɗe ==
Ɗuum jangol ngol haɓɓiti e jaaynde 17 lewru junngo 1950, ha kawtal UNESCO ngal waɗii e Florence, Itali. Ɗum haɓɓii ngam sainiingo e 22 lewru Noofambar 1950 to Lake Success, New York, e fuɗɗii waɗugo e 21 lewru Mee 1952. Haa 2014, ɗum haɓɓii 29 leyɗe e haɓɓii 102 leyɗe, ɗum hawti e leyɗe 101 leyɗe goɗɗe nder kawtal kawtal kawgel kawtal kawtuɗe e Daande Ceniiɗe. Dowlaaji ɗi ɓe mbinndi, ammaa ɓe mbinndaaki dow Ɗuumol ngol ngoni [[Colombia|Kolombiya]], Dominican Republic, [[Ekwadoor|Ecuador]], [[Gine-Bissaawo|Guinea-Bissau]], Honduras, e [[Peru]]. Walaa wakkati ngam sainiigo koo haakiigo gooduɗo.

== Protocol ==
Nder 26 lewru Noofambar 1976, Protocol to Dental dow Haɓɓugo Fedde Fedde Fandango, Fedde Fannu e Fedde Fandi, haani waɗugo nder [[Nairobi]], Kenya. Protocol, ko anndiraa kadi '''Protocol Nairobi''', ɓeydi ko haani nder kuuje ɗe nder nder alkawal ngal. Protocol ngal fuɗɗii huwtoreede e 2 lewru Janaayo 1982 nden haa e 2013 ɗum haɓɓii e leyɗe 13 nden ɗum haɓɓiti e leyɗe 46. [[Niw-Zilannda|New Zealand]] e [[Oman]] ɗon haɓɓii, ammaa ɓe ɗon haɓɓita Protocol.

== Wurooji wurooji ==

* Ɗe dow dow dow dow haala e baylitol, unesco.org
* Ɗuum ko firti e tiiɗinki, un.org
* Ɗuum ko deftere e baylitol Protocol, unesco.org
* Ɗuɓɓugo Protocol e tiiɗinki, un.org</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Koolol hakkunde leyɗeele ngam wallitde naatgol eɓɓooji njulaagu e kaɓirɗe yeeynooje</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>42673</id>
    <revision>
      <id>176862</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T18:36:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>12706</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359038117|International Convention to Facilitate the Importation of Commercial Samples and Advertising Material]]&quot;</comment>
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Kaɓɓol International Convention to Facilitate the Importation of Commercial Samples and Advertising Material woni kaɓɓol do ummaatooje kawtal dow hitaande 1952. Dowlaaji ɗi ɓe nganndi traktateer ngal ɗon njaɓɓa ngam ɓe acca sampuulaaji ɗi ɗi ɗi ɗi'i e kuuje ɗi ɓe ngaɗata nder leydi ɗi'i ɓe njaɓaay ceede.

Kañum hokkata jaayɗe jaayɗe ɗe &quot;fotaaki&quot; ngam jaayɗe. Ɗum ɗon hokkata hokkugo jaayɗe jaayndeeji bana catalogi, listikki jaayndeeje, e jaayndeego. 

Kawtal ngal waɗi haa Gine 7 Noofambar 1952. Ɗum saini diga leyɗe je je je je ɗon je ɗon fuɗɗi huutoree e 20 Noofambar 1955. Kaɓirgal ngal ɓeydi ɓeydi ɗum haɓɓugo e kawtal ngal ngal ngal ngal hawti e carnet E.C.S. ngam jaɓɓaade e nder nder nder nder jaɓɓaare e nder hitaande 1957 nden ngal ngal ngal ɓeydii e kawtal ngol ngal ngal ngal haɓɓii e carnet A.T.A. ngam jaɓɓude e nder nder hitaande 1961.

As of 2013, the convention had 66 state parties. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ndaare kadi ==

* ATA Carnet
* Ɗuɓɓere ngam ngam jaɓɓude
* Lisi mailing

== Wurooji wurooji ==

* [https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetailsII.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=XI-A-5&amp;chapter=11&amp;Temp=mtdsg2&amp;lang=en Web site ngal Fedde UN]
* [https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1955/11/19551120%2000-56%20AM/Ch_XI_A_05p.pdf Ɗe ɗemɗe ɗe ɓe mbinndi e Farayse] ɗe kaɓirɗe, UN Treaty.
* [http://www.samplesite.com/are-there-any-free-samples-by-mail-in-uk/ Ɗe'e ceede]
* [http://www.cbec.gov.in/customs/cs-act/notifications/notfns-before2k/cs154-94.htm Jaɓɓorgo doofol Indi]</text>
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    <revision>
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Kaɓɓol International Convention to Facilitate the Importation of Commercial Samples and Advertising Material woni kaɓɓol do ummaatooje kawtal dow hitaande 1952. Dowlaaji ɗi ɓe nganndi traktateer ngal ɗon njaɓɓa ngam ɓe acca sampuulaaji ɗi ɗi ɗi ɗi'i e kuuje ɗi ɓe ngaɗata nder leydi ɗi'i ɓe njaɓaay ceede.

Kañum hokkata jaayɗe jaayɗe ɗe &quot;fotaaki&quot; ngam jaayɗe. Ɗum ɗon hokkata hokkugo jaayɗe jaayndeeji bana catalogi, listikki jaayndeeje, e jaayndeego. 

Kawtal ngal waɗi haa Gine 7 Noofambar 1952. Ɗum saini diga leyɗe je je je je ɗon je ɗon fuɗɗi huutoree e 20 Noofambar 1955. Kaɓirgal ngal ɓeydi ɓeydi ɗum haɓɓugo e kawtal ngal ngal ngal ngal hawti e carnet E.C.S. ngam jaɓɓaade e nder nder nder nder jaɓɓaare e nder hitaande 1957 nden ngal ngal ngal ɓeydii e kawtal ngol ngal ngal ngal haɓɓii e carnet A.T.A. ngam jaɓɓude e nder nder hitaande 1961.

As of 2013, the convention had 66 state parties. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ndaare kadi ==

* ATA Carnet
* Ɗuɓɓere ngam ngam jaɓɓude
* Lisi mailing

== Wurooji wurooji ==

* [https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetailsII.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=XI-A-5&amp;chapter=11&amp;Temp=mtdsg2&amp;lang=en Web site ngal Fedde UN]
* [https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1955/11/19551120%2000-56%20AM/Ch_XI_A_05p.pdf Ɗe ɗemɗe ɗe ɓe mbinndi e Farayse] ɗe kaɓirɗe, UN Treaty.
* [http://www.samplesite.com/are-there-any-free-samples-by-mail-in-uk/ Ɗe'e ceede]
* [http://www.cbec.gov.in/customs/cs-act/notifications/notfns-before2k/cs154-94.htm Jaɓɓorgo doofol Indi]</text>
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Konvental e sariwol dow laamuji maayoji duniyaaru woni alkawal go'o nder hitaande 1923 nder kawtal ummaatooje, nder wa'ajumji maɓɓe, leyɗe nder maayoji ɗon njaɓa haade bee ndiyamji, haaje nder lesdi.

Konwol ngal waɗii haa Gine 9 Desemba 1923 nden fuɗɗii fuɗɗugo huutoraade e 26 Julaay 1926. Yimɓe je ɗon haaki Konwol ngal ɗon njaɓɓa ngam hokki komiwal fuu darnde haa haaji maayo be ɓe mbaawaa feere feere dow komiwal dow dow laabi maayo ɗi komiwal ɗon mari. Konwol ngal ɗon haa semmbe e foondiri dow ko haani nder dandu duniyaaru ha haade nder nder nderji maayo.

Kaɓirgal ngal ɓaawo ɗon Saint Vincent e Grenadines haɓɓii nder hitaande 2001. Thailand haɓɓii Konteentiral ngal nder 1925 amma o haɓɓii ɗum nder 1973.

== Ndaare kadi ==

* Kaɓirɗe Barcelona e Statute dow laawol ndiyamji ɗi njiyaama e nder leydi

== Wurooji wurooji ==

* [http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/treaties/LNTSer/1926/335.html Ɗuum ko e deftere]
* status treaty, League of Nations treaty series, un.org</text>
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Konvental e sariwol dow laamuji maayoji duniyaaru woni alkawal go'o nder hitaande 1923 nder kawtal ummaatooje, nder wa'ajumji maɓɓe, leyɗe nder maayoji ɗon njaɓa haade bee ndiyamji, haaje nder lesdi.

Konwol ngal waɗii haa Gine 9 Desemba 1923 nden fuɗɗii fuɗɗugo huutoraade e 26 Julaay 1926. Yimɓe je ɗon haaki Konwol ngal ɗon njaɓɓa ngam hokki komiwal fuu darnde haa haaji maayo be ɓe mbaawaa feere feere dow komiwal dow dow laabi maayo ɗi komiwal ɗon mari. Konwol ngal ɗon haa semmbe e foondiri dow ko haani nder dandu duniyaaru ha haade nder nder nderji maayo.

Kaɓirgal ngal ɓaawo ɗon Saint Vincent e Grenadines haɓɓii nder hitaande 2001. Thailand haɓɓii Konteentiral ngal nder 1925 amma o haɓɓii ɗum nder 1973.

== Ndaare kadi ==

* Kaɓirɗe Barcelona e Statute dow laawol ndiyamji ɗi njiyaama e nder leydi

== Wurooji wurooji ==

* [http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/treaties/LNTSer/1926/335.html Ɗuum ko e deftere]
* status treaty, League of Nations treaty series, un.org

==firooji==</text>
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    <title>Kuule golle (Kontraaji laamu) kawral, 1949</title>
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Kaɓirɗe golle (kofte ummaatoore) Konvent, 1949 woni Konventiral International Labor Organization (ILO) jaɓɓi nder Geneva nder 29 lewru Juun 1949. Nder fuɗɗoode maajum, o wi'i:&lt;blockquote&gt;Nde o waɗi anniya jaɓɓude dabareeji feere-feere dow kuugal nder kuugal ummaatoore ....&lt;/blockquote&gt;Konwol ngal yiɗi dowle je ɗon jaɓɓa ngam ɓe tabbitina dow dowle ɗe ɓe jaɓata dowle ɗe ɗon woodi kuuje ɗe ɓe tabbitina diga &quot;nufaare ..., sahaaji kuugal e dowle feere&quot; ɗe &quot;aɗa ɓesda bee ɗe ɓe tabitini ngam kuugal nder kuugal walla kuugal ngal ɗon haani nder diiwaan ɗo kuugal ɗon waɗa&quot;. 

== Jaɓɓorgo Kewuuji ==
Ha feebari 2023, kawtal ngal woodi dowle 62 je ɗon jeyaa. Ko adii leydi United Kingdom woni leydi arandeeji ngam rokkude konngol, Norman Tebbitt, Ministaar Dowla ngam golle, waɗi hujja ngam laamu UK yaafana ɗum e 20 Septemba 1982. Ɗuurndam 14 ɗon holla dow dowlaje ɗe ɓe nganndi konfensiyon to ɓe anndini ɗum to darnde mawɗo ILO.

== Firooji ==</text>
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Kaɓirɗe golle (kofte ummaatoore) Konvent, 1949 woni Konventiral International Labor Organization (ILO) jaɓɓi nder Geneva nder 29 lewru Juun 1949. Nder fuɗɗoode maajum, o wi'i:&lt;blockquote&gt;Nde o waɗi anniya jaɓɓude dabareeji feere-feere dow kuugal nder kuugal ummaatoore ....&lt;/blockquote&gt;Konwol ngal yiɗi dowle je ɗon jaɓɓa ngam ɓe tabbitina dow dowle ɗe ɓe jaɓata dowle ɗe ɗon woodi kuuje ɗe ɓe tabbitina diga &quot;nufaare ..., sahaaji kuugal e dowle feere&quot; ɗe &quot;aɗa ɓesda bee ɗe ɓe tabitini ngam kuugal nder kuugal walla kuugal ngal ɗon haani nder diiwaan ɗo kuugal ɗon waɗa&quot;. 

== Jaɓɓorgo Kewuuji ==
Ha feebari 2023, kawtal ngal woodi dowle 62 je ɗon jeyaa. Ko adii leydi United Kingdom woni leydi arandeeji ngam rokkude konngol, Norman Tebbitt, Ministaar Dowla ngam golle, waɗi hujja ngam laamu UK yaafana ɗum e 20 Septemba 1982. Ɗuurndam 14 ɗon holla dow dowlaje ɗe ɓe nganndi konfensiyon to ɓe anndini ɗum to darnde mawɗo ILO.

== Firooji ==</text>
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kawtal huutore kuuɗe, 1947 (No. 81), ko noddiraa kadi ILO Convention no. 81 ko '''C081''', woni kawtal huutorde je International Labour Organization jaɓaama e 11 Lulanjo 1947. O fuɗɗii huwtoreede e 7 abriil 1950 nden o haɓɓii e 148 nder be 186 be darnde ILO be 2021. Kaɓirgal ngal holli doosiyaaji dow haɓɓuki, kuuɗe, e huutoreeji sistemji huutore kuuɗe ngam huutore huutoreeji lesdi ɗi hawti e haala kuugal e hakkille kuugal nder kuugal e nder kuugal. Protocol go'o jaɓaama nder 1995 ɓeydi hawtaade Konvental 81 haa jaɓugo jaɓugo feere feere e jaɓugo.

== Fedde huutoreede ==
Konwol 81 hawti e leyɗe ɗe jaɓii ngam ɓe njogii sistemji jaɓugo golle nder nder nder nder jaŋde e nder jaŋda. Ɗuum jeyaaɓe e kañum ɓeen ɓeen ɓe ɓeen ɓe mbaɗata ko ɓe mbaɗataa e nder golle, ɓe mbaɗatake ko ɓe mbaɗi e nder golle. Luttuɓe ina waawi ƴettude kuuje taƴe e kuuje jaayɗe walla geɗe ɗe e leyɗe leydi ndii to ɓe ngiɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ILOc081&quot; /&gt;

Protocol 1995 ɓeydi ko hawti e golle nder fannuuji kuugal naa' kuugal kuugal, ɗi naatiino nder kuugal. Ɗu hawti e fannuuji bana jaŋde, janngugol, kuugal aada/laɓɓingo, ekn. Lindiji je ɗon haɓɓiiji waawataa hawtaade kuugal bana dawla mawɗo, kuugal konu, polis, e kaso diga nder Protocol to ɗum waɗi caɗeele mawɗe. Ammaa, ɓe haani hokki daliila e laaɓtuki laaɓtugo ngam kuuje ɗe ɓe njaɓa.

== Ɗuɓɓudi Fuuɗungol ==
Kaɓirgal huutoreeɓe golle holli doosiyaaji dow:

* ''Kuugal'' - Fulfulde darnde darnde darngal dow darnde golle e darnde daraniiɓe (sa'i, salaare, jam, salminaare, kuugal suka); hokkude jaangooji tekniki to jaajotooɓe/laatiiɓe; anndingo laabi malla laabi nder darnde daranaare.
* Goomu - Wurooji golle ɗo ɗo jaayɗe e jaayɗe mawɗe; hawtaade hakkunde kuugal jaayɗe be kuugal goomu laamu.
* Goomu huutoreeɓe golle - Ko haani waɗugo ko haani ha haani e ko haani; ko haani waɗde ko haani e hawtaade e golle, waɗde jaɓɓorgo e jaɓɓorgal, ko haani dow ko haani, ko haɗi e dow ko haɗi; ko haɗi ngam heɓugo ko haɗi, ko haalani.
* ''Wurooji tawtoreeki'' - Wurooji kuugal ngam tawtoreeki ko haani; tawtoreeɓe ɓe ɓe mari baawɗe ngam tawtoraade no ɓe ɗon tokkoto, ɓe hokkata umrooje ngam haɓɓugo kuuɗe maɓɓe, ɓe ɗon jaɓɓa haɗuki ngam salminaaki/ɗofteeki
* ''Wurooji'' - Wurooji je ɗon ƴetti diga kuugal nokkuuje to mawɗo mawɗo; mawɗo mawɓe wurooji ɗon wurtina warugoji jaaynde.
* Fedde - Fedde e jaɓɓaade jaɓɓaare ngam jaɓɓaaki ko haani walla haɓaaki; ɗum waawi waɗde ƴettude ngam jaɓugo habaru/taƴuki.

== Protocol 1995 ==
Protocol 1995 ɓeydiindi Konwol 81 haa hawti e fannuuji kuugal naa' kuugal ɗi ɓe mbaawataa yaajugo golle. Lindiji je ɗon haaki Protocol ngal ɗon haani ɓeydude sistemji maɓɓe ha nder kuugal ha nder fannuuji bana kuugal hakkilantaaku, jaŋde, jaŋgol/haandi, ekn.

Woni laabi hawtuki ha nder kuuje bana laamu, soja, e kaso to ɗum waɗi caɗeele mawɗe. Ammaa, ko haani, ko haalanki ngam maajum haani ɗum tabbitinki e ɗum haani ɗum haani waɗugo laabi feere ngam huutore. Protocol ngal ɗon hokkata no haani haɓɓuki laabi haɓɓuki e baawɗe haɓɓuki kuuɗe nder kuuɗe to ɓe ɗon ɗaɓɓita nder kuuje.</text>
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kawtal huutore kuuɗe, 1947 (No. 81), ko noddiraa kadi ILO Convention no. 81 ko '''C081''', woni kawtal huutorde je International Labour Organization jaɓaama e 11 Lulanjo 1947. O fuɗɗii huwtoreede e 7 abriil 1950 nden o haɓɓii e 148 nder be 186 be darnde ILO be 2021. Kaɓirgal ngal holli doosiyaaji dow haɓɓuki, kuuɗe, e huutoreeji sistemji huutore kuuɗe ngam huutore huutoreeji lesdi ɗi hawti e haala kuugal e hakkille kuugal nder kuugal e nder kuugal. Protocol go'o jaɓaama nder 1995 ɓeydi hawtaade Konvental 81 haa jaɓugo jaɓugo feere feere e jaɓugo.

== Fedde huutoreede ==
Konwol 81 hawti e leyɗe ɗe jaɓii ngam ɓe njogii sistemji jaɓugo golle nder nder nder nder jaŋde e nder jaŋda. Ɗuum jeyaaɓe e kañum ɓeen ɓeen ɓe ɓeen ɓe mbaɗata ko ɓe mbaɗataa e nder golle, ɓe mbaɗatake ko ɓe mbaɗi e nder golle. Luttuɓe ina waawi ƴettude kuuje taƴe e kuuje jaayɗe walla geɗe ɗe e leyɗe leydi ndii to ɓe ngiɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ILOc081&quot; /&gt;

Protocol 1995 ɓeydi ko hawti e golle nder fannuuji kuugal naa' kuugal kuugal, ɗi naatiino nder kuugal. Ɗu hawti e fannuuji bana jaŋde, janngugol, kuugal aada/laɓɓingo, ekn. Lindiji je ɗon haɓɓiiji waawataa hawtaade kuugal bana dawla mawɗo, kuugal konu, polis, e kaso diga nder Protocol to ɗum waɗi caɗeele mawɗe. Ammaa, ɓe haani hokki daliila e laaɓtuki laaɓtugo ngam kuuje ɗe ɓe njaɓa.

== Ɗuɓɓudi Fuuɗungol ==
Kaɓirgal huutoreeɓe golle holli doosiyaaji dow:

* ''Kuugal'' - Fulfulde darnde darnde darngal dow darnde golle e darnde daraniiɓe (sa'i, salaare, jam, salminaare, kuugal suka); hokkude jaangooji tekniki to jaajotooɓe/laatiiɓe; anndingo laabi malla laabi nder darnde daranaare.
* Goomu - Wurooji golle ɗo ɗo jaayɗe e jaayɗe mawɗe; hawtaade hakkunde kuugal jaayɗe be kuugal goomu laamu.
* Goomu huutoreeɓe golle - Ko haani waɗugo ko haani ha haani e ko haani; ko haani waɗde ko haani e hawtaade e golle, waɗde jaɓɓorgo e jaɓɓorgal, ko haani dow ko haani, ko haɗi e dow ko haɗi; ko haɗi ngam heɓugo ko haɗi, ko haalani.
* ''Wurooji tawtoreeki'' - Wurooji kuugal ngam tawtoreeki ko haani; tawtoreeɓe ɓe ɓe mari baawɗe ngam tawtoraade no ɓe ɗon tokkoto, ɓe hokkata umrooje ngam haɓɓugo kuuɗe maɓɓe, ɓe ɗon jaɓɓa haɗuki ngam salminaaki/ɗofteeki
* ''Wurooji'' - Wurooji je ɗon ƴetti diga kuugal nokkuuje to mawɗo mawɗo; mawɗo mawɓe wurooji ɗon wurtina warugoji jaaynde.
* Fedde - Fedde e jaɓɓaade jaɓɓaare ngam jaɓɓaaki ko haani walla haɓaaki; ɗum waawi waɗde ƴettude ngam jaɓugo habaru/taƴuki.

== Protocol 1995 ==
Protocol 1995 ɓeydiindi Konwol 81 haa hawti e fannuuji kuugal naa' kuugal ɗi ɓe mbaawataa yaajugo golle. Lindiji je ɗon haaki Protocol ngal ɗon haani ɓeydude sistemji maɓɓe ha nder kuugal ha nder fannuuji bana kuugal hakkilantaaku, jaŋde, jaŋgol/haandi, ekn.

Woni laabi hawtuki ha nder kuuje bana laamu, soja, e kaso to ɗum waɗi caɗeele mawɗe. Ammaa, ko haani, ko haalanki ngam maajum haani ɗum tabbitinki e ɗum haani ɗum haani waɗugo laabi feere ngam huutore. Protocol ngal ɗon hokkata no haani haɓɓuki laabi haɓɓuki e baawɗe haɓɓuki kuuɗe nder kuuɗe to ɓe ɗon ɗaɓɓita nder kuuje.

==firooji==</text>
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    <title>Kaɓirɗe ndeenka njoɓdi, hitaande 1949</title>
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Hakkiilo Hakkiilo Waje, 1949 woni Hakkiilo Kawtal Yimɓe (ILO). Ɗum haɓɓiti nder 1949, e nder nder kaalaaku maako ɗon wi'a:&lt;blockquote&gt;Nde o waɗi anniya jaɓugo dabareeji feere-feere dow hakkilantaaku dow ceede, &lt;/blockquote&gt;Ɗuum kawtal ngal hollitii nder kaalaaku to Kawtal ngal halki golle ɓorɗe nder hitaande 1957.

== Ceertol ==
Caggal ɗuum, nanondiral ngal ƴeewtaama e nanondiral C173, nanondiral jowitiingal e reende ɗaɓɓaande gollotooɓe (insolvency de l’employeur), 1992 . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)&quot;&gt;ciimtol ina haani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Jaɓɓorgo Kewuuji ==
E hitaande 2021, ko konwol ngal haɓɓii leyɗe 99. Caggal nde ɓe njaɓii, go'o leydi, leydi United Kingdom, ɓe njogii traktateer ngal e 16 lewru Sember 1983.

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Hakkiilo Hakkiilo Waje, 1949 woni Hakkiilo Kawtal Yimɓe (ILO). Ɗum haɓɓiti nder 1949, e nder nder kaalaaku maako ɗon wi'a:&lt;blockquote&gt;Nde o waɗi anniya jaɓugo dabareeji feere-feere dow hakkilantaaku dow ceede, &lt;/blockquote&gt;Ɗuum kawtal ngal hollitii nder kaalaaku to Kawtal ngal halki golle ɓorɗe nder hitaande 1957.

== Ceertol ==
Caggal ɗuum, nanondiral ngal ƴeewtaama e nanondiral C173, nanondiral jowitiingal e reende ɗaɓɓaande gollotooɓe (insolvency de l’employeur), 1992 . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)&quot;&gt;ciimtol ina haani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Jaɓɓorgo Kewuuji ==
E hitaande 2021, ko konwol ngal haɓɓii leyɗe 99. Caggal nde ɓe njaɓii, go'o leydi, leydi United Kingdom, ɓe njogii traktateer ngal e 16 lewru Sember 1983.

== Firooji ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4786" sha1="ps0apm16bnxp8e7t5vn66j44zdvjwvo" xml:space="preserve">Alexander Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme // c GCON (21 Oktoobar 1932 – 19 Noowammbar 2017) ko siyaasaajo Naajeeriya mo laati cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya arandeejo cuɓaaɗo diga hitaande 1979 haa 1983 wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru les lesdi Naajeeriya Shehu Shagari bana me Par.

Nguurndam neɗɗo
Alex Ekwueme jibinaa ko e jibnaaɓe Igbo to wuro Oko, e nder diiwaan Anambra hannde oo ñalnde 21 oktoobar 1932. O maayi ko ñalnde 19 noowammbar 2017 waktu 22ɓo kikiiɗe to suudu safrirdu to Londres. O fotnoo ko fiyde toon caggal nde o arti e komaa mo o yani e mum sabu dogde e hoɗorde makko Enugu.

Jaangirde
Ekwueme fuɗɗii jaŋde leslesre to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Anglikan St John, to Ekwulobia, caggal ɗuum o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College, to Lagos. Ko o keɓɗo bursi Fulbright to leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik (ko o gooto e Naajeeriyankooɓe adanɓe heɓde njeenaari ndii), O naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Washington ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji makko e Architecture e peewnugol gure.

O heɓi master makko ko e peewnugol wuro. Dr. Ekwueme heɓi kadi dipolomaaji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Londres to bannge ganndal renndo, daartol, filosofi e sariya. O yahi caggal ɗuum haa o heɓi doktoraa makko. e nder Architecture to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Strathclyde, hade makko heɓde dipolomaaji BL (teddungal) to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sariya leydi Najeriya.

Fuɗɗoode golle
Ekwueme ko mahoowo tedduɗo. O fuɗɗii golle makko ko e ballondiral e mahngo e nder fedde wiyeteende Leo A. Daly e Associates, e nder fedde wiyeteende Nickson e Partners to Londres. Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o naati e ESSO Afrik hirnaange, Lagos, omo toppitii departemaa mahngo e toppitagol.

Ndeen o yahi haa o sosi njulaagu keeriiɗo e nder fedde makko - Ekwueme Associates, Architects e Planners Town, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore nde wonaa laamuyankoore e nder leydi Najeriya. Kuugal maako ɗon mari semmbe bee ofisji 16 haa lesdi Naajeeriya fuu, nden o ɗon mari haaje heɓuki Ekwueme ngam heɓuki kuugal hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya. Ekwueme ardinooma duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Naajeeriya e kawtal binnditagol architects leydi Naajeeriya.

O woniino hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi (Institut d'architectes) leydi Nijeer. Ko adii nde Ekwueme heɓata limngal lesdi e nder duuniyaaru bana cukko hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1979, o ɗonno huuda bee cemmbiɗinki rento-faggudu rento maako. Ko jiidaa e golle makko keewɗe ɗe o golli e nder renndo makko, Ekwueme fuɗɗiima fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore (Educational Trust Fund) nde o gollotoo ngam wallitde jaŋde sukaaɓe teemedde keewɗe e nder duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde e nder leydi Najeriya e caggal leydi. Ekwueme wonnoo ko tergal e goomu toppitiingu koɗki e nder Komiseer ƴeewndo njoɓdi e njoɓdi Adebo. O golliima kadi duuɓi keewɗi e nder njuɓɓudi laamu ƴellitaare koɗki e nder leydi Anambra To bannge ngenndi.

Cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya
Ekwueme woni cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya arandeejo cuɓaaɗo diga hitaande 1979 haa 1983 wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru nde o laati hooreejo lesdi Shehu Shagari bana tergal lanyol yimɓe lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN).

Caggal golle
Ekwueme tawtoraama batu doosɗe leydi (NCC) hitaande 1995 to Abuja, ɗo o woni e Goomu njuɓɓudi e njuɓɓudi doosɗe leydi. Eɓɓooje maako mawɗe ɗe o waɗi haa NCC ngam heɓuki laamu lesdi Naajeeriya dow ko laarani jokkirgol lesdi Naajeeriya dow ko laarani lesdi Naajeeriya, jooni ɗon mari haaje jaɓuki ngam jogaago siyaasaaku Naajeeriya cemmbiɗɗum. Ekwueme mooɓi kawtal 34 mawɓe Naajeeriya'en ɓe ɗon mari bawɗe ngam ɓe ndarna laamu lesdi Naajeeriya Sani Abacha wakkati laamu sooja'en lesdi Naajeeriya. Ko kanko woni hooreejo sosɗo lannda laamu nguu e nder leydi Najeriya, kanko kadi ko kanko woni hooreejo gadano e fedde toppitiinde ko feewti e lannda. Ekwueme ko neɗɗo moƴƴo, golloowo laamu, neɗɗo jam.[15]

O jeyaa ko e yiilirde fedde wiyeteende « Forum des fédérations » to Kanadaa. O woniino kadi tergal e Diiso Mawɓe Dental Faggudu Dowlaaji Hirnaange Afrik (CEDEAO). Ekwueme wonnoo ko hooreejo fedde nde Institut National Démocratique (NDI) moofti ngam yuurnitaade ko adii wooteeji ngam wooteeji parlemaa to Zimbaabwee e hitaande 2000.[16] Ko kanko woni hooreejo fedde ƴeewooɓe Fedde Ngootaagu Afrik (OAU) e woote hooreleydaagu e parlemaa Tansani e hitaande 2000. Ekwueme ardii fedde ƴeewooɓe 28 tergal nde NDI/Carter Centre wallitnoo e wooteeji ɗiɗaɓi hooreejo leydi Liberiya e hitaande 2070[17]5. Ko ɓuri ɓadaade Dr Ekwueme noddiraama e lannda laamu nguu e nder leydi Najeriya ngam ardaade goomu nguu ngam ardaade goomu nguu e nder njuɓɓudi laamu nguu, caggal nde lannda ka heɓiino jokkere enɗam hakkunde lannda ka e caggal wooteeji gardagol leydi ndi.</text>
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      <text bytes="5806" sha1="ezielixmxou5mid37x4a8i94cs55gw9" xml:space="preserve">Alexander Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme // c GCON (21 Oktoobar 1932 – 19 Noowammbar 2017) ko siyaasaajo Naajeeriya mo laati cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya arandeejo cuɓaaɗo diga hitaande 1979 haa 1983 wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru les lesdi Naajeeriya Shehu Shagari bana me Par.

Nguurndam neɗɗo
Alex Ekwueme jibinaa ko e jibnaaɓe Igbo to wuro Oko, e nder diiwaan Anambra hannde oo ñalnde 21 oktoobar 1932. O maayi ko ñalnde 19 noowammbar 2017 waktu 22ɓo kikiiɗe to suudu safrirdu to Londres. O fotnoo ko fiyde toon caggal nde o arti e komaa mo o yani e mum sabu dogde e hoɗorde makko Enugu.

Jaangirde
Ekwueme fuɗɗii jaŋde leslesre to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Anglikan St John, to Ekwulobia, caggal ɗuum o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College, to Lagos. Ko o keɓɗo bursi Fulbright to leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik (ko o gooto e Naajeeriyankooɓe adanɓe heɓde njeenaari ndii), O naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Washington ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji makko e Architecture e peewnugol gure.

O heɓi master makko ko e peewnugol wuro. Dr. Ekwueme heɓi kadi dipolomaaji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Londres to bannge ganndal renndo, daartol, filosofi e sariya. O yahi caggal ɗuum haa o heɓi doktoraa makko. e nder Architecture to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Strathclyde, hade makko heɓde dipolomaaji BL (teddungal) to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sariya leydi Najeriya.

Fuɗɗoode golle
Ekwueme ko mahoowo tedduɗo. O fuɗɗii golle makko ko e ballondiral e mahngo e nder fedde wiyeteende Leo A. Daly e Associates, e nder fedde wiyeteende Nickson e Partners to Londres. Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o naati e ESSO Afrik hirnaange, Lagos, omo toppitii departemaa mahngo e toppitagol.

Ndeen o yahi haa o sosi njulaagu keeriiɗo e nder fedde makko - Ekwueme Associates, Architects e Planners Town, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore nde wonaa laamuyankoore e nder leydi Najeriya. Kuugal maako ɗon mari semmbe bee ofisji 16 haa lesdi Naajeeriya fuu, nden o ɗon mari haaje heɓuki Ekwueme ngam heɓuki kuugal hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya. Ekwueme ardinooma duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Naajeeriya e kawtal binnditagol architects leydi Naajeeriya.

O woniino hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi (Institut d'architectes) leydi Nijeer. Ko adii nde Ekwueme heɓata limngal lesdi e nder duuniyaaru bana cukko hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1979, o ɗonno huuda bee cemmbiɗinki rento-faggudu rento maako. Ko jiidaa e golle makko keewɗe ɗe o golli e nder renndo makko, Ekwueme fuɗɗiima fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore (Educational Trust Fund) nde o gollotoo ngam wallitde jaŋde sukaaɓe teemedde keewɗe e nder duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde e nder leydi Najeriya e caggal leydi. Ekwueme wonnoo ko tergal e goomu toppitiingu koɗki e nder Komiseer ƴeewndo njoɓdi e njoɓdi Adebo. O golliima kadi duuɓi keewɗi e nder njuɓɓudi laamu ƴellitaare koɗki e nder leydi Anambra To bannge ngenndi.

Cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya
Ekwueme woni cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya arandeejo cuɓaaɗo diga hitaande 1979 haa 1983 wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru nde o laati hooreejo lesdi Shehu Shagari bana tergal lanyol yimɓe lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN).

Caggal golle
Ekwueme tawtoraama batu doosɗe leydi (NCC) hitaande 1995 to Abuja, ɗo o woni e Goomu njuɓɓudi e njuɓɓudi doosɗe leydi. Eɓɓooje maako mawɗe ɗe o waɗi haa NCC ngam heɓuki laamu lesdi Naajeeriya dow ko laarani jokkirgol lesdi Naajeeriya dow ko laarani lesdi Naajeeriya, jooni ɗon mari haaje jaɓuki ngam jogaago siyaasaaku Naajeeriya cemmbiɗɗum. Ekwueme mooɓi kawtal 34 mawɓe Naajeeriya'en ɓe ɗon mari bawɗe ngam ɓe ndarna laamu lesdi Naajeeriya Sani Abacha wakkati laamu sooja'en lesdi Naajeeriya. Ko kanko woni hooreejo sosɗo lannda laamu nguu e nder leydi Najeriya, kanko kadi ko kanko woni hooreejo gadano e fedde toppitiinde ko feewti e lannda. Ekwueme ko neɗɗo moƴƴo, golloowo laamu, neɗɗo jam.[15]

O jeyaa ko e yiilirde fedde wiyeteende « Forum des fédérations » to Kanadaa. O woniino kadi tergal e Diiso Mawɓe Dental Faggudu Dowlaaji Hirnaange Afrik (CEDEAO). Ekwueme wonnoo ko hooreejo fedde nde Institut National Démocratique (NDI) moofti ngam yuurnitaade ko adii wooteeji ngam wooteeji parlemaa to Zimbaabwee e hitaande 2000.[16] Ko kanko woni hooreejo fedde ƴeewooɓe Fedde Ngootaagu Afrik (OAU) e woote hooreleydaagu e parlemaa Tansani e hitaande 2000. Ekwueme ardii fedde ƴeewooɓe 28 tergal nde NDI/Carter Centre wallitnoo e wooteeji ɗiɗaɓi hooreejo leydi Liberiya e hitaande 2070[17]5. Ko ɓuri ɓadaade Dr Ekwueme noddiraama e lannda laamu nguu e nder leydi Najeriya ngam ardaade goomu nguu ngam ardaade goomu nguu e nder njuɓɓudi laamu nguu, caggal nde lannda ka heɓiino jokkere enɗam hakkunde lannda ka e caggal wooteeji gardagol leydi ndi.

Tiitooɗe e teddungal

Ekwueme woni Ide laamu Oko nder diiwal Anambra, ɗo miñiiko gorko, porfeseer Lazarus Ekwueme, laami bana laamiiɗo aada. O teddinaama kadi e kawtal laamɓe aadaaji nder Aguata ɓooymaare bana Ide nokkuure laamu nokkuure Aguata nder jiha Anambra hawti bee gure cappanɗe nayi (44).

Statue Dr Alex Ekwueme to diiwaan Owerri Imo

O teddinaama e teddungal leydi Gine e Niiseer, teddungal ɗiɗaɓal ɓurngal toowde e nder leydi hee, hono teddungal mawngal e nder leydi Niiseer (GCON). Doktoor Ekwueme ko moƴƴo e balloowo &quot;Fondaasiyoŋ Alex Ekwueme&quot;. Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde fedde Alex Ekwueme Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, diiwaan Ebonyi, inniraa ko innde makko e maayde makko

Cukko hooreejo leydi Yemi Osinbajo siftinii gonnooɗo cukko hooreejo leydi Alex Ekwueme wonde mo hulaani, kadi ko o baawɗo wonde fof.&quot; diktatoor nder balɗe mum ɓurɗe niɓɓiɗde e hulɓinaade e nder daartol leydi Naajeeriya O waɗii heen geɗe keewɗe ngam wartugol demokaraasi e hitaande 1999,” Osinbajo wiyi.

Tuugnorgal</text>
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Alexander Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme // c GCON (21 Oktoobar 1932 – 19 Noowammbar 2017) ko siyaasaajo Naajeeriya mo laati cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya arandeejo cuɓaaɗo diga hitaande 1979 haa 1983 wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru les lesdi Naajeeriya Shehu Shagari bana me Par.

Nguurndam neɗɗo
Alex Ekwueme jibinaa ko e jibnaaɓe Igbo to wuro Oko, e nder diiwaan Anambra hannde oo ñalnde 21 oktoobar 1932. O maayi ko ñalnde 19 noowammbar 2017 waktu 22ɓo kikiiɗe to suudu safrirdu to Londres. O fotnoo ko fiyde toon caggal nde o arti e komaa mo o yani e mum sabu dogde e hoɗorde makko Enugu.

Jaangirde
Ekwueme fuɗɗii jaŋde leslesre to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Anglikan St John, to Ekwulobia, caggal ɗuum o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College, to Lagos. Ko o keɓɗo bursi Fulbright to leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik (ko o gooto e Naajeeriyankooɓe adanɓe heɓde njeenaari ndii), O naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Washington ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji makko e Architecture e peewnugol gure.

O heɓi master makko ko e peewnugol wuro. Dr. Ekwueme heɓi kadi dipolomaaji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Londres to bannge ganndal renndo, daartol, filosofi e sariya. O yahi caggal ɗuum haa o heɓi doktoraa makko. e nder Architecture to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Strathclyde, hade makko heɓde dipolomaaji BL (teddungal) to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sariya leydi Najeriya.

Fuɗɗoode golle
Ekwueme ko mahoowo tedduɗo. O fuɗɗii golle makko ko e ballondiral e mahngo e nder fedde wiyeteende Leo A. Daly e Associates, e nder fedde wiyeteende Nickson e Partners to Londres. Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o naati e ESSO Afrik hirnaange, Lagos, omo toppitii departemaa mahngo e toppitagol.

Ndeen o yahi haa o sosi njulaagu keeriiɗo e nder fedde makko - Ekwueme Associates, Architects e Planners Town, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore nde wonaa laamuyankoore e nder leydi Najeriya. Kuugal maako ɗon mari semmbe bee ofisji 16 haa lesdi Naajeeriya fuu, nden o ɗon mari haaje heɓuki Ekwueme ngam heɓuki kuugal hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya. Ekwueme ardinooma duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Naajeeriya e kawtal binnditagol architects leydi Naajeeriya.

O woniino hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi (Institut d'architectes) leydi Nijeer. Ko adii nde Ekwueme heɓata limngal lesdi e nder duuniyaaru bana cukko hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1979, o ɗonno huuda bee cemmbiɗinki rento-faggudu rento maako. Ko jiidaa e golle makko keewɗe ɗe o golli e nder renndo makko, Ekwueme fuɗɗiima fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore (Educational Trust Fund) nde o gollotoo ngam wallitde jaŋde sukaaɓe teemedde keewɗe e nder duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde e nder leydi Najeriya e caggal leydi. Ekwueme wonnoo ko tergal e goomu toppitiingu koɗki e nder Komiseer ƴeewndo njoɓdi e njoɓdi Adebo. O golliima kadi duuɓi keewɗi e nder njuɓɓudi laamu ƴellitaare koɗki e nder leydi Anambra To bannge ngenndi.

Cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya
Ekwueme woni cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya arandeejo cuɓaaɗo diga hitaande 1979 haa 1983 wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru nde o laati hooreejo lesdi Shehu Shagari bana tergal lanyol yimɓe lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN).

Caggal golle
Ekwueme tawtoraama batu doosɗe leydi (NCC) hitaande 1995 to Abuja, ɗo o woni e Goomu njuɓɓudi e njuɓɓudi doosɗe leydi. Eɓɓooje maako mawɗe ɗe o waɗi haa NCC ngam heɓuki laamu lesdi Naajeeriya dow ko laarani jokkirgol lesdi Naajeeriya dow ko laarani lesdi Naajeeriya, jooni ɗon mari haaje jaɓuki ngam jogaago siyaasaaku Naajeeriya cemmbiɗɗum. Ekwueme mooɓi kawtal 34 mawɓe Naajeeriya'en ɓe ɗon mari bawɗe ngam ɓe ndarna laamu lesdi Naajeeriya Sani Abacha wakkati laamu sooja'en lesdi Naajeeriya. Ko kanko woni hooreejo sosɗo lannda laamu nguu e nder leydi Najeriya, kanko kadi ko kanko woni hooreejo gadano e fedde toppitiinde ko feewti e lannda. Ekwueme ko neɗɗo moƴƴo, golloowo laamu, neɗɗo jam.[15]

O jeyaa ko e yiilirde fedde wiyeteende « Forum des fédérations » to Kanadaa. O woniino kadi tergal e Diiso Mawɓe Dental Faggudu Dowlaaji Hirnaange Afrik (CEDEAO). Ekwueme wonnoo ko hooreejo fedde nde Institut National Démocratique (NDI) moofti ngam yuurnitaade ko adii wooteeji ngam wooteeji parlemaa to Zimbaabwee e hitaande 2000.[16] Ko kanko woni hooreejo fedde ƴeewooɓe Fedde Ngootaagu Afrik (OAU) e woote hooreleydaagu e parlemaa Tansani e hitaande 2000. Ekwueme ardii fedde ƴeewooɓe 28 tergal nde NDI/Carter Centre wallitnoo e wooteeji ɗiɗaɓi hooreejo leydi Liberiya e hitaande 2070[17]5. Ko ɓuri ɓadaade Dr Ekwueme noddiraama e lannda laamu nguu e nder leydi Najeriya ngam ardaade goomu nguu ngam ardaade goomu nguu e nder njuɓɓudi laamu nguu, caggal nde lannda ka heɓiino jokkere enɗam hakkunde lannda ka e caggal wooteeji gardagol leydi ndi.

Tiitooɗe e teddungal

Ekwueme woni Ide laamu Oko nder diiwal Anambra, ɗo miñiiko gorko, porfeseer Lazarus Ekwueme, laami bana laamiiɗo aada. O teddinaama kadi e kawtal laamɓe aadaaji nder Aguata ɓooymaare bana Ide nokkuure laamu nokkuure Aguata nder jiha Anambra hawti bee gure cappanɗe nayi (44).

Statue Dr Alex Ekwueme to diiwaan Owerri Imo

O teddinaama e teddungal leydi Gine e Niiseer, teddungal ɗiɗaɓal ɓurngal toowde e nder leydi hee, hono teddungal mawngal e nder leydi Niiseer (GCON). Doktoor Ekwueme ko moƴƴo e balloowo &quot;Fondaasiyoŋ Alex Ekwueme&quot;. Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde fedde Alex Ekwueme Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, diiwaan Ebonyi, inniraa ko innde makko e maayde makko

Cukko hooreejo leydi Yemi Osinbajo siftinii gonnooɗo cukko hooreejo leydi Alex Ekwueme wonde mo hulaani, kadi ko o baawɗo wonde fof.&quot; diktatoor nder balɗe mum ɓurɗe niɓɓiɗde e hulɓinaade e nder daartol leydi Naajeeriya O waɗii heen geɗe keewɗe ngam wartugol demokaraasi e hitaande 1999,” Osinbajo wiyi.

Tuugnorgal</text>
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'''Alexander Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme''' // c GCON (21 Oktoobar 1932 – 19 Noowammbar 2017) ko siyaasaajo Naajeeriya mo laati cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya arandeejo cuɓaaɗo diga hitaande 1979 haa 1983 wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru les lesdi Naajeeriya Shehu Shagari bana me Par.

Nguurndam neɗɗo
Alex Ekwueme jibinaa ko e jibnaaɓe Igbo to wuro Oko, e nder diiwaan Anambra hannde oo ñalnde 21 oktoobar 1932. O maayi ko ñalnde 19 noowammbar 2017 waktu 22ɓo kikiiɗe to suudu safrirdu to Londres. O fotnoo ko fiyde toon caggal nde o arti e komaa mo o yani e mum sabu dogde e hoɗorde makko Enugu.

Jaangirde
Ekwueme fuɗɗii jaŋde leslesre to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Anglikan St John, to Ekwulobia, caggal ɗuum o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College, to Lagos. Ko o keɓɗo bursi Fulbright to leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik (ko o gooto e Naajeeriyankooɓe adanɓe heɓde njeenaari ndii), O naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Washington ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji makko e Architecture e peewnugol gure.

O heɓi master makko ko e peewnugol wuro. Dr. Ekwueme heɓi kadi dipolomaaji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Londres to bannge ganndal renndo, daartol, filosofi e sariya. O yahi caggal ɗuum haa o heɓi doktoraa makko. e nder Architecture to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Strathclyde, hade makko heɓde dipolomaaji BL (teddungal) to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sariya leydi Najeriya.

Fuɗɗoode golle
Ekwueme ko mahoowo tedduɗo. O fuɗɗii golle makko ko e ballondiral e mahngo e nder fedde wiyeteende Leo A. Daly e Associates, e nder fedde wiyeteende Nickson e Partners to Londres. Nde o arti Naajeeriya, o naati e ESSO Afrik hirnaange, Lagos, omo toppitii departemaa mahngo e toppitagol.

Ndeen o yahi haa o sosi njulaagu keeriiɗo e nder fedde makko - Ekwueme Associates, Architects e Planners Town, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore nde wonaa laamuyankoore e nder leydi Najeriya. Kuugal maako ɗon mari semmbe bee ofisji 16 haa lesdi Naajeeriya fuu, nden o ɗon mari haaje heɓuki Ekwueme ngam heɓuki kuugal hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya. Ekwueme ardinooma duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Naajeeriya e kawtal binnditagol architects leydi Naajeeriya.

O woniino hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e njuɓɓudi (Institut d'architectes) leydi Nijeer. Ko adii nde Ekwueme heɓata limngal lesdi e nder duuniyaaru bana cukko hooreejo lesdi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1979, o ɗonno huuda bee cemmbiɗinki rento-faggudu rento maako. Ko jiidaa e golle makko keewɗe ɗe o golli e nder renndo makko, Ekwueme fuɗɗiima fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore (Educational Trust Fund) nde o gollotoo ngam wallitde jaŋde sukaaɓe teemedde keewɗe e nder duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde e nder leydi Najeriya e caggal leydi. Ekwueme wonnoo ko tergal e goomu toppitiingu koɗki e nder Komiseer ƴeewndo njoɓdi e njoɓdi Adebo. O golliima kadi duuɓi keewɗi e nder njuɓɓudi laamu ƴellitaare koɗki e nder leydi Anambra To bannge ngenndi.

Cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya
Ekwueme woni cukko hooreejo leydi Naajeeriya arandeejo cuɓaaɗo diga hitaande 1979 haa 1983 wakkati laamu lesdi Naajeeriya ɗiɗaɓuru nde o laati hooreejo lesdi Shehu Shagari bana tergal lanyol yimɓe lesdi Naajeeriya (NPN).

Caggal golle
Ekwueme tawtoraama batu doosɗe leydi (NCC) hitaande 1995 to Abuja, ɗo o woni e Goomu njuɓɓudi e njuɓɓudi doosɗe leydi. Eɓɓooje maako mawɗe ɗe o waɗi haa NCC ngam heɓuki laamu lesdi Naajeeriya dow ko laarani jokkirgol lesdi Naajeeriya dow ko laarani lesdi Naajeeriya, jooni ɗon mari haaje jaɓuki ngam jogaago siyaasaaku Naajeeriya cemmbiɗɗum. Ekwueme mooɓi kawtal 34 mawɓe Naajeeriya'en ɓe ɗon mari bawɗe ngam ɓe ndarna laamu lesdi Naajeeriya Sani Abacha wakkati laamu sooja'en lesdi Naajeeriya. Ko kanko woni hooreejo sosɗo lannda laamu nguu e nder leydi Najeriya, kanko kadi ko kanko woni hooreejo gadano e fedde toppitiinde ko feewti e lannda. Ekwueme ko neɗɗo moƴƴo, golloowo laamu, neɗɗo jam.[15]

O jeyaa ko e yiilirde fedde wiyeteende « Forum des fédérations » to Kanadaa. O woniino kadi tergal e Diiso Mawɓe Dental Faggudu Dowlaaji Hirnaange Afrik (CEDEAO). Ekwueme wonnoo ko hooreejo fedde nde Institut National Démocratique (NDI) moofti ngam yuurnitaade ko adii wooteeji ngam wooteeji parlemaa to Zimbaabwee e hitaande 2000.[16] Ko kanko woni hooreejo fedde ƴeewooɓe Fedde Ngootaagu Afrik (OAU) e woote hooreleydaagu e parlemaa Tansani e hitaande 2000. Ekwueme ardii fedde ƴeewooɓe 28 tergal nde NDI/Carter Centre wallitnoo e wooteeji ɗiɗaɓi hooreejo leydi Liberiya e hitaande 2070[17]5. Ko ɓuri ɓadaade Dr Ekwueme noddiraama e lannda laamu nguu e nder leydi Najeriya ngam ardaade goomu nguu ngam ardaade goomu nguu e nder njuɓɓudi laamu nguu, caggal nde lannda ka heɓiino jokkere enɗam hakkunde lannda ka e caggal wooteeji gardagol leydi ndi.

Tiitooɗe e teddungal

Ekwueme woni Ide laamu Oko nder diiwal Anambra, ɗo miñiiko gorko, porfeseer Lazarus Ekwueme, laami bana laamiiɗo aada. O teddinaama kadi e kawtal laamɓe aadaaji nder Aguata ɓooymaare bana Ide nokkuure laamu nokkuure Aguata nder jiha Anambra hawti bee gure cappanɗe nayi (44).

Statue Dr Alex Ekwueme to diiwaan Owerri Imo

O teddinaama e teddungal leydi Gine e Niiseer, teddungal ɗiɗaɓal ɓurngal toowde e nder leydi hee, hono teddungal mawngal e nder leydi Niiseer (GCON). Doktoor Ekwueme ko moƴƴo e balloowo &quot;Fondaasiyoŋ Alex Ekwueme&quot;. Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde fedde Alex Ekwueme Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, diiwaan Ebonyi, inniraa ko innde makko e maayde makko

Cukko hooreejo leydi Yemi Osinbajo siftinii gonnooɗo cukko hooreejo leydi Alex Ekwueme wonde mo hulaani, kadi ko o baawɗo wonde fof.&quot; diktatoor nder balɗe mum ɓurɗe niɓɓiɗde e hulɓinaade e nder daartol leydi Naajeeriya O waɗii heen geɗe keewɗe ngam wartugol demokaraasi e hitaande 1999,” Osinbajo wiyi.

Tuugnorgal</text>
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    <title>Porotokol Addude e les njiimaandi hakkunde leyɗeele dorog tawa ko e yaasi nanondiral 13 sulyee 1931 ngam ustude peewnugol e yuɓɓinde saaktude dorog</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355682199|Protocol Bringing under International Control Drugs outside the Scope of the Convention of 13 July 1931 for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs]]&quot;</comment>
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Protocol gaɗa nder jonde jonde jinde jonde janda nder nder nder jonde nder jonde nde Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs, 1931 ha nder 1948, woni jonde jandu nder jonde ngam halki feere nder jonde je ɗon hawta bee jonde jande, Convention for Limitation of the Manufacture &amp; Regulating the Distributing of Narcotics 1931. Ɗum ɓurɗo faamugo ngam ɗum woni ko'e dental huutoreeji ɗiɗawre ngam huutoree no'o nanondiri; ɗum woni, ko'e maɓɓe ɗon waɗe dow dow dow dow fuuji ɗi ɗi ɗon mari huutoreeje bana ɗi ɗon mari e huutoreede bana ɗi ɗon haani nder darnde I, darnde 2 nder dental 1931. Fuu no no nandi ɗon hawta nder Konteengal Fuuta dow Fuuɗeeji Demmbe e nder 1961 e Konteengol dow Fuuɗe Psikotropic nder 1971.

Wonduki ngam alkawal ngal waɗi annduki ɓesngu ɓesngu, fuɗɗugo fuɗɗugo opiate, ɗi ɗon haani nder nder nder jonde darnde darnde Central Board permanent. Ɓurɗe, mawɓe huutorooɓe ɓe ɗon ƴettu daga morphine haa petidine, methadone, e lekki feere ngam ɓe mbaɗata ko haani nder leyɗe duniyaaru. Konngol nanondiral waɗi bana ɗum ngam haɓugo e ɗi.

Ha darnde nde, kala parti to Protocol ngal waɗi hoore mum haalanki haakoore UN dow lekki fuu je naftiraama walla je waawi naftiraama ngam daliilaji jaayɗe walla anndal (e je hawtaaki nder dabare'en do'a 1931), je parti nden ta'aama je waawi huutoree e je waawi waɗugo hujjaji je ɗon. Protocol ngal hokki maa baawɗe to Komise dow Demmbe huutore ngam hokki huutore nder wakkati. Kujeji hakkille ɗi ɗon ɗon ɗon ɗon hawtake ha nder laabi darnde e hakkiilooji Dental Haftoore Dunyaaje (e ɓaawo maajum ha nder laabu go'o).

Protocol ngal fuɗɗii bee Konwol gootol dow jillotooɓe nder hitaande 1961.

== Wurooji wurooji ==

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== Firooji ==</text>
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Protocol gaɗa nder jonde jonde jinde jonde janda nder nder nder jonde nder jonde nde Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs, 1931 ha nder 1948, woni jonde jandu nder jonde ngam halki feere nder jonde je ɗon hawta bee jonde jande, Convention for Limitation of the Manufacture &amp; Regulating the Distributing of Narcotics 1931. Ɗum ɓurɗo faamugo ngam ɗum woni ko'e dental huutoreeji ɗiɗawre ngam huutoree no'o nanondiri; ɗum woni, ko'e maɓɓe ɗon waɗe dow dow dow dow fuuji ɗi ɗi ɗon mari huutoreeje bana ɗi ɗon mari e huutoreede bana ɗi ɗon haani nder darnde I, darnde 2 nder dental 1931. Fuu no no nandi ɗon hawta nder Konteengal Fuuta dow Fuuɗeeji Demmbe e nder 1961 e Konteengol dow Fuuɗe Psikotropic nder 1971.

Wonduki ngam alkawal ngal waɗi annduki ɓesngu ɓesngu, fuɗɗugo fuɗɗugo opiate, ɗi ɗon haani nder nder nder jonde darnde darnde Central Board permanent. Ɓurɗe, mawɓe huutorooɓe ɓe ɗon ƴettu daga morphine haa petidine, methadone, e lekki feere ngam ɓe mbaɗata ko haani nder leyɗe duniyaaru. Konngol nanondiral waɗi bana ɗum ngam haɓugo e ɗi.

Ha darnde nde, kala parti to Protocol ngal waɗi hoore mum haalanki haakoore UN dow lekki fuu je naftiraama walla je waawi naftiraama ngam daliilaji jaayɗe walla anndal (e je hawtaaki nder dabare'en do'a 1931), je parti nden ta'aama je waawi huutoree e je waawi waɗugo hujjaji je ɗon. Protocol ngal hokki maa baawɗe to Komise dow Demmbe huutore ngam hokki huutore nder wakkati. Kujeji hakkille ɗi ɗon ɗon ɗon ɗon hawtake ha nder laabi darnde e hakkiilooji Dental Haftoore Dunyaaje (e ɓaawo maajum ha nder laabu go'o).

Protocol ngal fuɗɗii bee Konwol gootol dow jillotooɓe nder hitaande 1961.

== Wurooji wurooji ==

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*  

== Firooji ==</text>
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    <title>Hakke yuɓɓinde e nanondiral kawral, 1949</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355682203|Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949]]&quot;</comment>
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Hakki ha haɓɓugo e haɓɓugo haɓɓugo (1949) [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312243:NO No 98] woni haɓɓugo International Labor Organization. Ɗum woni go'o nder dooliije ILO je je ɗon haandi. 

Ko'e mum dow sariyaaji mawɗi dow hakke haɓɓuki jamirooje woni Hakkillo Hakkilloore haɓɓuki haɓɓuki ngam hakkilloore nder jamirooje (1949) No 87.

== Ko woni nder ==
Ko adii e nder konngol 98 nde holli jaɓɓorgo ngol e 1 lewru Yuli 1949. Ɓaawo ɗun, ka Konneesi ɗon hawta, fuɗɗam, hakkilo yimɓe go'oɓe nder sendikaji ngam hujja hoore maɓɓe, walaa hawtaaki diga kuuɗe nder artigo 1 haa 3. Toonde, artigooji 4 haa 6 yiɗi waɗugo hakkiilo dow hakkiilo e dow hakkiilu, nden sariya nder lesdi memɓe fuu ɗon sembiɗina ɗum.

=== Hakki ngam huwtore ===
Article 1 wi'i wonde golle waawaa hakkilantaaki ngam hawtaade e worgo, e ɓurna fuu haala jaajotooɓe ngam hawtaaki e worgo naa, jaajorgal walla feere feere ngam hawtaago e worgo walla hawtaade nder kuuɗe worgo. Article 2 holli wonde ko yimɓe e jaayndiyaaɓe (ji'eteeɓe jaayndiyankooɓe e jaayndeeji) ɓe mbaawaa hawtaade e darnde maɓɓe, huutore maɓɓe e jaayndaagal maɓɓe. Article 2 (2) ɗon haɗina, haani, jaayndeeji ɓe'e ɓe'e ɗon jeyaa e &quot;jiynde walla feere feere&quot; (taaki jaayndeji ɓe'e ɗi'e ɗon jaaynde, malla jaaynde ɗon jeyaa dow ko'e mawɓe). Ɗuum darnde 3 yiɗi darnde kala darnde ILO waɗugo darnde darnde 1 e 2 nder laawol masinji je ɗon haani, bana darnde dowla.

=== Hakki to jaaynde ===
Ɗuum waɗi ko e nder darnde 4 e nder daranaade. O yiɗi lawol ɗon sembiɗina &quot;laɓɓinol e huutoreeɓe masinji ngam haɓɓugo bolondiral&quot; hakkunde kawtal mawɓe e kawtal mawɗo ngam huutore huutore &quot;e laawol kawtal goɗɗi&quot;. Article 5 wi'i lawol lesdi waawata hokki tawreeta feere feere ngam polis e jamiji ardiiɗi, nden Convention ɗon hawta leyɗe ɗe ɗon haɓɓugo wakkati go'oto nder ILO ɗon haɓɓita Konveni. Ɗuum darnde 6 hokki feere ngam &quot;nde'e mawɓe mawɓe ɓe ɗon kuuwa nder jaangoore lesdi&quot;.

=== Ɗuumɗooɗooɗooɗoo ko e nder ===
Article 7 wi'i ratification'en foondirta to darinoowo mawɗo ILO. Ɗuum holli ko e nder darnde 8 Konteentiral ngal ina haani tan ko ɓe taƴi ɗum, so e nder konngol 1998 ɗum firti ɗum wonaa goonga: Konteentral ngal ina haandi bana goonga nder darnde darnde ILO. Ɗe kuje 9 e 10 ɗon haani dow nokkuuje feere-feere ɗe kaɓirɗe ɗe kaɓiraaki ko haani. Article 11 hawti e ɓeydaaki konngol ngol, ko fii non, sabu konngol 1998 ngol, ko waawataa wonde wonde wonɗo ILO o wi'a o hawti e konngol ngol: ɗun ko huunde mawnde nder koolol duniyaaru. Article 12 wi'i darinoowo mawɗo ɗon anndina yimɓe fuu dow lesdi ɗi ɓe njaɓani kawtal. Ɗuum holli ko e nder darnde 13 ɗum haalanto to Lardiraaɓe Dentuɗe. Ɗuurndal 14 ɗon wi'a ɓandu laamorde ILO ɗon hawrita warugo dow kuuɗe kaɓirɗe. Ɗuurndam 15 ɗon haani haɓɓuki ka Konvental (ko'e maɓɓe walaa haa jooni), nden ɗuurndama 16 ɗon wi'a nde ɗemɗe Farayse e Farayse ɗon mari baawɗe bana non.</text>
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Hakki ha haɓɓugo e haɓɓugo haɓɓugo (1949) [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312243:NO No 98] woni haɓɓugo International Labor Organization. Ɗum woni go'o nder dooliije ILO je je ɗon haandi. 

Ko'e mum dow sariyaaji mawɗi dow hakke haɓɓuki jamirooje woni Hakkillo Hakkilloore haɓɓuki haɓɓuki ngam hakkilloore nder jamirooje (1949) No 87.

== Ko woni nder ==
Ko adii e nder konngol 98 nde holli jaɓɓorgo ngol e 1 lewru Yuli 1949. Ɓaawo ɗun, ka Konneesi ɗon hawta, fuɗɗam, hakkilo yimɓe go'oɓe nder sendikaji ngam hujja hoore maɓɓe, walaa hawtaaki diga kuuɗe nder artigo 1 haa 3. Toonde, artigooji 4 haa 6 yiɗi waɗugo hakkiilo dow hakkiilo e dow hakkiilu, nden sariya nder lesdi memɓe fuu ɗon sembiɗina ɗum.

=== Hakki ngam huwtore ===
Article 1 wi'i wonde golle waawaa hakkilantaaki ngam hawtaade e worgo, e ɓurna fuu haala jaajotooɓe ngam hawtaaki e worgo naa, jaajorgal walla feere feere ngam hawtaago e worgo walla hawtaade nder kuuɗe worgo. Article 2 holli wonde ko yimɓe e jaayndiyaaɓe (ji'eteeɓe jaayndiyankooɓe e jaayndeeji) ɓe mbaawaa hawtaade e darnde maɓɓe, huutore maɓɓe e jaayndaagal maɓɓe. Article 2 (2) ɗon haɗina, haani, jaayndeeji ɓe'e ɓe'e ɗon jeyaa e &quot;jiynde walla feere feere&quot; (taaki jaayndeji ɓe'e ɗi'e ɗon jaaynde, malla jaaynde ɗon jeyaa dow ko'e mawɓe). Ɗuum darnde 3 yiɗi darnde kala darnde ILO waɗugo darnde darnde 1 e 2 nder laawol masinji je ɗon haani, bana darnde dowla.

=== Hakki to jaaynde ===
Ɗuum waɗi ko e nder darnde 4 e nder daranaade. O yiɗi lawol ɗon sembiɗina &quot;laɓɓinol e huutoreeɓe masinji ngam haɓɓugo bolondiral&quot; hakkunde kawtal mawɓe e kawtal mawɗo ngam huutore huutore &quot;e laawol kawtal goɗɗi&quot;. Article 5 wi'i lawol lesdi waawata hokki tawreeta feere feere ngam polis e jamiji ardiiɗi, nden Convention ɗon hawta leyɗe ɗe ɗon haɓɓugo wakkati go'oto nder ILO ɗon haɓɓita Konveni. Ɗuum darnde 6 hokki feere ngam &quot;nde'e mawɓe mawɓe ɓe ɗon kuuwa nder jaangoore lesdi&quot;.

=== Ɗuumɗooɗooɗooɗoo ko e nder ===
Article 7 wi'i ratification'en foondirta to darinoowo mawɗo ILO. Ɗuum holli ko e nder darnde 8 Konteentiral ngal ina haani tan ko ɓe taƴi ɗum, so e nder konngol 1998 ɗum firti ɗum wonaa goonga: Konteentral ngal ina haandi bana goonga nder darnde darnde ILO. Ɗe kuje 9 e 10 ɗon haani dow nokkuuje feere-feere ɗe kaɓirɗe ɗe kaɓiraaki ko haani. Article 11 hawti e ɓeydaaki konngol ngol, ko fii non, sabu konngol 1998 ngol, ko waawataa wonde wonde wonɗo ILO o wi'a o hawti e konngol ngol: ɗun ko huunde mawnde nder koolol duniyaaru. Article 12 wi'i darinoowo mawɗo ɗon anndina yimɓe fuu dow lesdi ɗi ɓe njaɓani kawtal. Ɗuum holli ko e nder darnde 13 ɗum haalanto to Lardiraaɓe Dentuɗe. Ɗuurndal 14 ɗon wi'a ɓandu laamorde ILO ɗon hawrita warugo dow kuuɗe kaɓirɗe. Ɗuurndam 15 ɗon haani haɓɓuki ka Konvental (ko'e maɓɓe walaa haa jooni), nden ɗuurndama 16 ɗon wi'a nde ɗemɗe Farayse e Farayse ɗon mari baawɗe bana non.

==firooji==</text>
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    <title>Koolol Warsaw</title>
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Kaawol ngam huutoreeji feere-feere dow hawraade hawraade, anndiraa bana kaawol Warsaw, ko kaawol hawraade duniyaaru je ɗon jeyaa haɓɓuki hawraade yimɓe, bagaji, malla kare dow hawraare ngam ceede.

Ko ɗum waɗi nde nde wonnoo e hitaande 1929 to [[Warsaw]] (nde ɗum waɗi innde), ɗum waylitii nder hitaande 1955 to Haag, Netherlands, e hitaande 1971 to [[Guatemala]]_City&quot; id=&quot;mwFw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Guatemala City&quot;&gt;Guatemala City, Guatemala. Kotuuji Amerik waɗi, haa Laaki feere, Warsaw Convention woni hujja feere to Warsaw Convention ha nder modification ha Haag Protocol.

Kawtal Montreal, mo saini nder 1999, je ɗon jeyta sistem Kawtal Warsaw nder lesɗe je ɗon haaki ɗum.

== Taariiha ==
Nder 17 August 1923, gomnati Farayse waɗi suɓugo haɓɓugo haɓɓuki jaaynde diplomatiye nder lewru Noofambar 1923 ngam waɗugo kaɓirgal dow hakkiilo nder jaaynde hawtaare. Kawtal ngal fuɗɗii ha nder darnde ɗiɗi ngam kuuɗe dowlaaku dowlaaku feere feere ngam waɗugo nder wakkati saɗugo bana non, walaa anndal dow kawtal ngal ɓe mbi'i. Ko ɗum waɗi, hakkunde 27 oktoobar e 6 noofambar, kawtal arandeere waɗi haa [[Pari]] ngam janngude ko woni nder konneentiral. Ngam ɓurɓe daraniiɓe ɓe'e ɓe diplomats ɓe laamu Farayse mari jaɓɓorgo ɓe'e naa' ɓe'e mawɓe, ɗum haani ngam ɓe jaɓal go'o nder ɓandu'en tekniki, ɓe'e jaɓɓorɓe kiiki ngam ɓe'e janngina dabare'en do'aare nde'e yeeso ɓe'e haɓɓugo to jamiroore diplomati. Ngam maajum, kawtal Technical Committee International of Legal Experts on Air Questions (''Comité International Technique d'Experts Juridiques Aériens'', CITEJA) haɗi nder hitaande 1925. Nder hitaande 1927-28 CITEJA janngini e ɓesdi dabare nde ɓe mbi'i e ɓe ɓesdi e nder dabare nde haani ha haɗi e haɗi e nder daare haɗi e sariya nden e ɓe holli ɗum ha warsawa Conference, to ɓe jaɓɓi ɗum hakkunde 4 e 12 oktoobar 1929. O hawti e goɗɗum ko nafata nder jaaynde hawtaade.

Ko haalanki nder Farayse e nder nder nder nder lesdi Polon, ɓe ɗon hoola dokitaaji ɗi ɓe ɗon haalde nder ardiiji lesdi Polon. Caggal nde o fuɗɗii waɗugo e 13 feebari 1933, o halki feere feere dow ko'e sariya e laamu.

Nder 1948 e 1951 ɗum ɓeydi anndugo nder komiteeji kiita ɗi International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) waɗi, e nder 1952 ɗum haɓɓii ko ɓesdi ngam darnugo konfensiya. Ammaa ɗum jaɓaayi, nden ɗum waɗi ɗum haɓɓii ngam ɓe wayli kawtal ngal haa 1953 to ɓe ngaddani ɗum. Kuugal ngal jaɓɓi hooreejo jaɓɓaade e nder jonde joonde joonde ndee, ɗum holliti to Kawtal Dentugol Dowlaaji dow Dentugol Haaru, nde kawtal jaɓɓi dow kawtal jaɓaade dow ICAO, e hawti haa Haag haa 6 haa 28 Septemba 1955. Conference Haag jaɓi Protocol (Hague Protocol) ngam baylitol kawtal Warsaw. Hakkunde ɓesngu Protocol, ɗum hawti e warugo Warsaw Convention 1929 e Hague Protocol 1955 ngam ɓe Laaki e baylitugo be be be be nder go'o hujjirde be anndiraama Warsaw Convention be modification ha Haag nder 1955. Ɗuum naa' ɗum haɓɓitol to konventiral, ammaa ɗum haɓɓitaaki dokkal ngal footi e ngal hawta tan hakkunde ɓesngu. To lesdi go'o woni go'o nder kawtal Warsaw e go'o to Haag Protocol, walaa lesdi go'oto nder lesdi go'otol, ngam maajum walaa daliila hawtaare duniyaaru ngam haaki.

Woni, Kawtal Montreal, je haɓɓii nder 1999, je haɓɓiri sistem Kawtal Warsaw.

== Ko woni nder ==
Ɗuum woodi cuttingol jowi:

* Fasal I - Kootol
* Kaɓirɗe II - Dokumentiji jaayɗe; bagaji e tikkere jaayɗe
* Fedde III - Hakkiilo jaaynoowo
* Fasal IV - Ɗuɓɓudi dow hawtaade e hawtaade
* Fasal V - Ɗuɓɓudi jaayndeeji e ɗiɗmuki

Nder kawtal ngal woodi darnde darnde darngal darnde dargol darnde darndol darnde darndaangal darnde darngol darnde dow dow dow dow nder nder nder nder darnde darnol darnde feere boo.</text>
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Kaawol ngam huutoreeji feere-feere dow hawraade hawraade, anndiraa bana kaawol Warsaw, ko kaawol hawraade duniyaaru je ɗon jeyaa haɓɓuki hawraade yimɓe, bagaji, malla kare dow hawraare ngam ceede.

Ko ɗum waɗi nde nde wonnoo e hitaande 1929 to [[Warsaw]] (nde ɗum waɗi innde), ɗum waylitii nder hitaande 1955 to Haag, Netherlands, e hitaande 1971 to [[Guatemala]]_City&quot; id=&quot;mwFw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Guatemala City&quot;&gt;Guatemala City, Guatemala. Kotuuji Amerik waɗi, haa Laaki feere, Warsaw Convention woni hujja feere to Warsaw Convention ha nder modification ha Haag Protocol.

Kawtal Montreal, mo saini nder 1999, je ɗon jeyta sistem Kawtal Warsaw nder lesɗe je ɗon haaki ɗum.

== Taariiha ==
Nder 17 August 1923, gomnati Farayse waɗi suɓugo haɓɓugo haɓɓuki jaaynde diplomatiye nder lewru Noofambar 1923 ngam waɗugo kaɓirgal dow hakkiilo nder jaaynde hawtaare. Kawtal ngal fuɗɗii ha nder darnde ɗiɗi ngam kuuɗe dowlaaku dowlaaku feere feere ngam waɗugo nder wakkati saɗugo bana non, walaa anndal dow kawtal ngal ɓe mbi'i. Ko ɗum waɗi, hakkunde 27 oktoobar e 6 noofambar, kawtal arandeere waɗi haa [[Pari]] ngam janngude ko woni nder konneentiral. Ngam ɓurɓe daraniiɓe ɓe'e ɓe diplomats ɓe laamu Farayse mari jaɓɓorgo ɓe'e naa' ɓe'e mawɓe, ɗum haani ngam ɓe jaɓal go'o nder ɓandu'en tekniki, ɓe'e jaɓɓorɓe kiiki ngam ɓe'e janngina dabare'en do'aare nde'e yeeso ɓe'e haɓɓugo to jamiroore diplomati. Ngam maajum, kawtal Technical Committee International of Legal Experts on Air Questions (''Comité International Technique d'Experts Juridiques Aériens'', CITEJA) haɗi nder hitaande 1925. Nder hitaande 1927-28 CITEJA janngini e ɓesdi dabare nde ɓe mbi'i e ɓe ɓesdi e nder dabare nde haani ha haɗi e haɗi e nder daare haɗi e sariya nden e ɓe holli ɗum ha warsawa Conference, to ɓe jaɓɓi ɗum hakkunde 4 e 12 oktoobar 1929. O hawti e goɗɗum ko nafata nder jaaynde hawtaade.

Ko haalanki nder Farayse e nder nder nder nder lesdi Polon, ɓe ɗon hoola dokitaaji ɗi ɓe ɗon haalde nder ardiiji lesdi Polon. Caggal nde o fuɗɗii waɗugo e 13 feebari 1933, o halki feere feere dow ko'e sariya e laamu.

Nder 1948 e 1951 ɗum ɓeydi anndugo nder komiteeji kiita ɗi International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) waɗi, e nder 1952 ɗum haɓɓii ko ɓesdi ngam darnugo konfensiya. Ammaa ɗum jaɓaayi, nden ɗum waɗi ɗum haɓɓii ngam ɓe wayli kawtal ngal haa 1953 to ɓe ngaddani ɗum. Kuugal ngal jaɓɓi hooreejo jaɓɓaade e nder jonde joonde joonde ndee, ɗum holliti to Kawtal Dentugol Dowlaaji dow Dentugol Haaru, nde kawtal jaɓɓi dow kawtal jaɓaade dow ICAO, e hawti haa Haag haa 6 haa 28 Septemba 1955. Conference Haag jaɓi Protocol (Hague Protocol) ngam baylitol kawtal Warsaw. Hakkunde ɓesngu Protocol, ɗum hawti e warugo Warsaw Convention 1929 e Hague Protocol 1955 ngam ɓe Laaki e baylitugo be be be be nder go'o hujjirde be anndiraama Warsaw Convention be modification ha Haag nder 1955. Ɗuum naa' ɗum haɓɓitol to konventiral, ammaa ɗum haɓɓitaaki dokkal ngal footi e ngal hawta tan hakkunde ɓesngu. To lesdi go'o woni go'o nder kawtal Warsaw e go'o to Haag Protocol, walaa lesdi go'oto nder lesdi go'otol, ngam maajum walaa daliila hawtaare duniyaaru ngam haaki.

Woni, Kawtal Montreal, je haɓɓii nder 1999, je haɓɓiri sistem Kawtal Warsaw.

== Ko woni nder ==
Ɗuum woodi cuttingol jowi:

* Fasal I - Kootol
* Kaɓirɗe II - Dokumentiji jaayɗe; bagaji e tikkere jaayɗe
* Fedde III - Hakkiilo jaaynoowo
* Fasal IV - Ɗuɓɓudi dow hawtaade e hawtaade
* Fasal V - Ɗuɓɓudi jaayndeeji e ɗiɗmuki

Nder kawtal ngal woodi darnde darnde darngal darnde dargol darnde darndol darnde darndaangal darnde darngol darnde dow dow dow dow nder nder nder nder darnde darnol darnde feere boo.

==firooji==</text>
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    <title>John Burdon</title>
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[[File:Sir_John_Alder_Burdon.jpg|right|thumb|Burdon e hitaande 1930.]]
Major '''Sir John Alder Burdon''' KBE CMG (23 ut 1866 – 9 lewru mbooy 1933)  ko Guwerneer-Seneraal Honduras Angalteer (hannde Beliis ) tuggi 1925 haa 1932. O winndi kadi ''deftere makko wiyeteende “Brief Sketch of Honduras Angalteer, ɓennuɗo, jooni e ko arata'' ” (1927).

O jibinaa ko ñalnde 23 ut 1866 to Pekin, Siin, ko o ɓiy bismaango John Shaw Burdon e Phoebe Esther Alder. O janngi ko to Angalteer, o naati e konu Angalteer e hitaande 1888, o golliima e nder konu Cameron Highlanders . Tuggi 1903 haa 1906, o laati Hooreejo lesdi Sokoto haa lesdi Naajeeriya woylaare . [1] E hitaande 1910 o woniino Sekereteer Koloñaal Barbados (Guwerneer gardiiɗo 1910-11), o resi Katherine Janet Sutherland ñalnde 17 desaambar 1910. Ndeen o woniino gardiiɗo St haa 1932. O sankii ko ñalnde 9 lewru bowte hitaande 1933, omo yahra e duuɓi 66.

== Tuugnorgal ==
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[[File:Sir_John_Alder_Burdon.jpg|right|thumb|Burdon e hitaande 1930.]]
Major '''Sir John Alder Burdon''' KBE CMG (23 ut 1866 – 9 lewru mbooy 1933)  ko Guwerneer-Seneraal Honduras Angalteer (hannde Beliis ) tuggi 1925 haa 1932. O winndi kadi ''deftere makko wiyeteende “Brief Sketch of Honduras Angalteer, ɓennuɗo, jooni e ko arata'' ” (1927).

O jibinaa ko ñalnde 23 ut 1866 to Pekin, Siin, ko o ɓiy bismaango John Shaw Burdon e Phoebe Esther Alder. O janngi ko to Angalteer, o naati e konu Angalteer e hitaande 1888, o golliima e nder konu Cameron Highlanders . Tuggi 1903 haa 1906, o laati Hooreejo lesdi Sokoto haa lesdi Naajeeriya woylaare . [1] E hitaande 1910 o woniino Sekereteer Koloñaal Barbados (Guwerneer gardiiɗo 1910-11), o resi Katherine Janet Sutherland ñalnde 17 desaambar 1910. Ndeen o woniino gardiiɗo St haa 1932. O sankii ko ñalnde 9 lewru bowte hitaande 1933, omo yahra e duuɓi 66.

== Tuugnorgal ==
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  <page>
    <title>Ivor Brace</title>
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'''Sir Ivor Llewellyn Brace''' (suwee 1898 – 24 oktoobar 1952)  ko soldaat Galles, awokaa, caggal ɗuum wonti ñaawoowo koloñaal. E hitaande 1951, o wonti hooreejo ñaawirdu gadano e nder Ñaawirde Toownde Sarawak, Borneo worgo e Brunei . O golliima e ngaal jappeere haa o maayi.

== Kugal ==
Ivor noddiraa ko Bar to Angalteer e Galles e hitaande 1921, o gollorii ko e circuit Wales Sud . [1] Toɗɗagol makko gadanol e sarwiis sariya koloñaal ko ñaawoowo to Gold Coast . [2] E hitaande 1932, Ivor wonnoo ko awokaa laamu e nder leydi Nijeer koloñaal . Caggal mum o wonii balloowo ñaawoowo to Ñaawirde Toownde leydi Najeriya hade makko nawtoreede to leydi Siyeraa Leyoon Koloni e Protektorat ngam wonde ñaawoowo puisne . [1]

E hitaande 1946, Ivor ummii o fayi Borneo Angalteer caggal nde o toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu Borneo worgo, caggal ɗuum o wonti hooreejo ñaawirdu gadano e nder ñaawirdu kawrital Sarawak, Borneo worgo e Brunei e lewru desaambar 1951.  O heɓi knight e hitaande New Year Honors 1952 .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Nguurndam neɗɗo ==
Brace ko ɓiɗɗo ɗiɗo worɓe, hono William Brace e Nellie Humphreys.

== Teddungal ==

* United Kingdom :
** [[File:Knight-Bachelor.ribbon.png|50x50px]] Knight Bachelor (Kt) - '''Sir''' (1952)

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'''Sir Ivor Llewellyn Brace''' (suwee 1898 – 24 oktoobar 1952)  ko soldaat Galles, awokaa, caggal ɗuum wonti ñaawoowo koloñaal. E hitaande 1951, o wonti hooreejo ñaawirdu gadano e nder Ñaawirde Toownde Sarawak, Borneo worgo e Brunei . O golliima e ngaal jappeere haa o maayi.

== Kugal ==
Ivor noddiraa ko Bar to Angalteer e Galles e hitaande 1921, o gollorii ko e circuit Wales Sud . [1] Toɗɗagol makko gadanol e sarwiis sariya koloñaal ko ñaawoowo to Gold Coast . [2] E hitaande 1932, Ivor wonnoo ko awokaa laamu e nder leydi Nijeer koloñaal . Caggal mum o wonii balloowo ñaawoowo to Ñaawirde Toownde leydi Najeriya hade makko nawtoreede to leydi Siyeraa Leyoon Koloni e Protektorat ngam wonde ñaawoowo puisne . [1]

E hitaande 1946, Ivor ummii o fayi Borneo Angalteer caggal nde o toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu Borneo worgo, caggal ɗuum o wonti hooreejo ñaawirdu gadano e nder ñaawirdu kawrital Sarawak, Borneo worgo e Brunei e lewru desaambar 1951.  O heɓi knight e hitaande New Year Honors 1952 .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Nguurndam neɗɗo ==
Brace ko ɓiɗɗo ɗiɗo worɓe, hono William Brace e Nellie Humphreys.

== Teddungal ==

* United Kingdom :
** [[File:Knight-Bachelor.ribbon.png|50x50px]] Knight Bachelor (Kt) - '''Sir''' (1952)

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[[File:Sir_John_Ainley.jpg|thumb|Ainley e siynude doosɗe leydi Brunei e hitaande 1959]]
'''Sir Alfred John Ainley''' MC (10 mee 1906 – 19 lewru bowte 1992) ko ñaawoowo koloñaal Angalteer, gonnooɗo hooreejo ñaawirdu diiwaan fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer, to Sarawak, to Borneo worgo e to Bruney, e to Keñiya.

== Nguurndam ==
O jibinaa ko to Angalteer, o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St Bees, to Cumbria e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Corpus Christi to Oxford . 

O wonti Magistrate to Gold Coast e hitaande 1935. E nder wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere o woniino lietnaa e nder konu Gold Coast, o golliima e nder teyaaɗere Afrik, o rokkaa kadi njeenaari « Croix militaire » e hitaande 1941 [1] sabu ardaade pelle makko e les yiite e nder hare nde o waɗi e vehicle armo gaño. Kanko e hoore makko o werlii e maggal grenaadeeji haa o dañi doole ngam nanngude maggal. [2]

Caggal wolde nde o toɗɗaa Ñaawirde Puisne to Uganndaa (1945 haa 1955), hade makko jogaade manndaa mawɗo Ñaawirde to diiwaan Fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer. O heɓi njeenaari konu ngam golle makko e hitaande 1957.  

E hitaande 1959 o toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirde dentuɗe Sarawak, Borneo worgo e Brunei kono caggal ɗuum o artiraa e Afrik e hitaande 1963 ngam wonde hooreejo ñaawirde Keñiya ko adii jeytaare Keñiya e hitaande 1964, o wonti hooreejo ñaawirde gadano leydi jeytaare ndii.  

E sahaa nde o woni to leydi Keñiya o teskiima e ñaawde Kisilu Mutua warngo sabu mum waɗde feere warngo Pio Gama Pinto, jaayndiyanke e haɓantooɗo ndimaagu. Caggal ɗuum, ñaawoore ndee waylaa, wonti duuɓi 35 kasoo. 

O woppi golle e hitaande 1968, o ummii o hoɗi e debbo makko biyeteeɗo Mona Sybil to wuro wiyeteengo Watermillock, to leydi Kumbriya. 

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[[File:Sir_John_Ainley.jpg|thumb|Ainley e siynude doosɗe leydi Brunei e hitaande 1959]]
'''Sir Alfred John Ainley''' MC (10 mee 1906 – 19 lewru bowte 1992) ko ñaawoowo koloñaal Angalteer, gonnooɗo hooreejo ñaawirdu diiwaan fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer, to Sarawak, to Borneo worgo e to Bruney, e to Keñiya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Cumberland and Westmorland Herald Oct 4th 2015&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam ==
O jibinaa ko to Angalteer, o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St Bees, to Cumbria e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Corpus Christi to Oxford . 

O wonti Magistrate to Gold Coast e hitaande 1935. E nder wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere o woniino lietnaa e nder konu Gold Coast, o golliima e nder teyaaɗere Afrik, o rokkaa kadi njeenaari « Croix militaire » e hitaande 1941 [1] sabu ardaade pelle makko e les yiite e nder hare nde o waɗi e vehicle armo gaño. Kanko e hoore makko o werlii e maggal grenaadeeji haa o dañi doole ngam nanngude maggal. [2]

Caggal wolde nde o toɗɗaa Ñaawirde Puisne to Uganndaa (1945 haa 1955), hade makko jogaade manndaa mawɗo Ñaawirde to diiwaan Fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer. O heɓi njeenaari konu ngam golle makko e hitaande 1957.  

E hitaande 1959 o toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirde dentuɗe Sarawak, Borneo worgo e Brunei kono caggal ɗuum o artiraa e Afrik e hitaande 1963 ngam wonde hooreejo ñaawirde Keñiya ko adii jeytaare Keñiya e hitaande 1964, o wonti hooreejo ñaawirde gadano leydi jeytaare ndii.  

E sahaa nde o woni to leydi Keñiya o teskiima e ñaawde Kisilu Mutua warngo sabu mum waɗde feere warngo Pio Gama Pinto, jaayndiyanke e haɓantooɗo ndimaagu. Caggal ɗuum, ñaawoore ndee waylaa, wonti duuɓi 35 kasoo. 

O woppi golle e hitaande 1968, o ummii o hoɗi e debbo makko biyeteeɗo Mona Sybil to wuro wiyeteengo Watermillock, to leydi Kumbriya. 

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[[File:Sir_John_Ainley.jpg|thumb|Ainley e siynude doosɗe leydi Brunei e hitaande 1959]]
'''Sir Alfred John Ainley''' MC (10 mee 1906 – 19 lewru bowte 1992) ko ñaawoowo koloñaal Angalteer, gonnooɗo hooreejo ñaawirdu diiwaan fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer, to Sarawak, to Borneo worgo e to Bruney, e to Keñiya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Cumberland and Westmorland Herald Oct 4th 2015&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam ==
O jibinaa ko to Angalteer, o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St Bees, to Cumbria e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Corpus Christi to Oxford . 

O wonti Magistrate to Gold Coast e hitaande 1935. E nder wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere o woniino lietnaa e nder konu Gold Coast, o golliima e nder teyaaɗere Afrik, o rokkaa kadi njeenaari « Croix militaire » e hitaande 1941 [1] sabu ardaade pelle makko e les yiite e nder hare nde o waɗi e vehicle armo gaño. Kanko e hoore makko o werlii e maggal grenaadeeji haa o dañi doole ngam nanngude maggal. [2]

Caggal wolde nde o toɗɗaa Ñaawirde Puisne to Uganndaa (1945 haa 1955), hade makko jogaade manndaa mawɗo Ñaawirde to diiwaan Fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer. O heɓi njeenaari konu ngam golle makko e hitaande 1957.  

E hitaande 1959 o toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirde dentuɗe Sarawak, Borneo worgo e Brunei kono caggal ɗuum o artiraa e Afrik e hitaande 1963 ngam wonde hooreejo ñaawirde Keñiya ko adii jeytaare Keñiya e hitaande 1964, o wonti hooreejo ñaawirde gadano leydi jeytaare ndii.  

E sahaa nde o woni to leydi Keñiya o teskiima e ñaawde Kisilu Mutua warngo sabu mum waɗde feere warngo Pio Gama Pinto, jaayndiyanke e haɓantooɗo ndimaagu. Caggal ɗuum, ñaawoore ndee waylaa, wonti duuɓi 35 kasoo. 

O woppi golle e hitaande 1968, o ummii o hoɗi e debbo makko biyeteeɗo Mona Sybil to wuro wiyeteengo Watermillock, to leydi Kumbriya. 

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Omoba sir '''adetokunbo adegboyega ademola''' listen c GCON KBE PC SAN (1 feebariyee 1906 – 29 lewru Yarkomaa 1993) ko ñaawoowo leydi Nijeer, ko o hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Nijeer gila 1958 haa 1972. O toɗɗaa ko hooreejo ñaawirdu ñalnde 1 abriil 1958, o lomtii Sir [[Stafford Foster-Sutton]], mo o woni e retireede. Ademola ko ɓiy Oba Sir [[Ladapo Ademola|Ladapo Ademola II]], Alake mo leñol Egba to leydi Nijeer. Ko kanko woni hooreejo gadano duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Benin . 

== Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol ==
Adetokunbo jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 feebariyee 1906, e nder laamu, ko ɓiy laamɗo [[Ladapo Ademola|Ladapo]] e laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Tejumade Ademola. Baaba maako laati regent laamu Egba hawti Lagos mo ɓaawo man laati Ademola II, Alake Egbaland, Abeokuta, wuro taariiha koɗorɗe Egbas haa fombina-fuunaange lesdi Naajeeriya.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2025)&quot;&gt;ndika&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;wawru&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;haajuuji&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Yumma makko ko miñiiko debbo mawɗo Sir [[Adeyemo Alakija]] . Nde o heɓi duuɓi nay, o wuuri ko juuti e mawniiko gorko biyeteeɗo Pa Alakija, to Abeokuta, hitaande caggal ɗuum o fuɗɗii jaŋde makko leslesre to duɗal katolik Roma to Itesi, Abeokuta.  O arti Lagos nde o heɓi duuɓi jeetati ngam hoɗde e yumma makko e nder galle galle makko to [[Broad Street, Lagos|Broad St]], caggal ɗuum o jokki jaŋde makko to duɗal Holy Cross, Lagos. O naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St Gregory, Obalende e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King Lagos ngam jaŋde makko hakkundeere. 

O joofni jaŋde makko hakkundeere e hitaande 1925, o heɓi jaŋde toownde ngam naatde e sarwisaaji siwil koloñaal. O heɓi toɗɗagol e nder biro mawɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii, Lagos. Tuggi 1928 haa 1931, Ademola janngi sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Selwyn, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge . Tuggi 1958 haa 1972, o wonii hooreejo Ñaawirde . 

== Kugal ==
Adetokunbo noddiraa ko e bar to Middle Temple to London e hitaande 1934. Caggal nde o arti e leydi Nijeer e dow yamiroore baaba makko, [1] o naati e golle laamu (Civil Service) e tuggi 1934–35, o golliima e golle awokaa korona e nder biro Awokaa mawɗo. Nden o nasti nder kuugal hukuumaaji rento lesdi Naajeeriya, nden o waɗi hitaande woore, o ɗonno haa Enugu bana balloowo sekretariya haa hukuuma lesdi Naajeeriya, Fuunaange Naajeeriya . O yalti e golle ɗee, o fuɗɗii golle makko e nder leydi hee gila 1936 haa 1939, nde o toɗɗaa Magistrat to Ñaawirde Protectorate. E hitaande 1938, o naati e fedde sukaaɓe leydi Najeriya . Ko o magistrat, o ndartinaama e gure Naajeeriya ceertuɗe; Ademola golliima to Warri tuggi 1939-1946, caggal ɗuum o arti Lagos e hitaande 1946 ngam ardaade ñaawirdu St Anna. E hitaande 1947, o neldaa to Opobo . E hitaande 1949, o woni Nijeernaajo tataɓo toɗɗaaɗo ñaawoowo puisne. E hitaande 1948, o woni tergal e goomu ƴeewndo sariyaaji ñaawirɗe. [ ciimtol ina haani ]

E hitaande 1955, hitaande ko adii nde Hirnaange Naajeeriya laatoto laamu hoore mum nder leydi ndi, Sir Adetokunbo toɗɗaama hooreejo kiitaaji Hirnaange Naajeeriya, ngam non o laati hooreejo kiitaaji Naajeeriya arandeejo haa kala nokkure fuu nder lesdi ndin. Ɗaɗi maako ɗi 'firsts' tokki nde, duuɓi tati ɓaawo man, o laati ardiiɗo lesdi Naajeeriya arandeere nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya fuu. 

Ko o hooreejo ñaawirdu, o waɗii darnde jam e nder kewuuji ɗiɗi politik e nder leydi ndii. E hitaande 1964, caggal nde wooteeji ngenndiiji ndartii, [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]], hooreejo leydi ndii, salii noddude kala lannda ngam sosde laamu haa nde Sir Louis Mbanefo, hooreejo ñaawirdu diiwaan Fuɗnaange oo e Ademola naati heen.  Caggal ɗuum o yahi haa o waɗi darnde deeƴnde caggal kuudetaa 1966 nde won e ofiseeji worgo njiɗnoo seertude e leydi ndii. 

Ko o hooreejo ñaawirdu, Ademola ina jeyaa e won e ñaawirɗe teeŋtuɗe e nder laamu makko, e nder [[Regina vs Ilorin Native Authority|ñaawirɗe ɗiɗi ɗee kala, hono Regina vs Ilorin]]  e Ayinke vs Ibidunni, o lugginii e haala sariya aada. O tawtoraama kadi geɗe doosɗe keewɗe e nder oon sahaa. Won e ñaawirɗe ɗee ko [[Doherty v Abubakar Balewa|Doherty e Abubakar Balewa]], [[Adesoji Aderemi v Samuel Akintola|Adesoji Aderemi e Samuel Akintola]] e [[Olawoyin vs the Commissioner of Police|Olawoyin e Komiseer Polis]] . Sir Adetokunbo, e Dr. [[Taslim olawale iliyaas|Teslim Olawale Elias]] (mo lomtii mo e gardagol hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Najeriya), ɓe ngoni ko e sosde duɗal sariya leydi Najeriya . Ko adii nde sosetee, gollotooɓe e sariya ina poti heɓde seedantaagal to Bar Engele. 

E laamu Ademola, laamu fedde ndee wayliima gila e laamu koloñaal, wonti laamu parlemaa, caggal ɗuum laamu konu. Ademola hono hooreejo ñaawirdu tawaaka ina yiɗi wonde neɗɗo teddinaaɗo e sehilaaɓe mum, baawɗo huutoraade ngam ƴellitde e rokkude teddungal e caltal ñaawirdu laamu. Kono won e ñiŋooɓe cikki ko o neɗɗanke e njuɓɓudi laamu.  Ademola ɓuri yiɗde ko ñaawoore wootere. Hay so tawii o meeɗiino wonde hooreejo leydi diiwaan oo, ɗum haɗaani mo yiɗde yuɓɓo ngootaagu. 

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Omoba sir '''adetokunbo adegboyega ademola''' listen c GCON KBE PC SAN (1 feebariyee 1906 – 29 lewru Yarkomaa 1993) ko ñaawoowo leydi Nijeer, ko o hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Nijeer gila 1958 haa 1972. O toɗɗaa ko hooreejo ñaawirdu ñalnde 1 abriil 1958, o lomtii Sir [[Stafford Foster-Sutton]], mo o woni e retireede. Ademola ko ɓiy Oba Sir [[Ladapo Ademola|Ladapo Ademola II]], Alake mo leñol Egba to leydi Nijeer. Ko kanko woni hooreejo gadano duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Benin . &lt;ref&gt;Ade.Ajayi, J.F.; Akinseye-George, Yemi (2002). Kayode Eso; The Making of a Judge. Ibadan: Spectrum Books. p. 232. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978029452X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol ==
Adetokunbo jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 feebariyee 1906, e nder laamu, ko ɓiy laamɗo [[Ladapo Ademola|Ladapo]] e laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Tejumade Ademola. Baaba maako laati regent laamu Egba hawti Lagos mo ɓaawo man laati Ademola II, Alake Egbaland, Abeokuta, wuro taariiha koɗorɗe Egbas haa fombina-fuunaange lesdi Naajeeriya.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2025)&quot;&gt;ndika&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;wawru&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;haajuuji&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Yumma makko ko miñiiko debbo mawɗo Sir [[Adeyemo Alakija]] . Nde o heɓi duuɓi nay, o wuuri ko juuti e mawniiko gorko biyeteeɗo Pa Alakija, to Abeokuta, hitaande caggal ɗuum o fuɗɗii jaŋde makko leslesre to duɗal katolik Roma to Itesi, Abeokuta.  O arti Lagos nde o heɓi duuɓi jeetati ngam hoɗde e yumma makko e nder galle galle makko to [[Broad Street, Lagos|Broad St]], caggal ɗuum o jokki jaŋde makko to duɗal Holy Cross, Lagos. O naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St Gregory, Obalende e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King Lagos ngam jaŋde makko hakkundeere. 

O joofni jaŋde makko hakkundeere e hitaande 1925, o heɓi jaŋde toownde ngam naatde e sarwisaaji siwil koloñaal. O heɓi toɗɗagol e nder biro mawɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii, Lagos. Tuggi 1928 haa 1931, Ademola janngi sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Selwyn, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge . Tuggi 1958 haa 1972, o wonii hooreejo Ñaawirde . 

== Kugal ==
Adetokunbo noddiraa ko e bar to Middle Temple to London e hitaande 1934. Caggal nde o arti e leydi Nijeer e dow yamiroore baaba makko, [1] o naati e golle laamu (Civil Service) e tuggi 1934–35, o golliima e golle awokaa korona e nder biro Awokaa mawɗo. Nden o nasti nder kuugal hukuumaaji rento lesdi Naajeeriya, nden o waɗi hitaande woore, o ɗonno haa Enugu bana balloowo sekretariya haa hukuuma lesdi Naajeeriya, Fuunaange Naajeeriya . O yalti e golle ɗee, o fuɗɗii golle makko e nder leydi hee gila 1936 haa 1939, nde o toɗɗaa Magistrat to Ñaawirde Protectorate. E hitaande 1938, o naati e fedde sukaaɓe leydi Najeriya . Ko o magistrat, o ndartinaama e gure Naajeeriya ceertuɗe; Ademola golliima to Warri tuggi 1939-1946, caggal ɗuum o arti Lagos e hitaande 1946 ngam ardaade ñaawirdu St Anna. E hitaande 1947, o neldaa to Opobo . E hitaande 1949, o woni Nijeernaajo tataɓo toɗɗaaɗo ñaawoowo puisne. E hitaande 1948, o woni tergal e goomu ƴeewndo sariyaaji ñaawirɗe. [ ciimtol ina haani ]

E hitaande 1955, hitaande ko adii nde Hirnaange Naajeeriya laatoto laamu hoore mum nder leydi ndi, Sir Adetokunbo toɗɗaama hooreejo kiitaaji Hirnaange Naajeeriya, ngam non o laati hooreejo kiitaaji Naajeeriya arandeejo haa kala nokkure fuu nder lesdi ndin. Ɗaɗi maako ɗi 'firsts' tokki nde, duuɓi tati ɓaawo man, o laati ardiiɗo lesdi Naajeeriya arandeere nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya fuu. 

Ko o hooreejo ñaawirdu, o waɗii darnde jam e nder kewuuji ɗiɗi politik e nder leydi ndii. E hitaande 1964, caggal nde wooteeji ngenndiiji ndartii, [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]], hooreejo leydi ndii, salii noddude kala lannda ngam sosde laamu haa nde Sir Louis Mbanefo, hooreejo ñaawirdu diiwaan Fuɗnaange oo e Ademola naati heen.  Caggal ɗuum o yahi haa o waɗi darnde deeƴnde caggal kuudetaa 1966 nde won e ofiseeji worgo njiɗnoo seertude e leydi ndii. 

Ko o hooreejo ñaawirdu, Ademola ina jeyaa e won e ñaawirɗe teeŋtuɗe e nder laamu makko, e nder [[Regina vs Ilorin Native Authority|ñaawirɗe ɗiɗi ɗee kala, hono Regina vs Ilorin]]  e Ayinke vs Ibidunni, o lugginii e haala sariya aada. O tawtoraama kadi geɗe doosɗe keewɗe e nder oon sahaa. Won e ñaawirɗe ɗee ko [[Doherty v Abubakar Balewa|Doherty e Abubakar Balewa]], [[Adesoji Aderemi v Samuel Akintola|Adesoji Aderemi e Samuel Akintola]] e [[Olawoyin vs the Commissioner of Police|Olawoyin e Komiseer Polis]] . Sir Adetokunbo, e Dr. [[Taslim olawale iliyaas|Teslim Olawale Elias]] (mo lomtii mo e gardagol hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Najeriya), ɓe ngoni ko e sosde duɗal sariya leydi Najeriya . Ko adii nde sosetee, gollotooɓe e sariya ina poti heɓde seedantaagal to Bar Engele. 

E laamu Ademola, laamu fedde ndee wayliima gila e laamu koloñaal, wonti laamu parlemaa, caggal ɗuum laamu konu. Ademola hono hooreejo ñaawirdu tawaaka ina yiɗi wonde neɗɗo teddinaaɗo e sehilaaɓe mum, baawɗo huutoraade ngam ƴellitde e rokkude teddungal e caltal ñaawirdu laamu. Kono won e ñiŋooɓe cikki ko o neɗɗanke e njuɓɓudi laamu.  Ademola ɓuri yiɗde ko ñaawoore wootere. Hay so tawii o meeɗiino wonde hooreejo leydi diiwaan oo, ɗum haɗaani mo yiɗde yuɓɓo ngootaagu. 

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Omoba sir '''adetokunbo adegboyega ademola''' listen c GCON KBE PC SAN (1 feebariyee 1906 – 29 lewru Yarkomaa 1993) ko ñaawoowo leydi Nijeer, ko o hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Nijeer gila 1958 haa 1972. O toɗɗaa ko hooreejo ñaawirdu ñalnde 1 abriil 1958, o lomtii Sir [[Stafford Foster-Sutton]], mo o woni e retireede. Ademola ko ɓiy Oba Sir [[Ladapo Ademola|Ladapo Ademola II]], Alake mo leñol Egba to leydi Nijeer. Ko kanko woni hooreejo gadano duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Benin . &lt;ref&gt;Ade.Ajayi, J.F.; Akinseye-George, Yemi (2002). Kayode Eso; The Making of a Judge. Ibadan: Spectrum Books. p. 232. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978029452X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol ==
Adetokunbo jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 feebariyee 1906, e nder laamu, ko ɓiy laamɗo [[Ladapo Ademola|Ladapo]] e laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Tejumade Ademola. Baaba maako laati regent laamu Egba hawti Lagos mo ɓaawo man laati Ademola II, Alake Egbaland, Abeokuta, wuro taariiha koɗorɗe Egbas haa fombina-fuunaange lesdi Naajeeriya.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2025)&quot;&gt;ndika&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;wawru&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;haajuuji&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Yumma makko ko miñiiko debbo mawɗo Sir [[Adeyemo Alakija]] . Nde o heɓi duuɓi nay, o wuuri ko juuti e mawniiko gorko biyeteeɗo Pa Alakija, to Abeokuta, hitaande caggal ɗuum o fuɗɗii jaŋde makko leslesre to duɗal katolik Roma to Itesi, Abeokuta.  O arti Lagos nde o heɓi duuɓi jeetati ngam hoɗde e yumma makko e nder galle galle makko to [[Broad Street, Lagos|Broad St]], caggal ɗuum o jokki jaŋde makko to duɗal Holy Cross, Lagos. O naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St Gregory, Obalende e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King Lagos ngam jaŋde makko hakkundeere. 

O joofni jaŋde makko hakkundeere e hitaande 1925, o heɓi jaŋde toownde ngam naatde e sarwisaaji siwil koloñaal. O heɓi toɗɗagol e nder biro mawɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii, Lagos. Tuggi 1928 haa 1931, Ademola janngi sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Selwyn, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge . Tuggi 1958 haa 1972, o wonii hooreejo Ñaawirde . 

== Kugal ==
Adetokunbo noddiraa ko e bar to Middle Temple to London e hitaande 1934. Caggal nde o arti e leydi Nijeer e dow yamiroore baaba makko, [1] o naati e golle laamu (Civil Service) e tuggi 1934–35, o golliima e golle awokaa korona e nder biro Awokaa mawɗo. Nden o nasti nder kuugal hukuumaaji rento lesdi Naajeeriya, nden o waɗi hitaande woore, o ɗonno haa Enugu bana balloowo sekretariya haa hukuuma lesdi Naajeeriya, Fuunaange Naajeeriya . O yalti e golle ɗee, o fuɗɗii golle makko e nder leydi hee gila 1936 haa 1939, nde o toɗɗaa Magistrat to Ñaawirde Protectorate. E hitaande 1938, o naati e fedde sukaaɓe leydi Najeriya . Ko o magistrat, o ndartinaama e gure Naajeeriya ceertuɗe; Ademola golliima to Warri tuggi 1939-1946, caggal ɗuum o arti Lagos e hitaande 1946 ngam ardaade ñaawirdu St Anna. E hitaande 1947, o neldaa to Opobo . E hitaande 1949, o woni Nijeernaajo tataɓo toɗɗaaɗo ñaawoowo puisne. E hitaande 1948, o woni tergal e goomu ƴeewndo sariyaaji ñaawirɗe. [ ciimtol ina haani ]

E hitaande 1955, hitaande ko adii nde Hirnaange Naajeeriya laatoto laamu hoore mum nder leydi ndi, Sir Adetokunbo toɗɗaama hooreejo kiitaaji Hirnaange Naajeeriya, ngam non o laati hooreejo kiitaaji Naajeeriya arandeejo haa kala nokkure fuu nder lesdi ndin. Ɗaɗi maako ɗi 'firsts' tokki nde, duuɓi tati ɓaawo man, o laati ardiiɗo lesdi Naajeeriya arandeere nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya fuu. 

Ko o hooreejo ñaawirdu, o waɗii darnde jam e nder kewuuji ɗiɗi politik e nder leydi ndii. E hitaande 1964, caggal nde wooteeji ngenndiiji ndartii, [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]], hooreejo leydi ndii, salii noddude kala lannda ngam sosde laamu haa nde Sir Louis Mbanefo, hooreejo ñaawirdu diiwaan Fuɗnaange oo e Ademola naati heen.  Caggal ɗuum o yahi haa o waɗi darnde deeƴnde caggal kuudetaa 1966 nde won e ofiseeji worgo njiɗnoo seertude e leydi ndii. 

Ko o hooreejo ñaawirdu, Ademola ina jeyaa e won e ñaawirɗe teeŋtuɗe e nder laamu makko, e nder [[Regina vs Ilorin Native Authority|ñaawirɗe ɗiɗi ɗee kala, hono Regina vs Ilorin]]  e Ayinke vs Ibidunni, o lugginii e haala sariya aada. O tawtoraama kadi geɗe doosɗe keewɗe e nder oon sahaa. Won e ñaawirɗe ɗee ko [[Doherty v Abubakar Balewa|Doherty e Abubakar Balewa]], [[Adesoji Aderemi v Samuel Akintola|Adesoji Aderemi e Samuel Akintola]] e [[Olawoyin vs the Commissioner of Police|Olawoyin e Komiseer Polis]] . Sir Adetokunbo, e Dr. [[Taslim olawale iliyaas|Teslim Olawale Elias]] (mo lomtii mo e gardagol hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Najeriya), ɓe ngoni ko e sosde duɗal sariya leydi Najeriya . Ko adii nde sosetee, gollotooɓe e sariya ina poti heɓde seedantaagal to Bar Engele. 

E laamu Ademola, laamu fedde ndee wayliima gila e laamu koloñaal, wonti laamu parlemaa, caggal ɗuum laamu konu. Ademola hono hooreejo ñaawirdu tawaaka ina yiɗi wonde neɗɗo teddinaaɗo e sehilaaɓe mum, baawɗo huutoraade ngam ƴellitde e rokkude teddungal e caltal ñaawirdu laamu. Kono won e ñiŋooɓe cikki ko o neɗɗanke e njuɓɓudi laamu.  Ademola ɓuri yiɗde ko ñaawoore wootere. Hay so tawii o meeɗiino wonde hooreejo leydi diiwaan oo, ɗum haɗaani mo yiɗde yuɓɓo ngootaagu. 

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Omoba sir '''adetokunbo adegboyega ademola''' listen c GCON KBE PC SAN (1 feebariyee 1906 – 29 lewru Yarkomaa 1993) ko ñaawoowo leydi Nijeer, ko o hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Nijeer gila 1958 haa 1972. O toɗɗaa ko hooreejo ñaawirdu ñalnde 1 abriil 1958, o lomtii Sir [[Stafford Foster-Sutton]], mo o woni e retireede. Ademola ko ɓiy Oba Sir [[Ladapo Ademola|Ladapo Ademola II]], Alake mo leñol Egba to leydi Nijeer. Ko kanko woni hooreejo gadano duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Benin . &lt;ref&gt;Ade.Ajayi, J.F.; Akinseye-George, Yemi (2002). Kayode Eso; The Making of a Judge. Ibadan: Spectrum Books. p. 232. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978029452X&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol ==
Adetokunbo jibinaa ko ñalnde 1 feebariyee 1906, e nder laamu, ko ɓiy laamɗo [[Ladapo Ademola|Ladapo]] e laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Tejumade Ademola. Baaba maako laati regent laamu Egba hawti Lagos mo ɓaawo man laati Ademola II, Alake Egbaland, Abeokuta, wuro taariiha koɗorɗe Egbas haa fombina-fuunaange lesdi Naajeeriya. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Yumma makko ko miñiiko debbo mawɗo Sir [[Adeyemo Alakija]] . Nde o heɓi duuɓi nay, o wuuri ko juuti e mawniiko gorko biyeteeɗo Pa Alakija, to Abeokuta, hitaande caggal ɗuum o fuɗɗii jaŋde makko leslesre to duɗal katolik Roma to Itesi, Abeokuta.  O arti Lagos nde o heɓi duuɓi jeetati ngam hoɗde e yumma makko e nder galle galle makko to [[Broad Street, Lagos|Broad St]], caggal ɗuum o jokki jaŋde makko to duɗal Holy Cross, Lagos. O naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St Gregory, Obalende e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King Lagos ngam jaŋde makko hakkundeere. 

O joofni jaŋde makko hakkundeere e hitaande 1925, o heɓi jaŋde toownde ngam naatde e sarwisaaji siwil koloñaal. O heɓi toɗɗagol e nder biro mawɗo jaagorɗe leydi ndii, Lagos. Tuggi 1928 haa 1931, Ademola janngi sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Selwyn, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge . Tuggi 1958 haa 1972, o wonii hooreejo Ñaawirde . 

== Kugal ==
Adetokunbo noddiraa ko e bar to Middle Temple to London e hitaande 1934. Caggal nde o arti e leydi Nijeer e dow yamiroore baaba makko, [1] o naati e golle laamu (Civil Service) e tuggi 1934–35, o golliima e golle awokaa korona e nder biro Awokaa mawɗo. Nden o nasti nder kuugal hukuumaaji rento lesdi Naajeeriya, nden o waɗi hitaande woore, o ɗonno haa Enugu bana balloowo sekretariya haa hukuuma lesdi Naajeeriya, Fuunaange Naajeeriya . O yalti e golle ɗee, o fuɗɗii golle makko e nder leydi hee gila 1936 haa 1939, nde o toɗɗaa Magistrat to Ñaawirde Protectorate. E hitaande 1938, o naati e fedde sukaaɓe leydi Najeriya . Ko o magistrat, o ndartinaama e gure Naajeeriya ceertuɗe; Ademola golliima to Warri tuggi 1939-1946, caggal ɗuum o arti Lagos e hitaande 1946 ngam ardaade ñaawirdu St Anna. E hitaande 1947, o neldaa to Opobo . E hitaande 1949, o woni Nijeernaajo tataɓo toɗɗaaɗo ñaawoowo puisne. E hitaande 1948, o woni tergal e goomu ƴeewndo sariyaaji ñaawirɗe. [ ciimtol ina haani ]

E hitaande 1955, hitaande ko adii nde Hirnaange Naajeeriya laatoto laamu hoore mum nder leydi ndi, Sir Adetokunbo toɗɗaama hooreejo kiitaaji Hirnaange Naajeeriya, ngam non o laati hooreejo kiitaaji Naajeeriya arandeejo haa kala nokkure fuu nder lesdi ndin. Ɗaɗi maako ɗi 'firsts' tokki nde, duuɓi tati ɓaawo man, o laati ardiiɗo lesdi Naajeeriya arandeere nder kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya fuu. 

Ko o hooreejo ñaawirdu, o waɗii darnde jam e nder kewuuji ɗiɗi politik e nder leydi ndii. E hitaande 1964, caggal nde wooteeji ngenndiiji ndartii, [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]], hooreejo leydi ndii, salii noddude kala lannda ngam sosde laamu haa nde Sir Louis Mbanefo, hooreejo ñaawirdu diiwaan Fuɗnaange oo e Ademola naati heen.  Caggal ɗuum o yahi haa o waɗi darnde deeƴnde caggal kuudetaa 1966 nde won e ofiseeji worgo njiɗnoo seertude e leydi ndii. 

Ko o hooreejo ñaawirdu, Ademola ina jeyaa e won e ñaawirɗe teeŋtuɗe e nder laamu makko, e nder [[Regina vs Ilorin Native Authority|ñaawirɗe ɗiɗi ɗee kala, hono Regina vs Ilorin]]  e Ayinke vs Ibidunni, o lugginii e haala sariya aada. O tawtoraama kadi geɗe doosɗe keewɗe e nder oon sahaa. Won e ñaawirɗe ɗee ko [[Doherty v Abubakar Balewa|Doherty e Abubakar Balewa]], [[Adesoji Aderemi v Samuel Akintola|Adesoji Aderemi e Samuel Akintola]] e [[Olawoyin vs the Commissioner of Police|Olawoyin e Komiseer Polis]] . Sir Adetokunbo, e Dr. [[Taslim olawale iliyaas|Teslim Olawale Elias]] (mo lomtii mo e gardagol hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Najeriya), ɓe ngoni ko e sosde duɗal sariya leydi Najeriya . Ko adii nde sosetee, gollotooɓe e sariya ina poti heɓde seedantaagal to Bar Engele. 

E laamu Ademola, laamu fedde ndee wayliima gila e laamu koloñaal, wonti laamu parlemaa, caggal ɗuum laamu konu. Ademola hono hooreejo ñaawirdu tawaaka ina yiɗi wonde neɗɗo teddinaaɗo e sehilaaɓe mum, baawɗo huutoraade ngam ƴellitde e rokkude teddungal e caltal ñaawirdu laamu. Kono won e ñiŋooɓe cikki ko o neɗɗanke e njuɓɓudi laamu.  Ademola ɓuri yiɗde ko ñaawoore wootere. Hay so tawii o meeɗiino wonde hooreejo leydi diiwaan oo, ɗum haɗaani mo yiɗde yuɓɓo ngootaagu. 

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'''Charles Teodore Abbott''' (1897 – 13 lewru Yarkomaa 1956) ko awokaa Angalteer, ñaawoowo mawɗo koloñaal.

== Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol ==
Abbott jibinaa ko e hitaande 1897 to wuro wiyeteengo Tunbridge Wells, to leydi Kent, ko ɓiy gooto e John Abbott FRCS . O janngi ko e duɗal laamɗo Portora, to Enniskillen .  

E hitaande 1914, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 17, o naati e konu laana ndiwoowa, o woni laana ndiwoowa baawka wonde lebbi seeɗa gadani wolde adunaare adannde . E hitaande 1915 o rokkaama yamiroore e nder konu Middlesex, o yiyi golle e nder leydi Inndo, Mesopotami e Salonika haa o woppitaa e hitaande 1919.   

== Kugal ==
Abbott winnditii e duɗal Gray's Inn, o noddiraa Bar e hitaande 1921, o yahi e Circuit Sud-Est fotde duuɓi jeenay.   

E hitaande 1930, o toɗɗaa yo o won magistrat hoɗɓe e awokaa korona e nder Koloni e Protektoraat Keñiya . E hitaande 1932, o yahi Siprus, o woni hooreejo Ñaawirde Toownde, e hitaande 1938, o artiraa Siyeraa Leyoon, o woni Awokaa mawɗo. [1] O woniino hooreejo ñaawirdu Aden e hitaande 1940–41 ; toɗɗaa ko ñaawoowo Puisne, to leydi Nijeer, e hitaande 1944–1950 ; e wonde hooreejo ñaawirdu Fedde Malaya e hitaande 1951. [2] [3] [4]

== Nguurndam e maayde neɗɗo ==
Abbott resi Konstans Smithet e hitaande 1921, ɓe ndañi ɓiɗɗo gorko.  Abbott sankii ko to Seremban, to leydi Malaisi ñalnde 13 lewru bowte hitaande 1956, ina yahra e duuɓi 58. 

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'''Charles Teodore Abbott''' (1897 – 13 lewru Yarkomaa 1956) ko awokaa Angalteer, ñaawoowo mawɗo koloñaal.&lt;ref&gt;Mr. C. T. Abbott&quot;. The Times. 19 January 1956. p. 12&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol ==
Abbott jibinaa ko e hitaande 1897 to wuro wiyeteengo Tunbridge Wells, to leydi Kent, ko ɓiy gooto e John Abbott FRCS . O janngi ko e duɗal laamɗo Portora, to Enniskillen .  

E hitaande 1914, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 17, o naati e konu laana ndiwoowa, o woni laana ndiwoowa baawka wonde lebbi seeɗa gadani wolde adunaare adannde . E hitaande 1915 o rokkaama yamiroore e nder konu Middlesex, o yiyi golle e nder leydi Inndo, Mesopotami e Salonika haa o woppitaa e hitaande 1919.   

== Kugal ==
Abbott winnditii e duɗal Gray's Inn, o noddiraa Bar e hitaande 1921, o yahi e Circuit Sud-Est fotde duuɓi jeenay.   

E hitaande 1930, o toɗɗaa yo o won magistrat hoɗɓe e awokaa korona e nder Koloni e Protektoraat Keñiya . E hitaande 1932, o yahi Siprus, o woni hooreejo Ñaawirde Toownde, e hitaande 1938, o artiraa Siyeraa Leyoon, o woni Awokaa mawɗo. [1] O woniino hooreejo ñaawirdu Aden e hitaande 1940–41 ; toɗɗaa ko ñaawoowo Puisne, to leydi Nijeer, e hitaande 1944–1950 ; e wonde hooreejo ñaawirdu Fedde Malaya e hitaande 1951. [2] [3] [4]

== Nguurndam e maayde neɗɗo ==
Abbott resi Konstans Smithet e hitaande 1921, ɓe ndañi ɓiɗɗo gorko.  Abbott sankii ko to Seremban, to leydi Malaisi ñalnde 13 lewru bowte hitaande 1956, ina yahra e duuɓi 58. 

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'''Charles Teodore Abbott''' (1897 – 13 lewru Yarkomaa 1956) ko awokaa Angalteer, ñaawoowo mawɗo koloñaal.&lt;ref&gt;Mr. C. T. Abbott&quot;. The Times. 19 January 1956. p. 12&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol ==
Abbott jibinaa ko e hitaande 1897 to wuro wiyeteengo Tunbridge Wells, to leydi Kent, ko ɓiy gooto e John Abbott FRCS . O janngi ko e duɗal laamɗo Portora, to Enniskillen .  

E hitaande 1914, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 17, o naati e konu laana ndiwoowa, o woni laana ndiwoowa baawka wonde lebbi seeɗa gadani wolde adunaare adannde . E hitaande 1915 o rokkaama yamiroore e nder konu Middlesex, o yiyi golle e nder leydi Inndo, Mesopotami e Salonika haa o woppitaa e hitaande 1919.   

== Kugal ==
Abbott winnditii e duɗal Gray's Inn, o noddiraa Bar e hitaande 1921, o yahi e Circuit Sud-Est fotde duuɓi jeenay.   

E hitaande 1930, o toɗɗaa yo o won magistrat hoɗɓe e awokaa korona e nder Koloni e Protektoraat Keñiya . E hitaande 1932, o yahi Siprus, o woni hooreejo Ñaawirde Toownde, e hitaande 1938, o artiraa Siyeraa Leyoon, o woni Awokaa mawɗo. [1] O woniino hooreejo ñaawirdu Aden e hitaande 1940–41 ; toɗɗaa ko ñaawoowo Puisne, to leydi Nijeer, e hitaande 1944–1950 ; e wonde hooreejo ñaawirdu Fedde Malaya e hitaande 1951. [2] [3] [4]

== Nguurndam e maayde neɗɗo ==
Abbott resi Konstans Smithet e hitaande 1921, ɓe ndañi ɓiɗɗo gorko.  Abbott sankii ko to Seremban, to leydi Malaisi ñalnde 13 lewru bowte hitaande 1956, ina yahra e duuɓi 58. 

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  <page>
    <title>Wiliyam Brandford Griffith (ñaawoowo)</title>
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[[File:Sir_William_Brandford_Griffith.jpg|thumb|Sir Wiliyam Brandford Griffith, mo Lafayette winndi, hitaande 1933]]
'''Sir Wiliyam Brandford Griffith''', CBE (9 Fabariyee 1858).  8 lewru Yarkomaa 1939) ko binndoowo sariya Angalteer, ñaawoowo koloñaal, wonnooɗo hooreejo ñaawirdu Gold Coast tuggi 1895 haa 1911.  

Ɓiɗɗo mawɗo William Brandford Griffith, guwerneer Gold Coast tuggi 1885 haa 1895, o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde London, o heɓi bak makko BA e hitaande 1880, o noddiraa e bar e hitaande 1881. [1] O woniino ñaawoowo to Jamayka hade makko toɗɗaade hooreejo ñaawirdu to Gold Coast.

O heɓi njeenaari konu e hitaande 1898. 

== Bayyinaango ==

* Kenneth James Beatty : ''Lewru aadee.'' ''Natal ñaawgol leɗɗe aadee yeeso Ñaawirde Komiseer keeriiɗo. E winndannde ko fayti e Siyeraa Leyoon, ko adii e jooni'' . E nder yeewtere nde Sir Wiliyam Brandford Griffith waɗi. Londres, H. Rees, hitaande 1915. [Rep. 1978 New York, Jaaynde AMS:  ]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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[[File:Sir_William_Brandford_Griffith.jpg|thumb|Sir Wiliyam Brandford Griffith, mo Lafayette winndi, hitaande 1933]]
'''Sir Wiliyam Brandford Griffith''', CBE (9 Fabariyee 1858).  8 lewru Yarkomaa 1939) ko binndoowo sariya Angalteer, ñaawoowo koloñaal, wonnooɗo hooreejo ñaawirdu Gold Coast tuggi 1895 haa 1911.  &lt;ref&gt;Gold Coast Cannibals&quot;. The Advertiser. Adelaide. 4 June 1913. p. 16. Retrieved 30 August 2016. Sir William Brandford Griffith, the Chief Justice of the Gold Coast Crown colony since 1895, has arrived in London&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɓiɗɗo mawɗo William Brandford Griffith, guwerneer Gold Coast tuggi 1885 haa 1895, o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde London, o heɓi bak makko BA e hitaande 1880, o noddiraa e bar e hitaande 1881. [1] O woniino ñaawoowo to Jamayka hade makko toɗɗaade hooreejo ñaawirdu to Gold Coast.

O heɓi njeenaari konu e hitaande 1898. 

== Bayyinaango ==

* Kenneth James Beatty : ''Lewru aadee.'' ''Natal ñaawgol leɗɗe aadee yeeso Ñaawirde Komiseer keeriiɗo. E winndannde ko fayti e Siyeraa Leyoon, ko adii e jooni'' . E nder yeewtere nde Sir Wiliyam Brandford Griffith waɗi. Londres, H. Rees, hitaande 1915. [Rep. 1978 New York, Jaaynde AMS:  ]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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[[File:Sir_William_Brandford_Griffith.jpg|thumb|Sir Wiliyam Brandford Griffith, mo Lafayette winndi, hitaande 1933]]
'''Sir Wiliyam Brandford Griffith''', CBE (9 Fabariyee 1858).  8 lewru Yarkomaa 1939) ko binndoowo sariya Angalteer, ñaawoowo koloñaal, wonnooɗo hooreejo ñaawirdu Gold Coast tuggi 1895 haa 1911.  &lt;ref&gt;Gold Coast Cannibals&quot;. The Advertiser. Adelaide. 4 June 1913. p. 16. Retrieved 30 August 2016. Sir William Brandford Griffith, the Chief Justice of the Gold Coast Crown colony since 1895, has arrived in London&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɓiɗɗo mawɗo William Brandford Griffith, guwerneer Gold Coast tuggi 1885 haa 1895, o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde London, o heɓi bak makko BA e hitaande 1880, o noddiraa e bar e hitaande 1881. [1] O woniino ñaawoowo to Jamayka hade makko toɗɗaade hooreejo ñaawirdu to Gold Coast.

O heɓi njeenaari konu e hitaande 1898. 

== Bayyinaango ==

* Kenneth James Beatty : ''Lewru aadee.'' ''Natal ñaawgol leɗɗe aadee yeeso Ñaawirde Komiseer keeriiɗo. E winndannde ko fayti e Siyeraa Leyoon, ko adii e jooni'' . E nder yeewtere nde Sir Wiliyam Brandford Griffith waɗi. Londres, H. Rees, hitaande 1915. [Rep. 1978 New York, Jaaynde AMS:  ]

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  <page>
    <title>Artuur Frederik Klarens Webber</title>
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      <text bytes="2108" sha1="sb2bovpd5taag7nkfxagrhum0wyo4qf" xml:space="preserve">Sir '''Arthur Frederick Clarence Webber''' (12 mars 1873 – 22 desaambar 1952) ko awokaa e ñaawoowo Angalteer, gollinooɗo to Gine Angalteer, Niiseer e Siyeraa Leyoon, ɗo o woni hooreejo ñaawirdu.

== Ngendam ==
Artur Frederick Clarens Webber jibinaa ko to Georgetown e nder Gine Biritanik (Giyana hannde), ñalnde 12 marse 1873, ko ɓiy Artur Weber. {{Sfn|Reynecke|2017}} O janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Queen’s College to Gine Biritanik, caggal ɗuum o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Merton, Oxford to Angalteer. E hitaande 1896 o wonti awokaa to suudu dewal nder leydi. O gollotoo ko e bar to Guyane Biritanik, caggal ɗuum e hitaande 1900 o wonti magistrat. E hitaande 1901 o Resi Kathleen Mary Kennard. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe worɓe tato e ɓiɓɓe rewɓe ɗiɗo. {{Sfn|Kidman|1952}}

Caggal duuɓi jeenay Webber toɗɗaama Ñaawirde Toownde leydi Najeriya. [1] O tawtoraama luural hakkunde leñol Ibeno e Eket e hitaande 1916 ngam jeyi leydi e daande maayo e ŋoral saraaji mum, o yamiri yo kamɓe ɗiɗo fof ɓe njaɓ huutoraade leydi ndii. [1] E hitaande 1919 Webber limtaama e nder ñaawooɓe tato puisne e nder leydi Najeriya e les njiimaandi mawɗo ñaawirdu RM Combe. Darnde ndee ina yoɓee 1 000 £ hitaande kala, ina ɓeydee heen 200 £ njoɓdi golle. [1] E kitaale 1920 o woni ko e wuro wiyeteengo Calabar, ɗo o fotnoo haɓtaade caɗeele jowitiiɗe e Hawsa en ummoriiɓe fuɗnaange. [1] Haala goɗka ko jaɓde Olu Jekri wonde joom leydi Itsekiri fof, ko ɗum huunde weeɓnde e njuɓɓudi laamu kono ko yimɓe ɓee luulndii ɗum. [1] Ñaawoore ndee waylaama caggal nde awokaaji Itsekiri biyeteeɗi Godwin Boyo e Arthur Prest ñaawii. [1]

Webber ummii Naajeeriya e hitaande 1933 ngam wontude hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Siyeraa Leyoon. {{Sfn|Kidman|1952}} Ñalnde 23 lewru juko hitaande 1936, anndinaama wonde laamɗo Angalteer e ñalngu nguu o jibinaa, rokki Webber teddungal konu. {{Sfn|Colonies, Protectorates, &amp;c. 1936}} O woppi golle e hitaande 1937, o arti Angalteer. {{Sfn|Kidman|1952}} O sankii ko ñalnde 19 lewru Duujal hitaande 1952. {{Sfn|Reynecke|2017}}

== Iwdiiji ==
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Sir '''Arthur Frederick Clarence Webber''' (12 mars 1873 – 22 desaambar 1952) ko awokaa e ñaawoowo Angalteer, gollinooɗo to Gine Angalteer, Niiseer e Siyeraa Leyoon, ɗo o woni hooreejo ñaawirdu.

== Ngendam ==
Artur Frederick Clarens Webber jibinaa ko to Georgetown e nder Gine Biritanik (Giyana hannde), ñalnde 12 marse 1873, ko ɓiy Artur Weber. {{Sfn|Reynecke|2017}} O janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Queen’s College to Gine Biritanik, caggal ɗuum o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Merton, Oxford to Angalteer. E hitaande 1896 o wonti awokaa to suudu dewal nder leydi. O gollotoo ko e bar to Guyane Biritanik, caggal ɗuum e hitaande 1900 o wonti magistrat. E hitaande 1901 o Resi Kathleen Mary Kennard. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe worɓe tato e ɓiɓɓe rewɓe ɗiɗo. {{Sfn|Kidman|1952}}

Caggal duuɓi jeenay Webber toɗɗaama Ñaawirde Toownde leydi Najeriya. [1] O tawtoraama luural hakkunde leñol Ibeno e Eket e hitaande 1916 ngam jeyi leydi e daande maayo e ŋoral saraaji mum, o yamiri yo kamɓe ɗiɗo fof ɓe njaɓ huutoraade leydi ndii. [1] E hitaande 1919 Webber limtaama e nder ñaawooɓe tato puisne e nder leydi Najeriya e les njiimaandi mawɗo ñaawirdu RM Combe. Darnde ndee ina yoɓee 1 000 £ hitaande kala, ina ɓeydee heen 200 £ njoɓdi golle. [1] E kitaale 1920 o woni ko e wuro wiyeteengo Calabar, ɗo o fotnoo haɓtaade caɗeele jowitiiɗe e Hawsa en ummoriiɓe fuɗnaange. [1] Haala goɗka ko jaɓde Olu Jekri wonde joom leydi Itsekiri fof, ko ɗum huunde weeɓnde e njuɓɓudi laamu kono ko yimɓe ɓee luulndii ɗum. [1] Ñaawoore ndee waylaama caggal nde awokaaji Itsekiri biyeteeɗi Godwin Boyo e Arthur Prest ñaawii. [1]

Webber ummii Naajeeriya e hitaande 1933 ngam wontude hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Siyeraa Leyoon. {{Sfn|Kidman|1952}} Ñalnde 23 lewru juko hitaande 1936, anndinaama wonde laamɗo Angalteer e ñalngu nguu o jibinaa, rokki Webber teddungal konu. {{Sfn|Colonies, Protectorates, &amp;c. 1936}} O woppi golle e hitaande 1937, o arti Angalteer. {{Sfn|Kidman|1952}} O sankii ko ñalnde 19 lewru Duujal hitaande 1952. {{Sfn|Reynecke|2017}}

== Iwdiiji ==
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  <page>
    <title>John Taylor (ñaawoowo leydi Niiseer)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''John Idowu Conrad Taylor''' (24 lewru bowte hitaande 1917 &amp;#x2013; 7 lewru noowammbar 1973) ko ñaawoowo leydi Najeriya, ñaawoowo to suudu sarɗiiji leydi Najeriya (1964 haa 1967), e hooreejo ñaawirdu gadano e nder diiwaan Lagos (1967 haa 1973). 

== Jaŋde e nguurndam puɗɗam ==
John Taylor jibinaa ko to Lagos, ko ɓiy nayaɓo Eusebius James Aleksander Taylor (awokaa mawɗo e ngenndiyanke) e Remilekun Alice Taylor (jibinaa ko Williams). O naati duɗal Methodist Olowgbowo ngam jaŋde makko leslesre e duɗal sukaaɓe Methodist ngam feccere jaŋde makko hakkundeere. O ummii Angalteer e hitaande 1929 ɗo o timmini jaŋde makko hakkundeere to duɗal Culford to Bury St. Edmunds, hakkunde lewru abriil 1929 e lewru sulyee 1936.

O naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College to Londres e hitaande 1936 ngam janngude sariya, hade makko yahde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Brasenose, Oxford e hitaande 1937 ɗo o woni Boxing Blue. O heɓi dipolom ɗiɗaɓo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Honor School of Jurisprudence, caggal ɗuum o noddiraa Bar to Middle Temple ñalnde 14 lewru Yarkomaa 1941. O arti to leydi Nijeer e lewru Duujal hitaande 1941, o naati e fedde awokaaji baaba makko, nde o ardii caggal ɗuum nde baaba makko maayi e hitaande147.

== Kugal ==
Taylor heɓiino ƴellitaare yaawnde e nder darnde sariyaaji leydi Naajeeriya, haa arti noon e toɗɗagol mum e wonde Ñaawirde Toownde, Hirnaange Naajeeriya, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 39. E hitaande 1960 o wonti Ñaawirde Toownde Naajeeriya, e hitaande 1964, o wonti Ñaawirde Toownde Leydi Lagos. Nde diiwaan Lagos sosaa e hitaande 1967, o woni hooreejo ñaawirdu gadano e diiwaan keso oo.

E hitaande 1967, Justice Taylor wonti Pro-Chancellor to [[Jaangirɗe Laagos|duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lagos]], darnde nde o joginoo haa o maayi e hitaande 1973 tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 56. Nde o maayi, hooreejo leydi Nijeer, Seneraal [[Yakubu Gowon]], waɗi konngol ngol o wiyi : « E nder yonta mo laamu nguu ɓuri heewde e laamu nguu wontude moƴƴere, Mr. Justice Taylor seerti e jamaanu nguu e detachment mo addi ndimaagu mawngu e Biro Toowɗo Ñaawirde&quot;.

Omo jogii kadi mbedda mawɗo to duunde Victoria, Lagos inniraande mo. 

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'''John Idowu Conrad Taylor''' (24 lewru bowte hitaande 1917 &amp;#x2013; 7 lewru noowammbar 1973) ko ñaawoowo leydi Najeriya, ñaawoowo to suudu sarɗiiji leydi Najeriya (1964 haa 1967), e hooreejo ñaawirdu gadano e nder diiwaan Lagos (1967 haa 1973). &lt;ref&gt;A biography of John Idowu Conrad Taylor&quot;. Brasenose College, University of Oxford. Retrieved 28 January 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jaŋde e nguurndam puɗɗam ==
John Taylor jibinaa ko to Lagos, ko ɓiy nayaɓo Eusebius James Aleksander Taylor (awokaa mawɗo e ngenndiyanke) e Remilekun Alice Taylor (jibinaa ko Williams). O naati duɗal Methodist Olowgbowo ngam jaŋde makko leslesre e duɗal sukaaɓe Methodist ngam feccere jaŋde makko hakkundeere. O ummii Angalteer e hitaande 1929 ɗo o timmini jaŋde makko hakkundeere to duɗal Culford to Bury St. Edmunds, hakkunde lewru abriil 1929 e lewru sulyee 1936.

O naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College to Londres e hitaande 1936 ngam janngude sariya, hade makko yahde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Brasenose, Oxford e hitaande 1937 ɗo o woni Boxing Blue. O heɓi dipolom ɗiɗaɓo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Honor School of Jurisprudence, caggal ɗuum o noddiraa Bar to Middle Temple ñalnde 14 lewru Yarkomaa 1941. O arti to leydi Nijeer e lewru Duujal hitaande 1941, o naati e fedde awokaaji baaba makko, nde o ardii caggal ɗuum nde baaba makko maayi e hitaande147.

== Kugal ==
Taylor heɓiino ƴellitaare yaawnde e nder darnde sariyaaji leydi Naajeeriya, haa arti noon e toɗɗagol mum e wonde Ñaawirde Toownde, Hirnaange Naajeeriya, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 39. E hitaande 1960 o wonti Ñaawirde Toownde Naajeeriya, e hitaande 1964, o wonti Ñaawirde Toownde Leydi Lagos. Nde diiwaan Lagos sosaa e hitaande 1967, o woni hooreejo ñaawirdu gadano e diiwaan keso oo.

E hitaande 1967, Justice Taylor wonti Pro-Chancellor to [[Jaangirɗe Laagos|duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lagos]], darnde nde o joginoo haa o maayi e hitaande 1973 tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 56. Nde o maayi, hooreejo leydi Nijeer, Seneraal [[Yakubu Gowon]], waɗi konngol ngol o wiyi : « E nder yonta mo laamu nguu ɓuri heewde e laamu nguu wontude moƴƴere, Mr. Justice Taylor seerti e jamaanu nguu e detachment mo addi ndimaagu mawngu e Biro Toowɗo Ñaawirde&quot;.

Omo jogii kadi mbedda mawɗo to duunde Victoria, Lagos inniraande mo. 

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'''John Idowu Conrad Taylor''' (24 lewru bowte hitaande 1917 &amp;#x2013; 7 lewru noowammbar 1973) ko ñaawoowo leydi Najeriya, ñaawoowo to suudu sarɗiiji leydi Najeriya (1964 haa 1967), e hooreejo ñaawirdu gadano e nder diiwaan Lagos (1967 haa 1973). &lt;ref&gt;A biography of John Idowu Conrad Taylor&quot;. Brasenose College, University of Oxford. Retrieved 28 January 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jaŋde e nguurndam puɗɗam ==
John Taylor jibinaa ko to Lagos, ko ɓiy nayaɓo Eusebius James Aleksander Taylor (awokaa mawɗo e ngenndiyanke) e Remilekun Alice Taylor (jibinaa ko Williams). O naati duɗal Methodist Olowgbowo ngam jaŋde makko leslesre e duɗal sukaaɓe Methodist ngam feccere jaŋde makko hakkundeere. O ummii Angalteer e hitaande 1929 ɗo o timmini jaŋde makko hakkundeere to duɗal Culford to Bury St. Edmunds, hakkunde lewru abriil 1929 e lewru sulyee 1936.

O naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College to Londres e hitaande 1936 ngam janngude sariya, hade makko yahde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Brasenose, Oxford e hitaande 1937 ɗo o woni Boxing Blue. O heɓi dipolom ɗiɗaɓo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Honor School of Jurisprudence, caggal ɗuum o noddiraa Bar to Middle Temple ñalnde 14 lewru Yarkomaa 1941. O arti to leydi Nijeer e lewru Duujal hitaande 1941, o naati e fedde awokaaji baaba makko, nde o ardii caggal ɗuum nde baaba makko maayi e hitaande147.

== Kugal ==
Taylor heɓiino ƴellitaare yaawnde e nder darnde sariyaaji leydi Naajeeriya, haa arti noon e toɗɗagol mum e wonde Ñaawirde Toownde, Hirnaange Naajeeriya, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 39. E hitaande 1960 o wonti Ñaawirde Toownde Naajeeriya, e hitaande 1964, o wonti Ñaawirde Toownde Leydi Lagos. Nde diiwaan Lagos sosaa e hitaande 1967, o woni hooreejo ñaawirdu gadano e diiwaan keso oo.

E hitaande 1967, Justice Taylor wonti Pro-Chancellor to [[Jaangirɗe Laagos|duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lagos]], darnde nde o joginoo haa o maayi e hitaande 1973 tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 56. Nde o maayi, hooreejo leydi Nijeer, Seneraal [[Yakubu Gowon]], waɗi konngol ngol o wiyi : « E nder yonta mo laamu nguu ɓuri heewde e laamu nguu wontude moƴƴere, Mr. Justice Taylor seerti e jamaanu nguu e detachment mo addi ndimaagu mawngu e Biro Toowɗo Ñaawirde&quot;.

Omo jogii kadi mbedda mawɗo to duunde Victoria, Lagos inniraande mo. 

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    <title>James Marshall (ñaawoowo)</title>
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'''Sir James Marshall''' (1829-1889) ko diine Anglikan mo Ecoppi, o naati e diine Katolik Roma, o wonti hooreejo ñaawirdu to Coast Gold, hannde ko Gana .  O waɗii darnde mawnde e ɓeydude mawnugol Eklesiya Katolik Roma toon e kadi e nder [[Naajeeriya|leydi Najeriya]] .

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Ɓiɗɗo jaagorde Presbiterien  James Marshall, e debbo mum Catherine Mary  ɓiy Legh Richmond, o jibinaa ko to Edinburgh, Ecoppi ñalnde 19 desaambar &lt;ref name=&quot;Marshallan&quot; /&gt;

== Jaagorgal Angalteer e naatde e diine Katolik ==
Caggal nde o heɓi dipolom makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Exeter, Oxford, o wonti jaagorde mawnde e nder Egliis Angalteer e hitaande 1852, o toɗɗaa kurator to Trysull, sara Wolverhampton .  E hitaande 1854, o wonti kuraajo to Egliis St. Bartolomew, Moor Lane, e nder parwisaaji St. &lt;ref name=&quot;Marshallan&quot; /&gt;

Marshall jaɓɓaama e nder Egliis Katolik Roma e hitaande 1857 kono o meeɗaa wonde almuudo katolik . 

E hitaande 1863 o toɗɗaa jannginoowo ganndal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Birmingham, ɗo o wonti sehil kardinal Newman . 

== Golle sariya e golle ñaawoore ==
Marshall janngi sariya, o noddiraa to Bar to Temple hakkundeejo e hitaande 1868.  O golliima sariya to Manchester ɗo o walli sosde jaaynde ''Katolik Times'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Marshallan&quot; /&gt;

E hitaande 1873 o jaɓi toɗɗagol e nder sarwiis koloñaal Angalteer, o woni mawɗo ñaawirdu e ñaawoore mawɓe jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii to Gold Coast, o ari toon e lewru sulyee.  E fuɗɗoode wolde Ashanti e hitaande 1874, o heɓi yamiroore mawɓe ngam ƴellitde leƴƴi maɓɓe, o naftoriima no feewi e nder kampaañ oo fof e ƴellitde njoɓdi.  O waɗii heen miijo moƴƴo e leñol Ashanti, ɓe njiyri mo ko no seneraal ɓooyɗo mo junngo mum majji e wolde. &lt;ref name=&quot;Marshallan&quot; /&gt;

E hitaande 1874 Marshall ummii ko Kap, o arti, e dow ƴellitgol makko to Puisne Judge, o fayti [[Lagos]], o ari toon e lewru Yarkomaa 1875. 

O woniino hooreejo ñaawirdu to Cote d’Or (hannde Ganaa) tuggi 1880 haa 1882. 

== Darnde e nder Egliis Katolik ==
Marshall ina sikki wonde Gold Coast ina rokka nokku moƴƴo no feewi ngam gartugol misiyoŋaaji katolik en.  E hitaande 1879 o naamndii Ofis jaajgol iimanaagal to Rome yo rokku misiyoŋaaji.  Ɗum addani Fedde Misiyoŋaaji Afrik nawde almudɓe Faraysenaaɓe ardinooɓe Auguste Moreau e Eugene  kamɓe ɗiɗo fof ko ɓe ɓiɓɓe leydi Farayse, ummoraade e dingiral Islaam St. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bishops&quot; /&gt;

Marshall waɗii darnde mawnde e ɓeydude mawnugol Eklesiya Katolik Roma to Lagos, o tawtoraama kadi eɓɓooji ngam sosde Eklesiya Katolik Roma to Asaba, Naajeeriya . 

== Nguurndam neɗɗo ==
O resi Alice Young ñalnde 25 ut 1877. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɗɗo gorko (Bernard) e ɓiɗɗo debbo (Mary). 

== Teddungal ==
Marshall hokkaama medal Ashanti e juuɗe laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Victoria e hitaande 1874 ngam darnde makko e ardaade wolde Ashanti, e nde o woppi golle e hitaande 1882, laamɗo debbo oo rokki mo njeenaari konu (Comandant konu) e nder fedde St Michael e St George . [1]

Pape Leon XIII rokki mo tiitoonde “ Commandant chevalier” to St. Gregoire le Grand e hitaande 1889. 

== Tuugnorgal ==

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'''Sir James Marshall''' (1829-1889) ko diine Anglikan mo Ecoppi, o naati e diine Katolik Roma, o wonti hooreejo ñaawirdu to Coast Gold, hannde ko Gana .  O waɗii darnde mawnde e ɓeydude mawnugol Eklesiya Katolik Roma toon e kadi e nder [[Naajeeriya|leydi Najeriya]] .

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Ɓiɗɗo jaagorde Presbiterien  James Marshall, e debbo mum Catherine Mary  ɓiy Legh Richmond, o jibinaa ko to Edinburgh, Ecoppi ñalnde 19 desaambar &lt;ref name=&quot;Marshallan&quot; /&gt;

== Jaagorgal Angalteer e naatde e diine Katolik ==
Caggal nde o heɓi dipolom makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Exeter, Oxford, o wonti jaagorde mawnde e nder Egliis Angalteer e hitaande 1852, o toɗɗaa kurator to Trysull, sara Wolverhampton .  E hitaande 1854, o wonti kuraajo to Egliis St. Bartolomew, Moor Lane, e nder parwisaaji St. &lt;ref name=&quot;Marshallan&quot; /&gt;

Marshall jaɓɓaama e nder Egliis Katolik Roma e hitaande 1857 kono o meeɗaa wonde almuudo katolik . 

E hitaande 1863 o toɗɗaa jannginoowo ganndal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Birmingham, ɗo o wonti sehil kardinal Newman . 

== Golle sariya e golle ñaawoore ==
Marshall janngi sariya, o noddiraa to Bar to Temple hakkundeejo e hitaande 1868.  O golliima sariya to Manchester ɗo o walli sosde jaaynde ''Katolik Times'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Marshallan&quot; /&gt;

E hitaande 1873 o jaɓi toɗɗagol e nder sarwiis koloñaal Angalteer, o woni mawɗo ñaawirdu e ñaawoore mawɓe jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii to Gold Coast, o ari toon e lewru sulyee.  E fuɗɗoode wolde Ashanti e hitaande 1874, o heɓi yamiroore mawɓe ngam ƴellitde leƴƴi maɓɓe, o naftoriima no feewi e nder kampaañ oo fof e ƴellitde njoɓdi.  O waɗii heen miijo moƴƴo e leñol Ashanti, ɓe njiyri mo ko no seneraal ɓooyɗo mo junngo mum majji e wolde. &lt;ref name=&quot;Marshallan&quot; /&gt;

E hitaande 1874 Marshall ummii ko Kap, o arti, e dow ƴellitgol makko to Puisne Judge, o fayti [[Lagos]], o ari toon e lewru Yarkomaa 1875. 

O woniino hooreejo ñaawirdu to Cote d’Or (hannde Ganaa) tuggi 1880 haa 1882. 

== Darnde e nder Egliis Katolik ==
Marshall ina sikki wonde Gold Coast ina rokka nokku moƴƴo no feewi ngam gartugol misiyoŋaaji katolik en.  E hitaande 1879 o naamndii Ofis jaajgol iimanaagal to Rome yo rokku misiyoŋaaji.  Ɗum addani Fedde Misiyoŋaaji Afrik nawde almudɓe Faraysenaaɓe ardinooɓe Auguste Moreau e Eugene  kamɓe ɗiɗo fof ko ɓe ɓiɓɓe leydi Farayse, ummoraade e dingiral Islaam St. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bishops&quot; /&gt;

Marshall waɗii darnde mawnde e ɓeydude mawnugol Eklesiya Katolik Roma to Lagos, o tawtoraama kadi eɓɓooji ngam sosde Eklesiya Katolik Roma to Asaba, Naajeeriya . 

== Nguurndam neɗɗo ==
O resi Alice Young ñalnde 25 ut 1877. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɗɗo gorko (Bernard) e ɓiɗɗo debbo (Mary). 

== Teddungal ==
Marshall hokkaama medal Ashanti e juuɗe laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Victoria e hitaande 1874 ngam darnde makko e ardaade wolde Ashanti, e nde o woppi golle e hitaande 1882, laamɗo debbo oo rokki mo njeenaari konu (Comandant konu) e nder fedde St Michael e St George . [1]

Pape Leon XIII rokki mo tiitoonde “ Commandant chevalier” to St. Gregoire le Grand e hitaande 1889. 

== Tuugnorgal ==

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    <title>Athol Makgregor</title>
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      <text bytes="3754" sha1="fl6rhj313t52opw0unhsq6jftkqg9fi" xml:space="preserve">'''Sir Alasdair Duncan Atholl MacGregor''' KC (4 suwee 1883 – 30 oktoobar 1945) ko awokaa e ñaawoowo Angalteer. O woniino Awokaa mawɗo e nder leyɗeele keewɗe ɗe Angalteer heɓi e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 20ɓiire. Ko kanko woni mawɗo ñaawirdu Hong Kong tuggi 1933 haa 1945.

== Inɗe ɗe MacGregor rokki ==
MacGregor ɓuri huutoraade ko innde Kerecee’en wiyeteende Atholl. E won e binndanɗe ina winndaa Athol. Kono, bayyinaaɗe laamu, ko wayi no toɗɗagol makko e teddungal makko bayyinaaɗe e jaaynde ''wiyeteende London Gazette'', ina mbiya mo, no sikkirtee nii, e innde makko timmunde, hono Alasdair Duncan Atholl MacGregor. 

== Nguurndam gadano ==
MacGregor jibinaa ko e hitaande 1883, ko ɓiy Henrietta Forrester e jom suudu mum biyeteeɗo Robert Roy MacGregor. Baaba makko ina gollinoo e Exchequer. Ɓesngu nguu hoɗi ko to 55 Grange Loan to fuɗnaange wuro Edinburgh . 

Atholl naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Edinburgh, ɗo o heɓi MA, rewi heen ko duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, Oxford, ɗo o heɓi BA.  O noddiraa ko to suudu safrirdu Lincoln e hitaande 1909. 

O resii, e hitaande 1919, Gertrude Mary, ɓiɗɗo debbo tokooso Mr R. Brandon Tasker mo Marino, Caernarfon to Fuɗnaange Galles. Ɓe ngalaano ɓiɓɓe.

== Toɗɗagol ==
MacGregor woni balloowo komisinaajo diiwal [[Protektorat Fombina Naajeeriya|lesdi Naajeeriya fombinaari]] diga hitaande 1912 haa hitaande 1914. E hitaande 1914 o toɗɗaama polis'en haa [[Lagos]], o waɗi kuugal maako duuɓi 8. E hitaande 1922, o toɗɗaa yo o won awokaa Crown e awokaa mawɗo [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]], o woni e oon nokku haa hitaande 1926. O artiraa Trinidad e hitaande 1926, caggal ɗuum o artiraa [[Keniya|Keñiya]] e hitaande 1929.  E nokkuuji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, o woni awokaa mawɗo . O waɗtaa e hitaande 1927 nde o woni e golle to Trinidad. 
[[File:Allan_Mossop_and_Atholl_MacGregor_in_Japan_1935.jpg|thumb|MacGregor e Allan Mossop, Ñaawirde Toownde Angalteer wonande Siin, to Otel Fujiya, Japon 1935]]
E hitaande 1933 MacGregor toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu Hong Kong [1], lomto Joseph Horsford Kemp . Ko o hooreejo ñaawirdu o wiyi &quot;o dañii miijooji kaŋŋe e dow jappeere nde o holliri mbaawkaaji toowɗi, e nder renndo kadi o hollitii hoore makko wonde ko o neɗɗo baawɗo wonde fof.&quot; [2] E nder darnde makko hooreejo ñaawirdu Hong Kong, o jooɗii kadi ko tergal e ñaawirdu timmundu to Ñaawirde Toownde Angalteer wonande Siin to Shanghai. [3]

MacGregor heɓi njeenaari konu (knight) e hitaande 1935.  E hitaande 1937, o toɗɗaa hooreejo goomu ngam janngude no moƴƴitingol njoɓdi gollotooɓe laamu Malawi.  O waɗtaa Kumaandaŋ Priory mawɗo e nder laamu Angalteer e nder Ordre Venérable de l’Hôpital St John de Jerusalem e hitaande 1940. 

== Naatgol Japonnaaɓe e wolde adunaare ɗimmere ==
MacGregor ko Japonnaaɓe ndartini ɗum e nder kasoo Stanley Internment Camp tuggi 1941 haa 1945. E nder oon sahaa o jokki e wonde hooreejo ñaawirdu wonande ndartinaaɓe ɓee, haa arti noon e rokkude limre ceergal. 

MacGregor daɗii e wolde ndee, kono heɓi rafi beriberi e nder kampaañ hee.  Golle makko cakkitiiɗe laawɗuɗe e gardagol hooreejo ñaawirdu ko juulde Franklin Charles Gimson ngam wonde guwerneer gardiiɗo Hong Kong caggal nde Japon hokki hoore mum. 

== Wade ==
[[File:The_grave_of_Sir_Atholl_MacGregor,_Morningside_Cemetery,_Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|Siftorde Sir Atholl MacGregor, to yanaande subaka, to wuro Edinburgh]]
MacGregor nawtaa to laana safrirde gadana, hono Highland Monarch , ummoriiɗo Hong Kong fayde Angalteer. O sankii ko ñalnde 30 ut 1945 hade makko yettaade Suus, o wirnaa e maayo. 

O siftortee ko e yanaande jibnaaɓe makko to yanaande Morningside, Edinburgh .

== Tuugnorgal ==

[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3867" sha1="btch83hnl7sdm8e83il0spdbicxrbu9" xml:space="preserve">'''Sir Alasdair Duncan Atholl MacGregor''' KC (4 suwee 1883 – 30 oktoobar 1945) ko awokaa e ñaawoowo Angalteer. O woniino Awokaa mawɗo e nder leyɗeele keewɗe ɗe Angalteer heɓi e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 20ɓiire. Ko kanko woni mawɗo ñaawirdu Hong Kong tuggi 1933 haa 1945.&lt;ref&gt;See, for example, MacGregor's appointment as a King's Counsel, London Gazette, 11 November 1927, p7184&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inɗe ɗe MacGregor rokki ==
MacGregor ɓuri huutoraade ko innde Kerecee’en wiyeteende Atholl. E won e binndanɗe ina winndaa Athol. Kono, bayyinaaɗe laamu, ko wayi no toɗɗagol makko e teddungal makko bayyinaaɗe e jaaynde ''wiyeteende London Gazette'', ina mbiya mo, no sikkirtee nii, e innde makko timmunde, hono Alasdair Duncan Atholl MacGregor. 

== Nguurndam gadano ==
MacGregor jibinaa ko e hitaande 1883, ko ɓiy Henrietta Forrester e jom suudu mum biyeteeɗo Robert Roy MacGregor. Baaba makko ina gollinoo e Exchequer. Ɓesngu nguu hoɗi ko to 55 Grange Loan to fuɗnaange wuro Edinburgh . 

Atholl naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Edinburgh, ɗo o heɓi MA, rewi heen ko duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, Oxford, ɗo o heɓi BA.  O noddiraa ko to suudu safrirdu Lincoln e hitaande 1909. 

O resii, e hitaande 1919, Gertrude Mary, ɓiɗɗo debbo tokooso Mr R. Brandon Tasker mo Marino, Caernarfon to Fuɗnaange Galles. Ɓe ngalaano ɓiɓɓe.

== Toɗɗagol ==
MacGregor woni balloowo komisinaajo diiwal [[Protektorat Fombina Naajeeriya|lesdi Naajeeriya fombinaari]] diga hitaande 1912 haa hitaande 1914. E hitaande 1914 o toɗɗaama polis'en haa [[Lagos]], o waɗi kuugal maako duuɓi 8. E hitaande 1922, o toɗɗaa yo o won awokaa Crown e awokaa mawɗo [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]], o woni e oon nokku haa hitaande 1926. O artiraa Trinidad e hitaande 1926, caggal ɗuum o artiraa [[Keniya|Keñiya]] e hitaande 1929.  E nokkuuji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, o woni awokaa mawɗo . O waɗtaa e hitaande 1927 nde o woni e golle to Trinidad. 
[[File:Allan_Mossop_and_Atholl_MacGregor_in_Japan_1935.jpg|thumb|MacGregor e Allan Mossop, Ñaawirde Toownde Angalteer wonande Siin, to Otel Fujiya, Japon 1935]]
E hitaande 1933 MacGregor toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu Hong Kong [1], lomto Joseph Horsford Kemp . Ko o hooreejo ñaawirdu o wiyi &quot;o dañii miijooji kaŋŋe e dow jappeere nde o holliri mbaawkaaji toowɗi, e nder renndo kadi o hollitii hoore makko wonde ko o neɗɗo baawɗo wonde fof.&quot; [2] E nder darnde makko hooreejo ñaawirdu Hong Kong, o jooɗii kadi ko tergal e ñaawirdu timmundu to Ñaawirde Toownde Angalteer wonande Siin to Shanghai. [3]

MacGregor heɓi njeenaari konu (knight) e hitaande 1935.  E hitaande 1937, o toɗɗaa hooreejo goomu ngam janngude no moƴƴitingol njoɓdi gollotooɓe laamu Malawi.  O waɗtaa Kumaandaŋ Priory mawɗo e nder laamu Angalteer e nder Ordre Venérable de l’Hôpital St John de Jerusalem e hitaande 1940. 

== Naatgol Japonnaaɓe e wolde adunaare ɗimmere ==
MacGregor ko Japonnaaɓe ndartini ɗum e nder kasoo Stanley Internment Camp tuggi 1941 haa 1945. E nder oon sahaa o jokki e wonde hooreejo ñaawirdu wonande ndartinaaɓe ɓee, haa arti noon e rokkude limre ceergal. 

MacGregor daɗii e wolde ndee, kono heɓi rafi beriberi e nder kampaañ hee.  Golle makko cakkitiiɗe laawɗuɗe e gardagol hooreejo ñaawirdu ko juulde Franklin Charles Gimson ngam wonde guwerneer gardiiɗo Hong Kong caggal nde Japon hokki hoore mum. 

== Wade ==
[[File:The_grave_of_Sir_Atholl_MacGregor,_Morningside_Cemetery,_Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|Siftorde Sir Atholl MacGregor, to yanaande subaka, to wuro Edinburgh]]
MacGregor nawtaa to laana safrirde gadana, hono Highland Monarch , ummoriiɗo Hong Kong fayde Angalteer. O sankii ko ñalnde 30 ut 1945 hade makko yettaade Suus, o wirnaa e maayo. 

O siftortee ko e yanaande jibnaaɓe makko to yanaande Morningside, Edinburgh .

== Tuugnorgal ==

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'''Sir Alasdair Duncan Atholl MacGregor''' KC (4 suwee 1883 – 30 oktoobar 1945) ko awokaa e ñaawoowo Angalteer. O woniino Awokaa mawɗo e nder leyɗeele keewɗe ɗe Angalteer heɓi e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 20ɓiire. Ko kanko woni mawɗo ñaawirdu Hong Kong tuggi 1933 haa 1945.&lt;ref&gt;See, for example, MacGregor's appointment as a King's Counsel, London Gazette, 11 November 1927, p7184&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inɗe ɗe MacGregor rokki ==
MacGregor ɓuri huutoraade ko innde Kerecee’en wiyeteende Atholl. E won e binndanɗe ina winndaa Athol. Kono, bayyinaaɗe laamu, ko wayi no toɗɗagol makko e teddungal makko bayyinaaɗe e jaaynde ''wiyeteende London Gazette'', ina mbiya mo, no sikkirtee nii, e innde makko timmunde, hono Alasdair Duncan Atholl MacGregor. 

== Nguurndam gadano ==
MacGregor jibinaa ko e hitaande 1883, ko ɓiy Henrietta Forrester e jom suudu mum biyeteeɗo Robert Roy MacGregor. Baaba makko ina gollinoo e Exchequer. Ɓesngu nguu hoɗi ko to 55 Grange Loan to fuɗnaange wuro Edinburgh . 

Atholl naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Edinburgh, ɗo o heɓi MA, rewi heen ko duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lincoln, Oxford, ɗo o heɓi BA.  O noddiraa ko to suudu safrirdu Lincoln e hitaande 1909. 

O resii, e hitaande 1919, Gertrude Mary, ɓiɗɗo debbo tokooso Mr R. Brandon Tasker mo Marino, Caernarfon to Fuɗnaange Galles. Ɓe ngalaano ɓiɓɓe.

== Toɗɗagol ==
MacGregor woni balloowo komisinaajo diiwal [[Protektorat Fombina Naajeeriya|lesdi Naajeeriya fombinaari]] diga hitaande 1912 haa hitaande 1914. E hitaande 1914 o toɗɗaama polis'en haa [[Lagos]], o waɗi kuugal maako duuɓi 8. E hitaande 1922, o toɗɗaa yo o won awokaa Crown e awokaa mawɗo [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]], o woni e oon nokku haa hitaande 1926. O artiraa Trinidad e hitaande 1926, caggal ɗuum o artiraa [[Keniya|Keñiya]] e hitaande 1929.  E nokkuuji ɗiɗi ɗii fof, o woni awokaa mawɗo . O waɗtaa e hitaande 1927 nde o woni e golle to Trinidad. 
[[File:Allan_Mossop_and_Atholl_MacGregor_in_Japan_1935.jpg|thumb|MacGregor e Allan Mossop, Ñaawirde Toownde Angalteer wonande Siin, to Otel Fujiya, Japon 1935]]
E hitaande 1933 MacGregor toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu Hong Kong [1], lomto Joseph Horsford Kemp . Ko o hooreejo ñaawirdu o wiyi &quot;o dañii miijooji kaŋŋe e dow jappeere nde o holliri mbaawkaaji toowɗi, e nder renndo kadi o hollitii hoore makko wonde ko o neɗɗo baawɗo wonde fof.&quot; [2] E nder darnde makko hooreejo ñaawirdu Hong Kong, o jooɗii kadi ko tergal e ñaawirdu timmundu to Ñaawirde Toownde Angalteer wonande Siin to Shanghai. [3]

MacGregor heɓi njeenaari konu (knight) e hitaande 1935.  E hitaande 1937, o toɗɗaa hooreejo goomu ngam janngude no moƴƴitingol njoɓdi gollotooɓe laamu Malawi.  O waɗtaa Kumaandaŋ Priory mawɗo e nder laamu Angalteer e nder Ordre Venérable de l’Hôpital St John de Jerusalem e hitaande 1940. 

== Naatgol Japonnaaɓe e wolde adunaare ɗimmere ==
MacGregor ko Japonnaaɓe ndartini ɗum e nder kasoo Stanley Internment Camp tuggi 1941 haa 1945. E nder oon sahaa o jokki e wonde hooreejo ñaawirdu wonande ndartinaaɓe ɓee, haa arti noon e rokkude limre ceergal. 

MacGregor daɗii e wolde ndee, kono heɓi rafi beriberi e nder kampaañ hee.  Golle makko cakkitiiɗe laawɗuɗe e gardagol hooreejo ñaawirdu ko juulde Franklin Charles Gimson ngam wonde guwerneer gardiiɗo Hong Kong caggal nde Japon hokki hoore mum. 

== Wade ==
[[File:The_grave_of_Sir_Atholl_MacGregor,_Morningside_Cemetery,_Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|Siftorde Sir Atholl MacGregor, to yanaande subaka, to wuro Edinburgh]]
MacGregor nawtaa to laana safrirde gadana, hono Highland Monarch , ummoriiɗo Hong Kong fayde Angalteer. O sankii ko ñalnde 30 ut 1945 hade makko yettaade Suus, o wirnaa e maayo. 

O siftortee ko e yanaande jibnaaɓe makko to yanaande Morningside, Edinburgh .

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'''Sir Henry Cowper Gollan''' CBE KC (8 lewru Yarkomaa 1868 – 5 lewru Ut 1949) ko awokaa e ñaawoowo Angalteer. O woniino awokaa mawɗo e mawɗo ñaawirdu e nder leyɗeele keewɗe ɗe Angalteer koloñaal en njiylotonoo e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 20ɓiire. Darnde makko cakkitiinde hade makko woppude golle ko hooreejo ñaawirdu Hong Kong .

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Gollan jibinaa ko ñalnde 8 lewru Yarkomaa 1868 to Kokimbo, to Siili. Ko o ɓiy Sir Aleksander Gollan, KCMG, dipolomaasi Angalteer. 

O janngi ko e duɗal Charterhouse . O heɓi dipoloma makko Master e ganndal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Edinburgh e hitaande 1887, o noddiraa bar e Middle Temple e lewru Yarkomaa 1891. O naati e Circuit Northern, caggal ɗuum o woni e golle to Londres. 

E hitaande 1899 o toɗɗaa binndoowo keeriiɗo to Sir [[Frederik Lugard, ko Baron Lugard gadano|Frederick Lugard]] . Lugard waɗaama Komisinaajo mawɗo nder [[Fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya|leydi Naajeeriya]] nder hitaande 1900.

== Toɗɗagol sariya ==
E hitaande 1900, ina sikkaa ko e wasiyaaji Lugard, Gollan toɗɗaa awokaa mawɗo, caggal ɗuum mawɗo ñaawirdu to Fuɗnaange Nijeer e hitaande 1901. Nde o woni to Fuɗnaange Nijeer, o waɗii heen geɗe keewɗe ngam winndude kuulal kesal tuugingal e kuulal kuuɓtodinngal Queensland . O winndi e oon sahaa :

&quot;Kod Queensland feeñii e am ina jokki e mbaadi ɓurndi welde e kala Kod goɗɗo mo ciftor-mi oo, ko woni hakkunde ɓurde laaɓtude e bannge gooto e ɓurde ɓuuɓde e bannge goɗɗo . . .&quot; 

E hitaande 1904 o toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Bermuda, e nder oon fannu o woni hooreejo Diiso sarɗiiji. To Bermuda, o golliima kadi e ƴellitgol sariya kuuɓtodinɗo kadi, jowitiingal e sariya Queensland. 

E hitaande 1911, o toɗɗaa awokaa mawɗo to Trinidad, e hitaande 1918 o toɗɗaa awokaa mawɗo to Ceylon ( [[Sirlanka|Sri Lanka]] hannde ).

Gollan toɗɗaama awokaa laamɗo laabi ɗiɗi, laawol gadanol ngol ko to [[Tirinidad e Tobago|Trinidad e Tobago]] e hitaande 1911, laawol ɗiɗmol ngol ko to [[Sirlanka|Ceylon]] e hitaande 1919. 

O heɓi njeenaari konu (knight) e hitaande 1921 nde o woni awokaa mawɗo leydi Ceylon. 
[[File:Shouson_Chow,_Justice_John_Wood_and_Chief_Justice_Henry_Gollan.jpg|thumb|Shouson Chow, Ñaawirde John Wood e Gollan e hitaande 1929 e wirwirnde Mr H.P]]
E hitaande 1924, o toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu Hong Kong lomtii Sir William Rees-Davies . E nder ndeen darnde o golliima e Komiseer keeriiɗo ñaawooɓe to Shanghai, tawi ko Gollan, Ñaawirde Finley Johnson (hooreejo) Filipiin e Ñaawirde Kisaburo Suga to Ñaawirde Toownde Hiroshima ngam yuurnitaade warngooji seppooɓe Siin ñalnde 30 mee 1925 to Shanghai, tawi ko Moment30 . 

Gila 1926, e nder darnde makko hooreejo ñaawirdu Hong Kong, o jooɗii kadi e tergal ñaawirdu timmundu to Ñaawirde Toownde Angalteer wonande Siin to Shanghai. 

== Retireede ==
Gollan woppi golle mum to Angalteer e hitaande 1930. Nde o woppi golle ndee, o heɓi Doktoraa tedduɗo e sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hong Kong . 

O sankii ko ñalnde 5 ut 1949. 

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'''Sir Henry Cowper Gollan''' CBE KC (8 lewru Yarkomaa 1868 – 5 lewru Ut 1949) ko awokaa e ñaawoowo Angalteer. O woniino awokaa mawɗo e mawɗo ñaawirdu e nder leyɗeele keewɗe ɗe Angalteer koloñaal en njiylotonoo e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 20ɓiire. Darnde makko cakkitiinde hade makko woppude golle ko hooreejo ñaawirdu Hong Kong.&lt;ref&gt;Debrett's Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage, 1931 p1034&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Gollan jibinaa ko ñalnde 8 lewru Yarkomaa 1868 to Kokimbo, to Siili. Ko o ɓiy Sir Aleksander Gollan, KCMG, dipolomaasi Angalteer. 

O janngi ko e duɗal Charterhouse . O heɓi dipoloma makko Master e ganndal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Edinburgh e hitaande 1887, o noddiraa bar e Middle Temple e lewru Yarkomaa 1891. O naati e Circuit Northern, caggal ɗuum o woni e golle to Londres. 

E hitaande 1899 o toɗɗaa binndoowo keeriiɗo to Sir [[Frederik Lugard, ko Baron Lugard gadano|Frederick Lugard]] . Lugard waɗaama Komisinaajo mawɗo nder [[Fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya|leydi Naajeeriya]] nder hitaande 1900.

== Toɗɗagol sariya ==
E hitaande 1900, ina sikkaa ko e wasiyaaji Lugard, Gollan toɗɗaa awokaa mawɗo, caggal ɗuum mawɗo ñaawirdu to Fuɗnaange Nijeer e hitaande 1901. Nde o woni to Fuɗnaange Nijeer, o waɗii heen geɗe keewɗe ngam winndude kuulal kesal tuugingal e kuulal kuuɓtodinngal Queensland . O winndi e oon sahaa :

&quot;Kod Queensland feeñii e am ina jokki e mbaadi ɓurndi welde e kala Kod goɗɗo mo ciftor-mi oo, ko woni hakkunde ɓurde laaɓtude e bannge gooto e ɓurde ɓuuɓde e bannge goɗɗo . . .&quot; 

E hitaande 1904 o toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Bermuda, e nder oon fannu o woni hooreejo Diiso sarɗiiji. To Bermuda, o golliima kadi e ƴellitgol sariya kuuɓtodinɗo kadi, jowitiingal e sariya Queensland. 

E hitaande 1911, o toɗɗaa awokaa mawɗo to Trinidad, e hitaande 1918 o toɗɗaa awokaa mawɗo to Ceylon ( [[Sirlanka|Sri Lanka]] hannde ).

Gollan toɗɗaama awokaa laamɗo laabi ɗiɗi, laawol gadanol ngol ko to [[Tirinidad e Tobago|Trinidad e Tobago]] e hitaande 1911, laawol ɗiɗmol ngol ko to [[Sirlanka|Ceylon]] e hitaande 1919. 

O heɓi njeenaari konu (knight) e hitaande 1921 nde o woni awokaa mawɗo leydi Ceylon. 
[[File:Shouson_Chow,_Justice_John_Wood_and_Chief_Justice_Henry_Gollan.jpg|thumb|Shouson Chow, Ñaawirde John Wood e Gollan e hitaande 1929 e wirwirnde Mr H.P]]
E hitaande 1924, o toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu Hong Kong lomtii Sir William Rees-Davies . E nder ndeen darnde o golliima e Komiseer keeriiɗo ñaawooɓe to Shanghai, tawi ko Gollan, Ñaawirde Finley Johnson (hooreejo) Filipiin e Ñaawirde Kisaburo Suga to Ñaawirde Toownde Hiroshima ngam yuurnitaade warngooji seppooɓe Siin ñalnde 30 mee 1925 to Shanghai, tawi ko Moment30 . 

Gila 1926, e nder darnde makko hooreejo ñaawirdu Hong Kong, o jooɗii kadi e tergal ñaawirdu timmundu to Ñaawirde Toownde Angalteer wonande Siin to Shanghai. 

== Retireede ==
Gollan woppi golle mum to Angalteer e hitaande 1930. Nde o woppi golle ndee, o heɓi Doktoraa tedduɗo e sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hong Kong . 

O sankii ko ñalnde 5 ut 1949. 

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'''Sir Henry Cowper Gollan''' CBE KC (8 lewru Yarkomaa 1868 – 5 lewru Ut 1949) ko awokaa e ñaawoowo Angalteer. O woniino awokaa mawɗo e mawɗo ñaawirdu e nder leyɗeele keewɗe ɗe Angalteer koloñaal en njiylotonoo e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 20ɓiire. Darnde makko cakkitiinde hade makko woppude golle ko hooreejo ñaawirdu Hong Kong.&lt;ref&gt;Debrett's Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage, 1931 p1034&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Gollan jibinaa ko ñalnde 8 lewru Yarkomaa 1868 to Kokimbo, to Siili. Ko o ɓiy Sir Aleksander Gollan, KCMG, dipolomaasi Angalteer. 

O janngi ko e duɗal Charterhouse . O heɓi dipoloma makko Master e ganndal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Edinburgh e hitaande 1887, o noddiraa bar e Middle Temple e lewru Yarkomaa 1891. O naati e Circuit Northern, caggal ɗuum o woni e golle to Londres. 

E hitaande 1899 o toɗɗaa binndoowo keeriiɗo to Sir [[Frederik Lugard, ko Baron Lugard gadano|Frederick Lugard]] . Lugard waɗaama Komisinaajo mawɗo nder [[Fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya|leydi Naajeeriya]] nder hitaande 1900.

== Toɗɗagol sariya ==
E hitaande 1900, ina sikkaa ko e wasiyaaji Lugard, Gollan toɗɗaa awokaa mawɗo, caggal ɗuum mawɗo ñaawirdu to Fuɗnaange Nijeer e hitaande 1901. Nde o woni to Fuɗnaange Nijeer, o waɗii heen geɗe keewɗe ngam winndude kuulal kesal tuugingal e kuulal kuuɓtodinngal Queensland . O winndi e oon sahaa :

&quot;Kod Queensland feeñii e am ina jokki e mbaadi ɓurndi welde e kala Kod goɗɗo mo ciftor-mi oo, ko woni hakkunde ɓurde laaɓtude e bannge gooto e ɓurde ɓuuɓde e bannge goɗɗo . . .&quot; 

E hitaande 1904 o toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Bermuda, e nder oon fannu o woni hooreejo Diiso sarɗiiji. To Bermuda, o golliima kadi e ƴellitgol sariya kuuɓtodinɗo kadi, jowitiingal e sariya Queensland. 

E hitaande 1911, o toɗɗaa awokaa mawɗo to Trinidad, e hitaande 1918 o toɗɗaa awokaa mawɗo to Ceylon ( [[Sirlanka|Sri Lanka]] hannde ).

Gollan toɗɗaama awokaa laamɗo laabi ɗiɗi, laawol gadanol ngol ko to [[Tirinidad e Tobago|Trinidad e Tobago]] e hitaande 1911, laawol ɗiɗmol ngol ko to [[Sirlanka|Ceylon]] e hitaande 1919. 

O heɓi njeenaari konu (knight) e hitaande 1921 nde o woni awokaa mawɗo leydi Ceylon. 
[[File:Shouson_Chow,_Justice_John_Wood_and_Chief_Justice_Henry_Gollan.jpg|thumb|Shouson Chow, Ñaawirde John Wood e Gollan e hitaande 1929 e wirwirnde Mr H.P]]
E hitaande 1924, o toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu Hong Kong lomtii Sir William Rees-Davies . E nder ndeen darnde o golliima e Komiseer keeriiɗo ñaawooɓe to Shanghai, tawi ko Gollan, Ñaawirde Finley Johnson (hooreejo) Filipiin e Ñaawirde Kisaburo Suga to Ñaawirde Toownde Hiroshima ngam yuurnitaade warngooji seppooɓe Siin ñalnde 30 mee 1925 to Shanghai, tawi ko Moment30 . 

Gila 1926, e nder darnde makko hooreejo ñaawirdu Hong Kong, o jooɗii kadi e tergal ñaawirdu timmundu to Ñaawirde Toownde Angalteer wonande Siin to Shanghai. 

== Retireede ==
Gollan woppi golle mum to Angalteer e hitaande 1930. Nde o woppi golle ndee, o heɓi Doktoraa tedduɗo e sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hong Kong . 

O sankii ko ñalnde 5 ut 1949. 

== Tuugnorgal ==

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'''James Robert Phillips''' (1863 – 4 lewru Yarkomaa 1897) ko cukko komisariyaajo e konsul to [[Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer|leydi Niiseer]] . O siftortee ko e geɗal makko e kewuuji baɗnooɗi e njillu Benin e hitaande 1897 . E hitaande 1897, Phillips ummiima ngam ɗaɓɓude Oba Benin, hay so tawii noon dalillaaji makko ina laaɓti.   Kanko e lannda makko ɓe ndartinaama, ɓe mbaraa nde ɓe ɓadtii wuro Benin, tawi Phillips ina jeyaa e warɓe ɓee. Hay so tawii Phillips waɗiino ko aldaa e naamnaade laamuuji [[Sosiyetee laamɗo Niiseer|Royal Niger Company]], caggal maayde makko laamu Angalteer neldi njilluuji ngam haɓaade laamu Benin, ngu doole kisal fooli, ndartini, ɗum addani laamu nguu naatde e leydi Nijeer koloñaal .

== Ngendam ==
James Phillips ko ɓiy mawɗo diine Thompson Phillips, gardiiɗo diine Ivegill, caggal ɗuum ardo diine Furness e nder diiwaan Carlisle, e Eliza, ɓiy seneraal James Wallace Sleigh .

== Jaangirde ==
Phillips janngi ko e duɗal Uppingham, duɗal keeringal. E hitaande 1882 o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Trinity, to Cambridge  ngam janngude sariya. O gollorii binndanɗe awokaa makko (o janngi ko awokaa) to Carlisle to Clerk of the Peace for Cumberland, e sahaa mum o jaɓaama awokaa.

O fiyi fuku koyɗe e nder fedde Eden Wanderers Football Club fotde duuɓi keewɗi, o hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo tiiɗɗo ɓanndu, jom semmbe e ngalu. O yiɗaa no feewi e wondiiɓe makko.

== Koɗorɗe kaŋŋe ==
Caggal nde o heɓi seedantaagal wonde awokaa, o sikki ina waawi tawa ina woodi udditgol ɓurngol moƴƴude e makko e nder koloñaal en. E hitaande 1891, o jaɓi toɗɗaade ofisee koloñaal to Cote d’Or (Gana hannde oo) ngam wonde Sheriif e gardotooɗo kasooji. E hitaande 1892 o artiraa e jappeere, o wonti awokaa laamɗo debbo to Gold Coast.

== Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer ==
E hitaande 1896, Phillips arti Angalteer e njillu makko e nde o yilliima sehilaaɓe makko to Cumberland o hollitii weltaare makko e ko o jogori waɗde.

E lewru mee 1896, o toɗɗaa cukko komisariyaajo e konsul to [[Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer|Protectorat Coast Niger]] e nokkuuji jeyaaɗi e mum.  O yamiraama e Biro caggal leydi to Londres yo o fad to Angalteer haa o waawa hawrude e Komiseer Protektorat Coast Niger jooni oo, hono Ralph Denham Rayment Moor, gonɗo e laawol feewde Angalteer ngam fuɗɗaade dumunna udditgol. Alaa ko winndaa e hol to ɓe kawri walla ko ɓe kaaldi kono ina gasa tawa ɓe kawri ko to London e lewru suwee 1896.

Ko o awokaa, Phillips ina joginoo ɓataake ummoraade e Biro caggal leydi ngam waɗtude hakkille e kasooji e doosɗe leydi Protectorate. O ari e Protectorat ko ñalnde 24 ut 1896. Ñalnde 31 ut 1896, o waɗi batu e terɗe sosiyeteeji njulaagu maayooji Benin ngam anndinde njulaagu nguu. Ina jeyaa heen njulaagu Oropnaaɓe [[Sosiyetee laamɗo Niiseer|Sosiyetee Royal Niger]], mawɓe Itsekiri e njulaagu jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii. Yanti heen, o yiɗiino nande e maɓɓe ko fayti e geɗe njulaagu ɗe ɓe njogii. E nder ndee ɗoo batu, o hawri e mawɗo Dogho e mawɓe Itsekiri woɗɓe, kam e njulaagu Oropnaaɓe heewɓe ina heen wakili’en Sosiyetee Royal Niger to Sapele to maayo Benin.

Caggal ndeeɗoo joɗnde e yeewtere makko e Moor, Phillips miijii wonde o ‘heɓii natal laaɓtungal no feewi e ngonka geɗe ɗee’ e nder ngonka njulaagu maayooji Benin. Ñalnde 16 noowammbar 1896 o winndi Biro caggal leydi to Londres o wiyi wonde :&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Laamɗo leydi Benin jokki e waɗde kala ko waawi ngam haɗde yimɓe ɓee njulaagu e haɗde laamu nguu udditaade leydi ndii. E dow ballal Fetish makko o dañii heen geɗe maantiniiɗe. O waɗii haa abada Juju e dow (Palm) Kernels, ko ɓuri heewde e nafoore leydi ndii, e ooɗoo penaale ko produce e nder luumo tan sahaa e sahaa fof ina jaɓa udditaade ɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi e dow keɓgol dokke ummoraade e mawɓe Jakri tan kono tan uddude ɗe kadi nde o yiɗi ɓeydaade ƴattaade...Miɗo sikki tan ko kala feere ƴeewtaama no haanirta nii, haa mi wasiyii mawɓe Jakri yo ngoppu dokke mum en.” “Miɗo ñaagii ɗum yamiroore makko ngam yillaade wuro Benin e lewru feebariyee garoowo, ngam ittude e ittude laamɗo leydi Benin e sosde diiso ngenndiijo e nokku mum e ƴettude peeje goɗɗe ngam udditde leydi ndii no occasion o foti ɗaɓɓude e Laamɗo maɓɓe – kono ngam ittude kala kulhuli miɗo yiɗi ƴettude Doole kaɓirɗe keewɗe, tawa ina waɗi 250 soldaat, balɗe ɗiɗi gonɗe e kilooji jeeɗiɗi, balɗe 1 Maxim, e balɗe 1 Rocket ɗe Doole Reenngo Coast Niger (NCPF) e detachment Secretship of Lagos the Lord5strong of the Hausa1 Koloniiji maa njaɓ huutoraade Doole Koloniiji haa ɗoo...PS Miɗo ɓeydoo heen wonde miɗo jogii daliilu ngam ɗaminaade wonde Ivoire ina waawi heɓtaade e nder galle laamɗo oo ngam yoɓde njoɓdi ittude laamɗo oo e Stool mum .” &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)&quot;&gt;ciimtol ina haani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Ɓataake Phillips neldaa ko e neldal to Londres ñalnde 17 noowammbar 1896. O fadaani jaabawol ummoraade e Biro caggal leydi, o fuɗɗii yahde Benin. Phillips e jagge Angalteer jeegom goɗɗe, jom en njulaagu ɗiɗo, firooji, e 215 porteer, ummii e porto tokooso Sapele.  Limre worɓe ummoriiɓe e ndee ɗoo njillu fof, won heen limtilimtinɓe mbiyata ko ina tolnoo e 500 neɗɗo, tuugnaade e ko Alan Maxwell Boisragon, wuurɗo e nguurndam mum, waɗi e deftere mum ''wiyeteende The Benin Massacre'' (1897). Limre laawɗunde tawtoraaɓe e njillu nguu waɗaama e 250 laana ndiwoowa Afriknaajo e worɓe ɓaleeɓe njeenayo. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)&quot;&gt;ciimtol ina haani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Warngo leydi Benin ngoo ==
[[File:Captain_Alan_Boisragon_&amp;_District_Commissioner_Locke.jpg|thumb|Boisragon e Locke, worɓe ɗiɗo Angalteer ngam daɗde e njillu nguu]]
Ñalnde 17 desaambar 1896, Phillips ummii Calabar ɓooyɗo e nder laana ndiwoowa Ivy ngam yahde Benin. O neldi kadi nulal rewrude e mawɗo Dogho (mawɗo Itsekiri) feewde e Ovonramwen, Oba 36ɓo leydi Benin, wonde omo yaha njillu. Hay so tawii ɓe ndokkiino konngol njillu maɓɓe, ɓe nganndinaama caggal ɗuum wonde gartugol maɓɓe ina foti leeltude, sibu hay gooto waawaa naatde e wuro hee tawa ko juulde waɗata ; [1] [2] kono yahooɓe ɓee njokki e yahdu mum en. [3] Anniyaaji makko goonga ɗii laaɓtaani e Oba Ovonramwen, o jaabtii mo naamnaade mo yo o fad balɗe seeɗa tawa kanko e Diiso makko Hooreejo leydi ina njuurnitoo haalaaji ɗi mbiyata ko ‘daneeɓe ina ngadda wolde e leydi Benin’. O humpitii kadi Phillips wonde hannde o woni ko e ‘rewde hoore baaba makko’ e nder ñalɗi Ague . Phillips waawaano heɗaade wasiyaaji Oba, kam e ñaagunde wasiyaaji makko Itsekiri, ñalnde 4 lewru Yarkomaa 1897 o jokki e peeje makko.

Phillips e lannda mum ndartinaama e laawol feewde wuro Benin, tawi ko konuuji Benin ɗi Ologbosere ardii, ko Oropnaaɓe ɗiɗo tan daɗi e warngooji baɗnooɗi caggal ɗuum.   Sarɗiiji maayde maɓɓe laaɓaani.  Phillips e ko famɗi fof worɓe ɓaleeɓe tato woɗɓe (Cukko konsul mawɗo Peter Wade Grant Copland-Crawford, mo bataliyoŋ 7ɓo laamɗo oo, e cukko konsul mo diiwaan Benin e Warri; Doktoor Robert Hannah Elliot, ofisee safaara diiwaan Sapele e Benin ina sikkaa ko kañum waraa e njangu gadano sara wuro Ugbine ñalnde 4 lewru Yarkomaa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Robert Home hollitii wonde worɓe ɓaleeɓe tato woɗɓe (Kenneth Chichester Campbell, komisariyaajo diiwaan Sapele; Harry Simes Powis mo [[Aleksanndere Miler (julaagu)|Miller, miñi mum e sosiyetee mum]] ; e Thomas Gordon mo Fedde Afriknaajo ) ina mbaawi naweede to wuro Benin ngam wonde hoɗdiiɓe, maayi e njangu Angalteer caggal ɗuum e lewru feebariyee. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ko ofiseeji ɗiɗi ɓaleeɓe tan nguuri : Kapiteen Alan Boisragon, Kumandant Konstabulaari Protektoraat Cote Niiseer ; e Ralph Locke, komisariyaajo diiwaan Warri. Hoddiro konu Afrik, jolnooɓe e gollotooɓe woɗɓe gollotooɓe e lannda kaa, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en laaɓtaani, sibu jaayɗe gadane ɗee kollitii wonde 250 neɗɗo mbaraama. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Boisragon hollitii wonde ko seeɗa e laaɗe diwooje nguuri e njanngu nguu, mbaawi yettaade kisal laana ndiwoowa Angalteer dow maayo. 

The British Foreign Secretary Lord Salisbury responded to Phillips on 9 January 1897 advising him to postpone the planned expedition for another year as there were not currently enough troops to undertake the mission. Salisbury stated that 400 men would be required for this and as there were currently other expeditions in progress elsewhere in the protectorate, this number could not be raised. However Phillips was by this time already dead.

== Tuugnorgal ==

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'''James Robert Phillips''' (1863 – 4 lewru Yarkomaa 1897) ko cukko komisariyaajo e konsul to [[Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer|leydi Niiseer]] . O siftortee ko e geɗal makko e kewuuji baɗnooɗi e njillu Benin e hitaande 1897 . E hitaande 1897, Phillips ummiima ngam ɗaɓɓude Oba Benin, hay so tawii noon dalillaaji makko ina laaɓti.   Kanko e lannda makko ɓe ndartinaama, ɓe mbaraa nde ɓe ɓadtii wuro Benin, tawi Phillips ina jeyaa e warɓe ɓee. Hay so tawii Phillips waɗiino ko aldaa e naamnaade laamuuji [[Sosiyetee laamɗo Niiseer|Royal Niger Company]], caggal maayde makko laamu Angalteer neldi njilluuji ngam haɓaade laamu Benin, ngu doole kisal fooli, ndartini, ɗum addani laamu nguu naatde e leydi Nijeer koloñaal .

== Ngendam ==
James Phillips ko ɓiy mawɗo diine Thompson Phillips, gardiiɗo diine Ivegill, caggal ɗuum ardo diine Furness e nder diiwaan Carlisle, e Eliza, ɓiy seneraal James Wallace Sleigh .

== Jaangirde ==
Phillips janngi ko e duɗal Uppingham, duɗal keeringal. E hitaande 1882 o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Trinity, to Cambridge  ngam janngude sariya. O gollorii binndanɗe awokaa makko (o janngi ko awokaa) to Carlisle to Clerk of the Peace for Cumberland, e sahaa mum o jaɓaama awokaa.

O fiyi fuku koyɗe e nder fedde Eden Wanderers Football Club fotde duuɓi keewɗi, o hollitii wonde ko o neɗɗo tiiɗɗo ɓanndu, jom semmbe e ngalu. O yiɗaa no feewi e wondiiɓe makko.

== Koɗorɗe kaŋŋe ==
Caggal nde o heɓi seedantaagal wonde awokaa, o sikki ina waawi tawa ina woodi udditgol ɓurngol moƴƴude e makko e nder koloñaal en. E hitaande 1891, o jaɓi toɗɗaade ofisee koloñaal to Cote d’Or (Gana hannde oo) ngam wonde Sheriif e gardotooɗo kasooji. E hitaande 1892 o artiraa e jappeere, o wonti awokaa laamɗo debbo to Gold Coast.

== Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer ==
E hitaande 1896, Phillips arti Angalteer e njillu makko e nde o yilliima sehilaaɓe makko to Cumberland o hollitii weltaare makko e ko o jogori waɗde.

E lewru mee 1896, o toɗɗaa cukko komisariyaajo e konsul to [[Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer|Protectorat Coast Niger]] e nokkuuji jeyaaɗi e mum.  O yamiraama e Biro caggal leydi to Londres yo o fad to Angalteer haa o waawa hawrude e Komiseer Protektorat Coast Niger jooni oo, hono Ralph Denham Rayment Moor, gonɗo e laawol feewde Angalteer ngam fuɗɗaade dumunna udditgol. Alaa ko winndaa e hol to ɓe kawri walla ko ɓe kaaldi kono ina gasa tawa ɓe kawri ko to London e lewru suwee 1896.

Ko o awokaa, Phillips ina joginoo ɓataake ummoraade e Biro caggal leydi ngam waɗtude hakkille e kasooji e doosɗe leydi Protectorate. O ari e Protectorat ko ñalnde 24 ut 1896. Ñalnde 31 ut 1896, o waɗi batu e terɗe sosiyeteeji njulaagu maayooji Benin ngam anndinde njulaagu nguu. Ina jeyaa heen njulaagu Oropnaaɓe [[Sosiyetee laamɗo Niiseer|Sosiyetee Royal Niger]], mawɓe Itsekiri e njulaagu jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii. Yanti heen, o yiɗiino nande e maɓɓe ko fayti e geɗe njulaagu ɗe ɓe njogii. E nder ndee ɗoo batu, o hawri e mawɗo Dogho e mawɓe Itsekiri woɗɓe, kam e njulaagu Oropnaaɓe heewɓe ina heen wakili’en Sosiyetee Royal Niger to Sapele to maayo Benin.

Caggal ndeeɗoo joɗnde e yeewtere makko e Moor, Phillips miijii wonde o ‘heɓii natal laaɓtungal no feewi e ngonka geɗe ɗee’ e nder ngonka njulaagu maayooji Benin. Ñalnde 16 noowammbar 1896 o winndi Biro caggal leydi to Londres o wiyi wonde :&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Laamɗo leydi Benin jokki e waɗde kala ko waawi ngam haɗde yimɓe ɓee njulaagu e haɗde laamu nguu udditaade leydi ndii. E dow ballal Fetish makko o dañii heen geɗe maantiniiɗe. O waɗii haa abada Juju e dow (Palm) Kernels, ko ɓuri heewde e nafoore leydi ndii, e ooɗoo penaale ko produce e nder luumo tan sahaa e sahaa fof ina jaɓa udditaade ɗe e nokkuuji goɗɗi e dow keɓgol dokke ummoraade e mawɓe Jakri tan kono tan uddude ɗe kadi nde o yiɗi ɓeydaade ƴattaade...Miɗo sikki tan ko kala feere ƴeewtaama no haanirta nii, haa mi wasiyii mawɓe Jakri yo ngoppu dokke mum en.” “Miɗo ñaagii ɗum yamiroore makko ngam yillaade wuro Benin e lewru feebariyee garoowo, ngam ittude e ittude laamɗo leydi Benin e sosde diiso ngenndiijo e nokku mum e ƴettude peeje goɗɗe ngam udditde leydi ndii no occasion o foti ɗaɓɓude e Laamɗo maɓɓe – kono ngam ittude kala kulhuli miɗo yiɗi ƴettude Doole kaɓirɗe keewɗe, tawa ina waɗi 250 soldaat, balɗe ɗiɗi gonɗe e kilooji jeeɗiɗi, balɗe 1 Maxim, e balɗe 1 Rocket ɗe Doole Reenngo Coast Niger (NCPF) e detachment Secretship of Lagos the Lord5strong of the Hausa1 Koloniiji maa njaɓ huutoraade Doole Koloniiji haa ɗoo...PS Miɗo ɓeydoo heen wonde miɗo jogii daliilu ngam ɗaminaade wonde Ivoire ina waawi heɓtaade e nder galle laamɗo oo ngam yoɓde njoɓdi ittude laamɗo oo e Stool mum .” &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)&quot;&gt;ciimtol ina haani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Ɓataake Phillips neldaa ko e neldal to Londres ñalnde 17 noowammbar 1896. O fadaani jaabawol ummoraade e Biro caggal leydi, o fuɗɗii yahde Benin. Phillips e jagge Angalteer jeegom goɗɗe, jom en njulaagu ɗiɗo, firooji, e 215 porteer, ummii e porto tokooso Sapele.  Limre worɓe ummoriiɓe e ndee ɗoo njillu fof, won heen limtilimtinɓe mbiyata ko ina tolnoo e 500 neɗɗo, tuugnaade e ko Alan Maxwell Boisragon, wuurɗo e nguurndam mum, waɗi e deftere mum ''wiyeteende The Benin Massacre'' (1897). Limre laawɗunde tawtoraaɓe e njillu nguu waɗaama e 250 laana ndiwoowa Afriknaajo e worɓe ɓaleeɓe njeenayo. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)&quot;&gt;ciimtol ina haani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Warngo leydi Benin ngoo ==
[[File:Captain_Alan_Boisragon_&amp;_District_Commissioner_Locke.jpg|thumb|Boisragon e Locke, worɓe ɗiɗo Angalteer ngam daɗde e njillu nguu]]
Ñalnde 17 desaambar 1896, Phillips ummii Calabar ɓooyɗo e nder laana ndiwoowa Ivy ngam yahde Benin. O neldi kadi nulal rewrude e mawɗo Dogho (mawɗo Itsekiri) feewde e Ovonramwen, Oba 36ɓo leydi Benin, wonde omo yaha njillu. Hay so tawii ɓe ndokkiino konngol njillu maɓɓe, ɓe nganndinaama caggal ɗuum wonde gartugol maɓɓe ina foti leeltude, sibu hay gooto waawaa naatde e wuro hee tawa ko juulde waɗata ; [1] [2] kono yahooɓe ɓee njokki e yahdu mum en. [3] Anniyaaji makko goonga ɗii laaɓtaani e Oba Ovonramwen, o jaabtii mo naamnaade mo yo o fad balɗe seeɗa tawa kanko e Diiso makko Hooreejo leydi ina njuurnitoo haalaaji ɗi mbiyata ko ‘daneeɓe ina ngadda wolde e leydi Benin’. O humpitii kadi Phillips wonde hannde o woni ko e ‘rewde hoore baaba makko’ e nder ñalɗi Ague . Phillips waawaano heɗaade wasiyaaji Oba, kam e ñaagunde wasiyaaji makko Itsekiri, ñalnde 4 lewru Yarkomaa 1897 o jokki e peeje makko.

Phillips e lannda mum ndartinaama e laawol feewde wuro Benin, tawi ko konuuji Benin ɗi Ologbosere ardii, ko Oropnaaɓe ɗiɗo tan daɗi e warngooji baɗnooɗi caggal ɗuum.   Sarɗiiji maayde maɓɓe laaɓaani.  Phillips e ko famɗi fof worɓe ɓaleeɓe tato woɗɓe (Cukko konsul mawɗo Peter Wade Grant Copland-Crawford, mo bataliyoŋ 7ɓo laamɗo oo, e cukko konsul mo diiwaan Benin e Warri; Doktoor Robert Hannah Elliot, ofisee safaara diiwaan Sapele e Benin ina sikkaa ko kañum waraa e njangu gadano sara wuro Ugbine ñalnde 4 lewru Yarkomaa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Robert Home hollitii wonde worɓe ɓaleeɓe tato woɗɓe (Kenneth Chichester Campbell, komisariyaajo diiwaan Sapele; Harry Simes Powis mo [[Aleksanndere Miler (julaagu)|Miller, miñi mum e sosiyetee mum]] ; e Thomas Gordon mo Fedde Afriknaajo ) ina mbaawi naweede to wuro Benin ngam wonde hoɗdiiɓe, maayi e njangu Angalteer caggal ɗuum e lewru feebariyee. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ko ofiseeji ɗiɗi ɓaleeɓe tan nguuri : Kapiteen Alan Boisragon, Kumandant Konstabulaari Protektoraat Cote Niiseer ; e Ralph Locke, komisariyaajo diiwaan Warri. Hoddiro konu Afrik, jolnooɓe e gollotooɓe woɗɓe gollotooɓe e lannda kaa, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en laaɓtaani, sibu jaayɗe gadane ɗee kollitii wonde 250 neɗɗo mbaraama. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Boisragon hollitii wonde ko seeɗa e laaɗe diwooje nguuri e njanngu nguu, mbaawi yettaade kisal laana ndiwoowa Angalteer dow maayo. 

The British Foreign Secretary Lord Salisbury responded to Phillips on 9 January 1897 advising him to postpone the planned expedition for another year as there were not currently enough troops to undertake the mission. Salisbury stated that 400 men would be required for this and as there were currently other expeditions in progress elsewhere in the protectorate, this number could not be raised. However Phillips was by this time already dead.

== Tuugnorgal ==

[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>J. A. Green (fotoowo)</title>
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[[File:Uvorama_(Overami)_Nabeshi,_The_Last_King_(Oba)_Of_Benin.jpg|thumb|Ovonramwen, Oba Benin, mo Green ƴetti foto mum e nder laana [[Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer|ndiwoowa Niiseer biyeteeɗo]] SY ''Ivy'', tawi Oba oo ina yahra e leydi e hitaande 1897]]
'''Jonathan Adagogo Green''' (1873-1905) ko fotoowo Najeriya mo teeminannde 19ɓiire, ina hiisee wonde gooto e fotooji Afriknaaɓe gadani e nder leydi mum. O anndaa ko fotoowo piilaaɗo e nder Afrik hirnaange, teskaaɗo e binndanɗe makko e nguurndam koloñaal e pinal nokku oo, haa teeŋti e renndo makko Ibani Ijo .

Golle makko fotooje ɗee mooftaama e suudu defte Angalteer, e nokku defte Unilever e defte Bristol to Angalteer, kam e nokku defte ngenndiijo naalankaagal Afrik to Washington, DC.

== Nguurndam e golle ==
Green jibinaa ko to wuro wiyeteengo Ayama-Peterside, to laamu Bonny, [[Diiwal River|to]] leydi Najeriya hannde, to Sunju Okoronkwoye Dublin Green e Idameinye Green. Baaba makko ko mawɗo wuro, njulaagu nebam palme, o maayi e hitaande 1875, caggal ɗuum Green ummii ko e kaaw makko, hono Uruasi Dublin Green. O heɓi jaŋde makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Bonny's Mission Society e to [[Lagos]] .  

Green janngi karallaagal fotoowo to Siyeraa Leyoon hedde duuɓi 18, caggal ɗuum o sosi suudu makko to Bonny. Nokku ɗo o hoɗi ɗoo naati e nder leydi Angalteer toppitiindi maayooji petroŋ e hitaande 1884, ndi inniraa [[Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer|leydi Niiseer Coast]] e hitaande 1893. Ko ɓuri heewde e natal makko ƴettaa ko to Bonny, Opobo, e Kalabari . Gila hitaande 1900, ɗeen nokkuuje ngoni ko e [[Protektorat Fombina Naajeeriya|Protectorate Sud Nigeria]] e nder duuɓi seeɗa cakkitiiɗi e nguurndam Green.  

Fotooji ɗi Green yaltini ɗii ina kawri e geɗe keewɗe, gila e nate haa e nate nguurndam ñalnde kala e diineeji, njulaagu, e dingiral mahdi. Won e fotooje makko ko ina ɓura 300 njaltinaa e defte e jaayndeeji to Orop e Amerik. Yanti heen, o waɗii karte posto natal kuutorteeɗe kam e karte posto fotooje goongaaje ɗe logo makko ina winndaa heen .  : 20 

Green ina golloo e fotooje ko juuti tan, nde tawnoo o maayi ko e duuɓi 32. Ɓiyiiko gorko biyeteeɗo Gobo Green, caggal ɗuum jokki golle fotooje ɗee, iwdi makko, James A. Green, golliima e suudu nduu haa hitaande 1993.  

== Bibliyogaraafi ==
Hay so tawii e nguurndam makko Green yaltinaani defte e hoore mum, won heen fotooje makko njaltinaama e nder jaayɗe e nder deftere fotooje ''Benin leydi taariindi ndii, hoɗɓe mum, aadaaji mum e njulaagu mum'' (The “Journal of Commerce” golle binndol, Liverpool 1897) mo James Pinnock winndi. 

== Jaɓɓugo ==
E nder golle maɓɓe binndaaɗe ko faati e Green, Martha G. Anderson e Lisa Aronson, e wallitooɓe Christraud M. Geary kam e winndooɓe Najeriya Ebiegberi Joe Alagoa e Tam Fiofori njaltinii jaŋde mum en wondude e 350 natal Green ummoraade e defte defte, binndanɗe, e albomuuji fotooji ko faati e kewuuji koloñaal. 

No Robert Cochran mo Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Arkansas winndiri e ƴeewndo mum deftere wiyeteende ''Fotoowo Afriknaajo biyeteeɗo JA Green: Reimagining the Indigenous and the Colonial'', &quot;[...] o wonnoo ko neɗɗo baawɗo golle, kadi omo anndi no feewi e gollanaade yimɓe jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii e yimɓe jagginaaɓe ɓee.  « Kuutoragol makko e peeje alkule puɗɗaaɗe e karte makko e tammborɗe makko [...] ina suuɗii iwdi makko Afrik », ɗum noon ina jeyaa e ko o gollodii e ardiiɓe jamaanu koloñaal. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Fotooji baɗaaɗi e Green e keɓaaɗi e internet ina tawee e defterdu Jones to defterdu Bristol [1] e defterdu Sosiyetee Afrik dentuɗo to defterdu Unilever to Londres. [2] Yanti heen, fotooje capanɗe jeeɗiɗi ina njuɓɓinee e nder galle mooftirɗo nate Angalteer. [3] Ina woodi kadi albom fotooje makko e nder defterdu fotooje Eliot Elisofon to suudu defte ngenndiije ñeeñal Afrik to Washington, DC, mo alaa e internet (Albom fotooje Niiseer ca. 1890–1900). [4]

== Galle ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;
File:Portrait-of-Prince-Archibong-II-by-J.A.-Green.jpg|alt=Prince Archibong II, Calabar| Laamɗo Arkibong II, [[Kalaba|Kalabar]]
File:J_A_Green_photograph_of_Chief_Dore,_Benin.jpg|alt=Chief Dore, Benin City| Mawɗo Dore, Wuro Benin
File:Attributed_to_J.A._Green,_Chief_William_Brown_and_his_wives,_Bonny,_Nigeria.jpg|alt=Chief William Brown and his wives, Bonny, Nigeria| Mawɗo Wiliyam Brown e rewɓe mum, Bonny, leydi Nijeer
File:J_A_Green_Photograph_of_Chief_Arthur_Prest_and_the_Olu_of_Warri.jpg|alt=Chief Arthur Prest and Erejuwa II, the Olu of Warri| Mawɗo [[Arthur Prest|Artuur Perst]] e [[Erejuwa II]], Olu mo Warri
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ƴeew kadi ==

* John Parkes Deker
* Farayse W. Joak
* Fotooɓe Lutterodt
* Neils Walwin Holm
* Ogustaas Wasinton
* Alfonso Lisk-Karew
* Alex Agbaglo Akolatse

== Tuugnorgal ==

[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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[[File:Uvorama_(Overami)_Nabeshi,_The_Last_King_(Oba)_Of_Benin.jpg|thumb|Ovonramwen, Oba Benin, mo Green ƴetti foto mum e nder laana [[Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer|ndiwoowa Niiseer biyeteeɗo]] SY ''Ivy'', tawi Oba oo ina yahra e leydi e hitaande 1897]]
'''Jonathan Adagogo Green''' (1873-1905) ko fotoowo Najeriya mo teeminannde 19ɓiire, ina hiisee wonde gooto e fotooji Afriknaaɓe gadani e nder leydi mum. O anndaa ko fotoowo piilaaɗo e nder Afrik hirnaange, teskaaɗo e binndanɗe makko e nguurndam koloñaal e pinal nokku oo, haa teeŋti e renndo makko Ibani Ijo .

Golle makko fotooje ɗee mooftaama e suudu defte Angalteer, e nokku defte Unilever e defte Bristol to Angalteer, kam e nokku defte ngenndiijo naalankaagal Afrik to Washington, DC.

== Nguurndam e golle ==
Green jibinaa ko to wuro wiyeteengo Ayama-Peterside, to laamu Bonny, [[Diiwal River|to]] leydi Najeriya hannde, to Sunju Okoronkwoye Dublin Green e Idameinye Green. Baaba makko ko mawɗo wuro, njulaagu nebam palme, o maayi e hitaande 1875, caggal ɗuum Green ummii ko e kaaw makko, hono Uruasi Dublin Green. O heɓi jaŋde makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Bonny's Mission Society e to [[Lagos]] .  

Green janngi karallaagal fotoowo to Siyeraa Leyoon hedde duuɓi 18, caggal ɗuum o sosi suudu makko to Bonny. Nokku ɗo o hoɗi ɗoo naati e nder leydi Angalteer toppitiindi maayooji petroŋ e hitaande 1884, ndi inniraa [[Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer|leydi Niiseer Coast]] e hitaande 1893. Ko ɓuri heewde e natal makko ƴettaa ko to Bonny, Opobo, e Kalabari . Gila hitaande 1900, ɗeen nokkuuje ngoni ko e [[Protektorat Fombina Naajeeriya|Protectorate Sud Nigeria]] e nder duuɓi seeɗa cakkitiiɗi e nguurndam Green.  

Fotooji ɗi Green yaltini ɗii ina kawri e geɗe keewɗe, gila e nate haa e nate nguurndam ñalnde kala e diineeji, njulaagu, e dingiral mahdi. Won e fotooje makko ko ina ɓura 300 njaltinaa e defte e jaayndeeji to Orop e Amerik. Yanti heen, o waɗii karte posto natal kuutorteeɗe kam e karte posto fotooje goongaaje ɗe logo makko ina winndaa heen .  : 20 

Green ina golloo e fotooje ko juuti tan, nde tawnoo o maayi ko e duuɓi 32. Ɓiyiiko gorko biyeteeɗo Gobo Green, caggal ɗuum jokki golle fotooje ɗee, iwdi makko, James A. Green, golliima e suudu nduu haa hitaande 1993.  

== Bibliyogaraafi ==
Hay so tawii e nguurndam makko Green yaltinaani defte e hoore mum, won heen fotooje makko njaltinaama e nder jaayɗe e nder deftere fotooje ''Benin leydi taariindi ndii, hoɗɓe mum, aadaaji mum e njulaagu mum'' (The “Journal of Commerce” golle binndol, Liverpool 1897) mo James Pinnock winndi. 

== Jaɓɓugo ==
E nder golle maɓɓe binndaaɗe ko faati e Green, Martha G. Anderson e Lisa Aronson, e wallitooɓe Christraud M. Geary kam e winndooɓe Najeriya Ebiegberi Joe Alagoa e Tam Fiofori njaltinii jaŋde mum en wondude e 350 natal Green ummoraade e defte defte, binndanɗe, e albomuuji fotooji ko faati e kewuuji koloñaal. 

No Robert Cochran mo Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Arkansas winndiri e ƴeewndo mum deftere wiyeteende ''Fotoowo Afriknaajo biyeteeɗo JA Green: Reimagining the Indigenous and the Colonial'', &quot;[...] o wonnoo ko neɗɗo baawɗo golle, kadi omo anndi no feewi e gollanaade yimɓe jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii e yimɓe jagginaaɓe ɓee.  « Kuutoragol makko e peeje alkule puɗɗaaɗe e karte makko e tammborɗe makko [...] ina suuɗii iwdi makko Afrik », ɗum noon ina jeyaa e ko o gollodii e ardiiɓe jamaanu koloñaal. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Fotooji baɗaaɗi e Green e keɓaaɗi e internet ina tawee e defterdu Jones to defterdu Bristol [1] e defterdu Sosiyetee Afrik dentuɗo to defterdu Unilever to Londres. [2] Yanti heen, fotooje capanɗe jeeɗiɗi ina njuɓɓinee e nder galle mooftirɗo nate Angalteer. [3] Ina woodi kadi albom fotooje makko e nder defterdu fotooje Eliot Elisofon to suudu defte ngenndiije ñeeñal Afrik to Washington, DC, mo alaa e internet (Albom fotooje Niiseer ca. 1890–1900). [4]

== Galle ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;
File:Portrait-of-Prince-Archibong-II-by-J.A.-Green.jpg|alt=Prince Archibong II, Calabar| Laamɗo Arkibong II, [[Kalaba|Kalabar]]
File:J_A_Green_photograph_of_Chief_Dore,_Benin.jpg|alt=Chief Dore, Benin City| Mawɗo Dore, Wuro Benin
File:Attributed_to_J.A._Green,_Chief_William_Brown_and_his_wives,_Bonny,_Nigeria.jpg|alt=Chief William Brown and his wives, Bonny, Nigeria| Mawɗo Wiliyam Brown e rewɓe mum, Bonny, leydi Nijeer
File:J_A_Green_Photograph_of_Chief_Arthur_Prest_and_the_Olu_of_Warri.jpg|alt=Chief Arthur Prest and Erejuwa II, the Olu of Warri| Mawɗo [[Arthur Prest|Artuur Perst]] e [[Erejuwa II]], Olu mo Warri
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ƴeew kadi ==

* John Parkes Deker
* Farayse W. Joak
* Fotooɓe Lutterodt
* Neils Walwin Holm
* Ogustaas Wasinton
* Alfonso Lisk-Karew
* Alex Agbaglo Akolatse

== Tuugnorgal ==

[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Edwin Jaawgol</title>
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'''Sir Edwin Arney Speed''' (11 mars 1869 – 14 decembre 1941) ko hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Nijeer tuggi 1914 haa 1918. O miijotonoo no feewi e [[Frederik Lugard, ko Baron Lugard gadano|Lord Lugard]] mo heɓi toɗɗagol makko e gardagol hooreejo ñaawirdu e nder diiwanuuji gonɗi e nder leydi Najeriya e nder leydi ndi. O halfinaa ko Lugard ngam hawrude e sariyaaji koloñaaluuji ɗiɗi ɗii, e sosde njuɓɓudi ñaawirdu toowndi, diiwaan e Native gooto. 

== Ngendam ==
Edward Arney Speed jibinaa ko e lewru marse 1869, ko ɓiy Robeer Henri Speed mo Nottingham. Baaba makko ko awokaa to Ñaawirde Toownde Nottingham. O janngi sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Trinity, to Cambridge, ɗo o heɓi LL.B. e MA O noddiraa ko e bar e lewru suwee 1893, o gollorii ko sariya e nder Circuit Midland hade makko naatde e golle koloñaal. O toɗɗaama Komisinaajo diiwal haa Gold Coast nder hitaande 1899. [1] E hitaande 1890, Speed toɗɗaama Jaagorɗo lesdi Naajeeriya haa hitaande 1906, jaagorɗo lesdi Naajeeriya Fombina haa hitaande 1908 ko adi o hoosa jaagorɗo lesdi Naajeeriya Norther Pro Justice .

E dow kawtal Naajeeriya, Speed waɗi kuuɗe kiitaaji kesi ɗe o heɓi ƴamɗe diga ta'irde bar Lagos nden ngam ɗe'e kuuɗe e luulndaare awokaaji dow kuuɗe kese, o miijaaka o mari innde bana ardiiɓe mo, William Nicol e Osborne . 

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'''Sir Edwin Arney Speed''' (11 mars 1869 – 14 decembre 1941) ko hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Nijeer tuggi 1914 haa 1918. O miijotonoo no feewi e [[Frederik Lugard, ko Baron Lugard gadano|Lord Lugard]] mo heɓi toɗɗagol makko e gardagol hooreejo ñaawirdu e nder diiwanuuji gonɗi e nder leydi Najeriya e nder leydi ndi. O halfinaa ko Lugard ngam hawrude e sariyaaji koloñaaluuji ɗiɗi ɗii, e sosde njuɓɓudi ñaawirdu toowndi, diiwaan e Native gooto. &lt;ref&gt;Sir Edwin Arney Speed&quot; Nigerian Pioneer, April 12, 198, pages 9-10. - Available from NewsBank Readex Database: World Newspaper Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngendam ==
Edward Arney Speed jibinaa ko e lewru marse 1869, ko ɓiy Robeer Henri Speed mo Nottingham. Baaba makko ko awokaa to Ñaawirde Toownde Nottingham. O janngi sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Trinity, to Cambridge, ɗo o heɓi LL.B. e MA O noddiraa ko e bar e lewru suwee 1893, o gollorii ko sariya e nder Circuit Midland hade makko naatde e golle koloñaal. O toɗɗaama Komisinaajo diiwal haa Gold Coast nder hitaande 1899. [1] E hitaande 1890, Speed toɗɗaama Jaagorɗo lesdi Naajeeriya haa hitaande 1906, jaagorɗo lesdi Naajeeriya Fombina haa hitaande 1908 ko adi o hoosa jaagorɗo lesdi Naajeeriya Norther Pro Justice .

E dow kawtal Naajeeriya, Speed waɗi kuuɗe kiitaaji kesi ɗe o heɓi ƴamɗe diga ta'irde bar Lagos nden ngam ɗe'e kuuɗe e luulndaare awokaaji dow kuuɗe kese, o miijaaka o mari innde bana ardiiɓe mo, William Nicol e Osborne . 

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'''Sir Edwin Arney Speed''' (11 mars 1869 – 14 decembre 1941) ko hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Nijeer tuggi 1914 haa 1918. O miijotonoo no feewi e [[Frederik Lugard, ko Baron Lugard gadano|Lord Lugard]] mo heɓi toɗɗagol makko e gardagol hooreejo ñaawirdu e nder diiwanuuji gonɗi e nder leydi Najeriya e nder leydi ndi. O halfinaa ko Lugard ngam hawrude e sariyaaji koloñaaluuji ɗiɗi ɗii, e sosde njuɓɓudi ñaawirdu toowndi, diiwaan e Native gooto. &lt;ref&gt;Sir Edwin Arney Speed&quot; Nigerian Pioneer, April 12, 198, pages 9-10. - Available from NewsBank Readex Database: World Newspaper Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngendam ==
Edward Arney Speed jibinaa ko e lewru marse 1869, ko ɓiy Robeer Henri Speed mo Nottingham. Baaba makko ko awokaa to Ñaawirde Toownde Nottingham. O janngi sariya to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Trinity, to Cambridge, ɗo o heɓi LL.B. e MA O noddiraa ko e bar e lewru suwee 1893, o gollorii ko sariya e nder Circuit Midland hade makko naatde e golle koloñaal. O toɗɗaama Komisinaajo diiwal haa Gold Coast nder hitaande 1899. [1] E hitaande 1890, Speed toɗɗaama Jaagorɗo lesdi Naajeeriya haa hitaande 1906, jaagorɗo lesdi Naajeeriya Fombina haa hitaande 1908 ko adi o hoosa jaagorɗo lesdi Naajeeriya Norther Pro Justice .

E dow kawtal Naajeeriya, Speed waɗi kuuɗe kiitaaji kesi ɗe o heɓi ƴamɗe diga ta'irde bar Lagos nden ngam ɗe'e kuuɗe e luulndaare awokaaji dow kuuɗe kese, o miijaaka o mari innde bana ardiiɓe mo, William Nicol e Osborne . 

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[[File:Arthur_Ridehalgh,_Attorney_General_of_Hong_Kong.png|right|thumb|Artur Ridehalgh, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Hong Kong]]
'''Arthur Ridehalgh''' QC (1907-1971) wonnoo ko awokaa laamu e nder leyɗeele keewɗe ɗe Biritaan en njiimi e cakkital teeminannde 20ɓiire. Darnde makko cakkitiinde ko jaagorde mawnde to Hong Kong .

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Ridehalgh jibinaa ko ñalnde 10 abriil 1907. Ko o ɓiy 4ɓo e nder wuro wiyeteengo Oakland, Barrowford, to leydi Angalteer. 

O janngi ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Terra Nova, duɗal Birkdale e duɗal Sedbergh . Ndeen o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Wadham, to Oxford ɗo o heɓi bakkaa makko e gannde .

O noddiraa ko e bar Gray's Inn e hitaande 1929 o naati e Circuit du Nord o gollotoo to Manchester . 

== Toɗɗagol sariya ==
E hitaande 1935, o toɗɗaa Awokaa e Ñaawirde Toownde, St Kitts, Duunde Leeward . E hitaande 1939, o toɗɗaa awokaa laamu to Cote d’Or ( Gana hannde oo ).

E hitaande 1946, o toɗɗaa Sosiyatee Jeneral to [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]] . O waɗii sahaa e sahaa fof ko ñaawoowo mawɗo nde o woni leydi Naajeeriya. O waɗtaama awokaa laamɗo e hitaande 1949.

E hitaande 1952, o toɗɗaa Awokaa mawɗo Hong Kong lomtii John Bowes Griffin toɗɗanooɗo hooreejo ñaawirdu [[Ugannda|Uganndaa]] . O golliima to Hong Kong haa o woppi golle laamu Angalteer e hitaande 1962. O waɗtaa QC to Hong Kong e hitaande 1953.

To Hong Kong, o siforaama wonde &quot;hooreejo jom hakkille no feewi, miijotooɗo, awokaa moƴƴo, golloowo no feewi, jogiiɗo aadaaji moƴƴi e yaltinde yimɓe makko ngam ñaamde&quot;. 

== Retireede e maayde ==
Ridehalgh woppi golle e hitaande 1961, lomtii mo ko Moris Heenan .  O arti e wuro wiyeteengo Llanfair Talhaiarn, to Abergele, to Denbighshire to bannge worgo Galles . O sankii ko ñalnde 7 suwee 1971, omo yahra e duuɓi 64. 

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[[File:Arthur_Ridehalgh,_Attorney_General_of_Hong_Kong.png|right|thumb|Artur Ridehalgh, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Hong Kong]]
'''Arthur Ridehalgh''' QC (1907-1971) wonnoo ko awokaa laamu e nder leyɗeele keewɗe ɗe Biritaan en njiimi e cakkital teeminannde 20ɓiire. Darnde makko cakkitiinde ko jaagorde mawnde to Hong Kong.&lt;ref&gt;This and other biographical information, unless otherwise noted, from Ridehalgh's Who's Who 1971 entry&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Ridehalgh jibinaa ko ñalnde 10 abriil 1907. Ko o ɓiy 4ɓo e nder wuro wiyeteengo Oakland, Barrowford, to leydi Angalteer. 

O janngi ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Terra Nova, duɗal Birkdale e duɗal Sedbergh . Ndeen o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Wadham, to Oxford ɗo o heɓi bakkaa makko e gannde .

O noddiraa ko e bar Gray's Inn e hitaande 1929 o naati e Circuit du Nord o gollotoo to Manchester . 

== Toɗɗagol sariya ==
E hitaande 1935, o toɗɗaa Awokaa e Ñaawirde Toownde, St Kitts, Duunde Leeward . E hitaande 1939, o toɗɗaa awokaa laamu to Cote d’Or ( Gana hannde oo ).

E hitaande 1946, o toɗɗaa Sosiyatee Jeneral to [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]] . O waɗii sahaa e sahaa fof ko ñaawoowo mawɗo nde o woni leydi Naajeeriya. O waɗtaama awokaa laamɗo e hitaande 1949.

E hitaande 1952, o toɗɗaa Awokaa mawɗo Hong Kong lomtii John Bowes Griffin toɗɗanooɗo hooreejo ñaawirdu [[Ugannda|Uganndaa]] . O golliima to Hong Kong haa o woppi golle laamu Angalteer e hitaande 1962. O waɗtaa QC to Hong Kong e hitaande 1953.

To Hong Kong, o siforaama wonde &quot;hooreejo jom hakkille no feewi, miijotooɗo, awokaa moƴƴo, golloowo no feewi, jogiiɗo aadaaji moƴƴi e yaltinde yimɓe makko ngam ñaamde&quot;. 

== Retireede e maayde ==
Ridehalgh woppi golle e hitaande 1961, lomtii mo ko Moris Heenan .  O arti e wuro wiyeteengo Llanfair Talhaiarn, to Abergele, to Denbighshire to bannge worgo Galles . O sankii ko ñalnde 7 suwee 1971, omo yahra e duuɓi 64. 

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[[File:Arthur_Ridehalgh,_Attorney_General_of_Hong_Kong.png|right|thumb|Artur Ridehalgh, gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Hong Kong]]
'''Arthur Ridehalgh''' QC (1907-1971) wonnoo ko awokaa laamu e nder leyɗeele keewɗe ɗe Biritaan en njiimi e cakkital teeminannde 20ɓiire. Darnde makko cakkitiinde ko jaagorde mawnde to Hong Kong.&lt;ref&gt;This and other biographical information, unless otherwise noted, from Ridehalgh's Who's Who 1971 entry&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Ridehalgh jibinaa ko ñalnde 10 abriil 1907. Ko o ɓiy 4ɓo e nder wuro wiyeteengo Oakland, Barrowford, to leydi Angalteer. 

O janngi ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Terra Nova, duɗal Birkdale e duɗal Sedbergh . Ndeen o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Wadham, to Oxford ɗo o heɓi bakkaa makko e gannde .

O noddiraa ko e bar Gray's Inn e hitaande 1929 o naati e Circuit du Nord o gollotoo to Manchester . 

== Toɗɗagol sariya ==
E hitaande 1935, o toɗɗaa Awokaa e Ñaawirde Toownde, St Kitts, Duunde Leeward . E hitaande 1939, o toɗɗaa awokaa laamu to Cote d’Or ( Gana hannde oo ).

E hitaande 1946, o toɗɗaa Sosiyatee Jeneral to [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]] . O waɗii sahaa e sahaa fof ko ñaawoowo mawɗo nde o woni leydi Naajeeriya. O waɗtaama awokaa laamɗo e hitaande 1949.

E hitaande 1952, o toɗɗaa Awokaa mawɗo Hong Kong lomtii John Bowes Griffin toɗɗanooɗo hooreejo ñaawirdu [[Ugannda|Uganndaa]] . O golliima to Hong Kong haa o woppi golle laamu Angalteer e hitaande 1962. O waɗtaa QC to Hong Kong e hitaande 1953.

To Hong Kong, o siforaama wonde &quot;hooreejo jom hakkille no feewi, miijotooɗo, awokaa moƴƴo, golloowo no feewi, jogiiɗo aadaaji moƴƴi e yaltinde yimɓe makko ngam ñaamde&quot;. 

== Retireede e maayde ==
Ridehalgh woppi golle e hitaande 1961, lomtii mo ko Moris Heenan .  O arti e wuro wiyeteengo Llanfair Talhaiarn, to Abergele, to Denbighshire to bannge worgo Galles . O sankii ko ñalnde 7 suwee 1971, omo yahra e duuɓi 64. 

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Sir '''Donald Kingdon''' (24 noowammbar 1883 – 17 lewru desaambar 1961) ko ofisee ñaawoore leydi Angalteer, o woniino hooreejo ñaawirdu toowndu leydi Najeriya gila 1929 haa 1946. Ko kanko woni hooreejo ñaawirdu ɓurɗo juutde e golle leydi Najeriya. O golliima e les njiimaandi Graeme Tomson, [[Donald Charles Cameron (gardiiɗo koloñaal)|Donald Kamron]], [[Bernard Henri Burdiyon|Bernard Burdillon]] e Artur Richards .

O woniino kadi Awokaa mawɗo leydi Najeriya, tuggi 1919 haa 1925, o winnditii kadi o winndii defte keewɗe baawɗe wonde fof, ko faati e sariyaaji Afrik hirnaange. 

== Nguurndam gadano ==
[[File:St_Johns_main_gate.jpg|thumb|Kingdon janngi ko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St]]
Kingdon, jibinaaɗo e lewru noowammbar 1883, ko ɓiy Walter Kingdon, jeyaaɗo to North Foreland, to Kent, e Mary Elizabeth Billing, ɓiy John Billing FSA.  O janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Eastbourne, e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St John to Cambridge, e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Inner, ɗo o noddiraa bar e hitaande 1905. &lt;ref name=&quot;KB&quot; /&gt;

== Kugal ==
Kingdon golliima e sarwiis koloñaal to Gammbi, ko o ƴeewoowo duɗe e balloowo sariya, caggal ɗuum o woni tergal e Diiso doosɗe leydi ndii. Ko kanko wonnoo Awokaa mawɗo leydi Uganndaa, o toɗɗaa e hitaande 1918 wonde Awokaa mawɗo leydi Cote d’Or. O wonnoo ko Bachelor Knight .

Kingdon toɗɗaa ko hooreejo komisiyoŋ ngam yuurnitaade fitinaaji baɗnooɗi e hitaande 1929 e 1930 ngam haɓaade njoɓdi e nder diiwanuuji Calabar e Owerri, ɗi mbari 55 neɗɗo. [1] Ciimtol komisiyoŋ oo hollitii wonde ŋakkeende heblo polis e ŋakkeende nguura e wiɗtooji bonanndeeji ina addana ɗum en bonnude sariya.

O heɓi njeenaari konu e hitaande 1931. 

== Larula ==
Donald Kingdon e hitaande 1914 resii Kathleen Moody, ɓiy mawɗo Charles Edmund Moody , taaniiko mawɗo seneraal Richard Clement Moody (mo woni sosɗo Kolommbi ) e Mary Hawks mo laamu njulaagu Hawks .   Kingdon e Kathleen Moody njibini ɓiɗɗo gorko gooto e ɓiɓɓe rewɓe ɗiɗo : &lt;ref name=&quot;KB&quot; /&gt;

* 1. Johannde Kambel Kingdon (1915 - 1941). O resi Hamish Forsyth mo maayi e nder filmo biyeteeɗo Blitz . Joan waraa, e hitaande 1941, e bommbo, tawi omo yahra e oto safrirde. 
* 2. Riis Donaal (1917 - 1952). O resi ko Leslie Eve Donnell. O maayi ko nde o woni e yahde Le Mans laana ndiwoowa, ka moteriiji mum ndartii, ka yani e maayo Angalteer, ɗoon o rokki jolngo makko kaɓirgal makko.
* 3. Elisabet Kingdon.

== Defte ==

* ''Sariyaaji Ashanti; Ina waɗi jamirooje Ashanti, e jamirooje, bayyinaango, kuule, sarɗiiji e sarɗiiji baɗaaɗi e dow mum, baɗaaɗi ñalnde 31 lewru Duujal hitaande 1919'' (1920) .
* ''Sariyaaji leydi Gambiya ina njogii doole ñalnde 1 lewru Yarkomaa 1955'' (1950)
* ''Sariyaaji kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya e Lagos : ina jokki e golle ñalnde 1 lewru juko hitaande 1958'' (Edition revue, 1959)

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Sir '''Donald Kingdon''' (24 noowammbar 1883 – 17 lewru desaambar 1961) ko ofisee ñaawoore leydi Angalteer, o woniino hooreejo ñaawirdu toowndu leydi Najeriya gila 1929 haa 1946. Ko kanko woni hooreejo ñaawirdu ɓurɗo juutde e golle leydi Najeriya. O golliima e les njiimaandi Graeme Tomson, [[Donald Charles Cameron (gardiiɗo koloñaal)|Donald Kamron]], [[Bernard Henri Burdiyon|Bernard Burdillon]] e Artur Richards .

O woniino kadi Awokaa mawɗo leydi Najeriya, tuggi 1919 haa 1925, o winnditii kadi o winndii defte keewɗe baawɗe wonde fof, ko faati e sariyaaji Afrik hirnaange. 

== Nguurndam gadano ==
[[File:St_Johns_main_gate.jpg|thumb|Kingdon janngi ko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St]]
Kingdon, jibinaaɗo e lewru noowammbar 1883, ko ɓiy Walter Kingdon, jeyaaɗo to North Foreland, to Kent, e Mary Elizabeth Billing, ɓiy John Billing FSA.  O janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Eastbourne, e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St John to Cambridge, e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Inner, ɗo o noddiraa bar e hitaande 1905. &lt;ref name=&quot;KB&quot; /&gt;

== Kugal ==
Kingdon golliima e sarwiis koloñaal to Gammbi, ko o ƴeewoowo duɗe e balloowo sariya, caggal ɗuum o woni tergal e Diiso doosɗe leydi ndii. Ko kanko wonnoo Awokaa mawɗo leydi Uganndaa, o toɗɗaa e hitaande 1918 wonde Awokaa mawɗo leydi Cote d’Or. O wonnoo ko Bachelor Knight .

Kingdon toɗɗaa ko hooreejo komisiyoŋ ngam yuurnitaade fitinaaji baɗnooɗi e hitaande 1929 e 1930 ngam haɓaade njoɓdi e nder diiwanuuji Calabar e Owerri, ɗi mbari 55 neɗɗo. [1] Ciimtol komisiyoŋ oo hollitii wonde ŋakkeende heblo polis e ŋakkeende nguura e wiɗtooji bonanndeeji ina addana ɗum en bonnude sariya.

O heɓi njeenaari konu e hitaande 1931. 

== Larula ==
Donald Kingdon e hitaande 1914 resii Kathleen Moody, ɓiy mawɗo Charles Edmund Moody , taaniiko mawɗo seneraal Richard Clement Moody (mo woni sosɗo Kolommbi ) e Mary Hawks mo laamu njulaagu Hawks .   Kingdon e Kathleen Moody njibini ɓiɗɗo gorko gooto e ɓiɓɓe rewɓe ɗiɗo : &lt;ref name=&quot;KB&quot; /&gt;

* 1. Johannde Kambel Kingdon (1915 - 1941). O resi Hamish Forsyth mo maayi e nder filmo biyeteeɗo Blitz . Joan waraa, e hitaande 1941, e bommbo, tawi omo yahra e oto safrirde. 
* 2. Riis Donaal (1917 - 1952). O resi ko Leslie Eve Donnell. O maayi ko nde o woni e yahde Le Mans laana ndiwoowa, ka moteriiji mum ndartii, ka yani e maayo Angalteer, ɗoon o rokki jolngo makko kaɓirgal makko.
* 3. Elisabet Kingdon.

== Defte ==

* ''Sariyaaji Ashanti; Ina waɗi jamirooje Ashanti, e jamirooje, bayyinaango, kuule, sarɗiiji e sarɗiiji baɗaaɗi e dow mum, baɗaaɗi ñalnde 31 lewru Duujal hitaande 1919'' (1920) .
* ''Sariyaaji leydi Gambiya ina njogii doole ñalnde 1 lewru Yarkomaa 1955'' (1950)
* ''Sariyaaji kawtal lesdi Naajeeriya e Lagos : ina jokki e golle ñalnde 1 lewru juko hitaande 1958'' (Edition revue, 1959)

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'''Sir Gerard Lewis Howe''', QC (3 suwee 1899 – 25 mee 1955) ko awokaa e ñaawoowo Angalteer. Ko kanko wonnoo mawɗo ñaawirdu Hong Kong e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950.

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Howe jibinaa ko ñalnde 3 lewru nduu hitaande 1899. Ko o ɓiy Gerard Augustus Howe mo Dublin e Nina, ɓiy Henry Beasley, Monkstown, Dublin . O janngi ko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamɗo, to Armagh e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Trinity, to Dublin . O golliima e konu e nder wolde adunaare adannde, o siftinaama e defte. O heɓi seedantaagal wonde awokaa to King’s Inns e hitaande 1923. O resi Margaret, ɓiy Francis Maguire JP e hitaande 1927. 

== Toɗɗagol sariya ==
[[File:Gerard_Howe.png|left|thumb|185x185px|Sir Gerard Howe e toɗɗagol makko to HK]]
Howe naati e sarwiis sariya koloñaal, o toɗɗaa ñaawoowo hoɗnooɗo to Keñiya e hitaande 1930. Ndeen o woniino awokaa laamu to Cote d’Or (1934–1937) e koɗki Straits (1937–1941). 

O toɗɗaama Solicitor General nder leydi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1941, nden o toɗɗaama o laatoo Awokaajo mawɗo nder leydi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1946. O toɗɗaama o laatoo Awokaajo Laamiiɗo nder hitaande 1946. [1] O heɓi jaagorgal konu nder hitaande 1949 nde o woni Awokaajo mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya. [2]

E hitaande 1950, o toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu Hong Kong lomtii Sir Leslie Bertram Gibson .

== Wade ==
Howe rafi e lewru suwee 1953, e lewru abriil 1954 o arti galle makko to galle laamorɗo Bullough, to Dublin. 

Howe sankii ko e laamu haa jooni ñalnde 25 mee 1955 to Londres. 

E maayde makko, ñaawirdu timmundu noddi ñalnde 28 mee 1955 ngam yettinde mo. Silmude hojomaaji ɗiɗi kadi ko mawɗo ñaawirde Lo Hin Shing . 

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'''Sir Gerard Lewis Howe''', QC (3 suwee 1899 – 25 mee 1955) ko awokaa e ñaawoowo Angalteer. Ko kanko wonnoo mawɗo ñaawirdu Hong Kong e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950.&lt;ref&gt;Howe's Who's Who 1956 entry.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Howe jibinaa ko ñalnde 3 lewru nduu hitaande 1899. Ko o ɓiy Gerard Augustus Howe mo Dublin e Nina, ɓiy Henry Beasley, Monkstown, Dublin . O janngi ko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamɗo, to Armagh e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Trinity, to Dublin . O golliima e konu e nder wolde adunaare adannde, o siftinaama e defte. O heɓi seedantaagal wonde awokaa to King’s Inns e hitaande 1923. O resi Margaret, ɓiy Francis Maguire JP e hitaande 1927. 

== Toɗɗagol sariya ==
[[File:Gerard_Howe.png|left|thumb|185x185px|Sir Gerard Howe e toɗɗagol makko to HK]]
Howe naati e sarwiis sariya koloñaal, o toɗɗaa ñaawoowo hoɗnooɗo to Keñiya e hitaande 1930. Ndeen o woniino awokaa laamu to Cote d’Or (1934–1937) e koɗki Straits (1937–1941). 

O toɗɗaama Solicitor General nder leydi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1941, nden o toɗɗaama o laatoo Awokaajo mawɗo nder leydi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1946. O toɗɗaama o laatoo Awokaajo Laamiiɗo nder hitaande 1946. [1] O heɓi jaagorgal konu nder hitaande 1949 nde o woni Awokaajo mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya. [2]

E hitaande 1950, o toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu Hong Kong lomtii Sir Leslie Bertram Gibson .

== Wade ==
Howe rafi e lewru suwee 1953, e lewru abriil 1954 o arti galle makko to galle laamorɗo Bullough, to Dublin. 

Howe sankii ko e laamu haa jooni ñalnde 25 mee 1955 to Londres. 

E maayde makko, ñaawirdu timmundu noddi ñalnde 28 mee 1955 ngam yettinde mo. Silmude hojomaaji ɗiɗi kadi ko mawɗo ñaawirde Lo Hin Shing . 

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'''Sir Gerard Lewis Howe''', QC (3 suwee 1899 – 25 mee 1955) ko awokaa e ñaawoowo Angalteer. Ko kanko wonnoo mawɗo ñaawirdu Hong Kong e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1950.&lt;ref&gt;Howe's Who's Who 1956 entry.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Howe jibinaa ko ñalnde 3 lewru nduu hitaande 1899. Ko o ɓiy Gerard Augustus Howe mo Dublin e Nina, ɓiy Henry Beasley, Monkstown, Dublin . O janngi ko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamɗo, to Armagh e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Trinity, to Dublin . O golliima e konu e nder wolde adunaare adannde, o siftinaama e defte. O heɓi seedantaagal wonde awokaa to King’s Inns e hitaande 1923. O resi Margaret, ɓiy Francis Maguire JP e hitaande 1927. 

== Toɗɗagol sariya ==
[[File:Gerard_Howe.png|left|thumb|185x185px|Sir Gerard Howe e toɗɗagol makko to HK]]
Howe naati e sarwiis sariya koloñaal, o toɗɗaa ñaawoowo hoɗnooɗo to Keñiya e hitaande 1930. Ndeen o woniino awokaa laamu to Cote d’Or (1934–1937) e koɗki Straits (1937–1941). 

O toɗɗaama Solicitor General nder leydi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1941, nden o toɗɗaama o laatoo Awokaajo mawɗo nder leydi Naajeeriya nder hitaande 1946. O toɗɗaama o laatoo Awokaajo Laamiiɗo nder hitaande 1946. [1] O heɓi jaagorgal konu nder hitaande 1949 nde o woni Awokaajo mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya. [2]

E hitaande 1950, o toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu Hong Kong lomtii Sir Leslie Bertram Gibson .

== Wade ==
Howe rafi e lewru suwee 1953, e lewru abriil 1954 o arti galle makko to galle laamorɗo Bullough, to Dublin. 

Howe sankii ko e laamu haa jooni ñalnde 25 mee 1955 to Londres. 

E maayde makko, ñaawirdu timmundu noddi ñalnde 28 mee 1955 ngam yettinde mo. Silmude hojomaaji ɗiɗi kadi ko mawɗo ñaawirde Lo Hin Shing . 

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      <text bytes="3741" sha1="qxemie9p098ki8uc5v6v1al3z15mkm8" xml:space="preserve">'''Sir Herbert Charles Fahie Cox''' (1893 – 21 suwee 1973) ko awokaa Angalteer, gollinooɗo e nokkuuji keewɗi e nder sarwiis sariya koloñaal, ina jeyaa heen mawɗo ñaawirdu Rodesi worgo, Tanganyika e Bechuanaland .

== Kugal ==

=== Duuɓi gadani (1893-1933) ===
Herbert Charles Fahie Cox ko ɓiy ɗiɗaɓo Hon. Charles Tomaas Fox, koolaaɗo kuuɓal laamu nguu. {{Sfn|Middle Temple Register of Admissions}} O jibinaa ko e hitaande 1893 to leydi Guyane Biritaan, o janngi to leydi Angalteer. {{Sfn|News, Kingston Gleaner 1956}} O naati Duɗal Jaŋde, o naatnaa e Temple hakkundeejo ñalnde 31 lewru Duujal hitaande 1910. {{Sfn|Middle Temple Register of Admissions}}

Cox naati e sarwiis sariya koloñaal, e hitaande 1913 o toɗɗaa gardiiɗo polis to Gine Biritanik. {{Sfn|Colonial Office|1935}} O noddiraa ko e bar to Middle Temple tawi o alaa ɗoo ñalnde 28 abriil 1915. {{Sfn|Middle Temple Register of Admissions}} E hitaande 1915 o wonti sub-inspekteer polis to Gine Biritaan (Guyana hannde), o woni e golle ɗee haa o woppi golle e hitaande 1919. E hitaande 1920 o toɗɗaa balloowo seneraal Guyana to Biritanik. {{Sfn|Colonial Office|1935}}

E hitaande 1925 Cox toɗɗaa yo won awokaa mawɗo to Bahamas. {{Sfn|Colonial Office|1935}} E nder jeewte e nder Diiso sarɗiiji e hitaande 1926 Cox hollitii wonde ina yiɗi waɗde duunde San Salvador innde adannde duunde Watling, tawa duunde Watling ina heddoo e innde leslesre. Ina sikkaa ko ngol woni duunde adannde nde Christophe Colomb waɗi leydi e hitaande 1492. {{Sfn|Bahamas Handbook 2003}} E hitaande 1929 o wonti awokaa mawɗo Gibraltar. {{Sfn|Colonial Office|1935}}

=== Naajeeriya (1933-1946) ===
Fox toɗɗaama awokaa mawɗo leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1933. {{Sfn|Colonial Office|1935}} E hitaande 1935 o toɗɗaama awokaa mawɗo leydi Najeriya. {{Sfn|Wright|2019}} E hitaande 1942 Cox waɗii eɓɓoore mawnde ngam ƴeewtaade pinal jokkondirngal e balɗe Dane, walla balɗe peewnaaɗe e nokku hee. O hollitii kuulal to Diisnondiral Legislatif ngal, ɗo kala jogiiɗo balɗe ina rokka yamiroore nde alaa ko yoɓi so wonaa « neɗɗo potɗo » . Kono, oon neɗɗo ina foti heɓde yamiroore huutoraade balɗe. Faandaare makko ko &quot;anndude tigi rigi hol to e hol ɗo&quot; bunduuji ɗii ngoni. {{Sfn|Saheed Aderinto|2018}}

=== Rodesiya woylaare be Tanganyika (1946-1956) ===
Ñalnde 4 feebariyee 1946, Herbert Charles Fahie Cox, awokaa mawɗo to leydi Nijeer, toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirde toownde to Rodesi worgo (hannde ko Sammbi). {{Sfn|Downing Street 19460205}} E lewru suwee 1946 Cox heɓi njeenaari konu. {{Sfn|Colonies, Protectorates, etc.}} E lewru noowammbar 1951, Herbert Charles Fahie Cox, KC, hooreejo ñaawirdu, to Rodesi worgo, toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu, to Tanganyika. {{Sfn|The Church House, Westminster 1951}} O wonii laamu to Tanganyika tuggi 1952 haa 1956. {{Sfn|Wright|2019}}

=== Duuɓi cakkitiiɗi ɗii (1956-1973) ===
E lewru feebariyee 1956, Sir Herbert Cox, QC, ko ɓooyaani koo mawɗo ñaawirdu to Tanganyika, toɗɗaa hooreejo Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo ko fayti e jiiɓruuji baɗnooɗi ko ɓooyaani to Siyeraa Leyoon ngam haɓaade ɓeydagol njoɓdi huɓeere. Komisoŋ oo ina foti yuurnitaade sabaabuuji jiiɓru nduu e golle baɗaaɗe ngam haɓaade ɗum en, e waɗde wasiyaaji. [1] E hitaande 1957 Cox toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu Basutoland, Bechuanaland e Suwaziland (BBS) e nokku Harold Curwen Willan (1896-1971), mo woppi golle mum e hitaande 1956. E hitaande 1961 Peter Watkin-Williams wonti hooreejo ñaawirdu BBS. [1]

Cox wonti tergal e Ñaawirde Dorset County e lewru suwee 1963, o woni hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji Wiltshire e lewru ut 1964. O sankii ko ñalnde 21 suwee 1973. {{Sfn|Wright|2019}}

== Iwdiiji ==
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'''Sir Herbert Charles Fahie Cox''' (1893 – 21 suwee 1973) ko awokaa Angalteer, gollinooɗo e nokkuuji keewɗi e nder sarwiis sariya koloñaal, ina jeyaa heen mawɗo ñaawirdu Rodesi worgo, Tanganyika e Bechuanaland .

== Kugal ==

=== Duuɓi gadani (1893-1933) ===
Herbert Charles Fahie Cox ko ɓiy ɗiɗaɓo Hon. Charles Tomaas Fox, koolaaɗo kuuɓal laamu nguu. {{Sfn|Middle Temple Register of Admissions}} O jibinaa ko e hitaande 1893 to leydi Guyane Biritaan, o janngi to leydi Angalteer. {{Sfn|News, Kingston Gleaner 1956}} O naati Duɗal Jaŋde, o naatnaa e Temple hakkundeejo ñalnde 31 lewru Duujal hitaande 1910. {{Sfn|Middle Temple Register of Admissions}}

Cox naati e sarwiis sariya koloñaal, e hitaande 1913 o toɗɗaa gardiiɗo polis to Gine Biritanik. {{Sfn|Colonial Office|1935}} O noddiraa ko e bar to Middle Temple tawi o alaa ɗoo ñalnde 28 abriil 1915. {{Sfn|Middle Temple Register of Admissions}} E hitaande 1915 o wonti sub-inspekteer polis to Gine Biritaan (Guyana hannde), o woni e golle ɗee haa o woppi golle e hitaande 1919. E hitaande 1920 o toɗɗaa balloowo seneraal Guyana to Biritanik. {{Sfn|Colonial Office|1935}}

E hitaande 1925 Cox toɗɗaa yo won awokaa mawɗo to Bahamas. {{Sfn|Colonial Office|1935}} E nder jeewte e nder Diiso sarɗiiji e hitaande 1926 Cox hollitii wonde ina yiɗi waɗde duunde San Salvador innde adannde duunde Watling, tawa duunde Watling ina heddoo e innde leslesre. Ina sikkaa ko ngol woni duunde adannde nde Christophe Colomb waɗi leydi e hitaande 1492. {{Sfn|Bahamas Handbook 2003}} E hitaande 1929 o wonti awokaa mawɗo Gibraltar. {{Sfn|Colonial Office|1935}}

=== Naajeeriya (1933-1946) ===
Fox toɗɗaama awokaa mawɗo leydi Najeriya e hitaande 1933. {{Sfn|Colonial Office|1935}} E hitaande 1935 o toɗɗaama awokaa mawɗo leydi Najeriya. {{Sfn|Wright|2019}} E hitaande 1942 Cox waɗii eɓɓoore mawnde ngam ƴeewtaade pinal jokkondirngal e balɗe Dane, walla balɗe peewnaaɗe e nokku hee. O hollitii kuulal to Diisnondiral Legislatif ngal, ɗo kala jogiiɗo balɗe ina rokka yamiroore nde alaa ko yoɓi so wonaa « neɗɗo potɗo » . Kono, oon neɗɗo ina foti heɓde yamiroore huutoraade balɗe. Faandaare makko ko &quot;anndude tigi rigi hol to e hol ɗo&quot; bunduuji ɗii ngoni. {{Sfn|Saheed Aderinto|2018}}

=== Rodesiya woylaare be Tanganyika (1946-1956) ===
Ñalnde 4 feebariyee 1946, Herbert Charles Fahie Cox, awokaa mawɗo to leydi Nijeer, toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirde toownde to Rodesi worgo (hannde ko Sammbi). {{Sfn|Downing Street 19460205}} E lewru suwee 1946 Cox heɓi njeenaari konu. {{Sfn|Colonies, Protectorates, etc.}} E lewru noowammbar 1951, Herbert Charles Fahie Cox, KC, hooreejo ñaawirdu, to Rodesi worgo, toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu, to Tanganyika. {{Sfn|The Church House, Westminster 1951}} O wonii laamu to Tanganyika tuggi 1952 haa 1956. {{Sfn|Wright|2019}}

=== Duuɓi cakkitiiɗi ɗii (1956-1973) ===
E lewru feebariyee 1956, Sir Herbert Cox, QC, ko ɓooyaani koo mawɗo ñaawirdu to Tanganyika, toɗɗaa hooreejo Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo ko fayti e jiiɓruuji baɗnooɗi ko ɓooyaani to Siyeraa Leyoon ngam haɓaade ɓeydagol njoɓdi huɓeere. Komisoŋ oo ina foti yuurnitaade sabaabuuji jiiɓru nduu e golle baɗaaɗe ngam haɓaade ɗum en, e waɗde wasiyaaji. [1] E hitaande 1957 Cox toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu Basutoland, Bechuanaland e Suwaziland (BBS) e nokku Harold Curwen Willan (1896-1971), mo woppi golle mum e hitaande 1956. E hitaande 1961 Peter Watkin-Williams wonti hooreejo ñaawirdu BBS. [1]

Cox wonti tergal e Ñaawirde Dorset County e lewru suwee 1963, o woni hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji Wiltshire e lewru ut 1964. O sankii ko ñalnde 21 suwee 1973. {{Sfn|Wright|2019}}

== Iwdiiji ==
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    <title>Suudu dewal Charles Lindsay</title>
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      <text bytes="1145" sha1="nrjecsi1xgc94y5wv8xzyh7o1oo34ho" xml:space="preserve">'''Charles Lindsay Temple''' (20 noowammbar 1871 – 9 lewru Yarkomaa 1929) ko Lietnaa-Guwerneer Fuɗnaange Nijeer tuggi lewru Yarkomaa 1914 haa ñawu nguu addani mo woppude golle ɗee e hitaande 1917. 

Temple ko ɓiɗɗo gooto e dewgal ɗiɗaɓal Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet, mo resndi Mary Augusta Lindsay e lewru Yarkomaa 1871. O jibinaa ko to Shimla , to leydi Indiya, ñalnde 20 noowammbar 1871 to cellal. [1]

Tuggi 1898 o woni konsul gardiiɗo to diiwaan Pará, Beresiil, tuggi 1899 haa 1901 o woni cukko konsul to Manaus e nder leydi ngootiri. Caggal nde o artiraa to Fuɗnaange Niiseer e hitaande 1901, o toɗɗaa CMG ngam golle makko dipolomaasi e hitaande 1909 [1], o ummii o wonti Lietnaa-Guwerneer ndeen diiwaan e hitaande 1914. [2] [3]

O resi Olive MacLeod, ɓiy Sir Reginald MacLeod mo MacLeod, e hitaande 1912.  O sankii ko to Granada, Espaañ, sabu rafi ƴiiƴam ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa 1929. 

E hitaande 1915, Olive e Charles njaltini deftere ko faati e nguurndam maɓɓe e nder leydi Najeriya, tiitoonde mum ko ''Notes dow leƴƴi, diiwanuuji, emiraaji e dowlaaji diiwanuuji worgo leydi Najeriya.''  

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      <text bytes="1472" sha1="2ud5dcv0z654coy5n0yf9jpyiq4p379" xml:space="preserve">'''Charles Lindsay Temple''' (20 noowammbar 1871 – 9 lewru Yarkomaa 1929) ko Lietnaa-Guwerneer Fuɗnaange Nijeer tuggi lewru Yarkomaa 1914 haa ñawu nguu addani mo woppude golle ɗee e hitaande 1917. &lt;ref&gt;Alderman, C. J. F. (2004). &quot;Temple, Charles Lindsay (1871–1929), colonial official and author&quot;. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/63465. Retrieved 28 September 2016. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)&lt;/ref&gt;

Temple ko ɓiɗɗo gooto e dewgal ɗiɗaɓal Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet, mo resndi Mary Augusta Lindsay e lewru Yarkomaa 1871. O jibinaa ko to Shimla , to leydi Indiya, ñalnde 20 noowammbar 1871 to cellal. [1]

Tuggi 1898 o woni konsul gardiiɗo to diiwaan Pará, Beresiil, tuggi 1899 haa 1901 o woni cukko konsul to Manaus e nder leydi ngootiri. Caggal nde o artiraa to Fuɗnaange Niiseer e hitaande 1901, o toɗɗaa CMG ngam golle makko dipolomaasi e hitaande 1909 [1], o ummii o wonti Lietnaa-Guwerneer ndeen diiwaan e hitaande 1914. [2] [3]

O resi Olive MacLeod, ɓiy Sir Reginald MacLeod mo MacLeod, e hitaande 1912.  O sankii ko to Granada, Espaañ, sabu rafi ƴiiƴam ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa 1929. 

E hitaande 1915, Olive e Charles njaltini deftere ko faati e nguurndam maɓɓe e nder leydi Najeriya, tiitoonde mum ko ''Notes dow leƴƴi, diiwanuuji, emiraaji e dowlaaji diiwanuuji worgo leydi Najeriya.''  

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'''Charles Lindsay Temple''' (20 noowammbar 1871 – 9 lewru Yarkomaa 1929) ko Lietnaa-Guwerneer Fuɗnaange Nijeer tuggi lewru Yarkomaa 1914 haa ñawu nguu addani mo woppude golle ɗee e hitaande 1917. &lt;ref&gt;Alderman, C. J. F. (2004). &quot;Temple, Charles Lindsay (1871–1929), colonial official and author&quot;. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/63465. Retrieved 28 September 2016. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)&lt;/ref&gt;

Temple ko ɓiɗɗo gooto e dewgal ɗiɗaɓal Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet, mo resndi Mary Augusta Lindsay e lewru Yarkomaa 1871. O jibinaa ko to Shimla , to leydi Indiya, ñalnde 20 noowammbar 1871 to cellal. [1]

Tuggi 1898 o woni konsul gardiiɗo to diiwaan Pará, Beresiil, tuggi 1899 haa 1901 o woni cukko konsul to Manaus e nder leydi ngootiri. Caggal nde o artiraa to Fuɗnaange Niiseer e hitaande 1901, o toɗɗaa CMG ngam golle makko dipolomaasi e hitaande 1909 [1], o ummii o wonti Lietnaa-Guwerneer ndeen diiwaan e hitaande 1914. [2] [3]

O resi Olive MacLeod, ɓiy Sir Reginald MacLeod mo MacLeod, e hitaande 1912.  O sankii ko to Granada, Espaañ, sabu rafi ƴiiƴam ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa 1929. 

E hitaande 1915, Olive e Charles njaltini deftere ko faati e nguurndam maɓɓe e nder leydi Najeriya, tiitoonde mum ko ''Notes dow leƴƴi, diiwanuuji, emiraaji e dowlaaji diiwanuuji worgo leydi Najeriya.''  

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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Maayo Adabay''' ko maayo hakkundeejo Ecoppi ngo, wondude e maayo Wanchet, cifotoo ko diiwaan ɓooyɗo biyeteeɗo Marra Biete.[1] Ko wayi no Chacha, Beresa, e maayooji tati goɗɗi ɗi kawri e dow ŋoral luggiɗngal.[2][3]  == Tuugnorgal ==&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="242" sha1="7n4n1iqu898ubzhxl38jtthconnjykc" xml:space="preserve">'''Maayo Adabay''' ko maayo hakkundeejo Ecoppi ngo, wondude e maayo Wanchet, cifotoo ko diiwaan ɓooyɗo biyeteeɗo Marra Biete.[1] Ko wayi no Chacha, Beresa, e maayooji tati goɗɗi ɗi kawri e dow ŋoral luggiɗngal.[2][3]

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'''Maayo Adabay''' ko maayo hakkundeejo Ecoppi ngo, wondude e maayo Wanchet, cifotoo ko diiwaan ɓooyɗo biyeteeɗo Marra Biete.[1] Ko wayi no Chacha, Beresa, e maayooji tati goɗɗi ɗi kawri e dow ŋoral luggiɗngal.[2][3]

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'''Maayo Adabay''' ko maayo hakkundeejo Ecoppi ngo, wondude e maayo Wanchet, cifotoo ko diiwaan ɓooyɗo biyeteeɗo Marra Biete.&lt;ref&gt;G.W.B. Huntingford, The historical geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704, (Oxford University Press: 1989), p. 153&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no Chacha, Beresa, e maayooji tati goɗɗi ɗi kawri e dow ŋoral luggiɗngal.[2][3]

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'''Maayo Adabay''' ko maayo hakkundeejo Ecoppi ngo, wondude e maayo Wanchet, cifotoo ko diiwaan ɓooyɗo biyeteeɗo Marra Biete.&lt;ref&gt;G.W.B. Huntingford, The historical geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704, (Oxford University Press: 1989), p. 153&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no Chacha, Beresa, e maayooji tati goɗɗi ɗi kawri e dow ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref&gt;Journals of the Rev. Messrs. Isenberg and Krapf, Missionaries of the Church Missionary Society, Detailing their proceedings in the kingdom of Shoa, and journeys in other parts of Abyssinia, in the years 1839, 1840, 1841 and 1842, (London, 1843), p. 243&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Maayo Adabay''' ko maayo hakkundeejo Ecoppi ngo, wondude e maayo Wanchet, cifotoo ko diiwaan ɓooyɗo biyeteeɗo Marra Biete.&lt;ref&gt;G.W.B. Huntingford, The historical geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704, (Oxford University Press: 1989), p. 153&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no Chacha, Beresa, e maayooji tati goɗɗi ɗi kawri e dow ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref&gt;Journals of the Rev. Messrs. Isenberg and Krapf, Missionaries of the Church Missionary Society, Detailing their proceedings in the kingdom of Shoa, and journeys in other parts of Abyssinia, in the years 1839, 1840, 1841 and 1842, (London, 1843), p. 243&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ādabay Shet’ GeoView.info&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Adawro ko ɓuuɓol e nder maayo Niil. Ummaade e dow ŋoral Ts’ats’en to Dogu’a Tembien to fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ngal ilnata ko bannge worgo haa ngal ɓuuɓtoo haa joofni e maayo Giba e Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;  == Maandolji == Adawro ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nj...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3493" sha1="6utw7wip49jfd0r5sj63snaes9a6q1w" xml:space="preserve">Adawro ko ɓuuɓol e nder maayo Niil. Ummaade e dow ŋoral Ts’ats’en to Dogu’a Tembien to fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ngal ilnata ko bannge worgo haa ngal ɓuuɓtoo haa joofni e maayo Giba e Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Adawro ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 117 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. Maayo ngo taƴii ŋoral e nder basalt taariindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder oo maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo, haa arti noon e sosde tovo ngo Adawro e dow tovo ngo. Ko wayi no mbaydiiji reende ɓalli ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;[4] e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[5][6]

== Baraas log e nder maayo Adawro ==
E teskaade wonde, e nder maayooji jogiiɗi ɓuuɓri, baraasuuji ƴeewndo gabiyon mbonnaama e abrasion, baraasuuji leɗɗe gonɗi e yeeso kaaƴe mbaɗaama e dow ndeeɗoo weendu. Ɗe ndarnaama e daande maayo, 0,5–1 m dow leeso ngoo, banngeeji majji dow ɗii ina njiyloo kaaƴe mawɗe. Hono ɗeen baraasuuji ina ngaddana ndiyam ɓuuɓde e nder sahaa gooto, saaktude ɓuuɓol toowngol e dow njaajeendi laana kaa fof, e ɓuuɓde ɓuuɓol. Caggal jarribooji zi e nder sarziiji vurzi heewde (ina heen henndu mawndu zizo) ina hollira wonde 60 % e baraasuuji zi ina mbaawi dazde ilam mawɗam, haa teengti noon e feccere toownde maayo ngoo. Remooɓe hoɗdiiɓe ina mbeltii e ɗeen ɗoon mbaydiiji ngam haɓaade mborosaaji gonɗi e mbaydi adanndi tawa ina njogii mborosaaji keewɗi sabu karallaagal ngal ina famɗi, ina waawi kadi huutoreede e ko yaawi.[7].

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[8]

* Basalt dow
* Depooji lacustrine gonɗi hakkunde
* Basalt les
* Koolol Amba Aradam

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      <text bytes="3748" sha1="8m4tz8o06zle45pt4j65h6i1v0qn2yv" xml:space="preserve">Adawro ko ɓuuɓol e nder maayo Niil. Ummaade e dow ŋoral Ts’ats’en to Dogu’a Tembien to fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ngal ilnata ko bannge worgo haa ngal ɓuuɓtoo haa joofni e maayo Giba e Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Adawro ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 117 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. Maayo ngo taƴii ŋoral e nder basalt taariindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder oo maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo, haa arti noon e sosde tovo ngo Adawro e dow tovo ngo. Ko wayi no mbaydiiji reende ɓalli ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[5][6]

== Baraas log e nder maayo Adawro ==
E teskaade wonde, e nder maayooji jogiiɗi ɓuuɓri, baraasuuji ƴeewndo gabiyon mbonnaama e abrasion, baraasuuji leɗɗe gonɗi e yeeso kaaƴe mbaɗaama e dow ndeeɗoo weendu. Ɗe ndarnaama e daande maayo, 0,5–1 m dow leeso ngoo, banngeeji majji dow ɗii ina njiyloo kaaƴe mawɗe. Hono ɗeen baraasuuji ina ngaddana ndiyam ɓuuɓde e nder sahaa gooto, saaktude ɓuuɓol toowngol e dow njaajeendi laana kaa fof, e ɓuuɓde ɓuuɓol. Caggal jarribooji zi e nder sarziiji vurzi heewde (ina heen henndu mawndu zizo) ina hollira wonde 60 % e baraasuuji zi ina mbaawi dazde ilam mawɗam, haa teengti noon e feccere toownde maayo ngoo. Remooɓe hoɗdiiɓe ina mbeltii e ɗeen ɗoon mbaydiiji ngam haɓaade mborosaaji gonɗi e mbaydi adanndi tawa ina njogii mborosaaji keewɗi sabu karallaagal ngal ina famɗi, ina waawi kadi huutoreede e ko yaawi.[7].

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[8]

* Basalt dow
* Depooji lacustrine gonɗi hakkunde
* Basalt les
* Koolol Amba Aradam

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      <text bytes="3989" sha1="dy8zby9wqarmbe70hm83cvq4jdzr50x" xml:space="preserve">Adawro ko ɓuuɓol e nder maayo Niil. Ummaade e dow ŋoral Ts’ats’en to Dogu’a Tembien to fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ngal ilnata ko bannge worgo haa ngal ɓuuɓtoo haa joofni e maayo Giba e Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Adawro ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 117 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. Maayo ngo taƴii ŋoral e nder basalt taariindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder oo maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo, haa arti noon e sosde tovo ngo Adawro e dow tovo ngo. Ko wayi no mbaydiiji reende ɓalli ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Baraas log e nder maayo Adawro ==
E teskaade wonde, e nder maayooji jogiiɗi ɓuuɓri, baraasuuji ƴeewndo gabiyon mbonnaama e abrasion, baraasuuji leɗɗe gonɗi e yeeso kaaƴe mbaɗaama e dow ndeeɗoo weendu. Ɗe ndarnaama e daande maayo, 0,5–1 m dow leeso ngoo, banngeeji majji dow ɗii ina njiyloo kaaƴe mawɗe. Hono ɗeen baraasuuji ina ngaddana ndiyam ɓuuɓde e nder sahaa gooto, saaktude ɓuuɓol toowngol e dow njaajeendi laana kaa fof, e ɓuuɓde ɓuuɓol. Caggal jarribooji zi e nder sarziiji vurzi heewde (ina heen henndu mawndu zizo) ina hollira wonde 60 % e baraasuuji zi ina mbaawi dazde ilam mawɗam, haa teengti noon e feccere toownde maayo ngoo. Remooɓe hoɗdiiɓe ina mbeltii e ɗeen ɗoon mbaydiiji ngam haɓaade mborosaaji gonɗi e mbaydi adanndi tawa ina njogii mborosaaji keewɗi sabu karallaagal ngal ina famɗi, ina waawi kadi huutoreede e ko yaawi.[7].

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[8]

* Basalt dow
* Depooji lacustrine gonɗi hakkunde
* Basalt les
* Koolol Amba Aradam

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4236" sha1="qmwjiioxw5x9toiv0cvfxceru5rdrqe" xml:space="preserve">Adawro ko ɓuuɓol e nder maayo Niil. Ummaade e dow ŋoral Ts’ats’en to Dogu’a Tembien to fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ngal ilnata ko bannge worgo haa ngal ɓuuɓtoo haa joofni e maayo Giba e Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Adawro ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 117 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. Maayo ngo taƴii ŋoral e nder basalt taariindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder oo maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo, haa arti noon e sosde tovo ngo Adawro e dow tovo ngo. Ko wayi no mbaydiiji reende ɓalli ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Baraas log e nder maayo Adawro ==
E teskaade wonde, e nder maayooji jogiiɗi ɓuuɓri, baraasuuji ƴeewndo gabiyon mbonnaama e abrasion, baraasuuji leɗɗe gonɗi e yeeso kaaƴe mbaɗaama e dow ndeeɗoo weendu. Ɗe ndarnaama e daande maayo, 0,5–1 m dow leeso ngoo, banngeeji majji dow ɗii ina njiyloo kaaƴe mawɗe. Hono ɗeen baraasuuji ina ngaddana ndiyam ɓuuɓde e nder sahaa gooto, saaktude ɓuuɓol toowngol e dow njaajeendi laana kaa fof, e ɓuuɓde ɓuuɓol. Caggal jarribooji zi e nder sarziiji vurzi heewde (ina heen henndu mawndu zizo) ina hollira wonde 60 % e baraasuuji zi ina mbaawi dazde ilam mawɗam, haa teengti noon e feccere toownde maayo ngoo. Remooɓe hoɗdiiɓe ina mbeltii e ɗeen ɗoon mbaydiiji ngam haɓaade mborosaaji gonɗi e mbaydi adanndi tawa ina njogii mborosaaji keewɗi sabu karallaagal ngal ina famɗi, ina waawi kadi huutoreede e ko yaawi.[7].

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[8]

* Basalt dow
* Depooji lacustrine gonɗi hakkunde
* Basalt les
* Koolol Amba Aradam

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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Adawro ko ɓuuɓol e nder maayo Niil. Ummaade e dow ŋoral Ts’ats’en to Dogu’a Tembien to fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ngal ilnata ko bannge worgo haa ngal ɓuuɓtoo haa joofni e maayo Giba e Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Adawro ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 117 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. Maayo ngo taƴii ŋoral e nder basalt taariindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder oo maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo, haa arti noon e sosde tovo ngo Adawro e dow tovo ngo. Ko wayi no mbaydiiji reende ɓalli ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Baraas log e nder maayo Adawro ==
E teskaade wonde, e nder maayooji jogiiɗi ɓuuɓri, baraasuuji ƴeewndo gabiyon mbonnaama e abrasion, baraasuuji leɗɗe gonɗi e yeeso kaaƴe mbaɗaama e dow ndeeɗoo weendu. Ɗe ndarnaama e daande maayo, 0,5–1 m dow leeso ngoo, banngeeji majji dow ɗii ina njiyloo kaaƴe mawɗe. Hono ɗeen baraasuuji ina ngaddana ndiyam ɓuuɓde e nder sahaa gooto, saaktude ɓuuɓol toowngol e dow njaajeendi laana kaa fof, e ɓuuɓde ɓuuɓol. Caggal jarribooji zi e nder sarziiji vurzi heewde (ina heen henndu mawndu zizo) ina hollira wonde 60 % e baraasuuji zi ina mbaawi dazde ilam mawɗam, haa teengti noon e feccere toownde maayo ngoo. Remooɓe hoɗdiiɓe ina mbeltii e ɗeen ɗoon mbaydiiji ngam haɓaade mborosaaji gonɗi e mbaydi adanndi tawa ina njogii mborosaaji keewɗi sabu karallaagal ngal ina famɗi, ina waawi kadi huutoreede e ko yaawi.[7].

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[8]

* Basalt dow
* Depooji lacustrine gonɗi hakkunde
* Basalt les
* Koolol Amba Aradam

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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Adawro ko ɓuuɓol e nder maayo Niil. Ummaade e dow ŋoral Ts’ats’en to Dogu’a Tembien to fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ngal ilnata ko bannge worgo haa ngal ɓuuɓtoo haa joofni e maayo Giba e Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Adawro ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 117 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. Maayo ngo taƴii ŋoral e nder basalt taariindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder oo maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo, haa arti noon e sosde tovo ngo Adawro e dow tovo ngo. Ko wayi no mbaydiiji reende ɓalli ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Baraas log e nder maayo Adawro ==
E teskaade wonde, e nder maayooji jogiiɗi ɓuuɓri, baraasuuji ƴeewndo gabiyon mbonnaama e abrasion, baraasuuji leɗɗe gonɗi e yeeso kaaƴe mbaɗaama e dow ndeeɗoo weendu. Ɗe ndarnaama e daande maayo, 0,5–1 m dow leeso ngoo, banngeeji majji dow ɗii ina njiyloo kaaƴe mawɗe. Hono ɗeen baraasuuji ina ngaddana ndiyam ɓuuɓde e nder sahaa gooto, saaktude ɓuuɓol toowngol e dow njaajeendi laana kaa fof, e ɓuuɓde ɓuuɓol. Caggal jarribooji zi e nder sarziiji vurzi heewde (ina heen henndu mawndu zizo) ina hollira wonde 60% e baraasuuji zi ina mbaawi dazde ilam mawɗam, haa teengti noon e feccere toownde maayo ngoo. Remooɓe hoɗdiiɓe ina mbeltii e ɗeen ɗoon mbaydiiji ngam haɓaade mborosaaji gonɗi e mbaydi adanndi tawa ina njogii mborosaaji keewɗi sabu karallaagal ngal ina famɗi, ina waawi kadi huutoreede e ko yaawi.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J. and colleagues (2017). &quot;Boulder-Faced Log Dams as an Alternative for Gabion Check Dams in First-Order Ephemeral Streams with Coarse Bed Load in Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 143. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001217.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[8]

* Basalt dow
* Depooji lacustrine gonɗi hakkunde
* Basalt les
* Koolol Amba Aradam

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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Adawro ko ɓuuɓol e nder maayo Niil. Ummaade e dow ŋoral Ts’ats’en to Dogu’a Tembien to fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ngal ilnata ko bannge worgo haa ngal ɓuuɓtoo haa joofni e maayo Giba e Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Adawro ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 117 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. Maayo ngo taƴii ŋoral e nder basalt taariindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder oo maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo, haa arti noon e sosde tovo ngo Adawro e dow tovo ngo. Ko wayi no mbaydiiji reende ɓalli ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Baraas log e nder maayo Adawro ==
E teskaade wonde, e nder maayooji jogiiɗi ɓuuɓri, baraasuuji ƴeewndo gabiyon mbonnaama e abrasion, baraasuuji leɗɗe gonɗi e yeeso kaaƴe mbaɗaama e dow ndeeɗoo weendu. Ɗe ndarnaama e daande maayo, 0,5–1 m dow leeso ngoo, banngeeji majji dow ɗii ina njiyloo kaaƴe mawɗe. Hono ɗeen baraasuuji ina ngaddana ndiyam ɓuuɓde e nder sahaa gooto, saaktude ɓuuɓol toowngol e dow njaajeendi laana kaa fof, e ɓuuɓde ɓuuɓol. Caggal jarribooji zi e nder sarziiji vurzi heewde (ina heen henndu mawndu zizo) ina hollira wonde 60% e baraasuuji zi ina mbaawi dazde ilam mawɗam, haa teengti noon e feccere toownde maayo ngoo. Remooɓe hoɗdiiɓe ina mbeltii e ɗeen ɗoon mbaydiiji ngam haɓaade mborosaaji gonɗi e mbaydi adanndi tawa ina njogii mborosaaji keewɗi sabu karallaagal ngal ina famɗi, ina waawi kadi huutoreede e ko yaawi.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J. and colleagues (2017). &quot;Boulder-Faced Log Dams as an Alternative for Gabion Check Dams in First-Order Ephemeral Streams with Coarse Bed Load in Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 143. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001217.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.&lt;ref&gt;Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Basalt dow
* Depooji lacustrine gonɗi hakkunde
* Basalt les
* Koolol Amba Aradam

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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Adawro ko ɓuuɓol e nder maayo Niil. Ummaade e dow ŋoral Ts’ats’en to Dogu’a Tembien to fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ngal ilnata ko bannge worgo haa ngal ɓuuɓtoo haa joofni e maayo Giba e Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Adawro ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 117 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. Maayo ngo taƴii ŋoral e nder basalt taariindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Adawro.jpg|thumb|left|Adawro River]]

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder oo maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo, haa arti noon e sosde tovo ngo Adawro e dow tovo ngo. Ko wayi no mbaydiiji reende ɓalli ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Baraas log e nder maayo Adawro ==
E teskaade wonde, e nder maayooji jogiiɗi ɓuuɓri, baraasuuji ƴeewndo gabiyon mbonnaama e abrasion, baraasuuji leɗɗe gonɗi e yeeso kaaƴe mbaɗaama e dow ndeeɗoo weendu. Ɗe ndarnaama e daande maayo, 0,5–1 m dow leeso ngoo, banngeeji majji dow ɗii ina njiyloo kaaƴe mawɗe. Hono ɗeen baraasuuji ina ngaddana ndiyam ɓuuɓde e nder sahaa gooto, saaktude ɓuuɓol toowngol e dow njaajeendi laana kaa fof, e ɓuuɓde ɓuuɓol. Caggal jarribooji zi e nder sarziiji vurzi heewde (ina heen henndu mawndu zizo) ina hollira wonde 60% e baraasuuji zi ina mbaawi dazde ilam mawɗam, haa teengti noon e feccere toownde maayo ngoo. Remooɓe hoɗdiiɓe ina mbeltii e ɗeen ɗoon mbaydiiji ngam haɓaade mborosaaji gonɗi e mbaydi adanndi tawa ina njogii mborosaaji keewɗi sabu karallaagal ngal ina famɗi, ina waawi kadi huutoreede e ko yaawi.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J. and colleagues (2017). &quot;Boulder-Faced Log Dams as an Alternative for Gabion Check Dams in First-Order Ephemeral Streams with Coarse Bed Load in Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 143. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001217.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.&lt;ref&gt;Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Basalt dow
* Depooji lacustrine gonɗi hakkunde
* Basalt les
* Koolol Amba Aradam

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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Adawro ko ɓuuɓol e nder maayo Niil. Ummaade e dow ŋoral Ts’ats’en to Dogu’a Tembien to fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ngal ilnata ko bannge worgo haa ngal ɓuuɓtoo haa joofni e maayo Giba e Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Adawro ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 117 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. Maayo ngo taƴii ŋoral e nder basalt taariindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Adawro.jpg|thumb|left|Adawro River]]

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder oo maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo, haa arti noon e sosde tovo ngo Adawro e dow tovo ngo. Ko wayi no mbaydiiji reende ɓalli ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Adawro river.jpg|thumb|left|Adawro river bed]]

== Baraas log e nder maayo Adawro ==
E teskaade wonde, e nder maayooji jogiiɗi ɓuuɓri, baraasuuji ƴeewndo gabiyon mbonnaama e abrasion, baraasuuji leɗɗe gonɗi e yeeso kaaƴe mbaɗaama e dow ndeeɗoo weendu. Ɗe ndarnaama e daande maayo, 0,5–1 m dow leeso ngoo, banngeeji majji dow ɗii ina njiyloo kaaƴe mawɗe. Hono ɗeen baraasuuji ina ngaddana ndiyam ɓuuɓde e nder sahaa gooto, saaktude ɓuuɓol toowngol e dow njaajeendi laana kaa fof, e ɓuuɓde ɓuuɓol. Caggal jarribooji zi e nder sarziiji vurzi heewde (ina heen henndu mawndu zizo) ina hollira wonde 60% e baraasuuji zi ina mbaawi dazde ilam mawɗam, haa teengti noon e feccere toownde maayo ngoo. Remooɓe hoɗdiiɓe ina mbeltii e ɗeen ɗoon mbaydiiji ngam haɓaade mborosaaji gonɗi e mbaydi adanndi tawa ina njogii mborosaaji keewɗi sabu karallaagal ngal ina famɗi, ina waawi kadi huutoreede e ko yaawi.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J. and colleagues (2017). &quot;Boulder-Faced Log Dams as an Alternative for Gabion Check Dams in First-Order Ephemeral Streams with Coarse Bed Load in Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 143. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001217.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.&lt;ref&gt;Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Basalt dow
* Depooji lacustrine gonɗi hakkunde
* Basalt les
* Koolol Amba Aradam

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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Adawro ko ɓuuɓol e nder maayo Niil. Ummaade e dow ŋoral Ts’ats’en to Dogu’a Tembien to fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ngal ilnata ko bannge worgo haa ngal ɓuuɓtoo haa joofni e maayo Giba e Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Adawro ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo njuuteendi mum tolnii e 117 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. Maayo ngo taƴii ŋoral e nder basalt taariindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Adawro.jpg|thumb|left|Adawro River]]

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder oo maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo, haa arti noon e sosde tovo ngo Adawro e dow tovo ngo. Ko wayi no mbaydiiji reende ɓalli ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael,
[[File:Log dam in Adawro river.jpg|thumb|left|Log dam in Adawro river]]
[[File:Log dam building in Adawro.jpg|thumb| left|Log dam building in Adawro]]
Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Adawro river.jpg|thumb|left|Adawro river bed]]

== Baraas log e nder maayo Adawro ==
E teskaade wonde, e nder maayooji jogiiɗi ɓuuɓri, baraasuuji ƴeewndo gabiyon mbonnaama e abrasion, baraasuuji leɗɗe gonɗi e yeeso kaaƴe mbaɗaama e dow ndeeɗoo weendu. Ɗe ndarnaama e daande maayo, 0,5–1 m dow leeso ngoo, banngeeji majji dow ɗii ina njiyloo kaaƴe mawɗe. Hono ɗeen baraasuuji ina ngaddana ndiyam ɓuuɓde e nder sahaa gooto, saaktude ɓuuɓol toowngol e dow njaajeendi laana kaa fof, e ɓuuɓde ɓuuɓol. Caggal jarribooji zi e nder sarziiji vurzi heewde (ina heen henndu mawndu zizo) ina hollira wonde 60% e baraasuuji zi ina mbaawi dazde ilam mawɗam, haa teengti noon e feccere toownde maayo ngoo. Remooɓe hoɗdiiɓe ina mbeltii e ɗeen ɗoon mbaydiiji ngam haɓaade mborosaaji gonɗi e mbaydi adanndi tawa ina njogii mborosaaji keewɗi sabu karallaagal ngal ina famɗi, ina waawi kadi huutoreede e ko yaawi.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J. and colleagues (2017). &quot;Boulder-Faced Log Dams as an Alternative for Gabion Check Dams in First-Order Ephemeral Streams with Coarse Bed Load in Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 143. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001217.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.&lt;ref&gt;Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Basalt dow
* Depooji lacustrine gonɗi hakkunde
* Basalt les
* Koolol Amba Aradam

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[[File:Charles_Kingsley_Meek_(1a).jpg|right|thumb|Charles Kingsley Meek to Fuɗnaange Sudaan]]
'''Charles Laamɗo Meek''' FRGS FRAI (24 suwee 1885).  27 mars 1965), walla tan '''C. K. Meek''', ko annduɗo anthropologie Angalteer . O winndi dow lenyol woyla e fombina [[Naajeeriya]] nden o janngi yimɓe Jukun . Meek ƴettii fotooje e nder yoga e golle mum e nder ladde.  

== Nguurndam ==
Meek jibinaa ko to Ballyloran, Larne, ñalnde 24 lewru nduu hitaande 1885. [1] O janngi to duɗal Bedford e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Brasenose to Oxford, ɗo o janngi diine . E hitaande 1912 o naati e golle njuɓɓudi koloñaal, o waɗtaa to bannge worgo leydi Nijeer e hitaande 1912, o wonti Ofiisaajo diiwaan e anthropologist . O waɗtaa Anthropologist laamu e les njiimaandi guwerneer mawɗo biyeteeɗo Frederick Lugard mo yiɗi yaajnude politik mum e laamu nguu to bannge worgo, o yiɗi anndude ko ɓuri heewde e golle nokku oo. [2] Meek heɓi darnde Resident, o artiraa e diiwanuuji fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer e hitaande 1929 hade makko woppude golle sabu caɗeele cellal e hitaande 1933. [2]

E hitaande 1925, o yaltini ''deftere wiyeteende Leƴƴi Fuɗnaange Nijeer'', nde wonti deftere ganndal anthropologie Afrik. ''Laamu makko Sudan'' (1931), janngugol leñol Jukun e laamlaamu diine, ko golle etnogaraafi maantinɗe.  E nder deftere makko wiyeteende ''Law and Authority in a Tribe Nigerian'' yaltunde e hitaande 1937, Meek ina rokka wiɗto anthropologie dow yuɓɓo renndo leñol Ibo to Fombina Naajeeriya.   O waɗi wiɗtooji ganndal e R. R. Marett e C. G. Seligman . O woniino fedde fedde geɗe leydi laamɗo e duɗal anthropologie laamɗo rokkunoo mo njeenaari mum Wellcome. 

E hitaande 1943, Meek suɓaama yo won wiɗtoowo mawɗo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Brasenose, to Oxford . O woppi golle e hitaande 1950, o maayi to Eastbourne ñalnde 27 marse 1965. 

== Golle ==

* Leƴƴi Fuɗnaange Leydi Naajeeriya. Hiisa Etnogaraafi dow diiwalji woyla lesdi Naajeeriya hawtaade e Rapport dow binnditagol duubi sappo 1921. [E nder yeewtere nde Sir Hugh Clifford winndi] Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford, hitaande 1925. 2 vols.
* Jannde leƴƴi e nder Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya. Londres : Kegan Paul, Ɓooyɗo, Ɓooyɗo, 1931
** Toɓɓere 1: Bachama e Mbula. Leƴƴi haalooɓe ɗemngal Bata e nder [[Laamateeri Adamaawa|Emiraaji Adamawa]] . Leñol Bura e Pabir. Kilba e margi adamawa. Won e Leƴƴi mandat. Chamba oo . Verre ndee. Leƴƴi Mumuye e koɗdiiɗi. Mambila (Diiwaan Manndaaji).
** Toɓɓere 2: Katab en e hoɗdiiɓe mum en. Won e leƴƴi e nder diiwaan Zaria. Yoga e leƴƴi Diiwaan Bornu. Won e leƴƴi e nder diiwaan Adamawa . Leƴƴi kaaloowo ɗemngal Yugur. Laamɓe diineeji. Won e leƴƴi Kamaruun. (Ketab, Piti, Chawai, Kurama, Kare-Kare, Ngizim, Gamawa, Bolewa, Kanakuru, Longuda, Gabin, Hona, Mbum, Jibu, Jen, Kam, Tigong, Ndoro, Kentu ekn)
* Laamu Sudaan gooto : wiɗto etnogaraafi e leƴƴi haalooɓe ɗemngal Jukun e nder leydi Nijeer. Londres : Kegan Paul, Ɓooyɗo, Ɓooyɗo, 1931
* Sariya e Laamu nder Leñol Naajeeriya. Oxford: Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford , hitaande 1937.
** Sariya e laamu nder leñol Naajeeriya: Jannde nder laamu ngu walaa darnde. New York Barnes &amp; Naatgol Noble 1970
* Orop E Afrik Hirnaange. Won Caɗeele E Njuɓɓudi. Duɗal jaaynde Oxford, hitaande 1940
* Sariya Leydi E Aada E Koloniiji. E fuɗɗoode ko Lord Hailey . Duɗal Jaami’aare Oxford, London, hitaande 1946.
* Jogagol leydi e njuɓɓudi leydi e nder leydi Najeriya e leydi Kameruun (wiɗtooji koloñaal; no.22) HMSO, 1957
* Niiseer e Kilaasik: Daartol innde. Jaaynde daartol Afrik . Toɓɓere. 1, limngal 1, hitaande 1960.

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[[File:Charles_Kingsley_Meek_(1a).jpg|right|thumb|Charles Kingsley Meek to Fuɗnaange Sudaan]]
'''Charles Laamɗo Meek''' FRGS FRAI (24 suwee 1885).  27 mars 1965), walla tan '''C. K. Meek''', ko annduɗo anthropologie Angalteer . O winndi dow lenyol woyla e fombina [[Naajeeriya]] nden o janngi yimɓe Jukun . Meek ƴettii fotooje e nder yoga e golle mum e nder ladde.  &lt;ref&gt;Kirk-Greene, AHM (23 September 2004). &quot;Meek, Charles Kingsley&quot;. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34974. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam ==
Meek jibinaa ko to Ballyloran, Larne, ñalnde 24 lewru nduu hitaande 1885. [1] O janngi to duɗal Bedford e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Brasenose to Oxford, ɗo o janngi diine . E hitaande 1912 o naati e golle njuɓɓudi koloñaal, o waɗtaa to bannge worgo leydi Nijeer e hitaande 1912, o wonti Ofiisaajo diiwaan e anthropologist . O waɗtaa Anthropologist laamu e les njiimaandi guwerneer mawɗo biyeteeɗo Frederick Lugard mo yiɗi yaajnude politik mum e laamu nguu to bannge worgo, o yiɗi anndude ko ɓuri heewde e golle nokku oo. [2] Meek heɓi darnde Resident, o artiraa e diiwanuuji fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer e hitaande 1929 hade makko woppude golle sabu caɗeele cellal e hitaande 1933. [2]

E hitaande 1925, o yaltini ''deftere wiyeteende Leƴƴi Fuɗnaange Nijeer'', nde wonti deftere ganndal anthropologie Afrik. ''Laamu makko Sudan'' (1931), janngugol leñol Jukun e laamlaamu diine, ko golle etnogaraafi maantinɗe.  E nder deftere makko wiyeteende ''Law and Authority in a Tribe Nigerian'' yaltunde e hitaande 1937, Meek ina rokka wiɗto anthropologie dow yuɓɓo renndo leñol Ibo to Fombina Naajeeriya.   O waɗi wiɗtooji ganndal e R. R. Marett e C. G. Seligman . O woniino fedde fedde geɗe leydi laamɗo e duɗal anthropologie laamɗo rokkunoo mo njeenaari mum Wellcome. 

E hitaande 1943, Meek suɓaama yo won wiɗtoowo mawɗo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Brasenose, to Oxford . O woppi golle e hitaande 1950, o maayi to Eastbourne ñalnde 27 marse 1965. 

== Golle ==

* Leƴƴi Fuɗnaange Leydi Naajeeriya. Hiisa Etnogaraafi dow diiwalji woyla lesdi Naajeeriya hawtaade e Rapport dow binnditagol duubi sappo 1921. [E nder yeewtere nde Sir Hugh Clifford winndi] Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford, hitaande 1925. 2 vols.
* Jannde leƴƴi e nder Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya. Londres : Kegan Paul, Ɓooyɗo, Ɓooyɗo, 1931
** Toɓɓere 1: Bachama e Mbula. Leƴƴi haalooɓe ɗemngal Bata e nder [[Laamateeri Adamaawa|Emiraaji Adamawa]] . Leñol Bura e Pabir. Kilba e margi adamawa. Won e Leƴƴi mandat. Chamba oo . Verre ndee. Leƴƴi Mumuye e koɗdiiɗi. Mambila (Diiwaan Manndaaji).
** Toɓɓere 2: Katab en e hoɗdiiɓe mum en. Won e leƴƴi e nder diiwaan Zaria. Yoga e leƴƴi Diiwaan Bornu. Won e leƴƴi e nder diiwaan Adamawa . Leƴƴi kaaloowo ɗemngal Yugur. Laamɓe diineeji. Won e leƴƴi Kamaruun. (Ketab, Piti, Chawai, Kurama, Kare-Kare, Ngizim, Gamawa, Bolewa, Kanakuru, Longuda, Gabin, Hona, Mbum, Jibu, Jen, Kam, Tigong, Ndoro, Kentu ekn)
* Laamu Sudaan gooto : wiɗto etnogaraafi e leƴƴi haalooɓe ɗemngal Jukun e nder leydi Nijeer. Londres : Kegan Paul, Ɓooyɗo, Ɓooyɗo, 1931
* Sariya e Laamu nder Leñol Naajeeriya. Oxford: Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford , hitaande 1937.
** Sariya e laamu nder leñol Naajeeriya: Jannde nder laamu ngu walaa darnde. New York Barnes &amp; Naatgol Noble 1970
* Orop E Afrik Hirnaange. Won Caɗeele E Njuɓɓudi. Duɗal jaaynde Oxford, hitaande 1940
* Sariya Leydi E Aada E Koloniiji. E fuɗɗoode ko Lord Hailey . Duɗal Jaami’aare Oxford, London, hitaande 1946.
* Jogagol leydi e njuɓɓudi leydi e nder leydi Najeriya e leydi Kameruun (wiɗtooji koloñaal; no.22) HMSO, 1957
* Niiseer e Kilaasik: Daartol innde. Jaaynde daartol Afrik . Toɓɓere. 1, limngal 1, hitaande 1960.

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[[File:Charles_Kingsley_Meek_(1a).jpg|right|thumb|Charles Kingsley Meek to Fuɗnaange Sudaan]]
'''Charles Laamɗo Meek''' FRGS FRAI (24 suwee 1885).  27 mars 1965), walla tan '''C. K. Meek''', ko annduɗo anthropologie Angalteer . O winndi dow lenyol woyla e fombina [[Naajeeriya]] nden o janngi yimɓe Jukun . Meek ƴettii fotooje e nder yoga e golle mum e nder ladde.  &lt;ref&gt;Kirk-Greene, AHM (23 September 2004). &quot;Meek, Charles Kingsley&quot;. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34974. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam ==
Meek jibinaa ko to Ballyloran, Larne, ñalnde 24 lewru nduu hitaande 1885. [1] O janngi to duɗal Bedford e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Brasenose to Oxford, ɗo o janngi diine . E hitaande 1912 o naati e golle njuɓɓudi koloñaal, o waɗtaa to bannge worgo leydi Nijeer e hitaande 1912, o wonti Ofiisaajo diiwaan e anthropologist . O waɗtaa Anthropologist laamu e les njiimaandi guwerneer mawɗo biyeteeɗo Frederick Lugard mo yiɗi yaajnude politik mum e laamu nguu to bannge worgo, o yiɗi anndude ko ɓuri heewde e golle nokku oo. [2] Meek heɓi darnde Resident, o artiraa e diiwanuuji fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer e hitaande 1929 hade makko woppude golle sabu caɗeele cellal e hitaande 1933. [2]

E hitaande 1925, o yaltini ''deftere wiyeteende Leƴƴi Fuɗnaange Nijeer'', nde wonti deftere ganndal anthropologie Afrik. ''Laamu makko Sudan'' (1931), janngugol leñol Jukun e laamlaamu diine, ko golle etnogaraafi maantinɗe.  E nder deftere makko wiyeteende ''Law and Authority in a Tribe Nigerian'' yaltunde e hitaande 1937, Meek ina rokka wiɗto anthropologie dow yuɓɓo renndo leñol Ibo to Fombina Naajeeriya.   O waɗi wiɗtooji ganndal e R. R. Marett e C. G. Seligman . O woniino fedde fedde geɗe leydi laamɗo e duɗal anthropologie laamɗo rokkunoo mo njeenaari mum Wellcome. 

E hitaande 1943, Meek suɓaama yo won wiɗtoowo mawɗo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Brasenose, to Oxford . O woppi golle e hitaande 1950, o maayi to Eastbourne ñalnde 27 marse 1965. 

== Golle ==

* Leƴƴi Fuɗnaange Leydi Naajeeriya. Hiisa Etnogaraafi dow diiwalji woyla lesdi Naajeeriya hawtaade e Rapport dow binnditagol duubi sappo 1921. [E nder yeewtere nde Sir Hugh Clifford winndi] Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford, hitaande 1925. 2 vols.
* Jannde leƴƴi e nder Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya. Londres : Kegan Paul, Ɓooyɗo, Ɓooyɗo, 1931
** Toɓɓere 1: Bachama e Mbula. Leƴƴi haalooɓe ɗemngal Bata e nder [[Laamateeri Adamaawa|Emiraaji Adamawa]] . Leñol Bura e Pabir. Kilba e margi adamawa. Won e Leƴƴi mandat. Chamba oo . Verre ndee. Leƴƴi Mumuye e koɗdiiɗi. Mambila (Diiwaan Manndaaji).
** Toɓɓere 2: Katab en e hoɗdiiɓe mum en. Won e leƴƴi e nder diiwaan Zaria. Yoga e leƴƴi Diiwaan Bornu. Won e leƴƴi e nder diiwaan Adamawa . Leƴƴi kaaloowo ɗemngal Yugur. Laamɓe diineeji. Won e leƴƴi Kamaruun. (Ketab, Piti, Chawai, Kurama, Kare-Kare, Ngizim, Gamawa, Bolewa, Kanakuru, Longuda, Gabin, Hona, Mbum, Jibu, Jen, Kam, Tigong, Ndoro, Kentu ekn)
* Laamu Sudaan gooto : wiɗto etnogaraafi e leƴƴi haalooɓe ɗemngal Jukun e nder leydi Nijeer. Londres : Kegan Paul, Ɓooyɗo, Ɓooyɗo, 1931
* Sariya e Laamu nder Leñol Naajeeriya. Oxford: Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford , hitaande 1937.
** Sariya e laamu nder leñol Naajeeriya: Jannde nder laamu ngu walaa darnde. New York Barnes &amp; Naatgol Noble 1970
* Orop E Afrik Hirnaange. Won Caɗeele E Njuɓɓudi. Duɗal jaaynde Oxford, hitaande 1940
* Sariya Leydi E Aada E Koloniiji. E fuɗɗoode ko Lord Hailey . Duɗal Jaami’aare Oxford, London, hitaande 1946.
* Jogagol leydi e njuɓɓudi leydi e nder leydi Najeriya e leydi Kameruun (wiɗtooji koloñaal; no.22) HMSO, 1957
* Niiseer e Kilaasik: Daartol innde. Jaaynde daartol Afrik . Toɓɓere. 1, limngal 1, hitaande 1960.

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'''Anthony Hamilton Millard Kirk-Greene''' CMG MBE (16 mee 1925  – 8 sulyee 2018) ko daartoowo e etnogaraaf Angalteernaajo ɓurɗo anndeede e golle makko e daartol leydi Nijeer e daartol njuɓɓudi koloñaal Angalteernaajo e nder Afrik. Caggal nde o woni jaagorde koloñaal, Kirk-Greene wonti sehil St Antony’s College, Oxford,  ɗo o woni jannginoowo e daartol Afrik hannde ngol tuggi 1967 haa 1992. O wonii hooreejo Fedde Jannde Afrik [[African Studies Association of the United Kingdom|to Angalteer]] tuggi 1988 haa 19.

== Nguurndam ==
Anthony Kirk-Greene jibinaa ko to Tunbridge Wells to Kent, Angalteer ñalnde 16 mee 1925. O woniino kapiteen e nder konu Inndo tuggi 1943 haa 1947 e wolde adunaare ɗimmere .   Caggal ɗuum o heɓi bakkaa makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge e hitaande 1950 e hitaande 1954 o heɓi dipolomaaji makko Baccalauréat e Masters. O heɓi kadi seedantaagal makko Master to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Oxford e hitaande 1967.

Kirk-Greene naati nder Colonial Service, o woni ardiiɗo lesdi Naajeeriya, haa ragare o heɓi darnde Komisinaajo mawɗo diiwal. E nder oon sahaa, o woni e yiɗde etnogaraafi e pinal e ɗemngal Hausa en . Caggal nde leydi Najeriya heɓi jeytaare mum, o woniino jannginoowo mawɗo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello to Zaria, to diiwaan Kaduna tuggi hitaande 1961 haa 1965. Tuggi hitaande 1967 haa 1981 o woniino jannginoowo daartol to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St Antony, Oxford . O woniino porfeseer gardiiɗo jaagorɗe tuggi 1992 haa 1999 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Stanford to Oxford. [1] O winndi defte ɗuuɗɗe ɗe jaɓɓaama dow taariiha lesdi Naajeeriya e konu lesdi Naajeeriya non boo anndal siyaasaaku Afrik ɓaawo ndimu lesdi Naajeeriya ɓurna fuu. O winndi kadi wiɗtooji keewɗi teeŋtuɗi e daartol Sarwiis Koloñaal.

O woniino hooreejo [[African Studies Association of the United Kingdom|Fedde Jannde Afrik to Dental Dowlaaji Amerik]] (ASAUK) tuggi 1998 haa 1990, o rokkaa njeenaari ASAUK « Distinguished Africanist » e hitaande 2005. O sankii ko to Oxford ñalnde 8 sulyee 2018 tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 93. 

== Golle cuɓaaɗe ==

* ''Ko ɗum woni Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya: Baɗte noddaango'' (1956)
* ''Laamorɗe Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya'' (1957)
* ''Adamawa, Ko adii e ko jooni; Laawol taariiha dow ɓamtaare lesdi Kameruun woylaare'' (1958) 
* ''Maiduguri e Laammordeeji Bornu. Maiduguri da manyan biranen Barno'' (1958)
* ''Jahgol Barth e nder leydi Najeriya: Ƴeewndorɗe e jaaynde Heinrich Barth e nder leydi Najeriya, 1850-1855'' (1962)
* ''Kuule njuɓɓudi ɓiɓɓe leydi e nder leydi Najeriya; Binndanɗe cuɓaaɗe, hitaande 1900-1947'' (1965)
* ''Hausa ba dabo ba ne; Koolol 500 tinndi'' (1966)
* ''Jannguɗo Hausa Jamanuuji. Wondude e Yahaya Aliyu'' (1967)
* ''Jaɓɓungal e njilluuji Afrik hirnaange; Haalaaji ɗiɗi dow nguurndam hoore mum diga woyla Naajeeriya'' (1971) 
* ''Kiriis e fitinaaji nder leydi Naajeeriya: Deftere winndaande 1966-1970'' (e nder defte ɗiɗi) (1971) 
* ''Fuɗɗoode wolde nder leydi Naajeeriya e miijo kulol'' (1975) 
* ''Saggitorde nguurndam guwerneer koloñaal Biritaan'' (1980) 
* ''&quot;Njokkee e rajooji mon&quot;: Binndanɗe ngam janngude laamu konu e nder Afrik ɓuuɓɗo'' (1981) 
* ''Naajeeriya diga hitaande 1970: limngal siyaasaaku e faggudu'' (1981) 
* ''Saggitorde nguurndam gollal koloñaal Biritaan, 1939-1966'' (1991) 
* ''Ko fayti e golle laamu: Daartol golle siwil koloñaal e caggal leydi HM, 1837-1997'' (1999) 
* ''Ardiiɓe laamu Biritaniya, 1858-1966''  (2000) 
* ''Gite laamu: Antoloji Korona'' (2001) 
* ''Alaama laamu: Ofiisaajo diiwaan Biritaan e nder Afrik'' (2006) 
* ''Feccere Laamaandi: Antolooji Korona ɗiɗaɓi'' (2012) 

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'''Anthony Hamilton Millard Kirk-Greene''' CMG MBE (16 mee 1925  – 8 sulyee 2018) ko daartoowo e etnogaraaf Angalteernaajo ɓurɗo anndeede e golle makko e daartol leydi Nijeer e daartol njuɓɓudi koloñaal Angalteernaajo e nder Afrik. Caggal nde o woni jaagorde koloñaal, Kirk-Greene wonti sehil St Antony’s College, Oxford,  ɗo o woni jannginoowo e daartol Afrik hannde ngol tuggi 1967 haa 1992. O wonii hooreejo Fedde Jannde Afrik [[African Studies Association of the United Kingdom|to Angalteer]] tuggi 1988 haa 19.&lt;ref&gt;Terry Barringer: 'Obituary Anthony Hamilton Millard Kirk-Greene (1925-2018)'. In: African Research &amp; Documentation, no. 133, 2018, p.42-43&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam ==
Anthony Kirk-Greene jibinaa ko to Tunbridge Wells to Kent, Angalteer ñalnde 16 mee 1925. O woniino kapiteen e nder konu Inndo tuggi 1943 haa 1947 e wolde adunaare ɗimmere .   Caggal ɗuum o heɓi bakkaa makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge e hitaande 1950 e hitaande 1954 o heɓi dipolomaaji makko Baccalauréat e Masters. O heɓi kadi seedantaagal makko Master to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Oxford e hitaande 1967.

Kirk-Greene naati nder Colonial Service, o woni ardiiɗo lesdi Naajeeriya, haa ragare o heɓi darnde Komisinaajo mawɗo diiwal. E nder oon sahaa, o woni e yiɗde etnogaraafi e pinal e ɗemngal Hausa en . Caggal nde leydi Najeriya heɓi jeytaare mum, o woniino jannginoowo mawɗo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello to Zaria, to diiwaan Kaduna tuggi hitaande 1961 haa 1965. Tuggi hitaande 1967 haa 1981 o woniino jannginoowo daartol to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St Antony, Oxford . O woniino porfeseer gardiiɗo jaagorɗe tuggi 1992 haa 1999 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Stanford to Oxford. [1] O winndi defte ɗuuɗɗe ɗe jaɓɓaama dow taariiha lesdi Naajeeriya e konu lesdi Naajeeriya non boo anndal siyaasaaku Afrik ɓaawo ndimu lesdi Naajeeriya ɓurna fuu. O winndi kadi wiɗtooji keewɗi teeŋtuɗi e daartol Sarwiis Koloñaal.

O woniino hooreejo [[African Studies Association of the United Kingdom|Fedde Jannde Afrik to Dental Dowlaaji Amerik]] (ASAUK) tuggi 1998 haa 1990, o rokkaa njeenaari ASAUK « Distinguished Africanist » e hitaande 2005. O sankii ko to Oxford ñalnde 8 sulyee 2018 tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 93. 

== Golle cuɓaaɗe ==

* ''Ko ɗum woni Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya: Baɗte noddaango'' (1956)
* ''Laamorɗe Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya'' (1957)
* ''Adamawa, Ko adii e ko jooni; Laawol taariiha dow ɓamtaare lesdi Kameruun woylaare'' (1958) 
* ''Maiduguri e Laammordeeji Bornu. Maiduguri da manyan biranen Barno'' (1958)
* ''Jahgol Barth e nder leydi Najeriya: Ƴeewndorɗe e jaaynde Heinrich Barth e nder leydi Najeriya, 1850-1855'' (1962)
* ''Kuule njuɓɓudi ɓiɓɓe leydi e nder leydi Najeriya; Binndanɗe cuɓaaɗe, hitaande 1900-1947'' (1965)
* ''Hausa ba dabo ba ne; Koolol 500 tinndi'' (1966)
* ''Jannguɗo Hausa Jamanuuji. Wondude e Yahaya Aliyu'' (1967)
* ''Jaɓɓungal e njilluuji Afrik hirnaange; Haalaaji ɗiɗi dow nguurndam hoore mum diga woyla Naajeeriya'' (1971) 
* ''Kiriis e fitinaaji nder leydi Naajeeriya: Deftere winndaande 1966-1970'' (e nder defte ɗiɗi) (1971) 
* ''Fuɗɗoode wolde nder leydi Naajeeriya e miijo kulol'' (1975) 
* ''Saggitorde nguurndam guwerneer koloñaal Biritaan'' (1980) 
* ''&quot;Njokkee e rajooji mon&quot;: Binndanɗe ngam janngude laamu konu e nder Afrik ɓuuɓɗo'' (1981) 
* ''Naajeeriya diga hitaande 1970: limngal siyaasaaku e faggudu'' (1981) 
* ''Saggitorde nguurndam gollal koloñaal Biritaan, 1939-1966'' (1991) 
* ''Ko fayti e golle laamu: Daartol golle siwil koloñaal e caggal leydi HM, 1837-1997'' (1999) 
* ''Ardiiɓe laamu Biritaniya, 1858-1966''  (2000) 
* ''Gite laamu: Antoloji Korona'' (2001) 
* ''Alaama laamu: Ofiisaajo diiwaan Biritaan e nder Afrik'' (2006) 
* ''Feccere Laamaandi: Antolooji Korona ɗiɗaɓi'' (2012) 

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'''Anthony Hamilton Millard Kirk-Greene''' CMG MBE (16 mee 1925  – 8 sulyee 2018) ko daartoowo e etnogaraaf Angalteernaajo ɓurɗo anndeede e golle makko e daartol leydi Nijeer e daartol njuɓɓudi koloñaal Angalteernaajo e nder Afrik. Caggal nde o woni jaagorde koloñaal, Kirk-Greene wonti sehil St Antony’s College, Oxford,  ɗo o woni jannginoowo e daartol Afrik hannde ngol tuggi 1967 haa 1992. O wonii hooreejo Fedde Jannde Afrik [[African Studies Association of the United Kingdom|to Angalteer]] tuggi 1988 haa 19.&lt;ref&gt;Terry Barringer: 'Obituary Anthony Hamilton Millard Kirk-Greene (1925-2018)'. In: African Research &amp; Documentation, no. 133, 2018, p.42-43&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam ==
Anthony Kirk-Greene jibinaa ko to Tunbridge Wells to Kent, Angalteer ñalnde 16 mee 1925. O woniino kapiteen e nder konu Inndo tuggi 1943 haa 1947 e wolde adunaare ɗimmere .   Caggal ɗuum o heɓi bakkaa makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge e hitaande 1950 e hitaande 1954 o heɓi dipolomaaji makko Baccalauréat e Masters. O heɓi kadi seedantaagal makko Master to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Oxford e hitaande 1967.

Kirk-Greene naati nder Colonial Service, o woni ardiiɗo lesdi Naajeeriya, haa ragare o heɓi darnde Komisinaajo mawɗo diiwal. E nder oon sahaa, o woni e yiɗde etnogaraafi e pinal e ɗemngal Hausa en . Caggal nde leydi Najeriya heɓi jeytaare mum, o woniino jannginoowo mawɗo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Ahmadu Bello to Zaria, to diiwaan Kaduna tuggi hitaande 1961 haa 1965. Tuggi hitaande 1967 haa 1981 o woniino jannginoowo daartol to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St Antony, Oxford . O woniino porfeseer gardiiɗo jaagorɗe tuggi 1992 haa 1999 to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Stanford to Oxford. [1] O winndi defte ɗuuɗɗe ɗe jaɓɓaama dow taariiha lesdi Naajeeriya e konu lesdi Naajeeriya non boo anndal siyaasaaku Afrik ɓaawo ndimu lesdi Naajeeriya ɓurna fuu. O winndi kadi wiɗtooji keewɗi teeŋtuɗi e daartol Sarwiis Koloñaal.

O woniino hooreejo [[African Studies Association of the United Kingdom|Fedde Jannde Afrik to Dental Dowlaaji Amerik]] (ASAUK) tuggi 1998 haa 1990, o rokkaa njeenaari ASAUK « Distinguished Africanist » e hitaande 2005. O sankii ko to Oxford ñalnde 8 sulyee 2018 tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 93. 

== Golle cuɓaaɗe ==

* ''Ko ɗum woni Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya: Baɗte noddaango'' (1956)
* ''Laamorɗe Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya'' (1957)
* ''Adamawa, Ko adii e ko jooni; Laawol taariiha dow ɓamtaare lesdi Kameruun woylaare'' (1958) 
* ''Maiduguri e Laammordeeji Bornu. Maiduguri da manyan biranen Barno'' (1958)
* ''Jahgol Barth e nder leydi Najeriya: Ƴeewndorɗe e jaaynde Heinrich Barth e nder leydi Najeriya, 1850-1855'' (1962)
* ''Kuule njuɓɓudi ɓiɓɓe leydi e nder leydi Najeriya; Binndanɗe cuɓaaɗe, hitaande 1900-1947'' (1965)
* ''Hausa ba dabo ba ne; Koolol 500 tinndi'' (1966)
* ''Jannguɗo Hausa Jamanuuji. Wondude e Yahaya Aliyu'' (1967)
* ''Jaɓɓungal e njilluuji Afrik hirnaange; Haalaaji ɗiɗi dow nguurndam hoore mum diga woyla Naajeeriya'' (1971) 
* ''Kiriis e fitinaaji nder leydi Naajeeriya: Deftere winndaande 1966-1970'' (e nder defte ɗiɗi) (1971) 
* ''Fuɗɗoode wolde nder leydi Naajeeriya e miijo kulol'' (1975) 
* ''Saggitorde nguurndam guwerneer koloñaal Biritaan'' (1980) 
* ''&quot;Njokkee e rajooji mon&quot;: Binndanɗe ngam janngude laamu konu e nder Afrik ɓuuɓɗo'' (1981) 
* ''Naajeeriya diga hitaande 1970: limngal siyaasaaku e faggudu'' (1981) 
* ''Saggitorde nguurndam gollal koloñaal Biritaan, 1939-1966'' (1991) 
* ''Ko fayti e golle laamu: Daartol golle siwil koloñaal e caggal leydi HM, 1837-1997'' (1999) 
* ''Ardiiɓe laamu Biritaniya, 1858-1966''  (2000) 
* ''Gite laamu: Antoloji Korona'' (2001) 
* ''Alaama laamu: Ofiisaajo diiwaan Biritaan e nder Afrik'' (2006) 
* ''Feccere Laamaandi: Antolooji Korona ɗiɗaɓi'' (2012) 

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    <title>Persi G. Hariis</title>
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      <text bytes="3564" sha1="94nzm1aemgtjg65h520b3wtlmdr9yw3" xml:space="preserve">'''Percy Graham Harris''' ko gardiiɗo leydi Angalteer to leydi Najeriya tuggi 1919-1945, kadi ko o gollodiiɗo e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ganndal neɗɗaagu (RAI).  O yaltinii binndanɗe e innde ''PG Harris'' e nder jaaynde RAI, ina heen humpitooji ko faati e leƴƴi Naajeeriya, ɗemɗe (ina heen ɗemngal maandeeji), golle innde, jimɗi e ndema.

Harris golliima e wolde adunaare adannde e konu laamɗo Liverpool . O golliima kadi e nder konu Nijeer . Caggal wolde, o naati e sarwiis njuɓɓudi laamu Angalteer e hitaande 1919, o golliima haa o maayi e hitaande 1945. O yettii darnde Resident e nder sarwiis oo e hitaande 1934, o artiraa e darnde Staff e hitaande 1938. O wonti sehil (CMG) e nder Most Distinguished of [1]

Wakkati maako nder konu Naajeeriya waɗi mo jannguki anthropology, nden o heɓi dipolomaaji maako haa janngirde anthropology.  O wonti Fellow e Duɗal Anthropologie Royal e hitaande 1927, o rokki heen binndanɗe haa o maayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt;

== Binndanɗe bayyinaaɗe ==

* ''Teskorɗe dow leƴƴi Dakarkari nder diiwal Sokoto, Naajeeriya'' (Jan. - Jun., 1938) Jaaynde Duɗal Anthropologie Laamiiɗo lesdi Biritaniya e Irlannda. OCLC: 10642994. JSTOR, [[doi:10.2307/2843984|ko lowre gonnde e lowre ndee]] .
* ''Teskorde dow Park Mungo e Niiseer Toowɗo.'' Jaaynde Fedde Laamɗo Afrik, vol. 35, alaa. 141, hitaande 1936, hello 435 haa 39. OCLC, 9971082159. JSTOR, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/717155 lowre ndee ko lowre ndee]
* ''Liɗɗi Kebbi (Diiwaan Sokoto, leydi Nijeer).'' Jaaynde Duɗal Anthropologie Laamɗo leydi Angalteer e Irlannda, vol. 72, alaa. 1/2 hitaande 1942, hello 23 haa 31. OCLC, 5545526593. JSTOR, [[doi:10.2307/2844454|ko lowre gonnde e lowre ndee]]
* ''Teskorɗe dow Bamɗe e Kuutorɗe Yiytaaɗe e nder diiwaan Sokoto, leydi Najeriya.'' Jaaynde Duɗal Anthropologie Laamɗo leydi Angalteer e Irlannda, vol. 62, hitaande 1932, hello 105 haa 25. OCLC, 5545609946. JSTOR, [[doi:10.2307/2843880|ko lowre gonnde e lowre ndee]]
* ''Won e Inɗe Hausaaji Koɗki.'' Gorko, tonngoode. 31, hitaande 1931, hello 272 haa 74. JSTOR, [[doi:10.2307/2789071|ko lowre gonnde e lowre ndee]]
* ''BEBANCHI—ƊEMNGAL PANTOMIME HAUSA MUUMƊO E MUUMƊO.'' Annal Ameriknaajo mo muumɓe, vol. 78, alaa. 2, hitaande 1933, hello 116 haa 19. OCLC, 9977868659. JSTOR, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/44391311 lowre ndee ko lowre ndee]
* ''Chess to Bornu: Naajeeriya.'' Gorko, tonngoode. 39, hitaande 1939, hello 31 haa 32. OCLC, 9964355645. JSTOR, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2793143 lowre gonnde e lowre ndee]
* ''Teskorɗe dow Yauri (Diiwaan Sokoto), Naajeeriya.'' Jaaynde Duɗal Anthropologie Laamɗo leydi Angalteer e Irlannda, vol. 60, hitaande 1930, hello 283 haa 334. OCLC: 5545533415. JSTOR, [[doi:10.2307/2843780|ko lowre gonnde e lowre ndee]]
* ''Kuutorɗe ndema e durngol leƴƴi Emiraaji Argungu.'' Gorko, tonngoode. 31, hitaande 1931, hello 43 haa 48. OCLO, 7547588875. JSTOR, [[doi:10.2307/2789537|ko lowre gonnde e lowre ndee]]
* ''Cowries'' (jokkondire e jaaynde ''Man'' . ''Man'' toɓɓere 43 (Noowammbar - Desammbar 1943), pp. 143-144 Feere ndee yaltini ɗum ko: Duɗal Laamɗo Anthropologie to Angalteer e Irlannda. OCLC, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2792264 9964206796]

== Galle ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Kontigi,_as_observed_by_P._G._Harris,_1932.jpg| Kontigi
File:Gurmi,_as_observed_by_P._G._Harris,_1932.jpg| Gurmi
File:Goge_(or_goje),_as_observed_by_P._G._Harris.jpg| [[Goje]]
File:Kwamsa,_as_observed_by_P._G._Harris,_1932.jpg| Kwamsa
File:Kukkuma,_as_observed_by_P._G._Harris,_1932.jpg| Kukkuma
&lt;/gallery&gt;

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'''Percy Graham Harris''' ko gardiiɗo leydi Angalteer to leydi Najeriya tuggi 1919-1945, kadi ko o gollodiiɗo e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ganndal neɗɗaagu (RAI).  O yaltinii binndanɗe e innde ''PG Harris'' e nder jaaynde RAI, ina heen humpitooji ko faati e leƴƴi Naajeeriya, ɗemɗe (ina heen ɗemngal maandeeji), golle innde, jimɗi e ndema.

Harris golliima e wolde adunaare adannde e konu laamɗo Liverpool . O golliima kadi e nder konu Nijeer . Caggal wolde, o naati e sarwiis njuɓɓudi laamu Angalteer e hitaande 1919, o golliima haa o maayi e hitaande 1945. O yettii darnde Resident e nder sarwiis oo e hitaande 1934, o artiraa e darnde Staff e hitaande 1938. O wonti sehil (CMG) e nder Most Distinguished of [1]

Wakkati maako nder konu Naajeeriya waɗi mo jannguki anthropology, nden o heɓi dipolomaaji maako haa janngirde anthropology.  O wonti Fellow e Duɗal Anthropologie Royal e hitaande 1927, o rokki heen binndanɗe haa o maayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt;

== Binndanɗe bayyinaaɗe ==

* ''Teskorɗe dow leƴƴi Dakarkari nder diiwal Sokoto, Naajeeriya'' (Jan. - Jun., 1938) Jaaynde Duɗal Anthropologie Laamiiɗo lesdi Biritaniya e Irlannda. OCLC: 10642994. JSTOR, [[doi:10.2307/2843984|ko lowre gonnde e lowre ndee]] .
* ''Teskorde dow Park Mungo e Niiseer Toowɗo.'' Jaaynde Fedde Laamɗo Afrik, vol. 35, alaa. 141, hitaande 1936, hello 435 haa 39. OCLC, 9971082159. JSTOR, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/717155 lowre ndee ko lowre ndee]
* ''Liɗɗi Kebbi (Diiwaan Sokoto, leydi Nijeer).'' Jaaynde Duɗal Anthropologie Laamɗo leydi Angalteer e Irlannda, vol. 72, alaa. 1/2 hitaande 1942, hello 23 haa 31. OCLC, 5545526593. JSTOR, [[doi:10.2307/2844454|ko lowre gonnde e lowre ndee]]
* ''Teskorɗe dow Bamɗe e Kuutorɗe Yiytaaɗe e nder diiwaan Sokoto, leydi Najeriya.'' Jaaynde Duɗal Anthropologie Laamɗo leydi Angalteer e Irlannda, vol. 62, hitaande 1932, hello 105 haa 25. OCLC, 5545609946. JSTOR, [[doi:10.2307/2843880|ko lowre gonnde e lowre ndee]]
* ''Won e Inɗe Hausaaji Koɗki.'' Gorko, tonngoode. 31, hitaande 1931, hello 272 haa 74. JSTOR, [[doi:10.2307/2789071|ko lowre gonnde e lowre ndee]]
* ''BEBANCHI—ƊEMNGAL PANTOMIME HAUSA MUUMƊO E MUUMƊO.'' Annal Ameriknaajo mo muumɓe, vol. 78, alaa. 2, hitaande 1933, hello 116 haa 19. OCLC, 9977868659. JSTOR, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/44391311 lowre ndee ko lowre ndee]
* ''Chess to Bornu: Naajeeriya.'' Gorko, tonngoode. 39, hitaande 1939, hello 31 haa 32. OCLC, 9964355645. JSTOR, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2793143 lowre gonnde e lowre ndee]
* ''Teskorɗe dow Yauri (Diiwaan Sokoto), Naajeeriya.'' Jaaynde Duɗal Anthropologie Laamɗo leydi Angalteer e Irlannda, vol. 60, hitaande 1930, hello 283 haa 334. OCLC: 5545533415. JSTOR, [[doi:10.2307/2843780|ko lowre gonnde e lowre ndee]]
* ''Kuutorɗe ndema e durngol leƴƴi Emiraaji Argungu.'' Gorko, tonngoode. 31, hitaande 1931, hello 43 haa 48. OCLO, 7547588875. JSTOR, [[doi:10.2307/2789537|ko lowre gonnde e lowre ndee]]
* ''Cowries'' (jokkondire e jaaynde ''Man'' . ''Man'' toɓɓere 43 (Noowammbar - Desammbar 1943), pp. 143-144 Feere ndee yaltini ɗum ko: Duɗal Laamɗo Anthropologie to Angalteer e Irlannda. OCLC, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2792264 9964206796]

== Galle ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Kontigi,_as_observed_by_P._G._Harris,_1932.jpg| Kontigi
File:Gurmi,_as_observed_by_P._G._Harris,_1932.jpg| Gurmi
File:Goge_(or_goje),_as_observed_by_P._G._Harris.jpg| [[Goje]]
File:Kwamsa,_as_observed_by_P._G._Harris,_1932.jpg| Kwamsa
File:Kukkuma,_as_observed_by_P._G._Harris,_1932.jpg| Kukkuma
&lt;/gallery&gt;

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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301069588|Hanns Vischer]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3777" sha1="iz01fdscizsw4h5byh94pf0heixst3o" xml:space="preserve">'''Sir Hanns Vischer''', CMG, CBE (1876 -1945) ko ɓiɗɗo leydi Suwis jibinaaɗo to leydi Angalteer, ko o jaagorgal jaŋde to laamu [[Fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]] . O toɗɗaa ko gardiiɗo jaŋde gadano wonande diiwaan Fuɗnaange oo, o ƴetti politikaaji gadani jaŋde sekulaar wonande diiwaan oo. Nde o woppi golle koloñaal, o woni tergal e Goomu toppitiingu jaŋde e nder koloniiji ɓuuɓɗi Angalteer fotde duuɓi sappo e jeegom. 

== Ngendam ==
Vischer jibinaa ko Rosalie e Adolphe Vischer, baaba makko ko binndoowo e neɗɗankaagal tawi mawniiko gorko, Wilhem Vischer, Protestan, ko porfeseer to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Basel, ko iwdi leñol njulaagu silki.  Rosalie Fischer kadi ummorii ko e galle njulaagu jokkondirɗo e njulaagu mbaylaandi, galle makko, Sarasin en, ko jeyaaɓe e ndonu Huguenot en waɗooɓe njulaagu to Basel. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Vischer heɓi jaŋde mum adannde ko to Basel e to Niesky, Almaañ, o yahi Angalteer, o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Fuɗnaange-rewo, Ramsgate hade makko heɓde dipolomaaji makko leslese e master to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Emmanuel, Cambridge.  Hakkunde hitaande makko sakkitiinde e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, o ƴellitii nafoore e etnologie Afrik, o naatii e jaŋde [[Hausare|ɗemngal Hausa]] to Tiripoli. Caggal nde o yalti duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Emmanuel, o waɗi hitaande to Ridley Hall ɗo o anndi fedde misiyoŋaaji Eklesiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E hitaande 1901, o yahi Naajeeriya e won e misiyoŋaaji CMS njilluuji Hausaland. Joɗnde makko to Lokoja ina famɗi no feewi nde tawnoo omo wondi e rafiiji keewɗi. Ndeen Vischer hooti galle mum ngam safrude. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; O arti e hitaande 1903, o woni Angalteernaajo naturalisé, o woppi golle misiyoŋaaji ɗi o yiɗi, o naati e golle koloñaal ko o balloowo hoɗɓe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Staasiyoŋ makko gadano ko to Bornu, ko toon o nani haala njulaagu karallaagal e laawol jiyaaɓe hakkunde Tiripoli e Bornu. E hitaande 1906, Vischer fuɗɗii yahde e nder Saharaa, gila Tiripoli haa [[Kukawa]] ngam janngude yoga e pine potɗe jogaade batte e nder leñol Kanuri . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ina jeyaa e yahooɓe e yahdu nduu jiyaaɓe woppitiiɓe, hajjooɓe ummoriiɓe Makka, sofereeɓe gelooɗi e ardotooɓe ummoriiɓe Niiseer. 

E hitaande 1908, Vischer toɗɗaa e departemaa jaŋde ngam ƴellitde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde to Nasarawa, Kano. Ko kanko tan wasiyii ngam heɓde oon darnde, heen geɗal ko ganndal makko e ɗemngal Arab, Hawsa, Fulani e Kanuri kono kadi sabu ko o yurmeende e pine Kanuri en.  Ngam heblude mo e darnde makko hesere, o neldaa to leydi Ejipt e leydi Sudaan ngam janngude Kuttabs e duɗe Mansoura, Bulaq e Giza e nder leydi Sudaan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

E hitaande 1911, politik jaŋde Vischer wallitii sosde duɗal leslesal, duɗal janngingol mallams, duɗal ɓiɓɓe Emir en e duɗal karallaagal. Faandaare duɗe ɗee wonaa ngam ɓamtude pinal Orop kono ko hisnude pinal e nguurndam renndoyankeewal e nder Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya e jannginde almudɓe ngam njuɓɓudi Native Administration e nder golle karallaagal. Duɗe ɗee ko duɗe gadane ɗe ngonaa Quraana e nder Protectorat Fuɗnaange. [1] E hitaande 1913, duɗe leslese diiwaanuuji sosaa to Katsina e Sokoto. E hitaande 1914, nde leydi Najeriya hawri, Vischer toɗɗaa hooreejo jaŋde e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Hay so tawii noon, ko kanko woni gardiiɗo e dow laabi, o waɗii ko ɓuri heewde e duuɓi makko e nder wolde mawnde, omo gollina e Biro wolde e nder Sarwisaaji toppitiiɗi humpito sirlu . [2] O woppi golle makko e sarwiis koloñaal e hitaande 1919. [1]

e hitaande 1923, o wonti binndoowo tedduɗo Goomu Wagginoore Jaŋde e nder koloniiji Angalteer e nder Afrik e hitaande caggal ɗuum o tawtoraama sosde Duɗal Adunawal Ɗemɗe e Pine Afrik . 

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'''Sir Hanns Vischer''', CMG, CBE (1876 -1945) ko ɓiɗɗo leydi Suwis jibinaaɗo to leydi Angalteer, ko o jaagorgal jaŋde to laamu [[Fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]] . O toɗɗaa ko gardiiɗo jaŋde gadano wonande diiwaan Fuɗnaange oo, o ƴetti politikaaji gadani jaŋde sekulaar wonande diiwaan oo. Nde o woppi golle koloñaal, o woni tergal e Goomu toppitiingu jaŋde e nder koloniiji ɓuuɓɗi Angalteer fotde duuɓi sappo e jeegom. 

== Ngendam ==
Vischer jibinaa ko Rosalie e Adolphe Vischer, baaba makko ko binndoowo e neɗɗankaagal tawi mawniiko gorko, Wilhem Vischer, Protestan, ko porfeseer to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Basel, ko iwdi leñol njulaagu silki.  Rosalie Fischer kadi ummorii ko e galle njulaagu jokkondirɗo e njulaagu mbaylaandi, galle makko, Sarasin en, ko jeyaaɓe e ndonu Huguenot en waɗooɓe njulaagu to Basel. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Vischer heɓi jaŋde mum adannde ko to Basel e to Niesky, Almaañ, o yahi Angalteer, o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Fuɗnaange-rewo, Ramsgate hade makko heɓde dipolomaaji makko leslese e master to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Emmanuel, Cambridge.  Hakkunde hitaande makko sakkitiinde e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde, o ƴellitii nafoore e etnologie Afrik, o naatii e jaŋde [[Hausare|ɗemngal Hausa]] to Tiripoli. Caggal nde o yalti duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Emmanuel, o waɗi hitaande to Ridley Hall ɗo o anndi fedde misiyoŋaaji Eklesiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E hitaande 1901, o yahi Naajeeriya e won e misiyoŋaaji CMS njilluuji Hausaland. Joɗnde makko to Lokoja ina famɗi no feewi nde tawnoo omo wondi e rafiiji keewɗi. Ndeen Vischer hooti galle mum ngam safrude. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; O arti e hitaande 1903, o woni Angalteernaajo naturalisé, o woppi golle misiyoŋaaji ɗi o yiɗi, o naati e golle koloñaal ko o balloowo hoɗɓe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Staasiyoŋ makko gadano ko to Bornu, ko toon o nani haala njulaagu karallaagal e laawol jiyaaɓe hakkunde Tiripoli e Bornu. E hitaande 1906, Vischer fuɗɗii yahde e nder Saharaa, gila Tiripoli haa [[Kukawa]] ngam janngude yoga e pine potɗe jogaade batte e nder leñol Kanuri . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ina jeyaa e yahooɓe e yahdu nduu jiyaaɓe woppitiiɓe, hajjooɓe ummoriiɓe Makka, sofereeɓe gelooɗi e ardotooɓe ummoriiɓe Niiseer. 

E hitaande 1908, Vischer toɗɗaa e departemaa jaŋde ngam ƴellitde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde to Nasarawa, Kano. Ko kanko tan wasiyii ngam heɓde oon darnde, heen geɗal ko ganndal makko e ɗemngal Arab, Hawsa, Fulani e Kanuri kono kadi sabu ko o yurmeende e pine Kanuri en.  Ngam heblude mo e darnde makko hesere, o neldaa to leydi Ejipt e leydi Sudaan ngam janngude Kuttabs e duɗe Mansoura, Bulaq e Giza e nder leydi Sudaan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

E hitaande 1911, politik jaŋde Vischer wallitii sosde duɗal leslesal, duɗal janngingol mallams, duɗal ɓiɓɓe Emir en e duɗal karallaagal. Faandaare duɗe ɗee wonaa ngam ɓamtude pinal Orop kono ko hisnude pinal e nguurndam renndoyankeewal e nder Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya e jannginde almudɓe ngam njuɓɓudi Native Administration e nder golle karallaagal. Duɗe ɗee ko duɗe gadane ɗe ngonaa Quraana e nder Protectorat Fuɗnaange. [1] E hitaande 1913, duɗe leslese diiwaanuuji sosaa to Katsina e Sokoto. E hitaande 1914, nde leydi Najeriya hawri, Vischer toɗɗaa hooreejo jaŋde e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange. Hay so tawii noon, ko kanko woni gardiiɗo e dow laabi, o waɗii ko ɓuri heewde e duuɓi makko e nder wolde mawnde, omo gollina e Biro wolde e nder Sarwisaaji toppitiiɗi humpito sirlu . [2] O woppi golle makko e sarwiis koloñaal e hitaande 1919. [1]

e hitaande 1923, o wonti binndoowo tedduɗo Goomu Wagginoore Jaŋde e nder koloniiji Angalteer e nder Afrik e hitaande caggal ɗuum o tawtoraama sosde Duɗal Adunawal Ɗemɗe e Pine Afrik . 

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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Addi Keshofo''' ko maayo ŋorol Niil. Ummaade e koɗli Dogu’a Tembien to Fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ina ɓuuɓtoo haa fuɗnaange haa ɓuuɓtoo to bannge Giba, ina ɓeydoo e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;  == Maandolji == Ko ɗum maayo ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2953" sha1="fdtbwhqpr6m32sw92a6x65te4gqr25x" xml:space="preserve">'''Addi Keshofo''' ko maayo ŋorol Niil. Ummaade e koɗli Dogu’a Tembien to Fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ina ɓuuɓtoo haa fuɗnaange haa ɓuuɓtoo to bannge Giba, ina ɓeydoo e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Ko ɗum maayo ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo e nokku mum e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 50 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.[2]

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.[2] Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. To May Genet e dow tule ceene goɗɗe, udditgol ngol sosaa ; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.[3] Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe[4][5] e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[6][7]

== Transhumans feewde e ŋoral ==
Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) woni ɗoo, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[8]

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e ŋoral maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam woni ɗoo. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[9]

* Hayre kalkeere Antalo

* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[10]
* Hayre ɓuuɓnde Adigrat

== Keeri tago ==
E nder laawol maggol fof, daande maayo Addi Keshofo fuɗnaange-rewo ko keeri hakkunde kominaaji Amanit e Debre Nazret.[1]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder maayo ngoo e saraaji mum.[11] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[12]

* Trek 16 ina taƴa feccere toownde maayo ngoo e ɓuuɓri mum
* Trek 15, ko feccere hakkundeere
* Trek 18 ina taƴa les maayo ngoo e ŋoral mum

E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heen sahaaji ina waawi waasde taccude maayo e nder dumunna toɓo.[13]

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'''Addi Keshofo''' ko maayo ŋorol Niil. Ummaade e koɗli Dogu’a Tembien to Fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ina ɓuuɓtoo haa fuɗnaange haa ɓuuɓtoo to bannge Giba, ina ɓeydoo e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Ko ɗum maayo ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo e nokku mum e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 50 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.[2]

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.[2] Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. To May Genet e dow tule ceene goɗɗe, udditgol ngol sosaa ; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.[3] Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe[4][5] e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[6][7]

== Transhumans feewde e ŋoral ==
Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) woni ɗoo, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[8]

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e ŋoral maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam woni ɗoo. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[9]

* Hayre kalkeere Antalo

* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[10]
* Hayre ɓuuɓnde Adigrat

== Keeri tago ==
E nder laawol maggol fof, daande maayo Addi Keshofo fuɗnaange-rewo ko keeri hakkunde kominaaji Amanit e Debre Nazret.[1]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder maayo ngoo e saraaji mum.[11] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[12]

* Trek 16 ina taƴa feccere toownde maayo ngoo e ɓuuɓri mum
* Trek 15, ko feccere hakkundeere
* Trek 18 ina taƴa les maayo ngoo e ŋoral mum

E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heen sahaaji ina waawi waasde taccude maayo e nder dumunna toɓo.[13]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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        <id>11577</id>
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'''Addi Keshofo''' ko maayo ŋorol Niil. Ummaade e koɗli Dogu’a Tembien to Fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ina ɓuuɓtoo haa fuɗnaange haa ɓuuɓtoo to bannge Giba, ina ɓeydoo e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Ko ɗum maayo ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo e nokku mum e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 50 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.[2] Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. To May Genet e dow tule ceene goɗɗe, udditgol ngol sosaa ; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.[3] Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe[4][5] e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[6][7]

== Transhumans feewde e ŋoral ==
Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) woni ɗoo, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[8]

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e ŋoral maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam woni ɗoo. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[9]

* Hayre kalkeere Antalo

* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[10]
* Hayre ɓuuɓnde Adigrat

== Keeri tago ==
E nder laawol maggol fof, daande maayo Addi Keshofo fuɗnaange-rewo ko keeri hakkunde kominaaji Amanit e Debre Nazret.[1]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder maayo ngoo e saraaji mum.[11] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[12]

* Trek 16 ina taƴa feccere toownde maayo ngoo e ɓuuɓri mum
* Trek 15, ko feccere hakkundeere
* Trek 18 ina taƴa les maayo ngoo e ŋoral mum

E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heen sahaaji ina waawi waasde taccude maayo e nder dumunna toɓo.[13]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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      <id>176973</id>
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'''Addi Keshofo''' ko maayo ŋorol Niil. Ummaade e koɗli Dogu’a Tembien to Fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ina ɓuuɓtoo haa fuɗnaange haa ɓuuɓtoo to bannge Giba, ina ɓeydoo e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Ko ɗum maayo ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo e nokku mum e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 50 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.[2] Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. To May Genet e dow tule ceene goɗɗe, udditgol ngol sosaa ; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe[4][5] e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[6][7]

== Transhumans feewde e ŋoral ==
Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) woni ɗoo, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[8]

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e ŋoral maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam woni ɗoo. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[9]

* Hayre kalkeere Antalo

* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[10]
* Hayre ɓuuɓnde Adigrat

== Keeri tago ==
E nder laawol maggol fof, daande maayo Addi Keshofo fuɗnaange-rewo ko keeri hakkunde kominaaji Amanit e Debre Nazret.[1]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder maayo ngoo e saraaji mum.[11] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[12]

* Trek 16 ina taƴa feccere toownde maayo ngoo e ɓuuɓri mum
* Trek 15, ko feccere hakkundeere
* Trek 18 ina taƴa les maayo ngoo e ŋoral mum

E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heen sahaaji ina waawi waasde taccude maayo e nder dumunna toɓo.[13]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176974</id>
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'''Addi Keshofo''' ko maayo ŋorol Niil. Ummaade e koɗli Dogu’a Tembien to Fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ina ɓuuɓtoo haa fuɗnaange haa ɓuuɓtoo to bannge Giba, ina ɓeydoo e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Ko ɗum maayo ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo e nokku mum e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 50 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. To May Genet e dow tule ceene goɗɗe, udditgol ngol sosaa; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe[4][5] e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[6][7]

== Transhumans feewde e ŋoral ==
Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) woni ɗoo, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[8]

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e ŋoral maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam woni ɗoo. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[9]

* Hayre kalkeere Antalo

* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[10]
* Hayre ɓuuɓnde Adigrat

== Keeri tago ==
E nder laawol maggol fof, daande maayo Addi Keshofo fuɗnaange-rewo ko keeri hakkunde kominaaji Amanit e Debre Nazret.[1]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder maayo ngoo e saraaji mum.[11] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[12]

* Trek 16 ina taƴa feccere toownde maayo ngoo e ɓuuɓri mum
* Trek 15, ko feccere hakkundeere
* Trek 18 ina taƴa les maayo ngoo e ŋoral mum

E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heen sahaaji ina waawi waasde taccude maayo e nder dumunna toɓo.[13]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
      <sha1>lveyjsw2xlrffntgqglt0cv5sp2r1f5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176975</id>
      <parentid>176974</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-28T09:58:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>11577</id>
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      <origin>176975</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3970" sha1="sn1z590o7cw85xy0bszead4vi47h33s" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Addi Keshofo''' ko maayo ŋorol Niil. Ummaade e koɗli Dogu’a Tembien to Fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ina ɓuuɓtoo haa fuɗnaange haa ɓuuɓtoo to bannge Giba, ina ɓeydoo e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Ko ɗum maayo ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo e nokku mum e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 50 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. To May Genet e dow tule ceene goɗɗe, udditgol ngol sosaa; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[6][7]

== Transhumans feewde e ŋoral ==
Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) woni ɗoo, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[8]

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e ŋoral maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam woni ɗoo. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[9]

* Hayre kalkeere Antalo

* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[10]
* Hayre ɓuuɓnde Adigrat

== Keeri tago ==
E nder laawol maggol fof, daande maayo Addi Keshofo fuɗnaange-rewo ko keeri hakkunde kominaaji Amanit e Debre Nazret.[1]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder maayo ngoo e saraaji mum.[11] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[12]

* Trek 16 ina taƴa feccere toownde maayo ngoo e ɓuuɓri mum
* Trek 15, ko feccere hakkundeere
* Trek 18 ina taƴa les maayo ngoo e ŋoral mum

E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heen sahaaji ina waawi waasde taccude maayo e nder dumunna toɓo.[13]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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      <id>176976</id>
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'''Addi Keshofo''' ko maayo ŋorol Niil. Ummaade e koɗli Dogu’a Tembien to Fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ina ɓuuɓtoo haa fuɗnaange haa ɓuuɓtoo to bannge Giba, ina ɓeydoo e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Ko ɗum maayo ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo e nokku mum e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 50 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. To May Genet e dow tule ceene goɗɗe, udditgol ngol sosaa; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[6][7]

== Transhumans feewde e ŋoral ==
Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) woni ɗoo, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[8]

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e ŋoral maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam woni ɗoo. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[9]

* Hayre kalkeere Antalo

* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[10]
* Hayre ɓuuɓnde Adigrat

== Keeri tago ==
E nder laawol maggol fof, daande maayo Addi Keshofo fuɗnaange-rewo ko keeri hakkunde kominaaji Amanit e Debre Nazret.[1]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder maayo ngoo e saraaji mum.[11] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[12]

* Trek 16 ina taƴa feccere toownde maayo ngoo e ɓuuɓri mum
* Trek 15, ko feccere hakkundeere
* Trek 18 ina taƴa les maayo ngoo e ŋoral mum

E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heen sahaaji ina waawi waasde taccude maayo e nder dumunna toɓo.[13]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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      <id>176977</id>
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'''Addi Keshofo''' ko maayo ŋorol Niil. Ummaade e koɗli Dogu’a Tembien to Fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ina ɓuuɓtoo haa fuɗnaange haa ɓuuɓtoo to bannge Giba, ina ɓeydoo e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Ko ɗum maayo ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo e nokku mum e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 50 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. To May Genet e dow tule ceene goɗɗe, udditgol ngol sosaa; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumans feewde e ŋoral ==
Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) woni ɗoo, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[8]

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e ŋoral maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam woni ɗoo. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[9]

* Hayre kalkeere Antalo

* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[10]
* Hayre ɓuuɓnde Adigrat

== Keeri tago ==
E nder laawol maggol fof, daande maayo Addi Keshofo fuɗnaange-rewo ko keeri hakkunde kominaaji Amanit e Debre Nazret.[1]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder maayo ngoo e saraaji mum.[11] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[12]

* Trek 16 ina taƴa feccere toownde maayo ngoo e ɓuuɓri mum
* Trek 15, ko feccere hakkundeere
* Trek 18 ina taƴa les maayo ngoo e ŋoral mum

E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heen sahaaji ina waawi waasde taccude maayo e nder dumunna toɓo.[13]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
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'''Addi Keshofo''' ko maayo ŋorol Niil. Ummaade e koɗli Dogu’a Tembien to Fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ina ɓuuɓtoo haa fuɗnaange haa ɓuuɓtoo to bannge Giba, ina ɓeydoo e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Ko ɗum maayo ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo e nokku mum e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 50 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. To May Genet e dow tule ceene goɗɗe, udditgol ngol sosaa; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumans feewde e ŋoral ==
Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) woni ɗoo, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[8]

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e ŋoral maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam woni ɗoo. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[9]

* Hayre kalkeere Antalo

* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[10]
* Hayre ɓuuɓnde Adigrat

== Keeri tago ==
E nder laawol maggol fof, daande maayo Addi Keshofo fuɗnaange-rewo ko keeri hakkunde kominaaji Amanit e Debre Nazret.[1]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder maayo ngoo e saraaji mum.[11] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[12]

* Trek 16 ina taƴa feccere toownde maayo ngoo e ɓuuɓri mum
* Trek 15, ko feccere hakkundeere
* Trek 18 ina taƴa les maayo ngoo e ŋoral mum

E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heen sahaaji ina waawi waasde taccude maayo e nder dumunna toɓo.[13]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Addi Keshofo''' ko maayo ŋorol Niil. Ummaade e koɗli Dogu’a Tembien to Fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ina ɓuuɓtoo haa fuɗnaange haa ɓuuɓtoo to bannge Giba, ina ɓeydoo e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Ko ɗum maayo ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo e nokku mum e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 50 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. To May Genet e dow tule ceene goɗɗe, udditgol ngol sosaa; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumans feewde e ŋoral ==
Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) woni ɗoo, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009). &quot;Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)&quot;. Mountain Research and Development. 29 (3): 255–264. doi:10.1659/mrd.00033. hdl:1854/LU-854326.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e ŋoral maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam woni ɗoo. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[9]

* Hayre kalkeere Antalo

* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[10]
* Hayre ɓuuɓnde Adigrat

== Keeri tago ==
E nder laawol maggol fof, daande maayo Addi Keshofo fuɗnaange-rewo ko keeri hakkunde kominaaji Amanit e Debre Nazret.[1]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder maayo ngoo e saraaji mum.[11] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[12]

* Trek 16 ina taƴa feccere toownde maayo ngoo e ɓuuɓri mum
* Trek 15, ko feccere hakkundeere
* Trek 18 ina taƴa les maayo ngoo e ŋoral mum

E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heen sahaaji ina waawi waasde taccude maayo e nder dumunna toɓo.[13]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Addi Keshofo''' ko maayo ŋorol Niil. Ummaade e koɗli Dogu’a Tembien to Fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ina ɓuuɓtoo haa fuɗnaange haa ɓuuɓtoo to bannge Giba, ina ɓeydoo e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Ko ɗum maayo ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo e nokku mum e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 50 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. To May Genet e dow tule ceene goɗɗe, udditgol ngol sosaa; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumans feewde e ŋoral ==
Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) woni ɗoo, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009). &quot;Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)&quot;. Mountain Research and Development. 29 (3): 255–264. doi:10.1659/mrd.00033. hdl:1854/LU-854326.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e ŋoral maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam woni ɗoo. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.&lt;ref&gt;Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Hayre kalkeere Antalo

* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[10]
* Hayre ɓuuɓnde Adigrat

== Keeri tago ==
E nder laawol maggol fof, daande maayo Addi Keshofo fuɗnaange-rewo ko keeri hakkunde kominaaji Amanit e Debre Nazret.[1]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder maayo ngoo e saraaji mum.[11] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[12]

* Trek 16 ina taƴa feccere toownde maayo ngoo e ɓuuɓri mum
* Trek 15, ko feccere hakkundeere
* Trek 18 ina taƴa les maayo ngoo e ŋoral mum

E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heen sahaaji ina waawi waasde taccude maayo e nder dumunna toɓo.[13]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
      <sha1>563kw03i4qdg8tcnwkyd16racu6a03t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>177027</id>
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      <text bytes="5582" sha1="bwghbg8tu2djtlo61gzjs9lmzsmghwi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Addi Keshofo''' ko maayo ŋorol Niil. Ummaade e koɗli Dogu’a Tembien to Fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ina ɓuuɓtoo haa fuɗnaange haa ɓuuɓtoo to bannge Giba, ina ɓeydoo e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Ko ɗum maayo ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo e nokku mum e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 50 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. To May Genet e dow tule ceene goɗɗe, udditgol ngol sosaa; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumans feewde e ŋoral ==
Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) woni ɗoo, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009). &quot;Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)&quot;. Mountain Research and Development. 29 (3): 255–264. doi:10.1659/mrd.00033. hdl:1854/LU-854326.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e ŋoral maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam woni ɗoo. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.&lt;ref&gt;Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Hayre kalkeere Antalo

* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam&lt;ref&gt;Moeyersons, J. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions&quot;. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 230 (1–2): 162–178. Bibcode:2006PPP...230..165M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hayre ɓuuɓnde Adigrat

== Keeri tago ==
E nder laawol maggol fof, daande maayo Addi Keshofo fuɗnaange-rewo ko keeri hakkunde kominaaji Amanit e Debre Nazret.[1]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder maayo ngoo e saraaji mum.[11] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[12]

* Trek 16 ina taƴa feccere toownde maayo ngoo e ɓuuɓri mum
* Trek 15, ko feccere hakkundeere
* Trek 18 ina taƴa les maayo ngoo e ŋoral mum

E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heen sahaaji ina waawi waasde taccude maayo e nder dumunna toɓo.[13]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Addi Keshofo''' ko maayo ŋorol Niil. Ummaade e koɗli Dogu’a Tembien to Fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ina ɓuuɓtoo haa fuɗnaange haa ɓuuɓtoo to bannge Giba, ina ɓeydoo e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Ko ɗum maayo ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo e nokku mum e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 50 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. To May Genet e dow tule ceene goɗɗe, udditgol ngol sosaa; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumans feewde e ŋoral ==
Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) woni ɗoo, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009). &quot;Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)&quot;. Mountain Research and Development. 29 (3): 255–264. doi:10.1659/mrd.00033. hdl:1854/LU-854326.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e ŋoral maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam woni ɗoo. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.&lt;ref&gt;Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Hayre kalkeere Antalo

* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam&lt;ref&gt;Moeyersons, J. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions&quot;. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 230 (1–2): 162–178. Bibcode:2006PPP...230..165M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hayre ɓuuɓnde Adigrat

== Keeri tago ==
E nder laawol maggol fof, daande maayo Addi Keshofo fuɗnaange-rewo ko keeri hakkunde kominaaji Amanit e Debre Nazret.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder maayo ngoo e saraaji mum.[11] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[12]

* Trek 16 ina taƴa feccere toownde maayo ngoo e ɓuuɓri mum
* Trek 15, ko feccere hakkundeere
* Trek 18 ina taƴa les maayo ngoo e ŋoral mum

E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heen sahaaji ina waawi waasde taccude maayo e nder dumunna toɓo.[13]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Addi Keshofo''' ko maayo ŋorol Niil. Ummaade e koɗli Dogu’a Tembien to Fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ina ɓuuɓtoo haa fuɗnaange haa ɓuuɓtoo to bannge Giba, ina ɓeydoo e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Ko ɗum maayo ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo e nokku mum e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 50 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. To May Genet e dow tule ceene goɗɗe, udditgol ngol sosaa; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumans feewde e ŋoral ==
Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) woni ɗoo, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009). &quot;Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)&quot;. Mountain Research and Development. 29 (3): 255–264. doi:10.1659/mrd.00033. hdl:1854/LU-854326.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e ŋoral maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam woni ɗoo. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.&lt;ref&gt;Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Hayre kalkeere Antalo

* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam&lt;ref&gt;Moeyersons, J. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions&quot;. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 230 (1–2): 162–178. Bibcode:2006PPP...230..165M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hayre ɓuuɓnde Adigrat

== Keeri tago ==
E nder laawol maggol fof, daande maayo Addi Keshofo fuɗnaange-rewo ko keeri hakkunde kominaaji Amanit e Debre Nazret.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder maayo ngoo e saraaji mum.&lt;ref&gt;Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. 2019. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[12]

* Trek 16 ina taƴa feccere toownde maayo ngoo e ɓuuɓri mum
* Trek 15, ko feccere hakkundeere
* Trek 18 ina taƴa les maayo ngoo e ŋoral mum

E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heen sahaaji ina waawi waasde taccude maayo e nder dumunna toɓo.[13]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
      <sha1>7477churip3ylpabstlkjmwx3h8vey4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>177033</id>
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'''Addi Keshofo''' ko maayo ŋorol Niil. Ummaade e koɗli Dogu’a Tembien to Fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ina ɓuuɓtoo haa fuɗnaange haa ɓuuɓtoo to bannge Giba, ina ɓeydoo e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Ko ɗum maayo ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo e nokku mum e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 50 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. To May Genet e dow tule ceene goɗɗe, udditgol ngol sosaa; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumans feewde e ŋoral ==
Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) woni ɗoo, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009). &quot;Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)&quot;. Mountain Research and Development. 29 (3): 255–264. doi:10.1659/mrd.00033. hdl:1854/LU-854326.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e ŋoral maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam woni ɗoo. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.&lt;ref&gt;Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Hayre kalkeere Antalo

* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam&lt;ref&gt;Moeyersons, J. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions&quot;. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 230 (1–2): 162–178. Bibcode:2006PPP...230..165M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hayre ɓuuɓnde Adigrat

== Keeri tago ==
E nder laawol maggol fof, daande maayo Addi Keshofo fuɗnaange-rewo ko keeri hakkunde kominaaji Amanit e Debre Nazret.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder maayo ngoo e saraaji mum.&lt;ref&gt;Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. 2019. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.&lt;ref&gt;Public GPS traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl | OpenStreetMap&lt;/ref&gt;

* Trek 16 ina taƴa feccere toownde maayo ngoo e ɓuuɓri mum
* Trek 15, ko feccere hakkundeere
* Trek 18 ina taƴa les maayo ngoo e ŋoral mum

E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heen sahaaji ina waawi waasde taccude maayo e nder dumunna toɓo.[13]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Addi Keshofo''' ko maayo ŋorol Niil. Ummaade e koɗli Dogu’a Tembien to Fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ina ɓuuɓtoo haa fuɗnaange haa ɓuuɓtoo to bannge Giba, ina ɓeydoo e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
Ko ɗum maayo ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo e nokku mum e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 50 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. To May Genet e dow tule ceene goɗɗe, udditgol ngol sosaa; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumans feewde e ŋoral ==
Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) woni ɗoo, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009). &quot;Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)&quot;. Mountain Research and Development. 29 (3): 255–264. doi:10.1659/mrd.00033. hdl:1854/LU-854326.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e ŋoral maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam woni ɗoo. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.&lt;ref&gt;Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Hayre kalkeere Antalo

* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam&lt;ref&gt;Moeyersons, J. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions&quot;. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 230 (1–2): 162–178. Bibcode:2006PPP...230..165M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hayre ɓuuɓnde Adigrat

== Keeri tago ==
E nder laawol maggol fof, daande maayo Addi Keshofo fuɗnaange-rewo ko keeri hakkunde kominaaji Amanit e Debre Nazret.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder maayo ngoo e saraaji mum.&lt;ref&gt;Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. 2019. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.&lt;ref&gt;Public GPS traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl | OpenStreetMap&lt;/ref&gt;

* Trek 16 ina taƴa feccere toownde maayo ngoo e ɓuuɓri mum
* Trek 15, ko feccere hakkundeere
* Trek 18 ina taƴa les maayo ngoo e ŋoral mum

E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heen sahaaji ina waawi waasde taccude maayo e nder dumunna toɓo.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan (2019). &quot;Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains. GeoGuide. Springer-Nature. pp. 537–556. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Addi Keshofo''' ko maayo ŋorol Niil. Ummaade e koɗli Dogu’a Tembien to Fuɗnaange Ecoppi, ina ɓuuɓtoo haa fuɗnaange haa ɓuuɓtoo to bannge Giba, ina ɓeydoo e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maandolji ==
[[File:Upper addi keshofo.jpg|thumb|Upper catchment of Addi Keshofo]]
Ko ɗum maayo ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo, ɓuuɓngo e nokku mum e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 50 meeter e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam e buffering ilam ==
Runngo ɓuri waɗde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗeteeɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ustaama sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. To May Genet e dow tule ceene goɗɗe, udditgol ngol sosaa; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Transhumans feewde e ŋoral ==
Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) woni ɗoo, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009). &quot;Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)&quot;. Mountain Research and Development. 29 (3): 255–264. doi:10.1659/mrd.00033. hdl:1854/LU-854326.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e ŋoral maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam woni ɗoo. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.&lt;ref&gt;Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Hayre kalkeere Antalo

* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam&lt;ref&gt;Moeyersons, J. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions&quot;. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 230 (1–2): 162–178. Bibcode:2006PPP...230..165M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hayre ɓuuɓnde Adigrat

== Keeri tago ==
E nder laawol maggol fof, daande maayo Addi Keshofo fuɗnaange-rewo ko keeri hakkunde kominaaji Amanit e Debre Nazret.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder maayo ngoo e saraaji mum.&lt;ref&gt;Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. 2019. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.&lt;ref&gt;Public GPS traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl | OpenStreetMap&lt;/ref&gt;

* Trek 16 ina taƴa feccere toownde maayo ngoo e ɓuuɓri mum
* Trek 15, ko feccere hakkundeere
* Trek 18 ina taƴa les maayo ngoo e ŋoral mum

E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heen sahaaji ina waawi waasde taccude maayo e nder dumunna toɓo.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan (2019). &quot;Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains. GeoGuide. Springer-Nature. pp. 537–556. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="2532" sha1="lftzn7c653pj8fctf44fimk57vvz8kp" xml:space="preserve">'''Muhammadu Attahiru I''' (maayi 1903) woni Sultan sappo e ɗiɗaɓo Kalifaandi Sokoto tuggi Oktoobar 1902 haa 15 Marse 1903. Ko kanko woni Sultaan Sokoto cakkitiiɗo jeytaare hade Kalifaandi ndii heɓtaade e juuɗe Angalteer . 

== Laamu ko Sultan ==
Attahiru ari e jappeere laamu ko e maayde Abderrahman dan Abi Bakar e lewru oktoobar 1902 tawi konu Angalteer ina joginoo heen geɗe keewɗe e kalifaandi Sokoto. E hitaande sakkitiinde laamu Abderrahman, seneraal Angalteer [[Frederik Lugard, ko Baron Lugard gadano|biyeteeɗo Frederick Lugard]] ina waawi huutoraade luural hakkunde amiir en to bannge worgo e Kalifaandi Sokoto ngam haɗde difagol jokkondire hakkunde konu Angalteer.  Doole ardinooɗe Angalteer ina njaawnoo ɓadtaade wuro Sokoto e anniyaaji laaɓtuɗi ngam heɓtude ɗum.  Attahiru I yuɓɓinii daɗndude wuro ngo e yaawre, o felliti haɓde e konu Angalteer yahruɗo yeeso oo, caggal wuro Sokoto. Ndee hare joofi ko yaawi e fawaade e Biritaannaaɓe e doole yiite ɓurɗe mawnude saabinooɗe maayɓe heewɓe e bannge Attahiru I. &lt;ref name=&quot;Falola-2&quot; /&gt;

== Haɓde e laamu Angalteer ==
Attahiru I e almuɓɓe heewɓe ndogi wuro Sokoto dow ko Attahiru I siftini ''hijra'' ngam heɓugo gartol Mahdi . Biritaan en naati Sokoto, nokku mo yimɓe mum ɓuri heewde, ɓe toɗɗii Muhammadu Attahiru II kaliifa keso ñalnde 21 mars 1903.  Lugard, ko ɓuri teeŋtude, momtii kaliifa oo, jokki tiitoonde ''Sultan'' ndee, hono darnde maantiniinde e nder [[Fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya|fedde hesere yuɓɓinaande to bannge worgo leydi Nijeer]] . 

Attahiru I fuɗɗii yahde e nder diiwanuuji teeru Kalifaandi Sokoto ngam mooftude wallitooɓe dille makko, ɗe Angalteer njokki. Biritaan en e amiiruuji gollodiiɓe e Biritaan en mbeltiima no feewi e keewal yimɓe jokkondirɓe e Attahiru e doole mum ɓeydii ujunnaaje ujunnaaje. [1] [2] E yahde Zamfara e Kano, Biritaan en ɓeydii heen hakkillaaji mum en e doole ɗee. Angalteer yani e murtuɓe ɓee to nokku hare Mbormi (sara Gombe hannde oo ) ñalnde 29 sulyee, Attahiru I ina jeyaa e warɓe ɓee. [3] [4] Ndeen Biritaannaaɓe njahdii e taƴde hoore Attahiru, ƴetti fotooje sultan mo taƴaa hoore mum, caggal ɗuum ɓe kolliti fotooje ɗee e nder Fuɗnaange Nijeer fof ngam &quot;hollitde maayɓe ɓee wonde hare ndee alaa ko nafata&quot; . [5] Ɓiyiiko, Muhammadu Bello bin Attahiru walla Mai Wurno jokki ardaade heddiiɓe e diɗɗal ngal, haa o jokki e hoɗde e leydi Sudaan, ɗo iwdiiji keewɗi nguuri haa hannde. [6]

== Ƴeew kadi ==

* Tobbo Muhammadu Attaahiru I

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'''Muhammadu Attahiru I''' (maayi 1903) woni Sultan sappo e ɗiɗaɓo Kalifaandi Sokoto tuggi Oktoobar 1902 haa 15 Marse 1903. Ko kanko woni Sultaan Sokoto cakkitiiɗo jeytaare hade Kalifaandi ndii heɓtaade e juuɗe Angalteer . 

== Laamu ko Sultan ==
Attahiru ari e jappeere laamu ko e maayde Abderrahman dan Abi Bakar e lewru oktoobar 1902 tawi konu Angalteer ina joginoo heen geɗe keewɗe e kalifaandi Sokoto. E hitaande sakkitiinde laamu Abderrahman, seneraal Angalteer [[Frederik Lugard, ko Baron Lugard gadano|biyeteeɗo Frederick Lugard]] ina waawi huutoraade luural hakkunde amiir en to bannge worgo e Kalifaandi Sokoto ngam haɗde difagol jokkondire hakkunde konu Angalteer.  Doole ardinooɗe Angalteer ina njaawnoo ɓadtaade wuro Sokoto e anniyaaji laaɓtuɗi ngam heɓtude ɗum.  Attahiru I yuɓɓinii daɗndude wuro ngo e yaawre, o felliti haɓde e konu Angalteer yahruɗo yeeso oo, caggal wuro Sokoto. Ndee hare joofi ko yaawi e fawaade e Biritaannaaɓe e doole yiite ɓurɗe mawnude saabinooɗe maayɓe heewɓe e bannge Attahiru I. &lt;ref name=&quot;Falola-2&quot; /&gt;

== Haɓde e laamu Angalteer ==
Attahiru I e almuɓɓe heewɓe ndogi wuro Sokoto dow ko Attahiru I siftini ''hijra'' ngam heɓugo gartol Mahdi . Biritaan en naati Sokoto, nokku mo yimɓe mum ɓuri heewde, ɓe toɗɗii Muhammadu Attahiru II kaliifa keso ñalnde 21 mars 1903.  Lugard, ko ɓuri teeŋtude, momtii kaliifa oo, jokki tiitoonde ''Sultan'' ndee, hono darnde maantiniinde e nder [[Fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya|fedde hesere yuɓɓinaande to bannge worgo leydi Nijeer]] . 

Attahiru I fuɗɗii yahde e nder diiwanuuji teeru Kalifaandi Sokoto ngam mooftude wallitooɓe dille makko, ɗe Angalteer njokki. Biritaan en e amiiruuji gollodiiɓe e Biritaan en mbeltiima no feewi e keewal yimɓe jokkondirɓe e Attahiru e doole mum ɓeydii ujunnaaje ujunnaaje. [1] [2] E yahde Zamfara e Kano, Biritaan en ɓeydii heen hakkillaaji mum en e doole ɗee. Angalteer yani e murtuɓe ɓee to nokku hare Mbormi (sara Gombe hannde oo ) ñalnde 29 sulyee, Attahiru I ina jeyaa e warɓe ɓee. [3] [4] Ndeen Biritaannaaɓe njahdii e taƴde hoore Attahiru, ƴetti fotooje sultan mo taƴaa hoore mum, caggal ɗuum ɓe kolliti fotooje ɗee e nder Fuɗnaange Nijeer fof ngam &quot;hollitde maayɓe ɓee wonde hare ndee alaa ko nafata&quot; . [5] Ɓiyiiko, Muhammadu Bello bin Attahiru walla Mai Wurno jokki ardaade heddiiɓe e diɗɗal ngal, haa o jokki e hoɗde e leydi Sudaan, ɗo iwdiiji keewɗi nguuri haa hannde. [6]

== Ƴeew kadi ==

* Tobbo Muhammadu Attaahiru I

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'''Sir Gordon James Lethem''', KCMG (16 suwee 1886 – 14 ut 1962)  ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer . 

== Nguurndam ==
O jibinaa ko to wuro wiyeteengo Leith, to leydi Ecosse, ko ɓiy James Lethem e Marian Makintosh. 

O wonii Guwerneer Senegaal tuggi 1934 haa 1936; Guwerneer duuɗe Leeward tuggi 1936 haa 1941 ; [1] e Guwerneer leydi Gine Biritanik tuggi 7 noowammbar 1941 haa 1946. [2] O woniino guwerneer gardiiɗo tuggi 1946 haa 12 abriil 1947. O golliima kadi to leydi Nijeer . Binndanɗe Lethem ina njooɗii e defterdu Bodleian to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Oxford . [3]

Caggal nde o woppi golle laamu o naati e politik. O jeyaa ko e lannda Liberal . E hitaande 1950 o woni cukko hooreejo lannda Liberal Ecoppi. [1] O dariima e kanndidaa Liberal e wooteeji gardagol leydi Angalteer e hitaande 1950 to diiwaan Banffshire . O woni tataɓo, o daraaki parlemaa kadi. [2]

O sankii ko e galle makko to Eskdalemuir ñalnde 15 ut 1962. 

Wuro Lethem, to leydi Guyana, innitiraa ko makko.

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'''Sir Gordon James Lethem''', KCMG (16 suwee 1886 – 14 ut 1962)  ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer . &lt;ref&gt;Sir Gordon James Lethem, KCMG, (1934-1935)&quot;. Seychelles National Archive. 24 November 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam ==
O jibinaa ko to wuro wiyeteengo Leith, to leydi Ecosse, ko ɓiy James Lethem e Marian Makintosh. 

O wonii Guwerneer Senegaal tuggi 1934 haa 1936; Guwerneer duuɗe Leeward tuggi 1936 haa 1941 ; [1] e Guwerneer leydi Gine Biritanik tuggi 7 noowammbar 1941 haa 1946. [2] O woniino guwerneer gardiiɗo tuggi 1946 haa 12 abriil 1947. O golliima kadi to leydi Nijeer . Binndanɗe Lethem ina njooɗii e defterdu Bodleian to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Oxford . [3]

Caggal nde o woppi golle laamu o naati e politik. O jeyaa ko e lannda Liberal . E hitaande 1950 o woni cukko hooreejo lannda Liberal Ecoppi. [1] O dariima e kanndidaa Liberal e wooteeji gardagol leydi Angalteer e hitaande 1950 to diiwaan Banffshire . O woni tataɓo, o daraaki parlemaa kadi. [2]

O sankii ko e galle makko to Eskdalemuir ñalnde 15 ut 1962. 

Wuro Lethem, to leydi Guyana, innitiraa ko makko.

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{{Databox}}
'''Sir Gordon James Lethem''', KCMG (16 suwee 1886 – 14 ut 1962)  ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer . &lt;ref&gt;Sir Gordon James Lethem, KCMG, (1934-1935)&quot;. Seychelles National Archive. 24 November 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam ==
O jibinaa ko to wuro wiyeteengo Leith, to leydi Ecosse, ko ɓiy James Lethem e Marian Makintosh. 

O wonii Guwerneer Senegaal tuggi 1934 haa 1936; Guwerneer duuɗe Leeward tuggi 1936 haa 1941 ; [1] e Guwerneer leydi Gine Biritanik tuggi 7 noowammbar 1941 haa 1946. [2] O woniino guwerneer gardiiɗo tuggi 1946 haa 12 abriil 1947. O golliima kadi to leydi Nijeer . Binndanɗe Lethem ina njooɗii e defterdu Bodleian to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Oxford . [3]

Caggal nde o woppi golle laamu o naati e politik. O jeyaa ko e lannda Liberal . E hitaande 1950 o woni cukko hooreejo lannda Liberal Ecoppi. [1] O dariima e kanndidaa Liberal e wooteeji gardagol leydi Angalteer e hitaande 1950 to diiwaan Banffshire . O woni tataɓo, o daraaki parlemaa kadi. [2]

O sankii ko e galle makko to Eskdalemuir ñalnde 15 ut 1962. 

Wuro Lethem, to leydi Guyana, innitiraa ko makko.

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    <title>Muhammadu Mai Maina</title>
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      <text bytes="5133" sha1="2moyi6bxpyioosktjaissmrcabx8eo3" xml:space="preserve">'''Muhammadu Mai Maina''' OON (1874–1964) woni laamɗo gadano [[Askira]] . O golliima e firo [[Fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya|laamu koloñaal Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya]] tuggi hitaande 1895 haa hitaande 1913, nde o toɗɗaa hooreejo diiwaan Margi to [[Diiwal Borno|Bornu]] . E hitaande 1917, o woppi ndeeɗoo golle, o woni njulaagu to [[Pataskumo|Potiskum]] . Caggal ɗuum, o sosi wuro wiyeteengo [[Askira]], o toɗɗaa hooreejo mayre e hitaande 1921, ko ɗum woni darnde nde o joginoo ko ina ɓura duuɓi capanɗe tati. E hitaande 1958, o yaltini ''deftere wiyeteende Labarin Maimaina Na Jega, Sarkin Askira'', deftere ciimtol ko fayti e golle makko puɗɗaaɗe e firo. E hitaande 1961, o wonti tergal e suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan worgo .  

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Mai Maina jibinaa ko [[Jega]] e hitaande 1874. Baaba makko, Yerima Abdu, ko taaniiko mawɗo Gimbana, Abdussalam, kadi ko iwdi [[Abdullahi Dan fodio|Abdullaahi dan Fodio]], cosɗo Emiraaji Gwandu . Yumma makko, hono Salamatu, ko ɓiy mawɗo Lokoja, [[Frederick Buxton Abbega|hono Abbega]], gorko marxinaajo, jahroowo e duuɓi 18, jahroowo e Doktoor Heinrich Barth e njillu mum to Afrik worgo . Baaba Mai Maina maayi ko juuti caggal jibineede mum. Yummako artiri mo haa Lokoja, haa mawniiko Abbega mawni mo.  : 17 

== Career e laamu koloñaal ==
E hitaande 1894, Mai Maina ƴettaa ko e golloowo e juuɗe ofisee konu [[Sosiyetee laamɗo Niiseer]] . O jeyaa ko e gollotooɓe seeɗa gollotooɓe e sosiyatee oo e oon sahaa. Sabu e ganndal makko e ɗemngal Engele, Nupe, e [[Hausare|Hausa]], o gollinaama ko firoore sosiyetee oo. Golle makko gadane e ngal ɗoon darnde ko e wolde sosiyetee oo e Bida e lewru Yarkomaa 1897, ko ɗum woni kampaañ konu gadano mo Sosiyetee Royal Niger waɗi e amiiruuji Kalifaandi Sokoto .  : 139  : 2-3 

E wasiya Abbega, Mai Maina suɓaama ngam yahde ƴeewndo to Kano . Gollal makko ko anndude so tawii Emir Kano ina jogii « konu laaɓtungu » e « yiytude so tawii, no wiyraa nii, o neldii yoga e jiyaaɓe makko to Lokoja ngam tawtoreede konu toon ɓeen, caggal nde ɓe njanngi, ngarti Kano, jooni ina njanngina worɓe Emirnaaɓe warfare Orop ». O ari [[Kano]] ko e hitaande 1901 omo ɓoornii wutte njulaagu yah-ngartaa. O jooɗii e sehil makko ɓooyɗo, jooɗiiɗo e wuro hee. Oo sehil anndini mo Wambai Kano, Mahmuda, ko miñiiko Amiir, [[Aliyu Babba]] . Caggal nde o yeeyti marsandiis makko e Wambai, Mai Maina seerti e makko. Nde o timmini golle makko, o wiyi wonde Emir oo « ina jogii balɗe keewɗe kono alaa konu diisnondirngu ».  : 139-143 
[[File:Abbega_Chief_of_Lokoja.png|left|thumb|237x237px|Abbega, mawɗo wuro Lokoja]]
E nder laawol makko fayde Lokoja, Mai Maina heɓi ɓataake ummoraade e Abbega ina yamira mo yo o yah to [[Diiwal Borno|Bornu]] ngam hawritde e Major [[Augustus McClintock]], ofisee politik gadano to Bornu. McClintock yamirinoo ko [[Frederik Lugard, ko Baron Lugard gadano|Frederick Lugard]], guwerneer Fuɗnaange Niiseer, yo jokkondir e [[Fadl-Allah ibn Rabeh az-Zubayr|Fadl-Allah]], ɓiy laamɗo Sudaan biyeteeɗo Rabeh az-Zubayr, laamɗo Bornu . Caggal nde baaba makko sankii, Fadl-Allah ina ɗaɓɓa gollodaade e Angalteer ngam heɓtude Bornu. Caggal batu nguu, Mai Maina arti Kano, ɗo o humpitaa yo o hoot Bornu, o hawra e Kolonel Thomas Morland to Dikwa .  : 144-146 

E hitaande 1902, Mai Maina jokki golle mum e firoore e nder leydi Bornu. O yahdi e ofiseeji koloñaal en to Mafoni ngam hawritde e Shehu Bornu, hono Abubakar Garbai, ngam anndinde mo e dow laawol wonde Emir Bornu Angalteer. Caggal ɗuum, Mai Maina wallitii e umminde wuro Mafoni ngoo e nokku gonɗo to fuɗnaange seeɗa wuro ɓooyngo ngoo, ɗo koɗorɗe kese mahii. Ɓe mahi kadi forso e cuuɗi ɗiɗi mawɗi, caggal ɗuum wonti nokku hoɗorde laamu (GRA) gadano e nder Maiduguri . Ɓooytaani, ofiseeji politik koloñaal gadani e nder diiwaan Bornu, hono W. P. Hewby, Kapiteen G. C. R. Mundy, e Mr. Burdett, ngari Mafoni. [1] : 146-147 [2]
[[File:Fort_Maifoni.png|thumb|269x269px|Foor Mafoni e hitaande 1907]]
E oon sahaa, Shehu Garbai ummiima [[Monguno]], ko ɗoon woni laamorgo makko e sahaa. Shehu en ndonii kaɓirɗe Rabeh mawɗe, ɗe e hitaande 1895 ɓuri mawnude e Afrik worgo.  : 183 Hewby yamiri Shehu yo rokku kaɓirɗe ɗee, ko ɗum Shehu jaɓi e fuɗɗoode. Kono won e jagge makko toowɗe cemmbini mo yo o woppu yamiroore ndee. E wiyde Mai Maina, nde o nani ɗum, o yahi ɗoon e ɗoon to ‘hooreeɓe ɓurɓe ɓadaade’ Shehu, o jeertini ɓe nde ɓe ngoppata Biritaan en, o wiyi hay Rabeh waawaano foolde ɓe. Ndeen o haalani Hewby ngonka ka. Shehu oo, haa jooni ina rokka Hewby balɗe ɗee. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; : 147-148 

Mai Maina yahdi e ardiiɓe koloñaal en to Bornu ngam tabitinde laamu Biritaan en e dow diiwaan keso oo. Ɗum jiidaa e njilluuji e nder diiwaan hee e ‘pacifier’ hoɗɓe heen ɓee, haa arti noon e Emiraaji Fika  : 156-158 e leñol Chibuk kulɓiniingol. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; : 151-153 O seedtiima kadi wolde Burmi ɗo Muhammadu Attahiru, sultan Sokoto gadiiɗo jeytaare, waraa e juuɗe Angalteer e hitaande 1903. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; : 153-155 

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'''Muhammadu Mai Maina''' OON (1874–1964) woni laamɗo gadano [[Askira]] . O golliima e firo [[Fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya|laamu koloñaal Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya]] tuggi hitaande 1895 haa hitaande 1913, nde o toɗɗaa hooreejo diiwaan Margi to [[Diiwal Borno|Bornu]] . E hitaande 1917, o woppi ndeeɗoo golle, o woni njulaagu to [[Pataskumo|Potiskum]] . Caggal ɗuum, o sosi wuro wiyeteengo [[Askira]], o toɗɗaa hooreejo mayre e hitaande 1921, ko ɗum woni darnde nde o joginoo ko ina ɓura duuɓi capanɗe tati. E hitaande 1958, o yaltini ''deftere wiyeteende Labarin Maimaina Na Jega, Sarkin Askira'', deftere ciimtol ko fayti e golle makko puɗɗaaɗe e firo. E hitaande 1961, o wonti tergal e suudu sarɗiiji diiwaan worgo .  

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Mai Maina jibinaa ko [[Jega]] e hitaande 1874. Baaba makko, Yerima Abdu, ko taaniiko mawɗo Gimbana, Abdussalam, kadi ko iwdi [[Abdullahi Dan fodio|Abdullaahi dan Fodio]], cosɗo Emiraaji Gwandu . Yumma makko, hono Salamatu, ko ɓiy mawɗo Lokoja, [[Frederick Buxton Abbega|hono Abbega]], gorko marxinaajo, jahroowo e duuɓi 18, jahroowo e Doktoor Heinrich Barth e njillu mum to Afrik worgo . Baaba Mai Maina maayi ko juuti caggal jibineede mum. Yummako artiri mo haa Lokoja, haa mawniiko Abbega mawni mo.  : 17 

== Career e laamu koloñaal ==
E hitaande 1894, Mai Maina ƴettaa ko e golloowo e juuɗe ofisee konu [[Sosiyetee laamɗo Niiseer]] . O jeyaa ko e gollotooɓe seeɗa gollotooɓe e sosiyatee oo e oon sahaa. Sabu e ganndal makko e ɗemngal Engele, Nupe, e [[Hausare|Hausa]], o gollinaama ko firoore sosiyetee oo. Golle makko gadane e ngal ɗoon darnde ko e wolde sosiyetee oo e Bida e lewru Yarkomaa 1897, ko ɗum woni kampaañ konu gadano mo Sosiyetee Royal Niger waɗi e amiiruuji Kalifaandi Sokoto .  : 139  : 2-3 

E wasiya Abbega, Mai Maina suɓaama ngam yahde ƴeewndo to Kano . Gollal makko ko anndude so tawii Emir Kano ina jogii « konu laaɓtungu » e « yiytude so tawii, no wiyraa nii, o neldii yoga e jiyaaɓe makko to Lokoja ngam tawtoreede konu toon ɓeen, caggal nde ɓe njanngi, ngarti Kano, jooni ina njanngina worɓe Emirnaaɓe warfare Orop ». O ari [[Kano]] ko e hitaande 1901 omo ɓoornii wutte njulaagu yah-ngartaa. O jooɗii e sehil makko ɓooyɗo, jooɗiiɗo e wuro hee. Oo sehil anndini mo Wambai Kano, Mahmuda, ko miñiiko Amiir, [[Aliyu Babba]] . Caggal nde o yeeyti marsandiis makko e Wambai, Mai Maina seerti e makko. Nde o timmini golle makko, o wiyi wonde Emir oo « ina jogii balɗe keewɗe kono alaa konu diisnondirngu ».  : 139-143 
[[File:Abbega_Chief_of_Lokoja.png|left|thumb|237x237px|Abbega, mawɗo wuro Lokoja]]
E nder laawol makko fayde Lokoja, Mai Maina heɓi ɓataake ummoraade e Abbega ina yamira mo yo o yah to [[Diiwal Borno|Bornu]] ngam hawritde e Major [[Augustus McClintock]], ofisee politik gadano to Bornu. McClintock yamirinoo ko [[Frederik Lugard, ko Baron Lugard gadano|Frederick Lugard]], guwerneer Fuɗnaange Niiseer, yo jokkondir e [[Fadl-Allah ibn Rabeh az-Zubayr|Fadl-Allah]], ɓiy laamɗo Sudaan biyeteeɗo Rabeh az-Zubayr, laamɗo Bornu . Caggal nde baaba makko sankii, Fadl-Allah ina ɗaɓɓa gollodaade e Angalteer ngam heɓtude Bornu. Caggal batu nguu, Mai Maina arti Kano, ɗo o humpitaa yo o hoot Bornu, o hawra e Kolonel Thomas Morland to Dikwa .  : 144-146 

E hitaande 1902, Mai Maina jokki golle mum e firoore e nder leydi Bornu. O yahdi e ofiseeji koloñaal en to Mafoni ngam hawritde e Shehu Bornu, hono Abubakar Garbai, ngam anndinde mo e dow laawol wonde Emir Bornu Angalteer. Caggal ɗuum, Mai Maina wallitii e umminde wuro Mafoni ngoo e nokku gonɗo to fuɗnaange seeɗa wuro ɓooyngo ngoo, ɗo koɗorɗe kese mahii. Ɓe mahi kadi forso e cuuɗi ɗiɗi mawɗi, caggal ɗuum wonti nokku hoɗorde laamu (GRA) gadano e nder Maiduguri . Ɓooytaani, ofiseeji politik koloñaal gadani e nder diiwaan Bornu, hono W. P. Hewby, Kapiteen G. C. R. Mundy, e Mr. Burdett, ngari Mafoni. [1] : 146-147 [2]
[[File:Fort_Maifoni.png|thumb|269x269px|Foor Mafoni e hitaande 1907]]
E oon sahaa, Shehu Garbai ummiima [[Monguno]], ko ɗoon woni laamorgo makko e sahaa. Shehu en ndonii kaɓirɗe Rabeh mawɗe, ɗe e hitaande 1895 ɓuri mawnude e Afrik worgo.  : 183 Hewby yamiri Shehu yo rokku kaɓirɗe ɗee, ko ɗum Shehu jaɓi e fuɗɗoode. Kono won e jagge makko toowɗe cemmbini mo yo o woppu yamiroore ndee. E wiyde Mai Maina, nde o nani ɗum, o yahi ɗoon e ɗoon to ‘hooreeɓe ɓurɓe ɓadaade’ Shehu, o jeertini ɓe nde ɓe ngoppata Biritaan en, o wiyi hay Rabeh waawaano foolde ɓe. Ndeen o haalani Hewby ngonka ka. Shehu oo, haa jooni ina rokka Hewby balɗe ɗee. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; : 147-148 

Mai Maina yahdi e ardiiɓe koloñaal en to Bornu ngam tabitinde laamu Biritaan en e dow diiwaan keso oo. Ɗum jiidaa e njilluuji e nder diiwaan hee e ‘pacifier’ hoɗɓe heen ɓee, haa arti noon e Emiraaji Fika  : 156-158 e leñol Chibuk kulɓiniingol. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; : 151-153 O seedtiima kadi wolde Burmi ɗo Muhammadu Attahiru, sultan Sokoto gadiiɗo jeytaare, waraa e juuɗe Angalteer e hitaande 1903. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; : 153-155 

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'''Kenneth Crosswaithe Murray''' (1902 – 21 abriil 1972), ɓurɗo anndeede e innde K. C. Murray, ko gardiiɗo naalankaagal e jannginoowo Engele.

Ɓiɗɗo ɗiɗaɓo daartoowo chess HJR Murray e debbo mum Kate Crosthwaite, Murray ko mawniiko jannginoowo e binndoowo nguurndam biyeteeɗo Elisabeth Murray, kadi ko taaniiko Sir James Murray, bayyinoowo ''saggitorde Engele Oxford'' . 

O adii janngude ko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Balliol, Oxford kono caggal ɗuum o yalti ngam janngude naalankaagal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde naalankaagal e karallaagal, to Birmingham. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;  &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Artude [[Lagos|Lagos, Naajeeriya]] ñalnde 14 lewru Duujal hitaande 1927 o waɗi nate defte to Oyo, Oyo (fuɗnaange-rewo Naajeeriya) e ƴeewndorɗe Duɗe Naalankaagal e Karallaagal to Kano e [[Diiwal Katsína|Katsina]] hade makko hootde [[Diiwal Ikko|Lagos]] e lewru Yarkomaa hitaande 1928 ngam jannginde naalankaagal to Kings College, to Duɗal Queen’s Gover College, e to Duɗal Naalankaagal. 

Murray ƴetti lefol e hitaande 1929 ngam janngude poɗɗe e les njiimaandi poɗɗe mawɗo to Angalteer, hono Bernard Leach . O warti lesdi Naajeeriya ngam janngingo naalankaaku haa janngirde laamu Umuahia haa hitaande 1931 nde o hoosi janngirde laamu Ibadan . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)&quot;&gt;ciimtol ina haani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ko yiytude geɗe Nok Head e nder njulaagu tin , ñalnde 28 lewru juko hitaande 1943, Murray wonti wiɗtoowo gadano e nder leydi Najeriya ko faati e ko ɓooyi e nder Sarwiis ko fayti e ko ɓooyi e nder leydi Nijeer (ko ɗum wonti Komiseer ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer ngam ko fayti e koɗkiiji e monumndaaji e hitaande 1979). E nder laamu makko e gardagol Departemaa Antiquités e nder njuɓɓudi koloñaal o sosi Musée Nigerian to Lagos e hitaande 1957. Lomtii mo gardotooɗo ko Bernard Fagg . O rewti haa saare maako haa Takwa Bay Lagos, ammaa ɓaawo man o noddaama wakkati seɗɗa nder hitaande 1963 haa kuugal maako arandewal haa lesdi Naajeeriya waawa heɓugo laamu. [1] [2]

Nde o waɗi ko ɓuri heewde e nguurndam makko mawɗam e nder leydi Najeriya, o heddii e leydi Najeriya hay caggal nde o woppi golle, o woni ko e reende naalankaagal leydi Najeriya.  KC Murray maayi ko e aksidaa laawol to laawol Ijebu Benin ñalnde 21 abriil 1972.  Ɓanndu makko wirnaa ko e yanaande Ikoyi ñalnde 4 mee 1972.

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'''Kenneth Crosswaithe Murray''' (1902 – 21 abriil 1972), ɓurɗo anndeede e innde K. C. Murray, ko gardiiɗo naalankaagal e jannginoowo Engele.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Phyllis Rowlands - Kenneth Crosthwaite Murray&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɓiɗɗo ɗiɗaɓo daartoowo chess HJR Murray e debbo mum Kate Crosthwaite, Murray ko mawniiko jannginoowo e binndoowo nguurndam biyeteeɗo Elisabeth Murray, kadi ko taaniiko Sir James Murray, bayyinoowo ''saggitorde Engele Oxford'' . 

O adii janngude ko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Balliol, Oxford kono caggal ɗuum o yalti ngam janngude naalankaagal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde naalankaagal e karallaagal, to Birmingham. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;  &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Artude [[Lagos|Lagos, Naajeeriya]] ñalnde 14 lewru Duujal hitaande 1927 o waɗi nate defte to Oyo, Oyo (fuɗnaange-rewo Naajeeriya) e ƴeewndorɗe Duɗe Naalankaagal e Karallaagal to Kano e [[Diiwal Katsína|Katsina]] hade makko hootde [[Diiwal Ikko|Lagos]] e lewru Yarkomaa hitaande 1928 ngam jannginde naalankaagal to Kings College, to Duɗal Queen’s Gover College, e to Duɗal Naalankaagal. 

Murray ƴetti lefol e hitaande 1929 ngam janngude poɗɗe e les njiimaandi poɗɗe mawɗo to Angalteer, hono Bernard Leach . O warti lesdi Naajeeriya ngam janngingo naalankaaku haa janngirde laamu Umuahia haa hitaande 1931 nde o hoosi janngirde laamu Ibadan . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)&quot;&gt;ciimtol ina haani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ko yiytude geɗe Nok Head e nder njulaagu tin , ñalnde 28 lewru juko hitaande 1943, Murray wonti wiɗtoowo gadano e nder leydi Najeriya ko faati e ko ɓooyi e nder Sarwiis ko fayti e ko ɓooyi e nder leydi Nijeer (ko ɗum wonti Komiseer ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer ngam ko fayti e koɗkiiji e monumndaaji e hitaande 1979). E nder laamu makko e gardagol Departemaa Antiquités e nder njuɓɓudi koloñaal o sosi Musée Nigerian to Lagos e hitaande 1957. Lomtii mo gardotooɗo ko Bernard Fagg . O rewti haa saare maako haa Takwa Bay Lagos, ammaa ɓaawo man o noddaama wakkati seɗɗa nder hitaande 1963 haa kuugal maako arandewal haa lesdi Naajeeriya waawa heɓugo laamu. [1] [2]

Nde o waɗi ko ɓuri heewde e nguurndam makko mawɗam e nder leydi Najeriya, o heddii e leydi Najeriya hay caggal nde o woppi golle, o woni ko e reende naalankaagal leydi Najeriya.  KC Murray maayi ko e aksidaa laawol to laawol Ijebu Benin ñalnde 21 abriil 1972.  Ɓanndu makko wirnaa ko e yanaande Ikoyi ñalnde 4 mee 1972.

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'''Kenneth Crosswaithe Murray''' (1902 – 21 abriil 1972), ɓurɗo anndeede e innde K. C. Murray, ko gardiiɗo naalankaagal e jannginoowo Engele.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Phyllis Rowlands - Kenneth Crosthwaite Murray&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɓiɗɗo ɗiɗaɓo daartoowo chess HJR Murray e debbo mum Kate Crosthwaite, Murray ko mawniiko jannginoowo e binndoowo nguurndam biyeteeɗo Elisabeth Murray, kadi ko taaniiko Sir James Murray, bayyinoowo ''saggitorde Engele Oxford'' . 

O adii janngude ko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Balliol, Oxford kono caggal ɗuum o yalti ngam janngude naalankaagal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde naalankaagal e karallaagal, to Birmingham. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;  &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Artude [[Lagos|Lagos, Naajeeriya]] ñalnde 14 lewru Duujal hitaande 1927 o waɗi nate defte to Oyo, Oyo (fuɗnaange-rewo Naajeeriya) e ƴeewndorɗe Duɗe Naalankaagal e Karallaagal to Kano e [[Diiwal Katsína|Katsina]] hade makko hootde [[Diiwal Ikko|Lagos]] e lewru Yarkomaa hitaande 1928 ngam jannginde naalankaagal to Kings College, to Duɗal Queen’s Gover College, e to Duɗal Naalankaagal. 

Murray ƴetti lefol e hitaande 1929 ngam janngude poɗɗe e les njiimaandi poɗɗe mawɗo to Angalteer, hono Bernard Leach . O warti lesdi Naajeeriya ngam janngingo naalankaaku haa janngirde laamu Umuahia haa hitaande 1931 nde o hoosi janngirde laamu Ibadan . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)&quot;&gt;ciimtol ina haani&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ko yiytude geɗe Nok Head e nder njulaagu tin , ñalnde 28 lewru juko hitaande 1943, Murray wonti wiɗtoowo gadano e nder leydi Najeriya ko faati e ko ɓooyi e nder Sarwiis ko fayti e ko ɓooyi e nder leydi Nijeer (ko ɗum wonti Komiseer ngenndiijo leydi Nijeer ngam ko fayti e koɗkiiji e monumndaaji e hitaande 1979). E nder laamu makko e gardagol Departemaa Antiquités e nder njuɓɓudi koloñaal o sosi Musée Nigerian to Lagos e hitaande 1957. Lomtii mo gardotooɗo ko Bernard Fagg . O rewti haa saare maako haa Takwa Bay Lagos, ammaa ɓaawo man o noddaama wakkati seɗɗa nder hitaande 1963 haa kuugal maako arandewal haa lesdi Naajeeriya waawa heɓugo laamu. [1] [2]

Nde o waɗi ko ɓuri heewde e nguurndam makko mawɗam e nder leydi Najeriya, o heddii e leydi Najeriya hay caggal nde o woppi golle, o woni ko e reende naalankaagal leydi Najeriya.  KC Murray maayi ko e aksidaa laawol to laawol Ijebu Benin ñalnde 21 abriil 1972.  Ɓanndu makko wirnaa ko e yanaande Ikoyi ñalnde 4 mee 1972.

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    <title>Hari Joonston</title>
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[[File:Portrait_of_Harry_Johnston.jpg|thumb|Harry Johnston, mo Eliyott e Fry winndi .]]
'''Sir Haari Hamilton Johnston''' GCMG KCB (12 suwee 1858 – 31 sulyee 1927) ko njiylawu Angalteer, ganndo leɗɗe, naalanke, njuɓɓudi koloñaal, ganndo ɗemɗe, jahroowo e duuɓi 18 e nder Afrik ngam haalde yoga e ɗemɗe ɗe yimɓe kaalata e ndeen duunde. O yaltinii defte 40 ko faati e geɗe jowitiiɗe e duunde Afrik, o jeyaa ko e daraniiɓe haɓaade Afrik (Scramble for Africa) waɗnoonde e darorɗe teeminannde 19ɓiire.

== Duuɓi gadani ==
Johnston jibinaa ko to Kennington Park, to fuɗnaange Londres, ɓiy John Brooks Johnston e Esther Laetisiya Hamilton. O naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Stockwell, caggal ɗuum o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College to Londres, o rewi heen duuɓi nay o janngi pentugol to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamɗo .  E jokkondirde e jaŋde makko, o yahi Orop e Afrik worgo, o yilliima nder leydi [[Tuniisi|Tuunus]] ndi anndaaka no feewi (e Oropnaaɓe) . 

== Yiylaade e nder Afrik ==
E hitaande 1882, o yilliima [[Anngolaa|Angalteer]] fuɗnaange kanko e Earl of Mayo, e hitaande rewtunde ndee o hawri e Henry Morton Stanley to Konngo, o wonti gooto e Oropnaaɓe adanɓe caggal Stanley yiyde maayo dow maayo Stanley .

Innde makko ƴellitoore addani Royal Geographical Society e Fedde Angalteer toɗɗaade mo gardiiɗo njillu ganndal to tufnde Kilimanjaro e hitaande 1884.  E nder njillu nguu, Johnston waɗi nanondiral e mawɓe nokkuuji ɗii (ɗi ndeen ɓe mbaɗti nanondiral e Sosiyetee Angalteer Fuɗnaange Afrik no Gerwi e fort ), e nder kawgel ngel. &lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; 

== Sarwiis koloñaal Angalteer e yiɗde Kap haa Kayhayɗi ==
E lewru oktoobar 1886, laamu Angalteer toɗɗii mo cukko konsul to [[Kamerun|Kameruun]] e nokku delta [[Maayo Jaaliba|maayo Niiseer]], ɗo protektorat bayyinaa e hitaande 1885, o wonti konsul gardiiɗo e hitaande 1887,  o woppi e laamu, o riiwi mawɗo nokku oo biyeteeɗo Jaja .

Nde o woni to Afrik worgo e hitaande 1886, Johnston ƴetti ko wiyetee « kartal fanniyankeewal » miijooji makko no duunde Afrik feccirtee hakkunde laamuuji koloñaal. Ɗumɗoo ina ɗaminii bolokaaji ɗiɗi koloniiji Angalteer, heen gooto ko leydi jokkondirndi e Afrik worgo, falnde [[Maayo Niil|Niil]] e ko ɓuri heewde e Afrik fuɗnaange haa fuɗnaange maayo Tanganyika e maayo Nyasa, goɗɗo oo ko Afrik fuɗnaange fuɗnaange Zambezi . Ɗum addi ko fedde jokkondirnde e njiimaandi Portigaal gila [[Anngolaa|Angalteer]] haa [[Mozammbik|Mosammbik]] e Almaañ ina joginoo ko ɓuri heewde e daande maayo Fuɗnaange Afrik. 

Eɓɓaande adannde ngam waɗde laawol laana njoorndi hakkunde Kap feewde Kayhayɗi , ko Edwin Arnold, gardinooɗo jaaynde ''Daily Telegraph'' e oon sahaa, ballitooɗo e yahdu HM Stanley feewde Afrik ngam yiytude laawol maayo Konngo, waɗi ɗum e hitaande 1874 .  Laawol ngol ƴettaa ngol ina waɗi jillondiral laawol laana njoorndi e maayo hakkunde Elizabethville, jooni Lubumbashi to Konngo Belsik e Sennar to [[Sudan|Sudaan]] wonaa laawol laana njoorndi timmungol.  Johnston caggal mum jaɓi ñamaande mum e Stanley e Arnold e nde o woni e njulaagu to Angalteer e hitaande 1888, o wuurtini miijo Kap-to-Kaayi ngam heɓde fedde jokkondirnde e leydi Angalteer les Afrik e nder yeewtere e Lord Salisbury . Ndeen Johnston yaltinii winndannde ballitoore miijo ngoo e nder ''Times'' tawa o anndaaka, hono « by an African Explorer » caggal ɗuum e hitaande 1888 e hitaande 1889 o yaltinii binndanɗe keewɗe e jaayɗe e jaayɗe goɗɗe tawa Salisbury jaɓii ɗum e dow deeƴre. 

== Ko ƴaañde ngam Katanga ==
Koolol Berlin ngol rokkiino Katanga e fannu doole laamɗo Leopold mo Belsik to Konngo, kono e nder kuulal baɗngal Berlin ngal, ɗum ko huunde nde joofataa tan. E lewru sulyee 1890, Leopold salii to Lord Salisbury wonde Johnston, hono gardiiɗo Cecil Rhodes, ina cirƴa karte kollitooje wonde Dowla Konngo ina jeyaa heen Katanga, e nder jaabawol naamne Salisbury, e lewru ut 1890 Johnston hollitii haala Rhodes ko feewti e fenaande, ina waɗi heen fenaande ndeenka. 

E lewru noowammbar 1890, ngam hollirde ko o wiynoo koo, Johnston neldi Alfred Sharpe (mo wonata lomto makko to Nyasaland) ngam golloraade Rhodes e Sosiyetee Angalteer Afrik worgo (BSAC), ngam heɓde nanondiral e Msiri, ko huunde nde ina waawi saabaade kiris hakkunde Angalteer e Belsik. Sharpe dañii nanondiral e Msiri, hay so tawii o dañii nanondiral e Mwata Kazembe ngam suɗaade bannge fuɗnaange maayo Luapula e maayo Mweru, e mawɓe woɗɓe suddaade bannge worgo maayo Tanganyika . Nde Leopold kadi seppi Salisbury e lewru mee 1891, cakkitiiɗo oo fotnoo ko jaɓde wonde Msiri siifondiraani nanondiral ɗaɓɓungal ndeenka Angalteer, o acci Katanga ina udditanaa koloñaal Belsik. E hitaande 1891 Leopold neldi fedde wiyeteende Katanga. Johnston haɗi nde naatde Katanga rewrude e Nyasaland, kono nde rewi ko e Afrik fuɗnaange Almaañ e nokku mum, nde ƴetti Katanga caggal nde wari Msiri. Keeri fuɗnaange Dowla Konngo ko nanondiral Angalteer e Konngo 1894. [1]

== Nyasaland (Afrik hakkundeejo Angalteer) ==
[[File:Henry_Hamilton_Johnston00.jpg|left|thumb|Natal Hari Jonston mo Teodoor Blake Wirgman waɗi (1894)]]
E hitaande 1879, laamu Portigaal ƴetti e dow laawol nokku oo to fuɗnaange e fuɗnaange [[Ruo River|maayo Ruo]] (hannde ko keeri fuɗnaange-rewo [[Malawi]] ) caggal ɗuum, e hitaande 1882, heɓti falnde maayo Shire les haa fuɗnaange Ruo. Nde etinooma heɓde jaɓgol Biritaannaaɓe e ndee ɗaɓɓaande kono nde dañaani heen nafoore, nde dañaani kadi wiyde wonde Shire Highlands ina jeyaa e Afrik fuɗnaange Portigaal, nde tawnoo nde wonaa e les njiimaandi laamu  Haa e hitaande 1888, Biro caggal leydi Biritaannaaɓe jaɓataa jogaade ballal e misiyoŋaaji Biritaannaaɓe e koɗdiiɗo trike to Afrik kono Shire La Highlands ina joginoo wonta sosiyetee Chartered jogiiɗo nafooje toon e saraaji daande maayo Malawi . 

Kono, e hitaande 1885-86, Alexandre de Serpa Pinto waɗiino yah-ngartaa haa yettii Shire Highlands, tawi alaa ko waawi heen waɗde so wonaa nanondiral reende e mawɓe Yao to bannge hirnaange maayo Malawi.  Ngam haɗde Portigaalnaaɓe heɓtude leydi ndii, e lewru noowammbar 1888, Johnston toɗɗaa Komiseer e Konsul Jeneral wonande diiwanuuji Mosammbik e Nyasa, o ari Blantyre e lewru marse 1889.  E nder laawol makko ngam ƴettude toɗɗagol makko, Johnston waɗii jonte jeegom e nanondiral Portigaal en to [[Lisbon]] e fannuuji doole Angalteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Afrik. Kono, nde tawnoo eɓɓaande nanondiral ngal hollitaaki no feewi ko Shire Highlands yaltini e fannu Portigaal, ɗum saliima e Biro caggal leydi . 

Ina jeyaa e caɗeele keewɗe teeŋtuɗe, hare Karonga, luural hakkunde yeeyooɓe Swahili en e jiyaaɓe e ƴiye e sehilaaɓe mum en Henga bannge gooto e Sosiyetee njulaagu Afrik e pelle leñol Ngonde e bannge goɗɗo oo puɗɗinoo e hitaande 1887.  No Johnston alaa doole maantinɗe agree agree e Swahi e oon sahaa e S 1889,  kono njulaagu Swahili en njokkaani e sarɗiiji mayre. 

E darorɗe hitaande 1888 e puɗal hitaande 1889, laamu Portigaal neldi njilluuji ɗiɗi ngam waɗde nanondiral ndeenka e mawɓe nokkuuji ɗii, gooto e gardagol Antonio Cardoso ummii feewde maayo Malawi, goɗɗo o e gardagol Alexandre de Serpa Pinto ummiima dow falnde Shire. Hakkunde maɓɓe, ɓe mbaɗdi ko ina ɓura capanɗe ɗiɗi nanondiral e mawɓe leydi wiyeteende hannde Malawi ndii.  Johnston hawri e Serpa Pinto e lewru ut 1889, fuɗnaange Ruo, o wasiyii ɗum nde woppataa maayo ngoo, kono Serpa Pinto yejjiti ɗum, o tacci maayo ngoo haa to [[Chiromo]], jooni ko Malawi.  E lewru suwee, caggal hareeji tokoosi hakkunde doole Serpa Pinto e Afriknaaɓe nokku oo, cukko Johnston bayyini wonde ko kañum woni Protektoraat Shire Highlands, hay so tawii noon yamiroore luulndiinde ɗum.  Bayyinaango Johnston ngam ɓeydude ndeenka fuɗnaange maayo Malawi, ndeenka diiwanuuji Nyasaland, ko Biro caggal leydi jaɓi ɗum e lewru mee 1891. 

Johnston ari Chiromo, to fuɗnaange Nyasaland, ñalnde 16 sulyee 1891.  E oon sahaa, o suɓiima tawo kippu worɓe potɓe wallitde e sosde njuɓɓudi protektorat keso oo. Ina jeyaa heen Alfred Sharpe (cukko komisariyaajo Johnston), Bertram L. Sclater (ƴeewndotooɗo, waɗoowo laawol, e komandant konstabula), [[Alexander Whyte (Zoologist)|Alexander Whyte]] (ganndo ko faati e kullon ladde, potnooɗo yiytude kullon kesi keewɗi e nder Nyasaland), [[Cecil Montgomery Maguire]] [[Hugh Charlie Marshall|(]] komandaajo konu Marshagh C). Njoɓdi e Posto ngam diiwaan Chiromo), John Buchanan (demoowo gonɗo to Nyasaland gila 1876, mo Johnston toɗɗii mo cukko konsul), e woɗɓe.

== Tuugnorgal ==

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[[File:Portrait_of_Harry_Johnston.jpg|thumb|Harry Johnston, mo Eliyott e Fry winndi .]]
'''Sir Haari Hamilton Johnston''' GCMG KCB (12 suwee 1858 – 31 sulyee 1927) ko njiylawu Angalteer, ganndo leɗɗe, naalanke, njuɓɓudi koloñaal, ganndo ɗemɗe, jahroowo e duuɓi 18 e nder Afrik ngam haalde yoga e ɗemɗe ɗe yimɓe kaalata e ndeen duunde. O yaltinii defte 40 ko faati e geɗe jowitiiɗe e duunde Afrik, o jeyaa ko e daraniiɓe haɓaade Afrik (Scramble for Africa) waɗnoonde e darorɗe teeminannde 19ɓiire.

== Duuɓi gadani ==
Johnston jibinaa ko to Kennington Park, to fuɗnaange Londres, ɓiy John Brooks Johnston e Esther Laetisiya Hamilton. O naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Stockwell, caggal ɗuum o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College to Londres, o rewi heen duuɓi nay o janngi pentugol to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamɗo .  E jokkondirde e jaŋde makko, o yahi Orop e Afrik worgo, o yilliima nder leydi [[Tuniisi|Tuunus]] ndi anndaaka no feewi (e Oropnaaɓe) . 

== Yiylaade e nder Afrik ==
E hitaande 1882, o yilliima [[Anngolaa|Angalteer]] fuɗnaange kanko e Earl of Mayo, e hitaande rewtunde ndee o hawri e Henry Morton Stanley to Konngo, o wonti gooto e Oropnaaɓe adanɓe caggal Stanley yiyde maayo dow maayo Stanley .

Innde makko ƴellitoore addani Royal Geographical Society e Fedde Angalteer toɗɗaade mo gardiiɗo njillu ganndal to tufnde Kilimanjaro e hitaande 1884.  E nder njillu nguu, Johnston waɗi nanondiral e mawɓe nokkuuji ɗii (ɗi ndeen ɓe mbaɗti nanondiral e Sosiyetee Angalteer Fuɗnaange Afrik no Gerwi e fort ), e nder kawgel ngel. &lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; 

== Sarwiis koloñaal Angalteer e yiɗde Kap haa Kayhayɗi ==
E lewru oktoobar 1886, laamu Angalteer toɗɗii mo cukko konsul to [[Kamerun|Kameruun]] e nokku delta [[Maayo Jaaliba|maayo Niiseer]], ɗo protektorat bayyinaa e hitaande 1885, o wonti konsul gardiiɗo e hitaande 1887,  o woppi e laamu, o riiwi mawɗo nokku oo biyeteeɗo Jaja .

Nde o woni to Afrik worgo e hitaande 1886, Johnston ƴetti ko wiyetee « kartal fanniyankeewal » miijooji makko no duunde Afrik feccirtee hakkunde laamuuji koloñaal. Ɗumɗoo ina ɗaminii bolokaaji ɗiɗi koloniiji Angalteer, heen gooto ko leydi jokkondirndi e Afrik worgo, falnde [[Maayo Niil|Niil]] e ko ɓuri heewde e Afrik fuɗnaange haa fuɗnaange maayo Tanganyika e maayo Nyasa, goɗɗo oo ko Afrik fuɗnaange fuɗnaange Zambezi . Ɗum addi ko fedde jokkondirnde e njiimaandi Portigaal gila [[Anngolaa|Angalteer]] haa [[Mozammbik|Mosammbik]] e Almaañ ina joginoo ko ɓuri heewde e daande maayo Fuɗnaange Afrik. 

Eɓɓaande adannde ngam waɗde laawol laana njoorndi hakkunde Kap feewde Kayhayɗi , ko Edwin Arnold, gardinooɗo jaaynde ''Daily Telegraph'' e oon sahaa, ballitooɗo e yahdu HM Stanley feewde Afrik ngam yiytude laawol maayo Konngo, waɗi ɗum e hitaande 1874 .  Laawol ngol ƴettaa ngol ina waɗi jillondiral laawol laana njoorndi e maayo hakkunde Elizabethville, jooni Lubumbashi to Konngo Belsik e Sennar to [[Sudan|Sudaan]] wonaa laawol laana njoorndi timmungol.  Johnston caggal mum jaɓi ñamaande mum e Stanley e Arnold e nde o woni e njulaagu to Angalteer e hitaande 1888, o wuurtini miijo Kap-to-Kaayi ngam heɓde fedde jokkondirnde e leydi Angalteer les Afrik e nder yeewtere e Lord Salisbury . Ndeen Johnston yaltinii winndannde ballitoore miijo ngoo e nder ''Times'' tawa o anndaaka, hono « by an African Explorer » caggal ɗuum e hitaande 1888 e hitaande 1889 o yaltinii binndanɗe keewɗe e jaayɗe e jaayɗe goɗɗe tawa Salisbury jaɓii ɗum e dow deeƴre. 

== Ko ƴaañde ngam Katanga ==
Koolol Berlin ngol rokkiino Katanga e fannu doole laamɗo Leopold mo Belsik to Konngo, kono e nder kuulal baɗngal Berlin ngal, ɗum ko huunde nde joofataa tan. E lewru sulyee 1890, Leopold salii to Lord Salisbury wonde Johnston, hono gardiiɗo Cecil Rhodes, ina cirƴa karte kollitooje wonde Dowla Konngo ina jeyaa heen Katanga, e nder jaabawol naamne Salisbury, e lewru ut 1890 Johnston hollitii haala Rhodes ko feewti e fenaande, ina waɗi heen fenaande ndeenka. 

E lewru noowammbar 1890, ngam hollirde ko o wiynoo koo, Johnston neldi Alfred Sharpe (mo wonata lomto makko to Nyasaland) ngam golloraade Rhodes e Sosiyetee Angalteer Afrik worgo (BSAC), ngam heɓde nanondiral e Msiri, ko huunde nde ina waawi saabaade kiris hakkunde Angalteer e Belsik. Sharpe dañii nanondiral e Msiri, hay so tawii o dañii nanondiral e Mwata Kazembe ngam suɗaade bannge fuɗnaange maayo Luapula e maayo Mweru, e mawɓe woɗɓe suddaade bannge worgo maayo Tanganyika . Nde Leopold kadi seppi Salisbury e lewru mee 1891, cakkitiiɗo oo fotnoo ko jaɓde wonde Msiri siifondiraani nanondiral ɗaɓɓungal ndeenka Angalteer, o acci Katanga ina udditanaa koloñaal Belsik. E hitaande 1891 Leopold neldi fedde wiyeteende Katanga. Johnston haɗi nde naatde Katanga rewrude e Nyasaland, kono nde rewi ko e Afrik fuɗnaange Almaañ e nokku mum, nde ƴetti Katanga caggal nde wari Msiri. Keeri fuɗnaange Dowla Konngo ko nanondiral Angalteer e Konngo 1894. [1]

== Nyasaland (Afrik hakkundeejo Angalteer) ==
[[File:Henry_Hamilton_Johnston00.jpg|left|thumb|Natal Hari Jonston mo Teodoor Blake Wirgman waɗi (1894)]]
E hitaande 1879, laamu Portigaal ƴetti e dow laawol nokku oo to fuɗnaange e fuɗnaange [[Ruo River|maayo Ruo]] (hannde ko keeri fuɗnaange-rewo [[Malawi]] ) caggal ɗuum, e hitaande 1882, heɓti falnde maayo Shire les haa fuɗnaange Ruo. Nde etinooma heɓde jaɓgol Biritaannaaɓe e ndee ɗaɓɓaande kono nde dañaani heen nafoore, nde dañaani kadi wiyde wonde Shire Highlands ina jeyaa e Afrik fuɗnaange Portigaal, nde tawnoo nde wonaa e les njiimaandi laamu  Haa e hitaande 1888, Biro caggal leydi Biritaannaaɓe jaɓataa jogaade ballal e misiyoŋaaji Biritaannaaɓe e koɗdiiɗo trike to Afrik kono Shire La Highlands ina joginoo wonta sosiyetee Chartered jogiiɗo nafooje toon e saraaji daande maayo Malawi . 

Kono, e hitaande 1885-86, Alexandre de Serpa Pinto waɗiino yah-ngartaa haa yettii Shire Highlands, tawi alaa ko waawi heen waɗde so wonaa nanondiral reende e mawɓe Yao to bannge hirnaange maayo Malawi.  Ngam haɗde Portigaalnaaɓe heɓtude leydi ndii, e lewru noowammbar 1888, Johnston toɗɗaa Komiseer e Konsul Jeneral wonande diiwanuuji Mosammbik e Nyasa, o ari Blantyre e lewru marse 1889.  E nder laawol makko ngam ƴettude toɗɗagol makko, Johnston waɗii jonte jeegom e nanondiral Portigaal en to [[Lisbon]] e fannuuji doole Angalteer to fuɗnaange-rewo Afrik. Kono, nde tawnoo eɓɓaande nanondiral ngal hollitaaki no feewi ko Shire Highlands yaltini e fannu Portigaal, ɗum saliima e Biro caggal leydi . 

Ina jeyaa e caɗeele keewɗe teeŋtuɗe, hare Karonga, luural hakkunde yeeyooɓe Swahili en e jiyaaɓe e ƴiye e sehilaaɓe mum en Henga bannge gooto e Sosiyetee njulaagu Afrik e pelle leñol Ngonde e bannge goɗɗo oo puɗɗinoo e hitaande 1887.  No Johnston alaa doole maantinɗe agree agree e Swahi e oon sahaa e S 1889,  kono njulaagu Swahili en njokkaani e sarɗiiji mayre. 

E darorɗe hitaande 1888 e puɗal hitaande 1889, laamu Portigaal neldi njilluuji ɗiɗi ngam waɗde nanondiral ndeenka e mawɓe nokkuuji ɗii, gooto e gardagol Antonio Cardoso ummii feewde maayo Malawi, goɗɗo o e gardagol Alexandre de Serpa Pinto ummiima dow falnde Shire. Hakkunde maɓɓe, ɓe mbaɗdi ko ina ɓura capanɗe ɗiɗi nanondiral e mawɓe leydi wiyeteende hannde Malawi ndii.  Johnston hawri e Serpa Pinto e lewru ut 1889, fuɗnaange Ruo, o wasiyii ɗum nde woppataa maayo ngoo, kono Serpa Pinto yejjiti ɗum, o tacci maayo ngoo haa to [[Chiromo]], jooni ko Malawi.  E lewru suwee, caggal hareeji tokoosi hakkunde doole Serpa Pinto e Afriknaaɓe nokku oo, cukko Johnston bayyini wonde ko kañum woni Protektoraat Shire Highlands, hay so tawii noon yamiroore luulndiinde ɗum.  Bayyinaango Johnston ngam ɓeydude ndeenka fuɗnaange maayo Malawi, ndeenka diiwanuuji Nyasaland, ko Biro caggal leydi jaɓi ɗum e lewru mee 1891. 

Johnston ari Chiromo, to fuɗnaange Nyasaland, ñalnde 16 sulyee 1891.  E oon sahaa, o suɓiima tawo kippu worɓe potɓe wallitde e sosde njuɓɓudi protektorat keso oo. Ina jeyaa heen Alfred Sharpe (cukko komisariyaajo Johnston), Bertram L. Sclater (ƴeewndotooɗo, waɗoowo laawol, e komandant konstabula), [[Alexander Whyte (Zoologist)|Alexander Whyte]] (ganndo ko faati e kullon ladde, potnooɗo yiytude kullon kesi keewɗi e nder Nyasaland), [[Cecil Montgomery Maguire]] [[Hugh Charlie Marshall|(]] komandaajo konu Marshagh C). Njoɓdi e Posto ngam diiwaan Chiromo), John Buchanan (demoowo gonɗo to Nyasaland gila 1876, mo Johnston toɗɗii mo cukko konsul), e woɗɓe.

== Tuugnorgal ==

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'''Cyril Hammond Elgee''' (18 oktoobar 1871 – 17 ut 1917) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer to leydi Nijeer, jooɗiiɗo to [[Ibadan]] e sahaa nde juɓɓule koloñaal baɗɗe faayiida ɗee ndartinaa. E nder wolde adunaare adannde (1914-18) o woniino komisariyaajo gardiiɗo Montserrat e nder yontaaji.

== Duuɓi gadani ==
Cyril Hammond Elgie (caggal ɗuum o wayli innde makko o waɗti ɗum Elgee) jibinaa ko ñalnde 18 oktoobar 1871, ko ɓiy mawɗo diineyanke biyeteeɗo Walter Francis Elgie. {{Sfn|Cyril Hammond Elgie ... Yonge}} {{Sfn|Jarvis|2014}} Yumma makko ko Catherine, ɓiy Kolonel F. Hammond mo konu 75, debbo Kapiteen Webber mo konu 42. O sankii ko ñalnde 25 feebariyee 1881. Cyril naati to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lancing ngam wonde ganndo e lewru mee 1885, o yalti e lewru sulyee 1889. {{Sfn|Orig Foto Kolonien Cpt. C.H. Elgee}} O naati to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde konu Royal, Sandhurst e hitaande 1890. {{Sfn|The Lancing College Magazine, 1890}}

== Kugal ==
[[File:Defense_Force,_Montserrat,_1915.png|thumb|Doole difaade, Montserrat, 1915. Joɗɗiiɗo e hakkunde, nano haa ñaamo : Lietnaa. Dyett, Kapiteen Elgee (Komiser gardiiɗo golle), Kapiteen Ruane, Kanko Hayens]]
E hitaande 1892 Elgee wonti lietnaa ɗiɗaɓo e nder konu Bedfordshire. {{Sfn|The Lancing College Magazine, 1890}} O waɗtaa lietnaa e hitaande 1893. E hitaande 1895 o golliima e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e ballal Chitral . O artiraa e kapiteen e hitaande 1899. {{Sfn|Orig Foto Kolonien Cpt. C.H. Elgee}} Ñalnde 28 ut 1899, haalaama wonde Elgee ƴettitaama ngam golloraade Biro Koloñaal. {{Sfn|Line Battalions, New Annual Army List 1900}} Toɗɗaa ñalnde 1 lewru Yarkomaa 1903, o fuɗɗii golle makko e lewru feebariyee 1903, o woniino hoɗnooɗo e leydi Angalteer to [[Ibadan]], leydi Nijeer tuggi lewru feebariyee 1903 haa 1913. {{Sfn|Elgee|1914}} O lomtii FC Fuller ko hoɗnooɗo to Ibadan. {{Sfn|Falola|1999}} Elgee ina joginoo ardiiɓe Ibadan e neɗɗaagal e teddungal. {{Sfn|Falola|1999}} Kono tan, o ɓadtaaki yimɓe aadee en. {{Sfn|Falola|1999}} E hitaande 1903 Elgee winndii e &quot;ja66al jaawngal 6ooygol ngol yim6e 6ee mbacfi e yahrude yeeso faggudu e politik. Ina woodi 6amtaare mawnde e sarwisaaji postooji e 6amtaare leydi. Firaasuuji jeegom Oropnaaɓe sosaa ko e hitaande 1903. Firaasuuji jeegom Oropnaaɓe sosaa ko e hitaande 1903. Firaasuuji capanɗe joyi e joy (25) ina njoginoo firooɓe Almaañ, Engele, Farayse e Beresiil {{Sfn|Adewoye|1986}} Elgee winndi ko fayti e mbaydi sariya e hitaande 1904, 1904.
 
Tuugnaade e nanondiral e laamuuji Yoruba, laamuuji koloñaal keɓii mbaawka ñaawde won e geɗe siwil ɗe yimɓe ɓe ngonaa jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii, e won e geɗe bonɗe ɗe yimɓe jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii mbaɗata so tawii ko ɗe jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii walla koɗdiiɗo leydi ndii. Ko sifaa sariyaaji Engele baylaaɗi naati. [1] Elgee sosi laamu leydi Ibadan, udditi Kaalis, Dowlaaji. Polis e Sekretariyaa, e gollorɗe binnditagol. [1] O woppi golle makko e konu e hitaande 1904. [1] E hitaande 1906 o sosi duɗal Baale ngam rokkude ɓiɓɓe ɓee janngirɗe e mawɓe nokkuuji ɗii. Duɗal ngal alaa ɗo haaɗi nde tawnoo mawɓe ɓee neldataa toon ɓiɓɓe mum en hay so tawii laamuuji Angalteer ina njiɗi ɗum en. [1] Binndanɗe laana ndiwoowa ina kollita Kapiteen CH Elgee ina hoota Angalteer ummoraade Afrik worgo ñalnde 4 mee 1907, ñalnde 16 suwee 1910, ñalnde 23 abriil 1912 e ñalnde 14 desaambar 1913. [1] [lower-alpha 1]

Elgee wonnoo ko Komiseer gardiiɗo, Montserrat e hitaande 1915. {{Sfn|The Times History of the War 1921}} E hitaande 1916 wonno ko binndanɗe ko faati e golle Kapiteen C. H. Elgee e laamu to Montserrat . {{Sfn|Mr C H Elgee, National Archives 1916}} Elgee maayi ko ñalnde 17 lewru bowte hitaande 1917, ina yahra e duuɓi 45. {{Sfn|Cyril Hammond Elgie ... Yonge}} Egliis St Mathew, Otterbourne ina jogii nate njamndi mboɗeeri ngam siftorde mo e nate miñiiko biyeteeɗo Hugh Francis Elgee, baraaɗo e golle to Gallipoli e hitaande 1915. Baaba maɓɓe wonnoo ko vicar par par. {{Sfn|Jarvis|2014}}

== Tuugnorgal ==
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'''Cyril Hammond Elgee''' (18 oktoobar 1871 – 17 ut 1917) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer to leydi Nijeer, jooɗiiɗo to [[Ibadan]] e sahaa nde juɓɓule koloñaal baɗɗe faayiida ɗee ndartinaa. E nder wolde adunaare adannde (1914-18) o woniino komisariyaajo gardiiɗo Montserrat e nder yontaaji.

== Duuɓi gadani ==
Cyril Hammond Elgie (caggal ɗuum o wayli innde makko o waɗti ɗum Elgee) jibinaa ko ñalnde 18 oktoobar 1871, ko ɓiy mawɗo diineyanke biyeteeɗo Walter Francis Elgie. {{Sfn|Cyril Hammond Elgie ... Yonge}} {{Sfn|Jarvis|2014}} Yumma makko ko Catherine, ɓiy Kolonel F. Hammond mo konu 75, debbo Kapiteen Webber mo konu 42. O sankii ko ñalnde 25 feebariyee 1881. Cyril naati to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Lancing ngam wonde ganndo e lewru mee 1885, o yalti e lewru sulyee 1889. {{Sfn|Orig Foto Kolonien Cpt. C.H. Elgee}} O naati to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde konu Royal, Sandhurst e hitaande 1890. {{Sfn|The Lancing College Magazine, 1890}}

== Kugal ==
[[File:Defense_Force,_Montserrat,_1915.png|thumb|Doole difaade, Montserrat, 1915. Joɗɗiiɗo e hakkunde, nano haa ñaamo : Lietnaa. Dyett, Kapiteen Elgee (Komiser gardiiɗo golle), Kapiteen Ruane, Kanko Hayens]]
E hitaande 1892 Elgee wonti lietnaa ɗiɗaɓo e nder konu Bedfordshire. {{Sfn|The Lancing College Magazine, 1890}} O waɗtaa lietnaa e hitaande 1893. E hitaande 1895 o golliima e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e ballal Chitral . O artiraa e kapiteen e hitaande 1899. {{Sfn|Orig Foto Kolonien Cpt. C.H. Elgee}} Ñalnde 28 ut 1899, haalaama wonde Elgee ƴettitaama ngam golloraade Biro Koloñaal. {{Sfn|Line Battalions, New Annual Army List 1900}} Toɗɗaa ñalnde 1 lewru Yarkomaa 1903, o fuɗɗii golle makko e lewru feebariyee 1903, o woniino hoɗnooɗo e leydi Angalteer to [[Ibadan]], leydi Nijeer tuggi lewru feebariyee 1903 haa 1913. {{Sfn|Elgee|1914}} O lomtii FC Fuller ko hoɗnooɗo to Ibadan. {{Sfn|Falola|1999}} Elgee ina joginoo ardiiɓe Ibadan e neɗɗaagal e teddungal. {{Sfn|Falola|1999}} Kono tan, o ɓadtaaki yimɓe aadee en. {{Sfn|Falola|1999}} E hitaande 1903 Elgee winndii e &quot;ja66al jaawngal 6ooygol ngol yim6e 6ee mbacfi e yahrude yeeso faggudu e politik. Ina woodi 6amtaare mawnde e sarwisaaji postooji e 6amtaare leydi. Firaasuuji jeegom Oropnaaɓe sosaa ko e hitaande 1903. Firaasuuji jeegom Oropnaaɓe sosaa ko e hitaande 1903. Firaasuuji capanɗe joyi e joy (25) ina njoginoo firooɓe Almaañ, Engele, Farayse e Beresiil {{Sfn|Adewoye|1986}} Elgee winndi ko fayti e mbaydi sariya e hitaande 1904, 1904.
 
Tuugnaade e nanondiral e laamuuji Yoruba, laamuuji koloñaal keɓii mbaawka ñaawde won e geɗe siwil ɗe yimɓe ɓe ngonaa jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii, e won e geɗe bonɗe ɗe yimɓe jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii mbaɗata so tawii ko ɗe jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii walla koɗdiiɗo leydi ndii. Ko sifaa sariyaaji Engele baylaaɗi naati. [1] Elgee sosi laamu leydi Ibadan, udditi Kaalis, Dowlaaji. Polis e Sekretariyaa, e gollorɗe binnditagol. [1] O woppi golle makko e konu e hitaande 1904. [1] E hitaande 1906 o sosi duɗal Baale ngam rokkude ɓiɓɓe ɓee janngirɗe e mawɓe nokkuuji ɗii. Duɗal ngal alaa ɗo haaɗi nde tawnoo mawɓe ɓee neldataa toon ɓiɓɓe mum en hay so tawii laamuuji Angalteer ina njiɗi ɗum en. [1] Binndanɗe laana ndiwoowa ina kollita Kapiteen CH Elgee ina hoota Angalteer ummoraade Afrik worgo ñalnde 4 mee 1907, ñalnde 16 suwee 1910, ñalnde 23 abriil 1912 e ñalnde 14 desaambar 1913. [1] [lower-alpha 1]

Elgee wonnoo ko Komiseer gardiiɗo, Montserrat e hitaande 1915. {{Sfn|The Times History of the War 1921}} E hitaande 1916 wonno ko binndanɗe ko faati e golle Kapiteen C. H. Elgee e laamu to Montserrat . {{Sfn|Mr C H Elgee, National Archives 1916}} Elgee maayi ko ñalnde 17 lewru bowte hitaande 1917, ina yahra e duuɓi 45. {{Sfn|Cyril Hammond Elgie ... Yonge}} Egliis St Mathew, Otterbourne ina jogii nate njamndi mboɗeeri ngam siftorde mo e nate miñiiko biyeteeɗo Hugh Francis Elgee, baraaɗo e golle to Gallipoli e hitaande 1915. Baaba maɓɓe wonnoo ko vicar par par. {{Sfn|Jarvis|2014}}

== Tuugnorgal ==
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'''Norman Witchell Biggs'''   (3 noowammbar 1870 – 27 feebariyee 1908) ko fedde rugby hakkunde leyɗeele Galles, fiyoowo rugby club ngam Cardiff e rugby diiwaan ngam Glamorgan .    Biggs e miñi mum Selwyn fof ina njuɓɓina rugby hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Galles, hay so tawii noon ɓe meeɗaa fiyde e nder pottital gootal wonande Galles. Biggs kadi ina fijira kirikit e Glamorgan e hitaande 1893 o jeyaa ko e kippu ƴettuɗo Cardiff e pottital balɗe ɗiɗi ; o fotndi e miñiiko biyeteeɗo Selwyn, jeyaaɗo e kippu Cardiff. 

Biggs ina teskaa e wonde tergal e kippu Wales keɓɗo njeenaari Triple Crown e hitaande 1893, ko kanko woni suka ɓurɗo famɗude e kawgel ngam lomtaade kippu hakkunde leyɗeele Wales, limre nde o joginoo ko ina ɓura teeminannde, e ngonkaaji ɗi o meeɗaa yiyde e maayde makko e mboros tooke .  

== Daartol aranol ==
Norman Biggs jibinaa ko to wuro wiyeteengo John e Emily Biggs.  Baaba makko, hoɗnooɗo to Park Place e nder caka wuro ngoo, ko jom njulaagu, joginooɗo njulaagu to Cardiff e Bristol. &lt;ref name=&quot;Census&quot; /&gt; Biggs janngii e duɗe keewɗe jeyi leydi ina jeyaa heen duɗal Lewinsdale to Weston-super-Mare, hade makko naatde e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cardiff e caggal ɗuum Trinity Hall to Cambridge, omo fijira rugby e kippuuji duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɗiɗmal ngal.    Ina wiyee wonde Biggs fotnoo ko dañde ‘Blue’ dingiral nde o woni to Cambridge, kono gaañannde e reedu makko haɗi mo heɓde.  Ko wonaa fiyde rugby, Biggs ko dognoowo keewɗo doole kadi omo waawi dogaade 100 yard e nder waktuuji potɗi, kadi omo waawi foolde Charlton Monypenny, kaɓantooɗo dogdu winndere ndee e ndeeɗoo woɗɗude. &lt;ref name=&quot;Weekly Times&quot; /&gt; Nde o arti Cardiff o naati e njulaagu baaba makko.   E hitaande 1887, Biggs waɗii pottital mum gadanal mawngal e nder Cardiff RFC, e nder pottital Penarth . Biggs ummorii ko e galle mawɗo diine, omo jeyaa e banndiraaɓe jeegom fiyooɓe rugby e Cardiff. Miñiraaɓe makko ɓurɓe teskinde ko Selwyn, mo kadi fiyi e Wales, e Cecil, mo kapiteen Cardiff e sahaa maɓɓe 1904/05. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jenkins21&quot; /&gt;

== Golle rugby ==

=== Debut hakkunde leyɗeele ===
Biggs heɓi kaɓirgal mum gadanal ngam Wales nde o suɓaa ngam fiyde e New Zealand Natives njilluuji e hitaande 1888 to St. Helen's Ground . E oon sahaa Biggs ina yahra e duuɓi 18 e balɗe 49, ɗum noon ko kanko woni suka ɓurɗo famɗude e winndere ndee, ko ɗum woni limre nde duumotoo ko ɓuri teeminannde hade mum taƴde Tom Prydie e hitaande 2010 .   Nuwel Selannde ko kippu gadano njilluuji ummoraade e Hemisphere Sud, ɓe ngaddi heen innde fijo ɓurngo tiiɗde.  Kanko Biggs, jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ɗum ko « nervous palpable » hade mum fuɗɗaade, hay so tawii noon heewɓe e ɓalli ɗii peeñii ko e ruttaade, so wonaa William Stadden e James Webb peeñii e calminaali.  Wonaa tan Biggs joginoo luulndo Māori ngam haɓaade, jamaanu Swansea kadi ina haɓana ekipaaji mum en, nde tawnoo ɓe cikkatnoo ko caggal Swansea fotnoo suɓeede e nokku mum. &lt;ref name=&quot;Billot17&quot; /&gt; Biggs, hono kaɓirgal kesal ngal alaa humpito ummoraade e luulndiiɓe Cardiff, jamaanu nguu suɓii ɗum ko gooto e ɓeen fukuyaŋkooɓe ɓe fotaani e nokku mum, o heckled. &lt;ref name=&quot;Billot17&quot; /&gt; Ɗum fof e wayde noon, kippu Wels heɓi nafoore, e jarribooji ummoraade e Thomas, Towers e Hannan e waylude gooto ummoraade e Webb. Yontere caggal ɗuum ñalnde 29 desaambar, Biggs hawri e turismaaɓe ɓee, oo sahaa e nder kippu Cardiff. Biggs ina mettini e yeewtere mum adannde e nder winndere ndee, kono o artiri mbaadi makko e nder dingiral Cardiff Arms Park .  E nder leƴƴanɗe 90 puɗɗagol pottital ngal, Biggs waɗii &quot;try sparkling&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Billot21&quot; /&gt; Biggs fotnoo ko jolnude kadi, kono o woppi bal caggal nde o tacci liggey e nder ngonkaaji ɓuuɓɗi. Cardiff heɓi heen gool e try e try gooto. 

=== Pijirlooji kawgel ngenndiiji galleeji ===
Caggal mum e hitaande 1888–89, Biggs suɓaama kadi e nder fedde Welsh e nder kawgel ngel e nder hitaande 1889 . O suɓaaka e pottital gadanal e ndeeɗoo hitaande e Ecoppi, kono o jaɓaama e pottital ɗiɗaɓal e cakkitiingal hakkunde Irlannda. E gardagol Arthur Gould, Biggs ina wondi e Abel Davies mo Londres Galles . Galles fooli Irlannda e jarribooji ɗiɗi e nil, ko ngol woni go’o ko Irlanndanaaɓe ina keɓa e leydi Galles.  Biggs e Davies kamɓe ɗiɗo fof ɓe njippinaama e sahaa garoowo.

Ɗuum ƴetti Biggs haa 1892 e kawgel Home Nations Championship ngam heɓtude nokku mum e nder kippu ngenndiijo, kadi o suɓaama e kawgel cakkitiingel kawgel ngel e Irlannda. Hay so tawii ɓalli Galles ina njogii doole Billy Bancroft, miñiraaɓe Evan e David James e Arthur e Bert Gould, kippu Galles oo ɓuri ɗum ko Irlannda mo Victor Le Fanu . Ko ngol woni go’o ko Galles ina foola pottitte tati ɗee kala e nder Championnat. Ko waawi heen wonde fof Biggs suɓaama e pijirlooji tati ɗii fof e kawgel 1893, fof e les njiimaandi &quot;Monkey&quot; Gould. E nder waylo-waylo weeyo ngo ɓe mbaɗi e daawal ɓennungal ngal, Galles dañii heɓde njeenaari tati ndii fof, ƴetti njeenaari tati ndii ko ngol woni go’o e daartol leydi ndii.  Biggs waɗii darnde mawnde e nder sahaa nde o heɓi Triple Crown, o waɗii jarribooji ɗiɗi, heen gooto fof e nder pottitte ɗe o waɗdunoo e Angalteer e Ecoppi. Pijirlooji baɗnooɗi e hitaande 1893 e Ecoppi ina siforee wonde ko Biggs ɓuri waawde fiyde e nder winndere ndee kadi ‘jaawgol makko e fijo makko kuuɓtodinngo ko geɗe teeŋtuɗe ngam heɓde nafoore adannde nde Principality heɓi e Ecoppi to Ecoppi’. 

Biggs fiyi e kawgel hakkunde leyɗeele ɗiɗi goɗɗi ngam Galles, ɗiɗo fof e Championnat 1894 e ɗiin ɗiɗi fof mbaɗii caɗeele. Ñalngu adanngu e kawgel 1894 ko Angalteer, Galles heɓi foolde mawnde, fooli 24-3. E nder yeewtere caggal pottital ngal Biggs naamnaa hol ko waɗi o waasde taccude Harry Bradshaw, mo o dañi try gadano oo ; Biggs jaabii &quot;Tackle him? Ko no mbaawru-mi waɗde fof ngam yaltude e laawol makko!&quot;.   E nder pottital makko gadanal hakkunde makko e Irlannda, Biggs jeyaa ko e fedde Cardiff fof, wondude e Tom Pearson, Dai Fitzgerald e Jack Elliott . International garoowo oo yiyri miñi Biggs biyeteeɗo Selwyn suɓaama ko adii fof, miñiraaɓe ɓee ina ŋakkiraa koye mum en e pottital gootal tan.  

=== Pijirlooji hakkunde leyɗeele mbaɗaama ===
'''Wales''' 

*  England 1893, 1894
*  Ireland 1889, 1892, 1893, 1894
*  Māori 1888
*  Scotland 1893

=== Club e diiwaan ===
Biggs fiyi e Cardiff gila e hitaande 1886-87 haa e hitaande 1898-99, hay so tawii wonaa jokkude, o waɗii heen sahaaji e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1890 to London.  O waɗii 166 pottital e Cardiff, o jeyaa ko e fukuyaŋkooɓe ɓurɓe heewde balɗe ɗe fedde nde feewni. &lt;ref name=&quot;Davies213&quot; /&gt; O waɗii waylooji jarribooji joy walla ko ɓuri ɗum e nder pottital gootal e nder laabi jeeɗiɗi, jeegom e nder yontere wootere (1893–94), e Gloucester, Bristol, Londres Welsh, Penygraig, Exeter e Cardiff &amp; DRU  Duuɓi 1893–94 waɗii balɗe tati e52 njippini golle addani toɓɓe makko 199 toɓɓe.  Ɗum heddii ko limre kippu haa hitaande 1972–73 nde John Davies ɓuri ɗum. &lt;ref name=&quot;Davies427&quot; /&gt; Biggs timmini golle mum to Cardiff e 107 jarribo, nayi ina pamɗi e miñiiko Cecil. 

Biggs fiyiino e kippuuji keewɗi e nder nguurndam mum, ina jeyaa heen Richmond to Angalteer e kippuuji eggiyankooji Welsh biyeteeɗi London Welsh. [1] [2] Ñalnde 24 desaambar 1890, Biggs fiyi e London Welsh e nder pottital hakkunde mum e Cardiff, fedde makko juutnde. Kippu London Welsh waɗii ‘kollirgol bonngol’ ngam foolde Cardiff e jarribo gooto. [3] [4] To bannge diiwaan o lomtii Glamorgan ɗo o fiyi e bannge miñiiko, caggal ɗuum o yalti e Somerset. [1] E nder daawal 1893/94 Biggs waɗtaa kapiteen fedde Cardiff, e nder daawal gootal o ardii Cardiff e kippu noddaango Barbarians, wonaa tan heɓde fijo ngoo kono kadi o waɗii jarribooji ɗiɗi e fiyde waylo-waylo ngo o heɓi. [5] E oon sahaa gooto mo o hawri e Barbarian en e Cardiff, Biggs noddaama ngam tawtoreede turismaaɓe ɓee ; gooto e nayi e banndiraaɓe Biggs ngam fiyde e kippu nguu. Kippu cakkitiiɗo teskinde mo Biggs lomtii ko Bath, kapiteen kippu mawɗo e nder sahaa 1899–1900. [1]

E hitaande 1894 Biggs noddaama ngam fiyde e Barbarians, ñalnde 2 abriil, o fotndi e Rockcliff, o fijira e miñiiko Selwyn, kanko ne omo waɗa yeewtere makko adannde e Barbarian.  Biggs waɗii laabi ɗiɗi goɗɗi e Barbarians, pottitte ɗiɗi ɗee fof ko e Bath Rugby . E nder pottital 1894 Biggs wayli try e nder 14-0, e kawgel 1896 Biggs waɗi try e waylude ɗiɗi e nder 13-13. 

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'''Norman Witchell Biggs'''   (3 noowammbar 1870 – 27 feebariyee 1908) ko fedde rugby hakkunde leyɗeele Galles, fiyoowo rugby club ngam Cardiff e rugby diiwaan ngam Glamorgan .    Biggs e miñi mum Selwyn fof ina njuɓɓina rugby hakkunde leyɗeele wonande Galles, hay so tawii noon ɓe meeɗaa fiyde e nder pottital gootal wonande Galles. Biggs kadi ina fijira kirikit e Glamorgan e hitaande 1893 o jeyaa ko e kippu ƴettuɗo Cardiff e pottital balɗe ɗiɗi ; o fotndi e miñiiko biyeteeɗo Selwyn, jeyaaɗo e kippu Cardiff. 

Biggs ina teskaa e wonde tergal e kippu Wales keɓɗo njeenaari Triple Crown e hitaande 1893, ko kanko woni suka ɓurɗo famɗude e kawgel ngam lomtaade kippu hakkunde leyɗeele Wales, limre nde o joginoo ko ina ɓura teeminannde, e ngonkaaji ɗi o meeɗaa yiyde e maayde makko e mboros tooke .  

== Daartol aranol ==
Norman Biggs jibinaa ko to wuro wiyeteengo John e Emily Biggs.  Baaba makko, hoɗnooɗo to Park Place e nder caka wuro ngoo, ko jom njulaagu, joginooɗo njulaagu to Cardiff e Bristol. &lt;ref name=&quot;Census&quot; /&gt; Biggs janngii e duɗe keewɗe jeyi leydi ina jeyaa heen duɗal Lewinsdale to Weston-super-Mare, hade makko naatde e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cardiff e caggal ɗuum Trinity Hall to Cambridge, omo fijira rugby e kippuuji duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ɗiɗmal ngal.    Ina wiyee wonde Biggs fotnoo ko dañde ‘Blue’ dingiral nde o woni to Cambridge, kono gaañannde e reedu makko haɗi mo heɓde.  Ko wonaa fiyde rugby, Biggs ko dognoowo keewɗo doole kadi omo waawi dogaade 100 yard e nder waktuuji potɗi, kadi omo waawi foolde Charlton Monypenny, kaɓantooɗo dogdu winndere ndee e ndeeɗoo woɗɗude. &lt;ref name=&quot;Weekly Times&quot; /&gt; Nde o arti Cardiff o naati e njulaagu baaba makko.   E hitaande 1887, Biggs waɗii pottital mum gadanal mawngal e nder Cardiff RFC, e nder pottital Penarth . Biggs ummorii ko e galle mawɗo diine, omo jeyaa e banndiraaɓe jeegom fiyooɓe rugby e Cardiff. Miñiraaɓe makko ɓurɓe teskinde ko Selwyn, mo kadi fiyi e Wales, e Cecil, mo kapiteen Cardiff e sahaa maɓɓe 1904/05. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jenkins21&quot; /&gt;

== Golle rugby ==

=== Debut hakkunde leyɗeele ===
Biggs heɓi kaɓirgal mum gadanal ngam Wales nde o suɓaa ngam fiyde e New Zealand Natives njilluuji e hitaande 1888 to St. Helen's Ground . E oon sahaa Biggs ina yahra e duuɓi 18 e balɗe 49, ɗum noon ko kanko woni suka ɓurɗo famɗude e winndere ndee, ko ɗum woni limre nde duumotoo ko ɓuri teeminannde hade mum taƴde Tom Prydie e hitaande 2010 .   Nuwel Selannde ko kippu gadano njilluuji ummoraade e Hemisphere Sud, ɓe ngaddi heen innde fijo ɓurngo tiiɗde.  Kanko Biggs, jaayndeeji ɗii ciftorii ɗum ko « nervous palpable » hade mum fuɗɗaade, hay so tawii noon heewɓe e ɓalli ɗii peeñii ko e ruttaade, so wonaa William Stadden e James Webb peeñii e calminaali.  Wonaa tan Biggs joginoo luulndo Māori ngam haɓaade, jamaanu Swansea kadi ina haɓana ekipaaji mum en, nde tawnoo ɓe cikkatnoo ko caggal Swansea fotnoo suɓeede e nokku mum. &lt;ref name=&quot;Billot17&quot; /&gt; Biggs, hono kaɓirgal kesal ngal alaa humpito ummoraade e luulndiiɓe Cardiff, jamaanu nguu suɓii ɗum ko gooto e ɓeen fukuyaŋkooɓe ɓe fotaani e nokku mum, o heckled. &lt;ref name=&quot;Billot17&quot; /&gt; Ɗum fof e wayde noon, kippu Wels heɓi nafoore, e jarribooji ummoraade e Thomas, Towers e Hannan e waylude gooto ummoraade e Webb. Yontere caggal ɗuum ñalnde 29 desaambar, Biggs hawri e turismaaɓe ɓee, oo sahaa e nder kippu Cardiff. Biggs ina mettini e yeewtere mum adannde e nder winndere ndee, kono o artiri mbaadi makko e nder dingiral Cardiff Arms Park .  E nder leƴƴanɗe 90 puɗɗagol pottital ngal, Biggs waɗii &quot;try sparkling&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Billot21&quot; /&gt; Biggs fotnoo ko jolnude kadi, kono o woppi bal caggal nde o tacci liggey e nder ngonkaaji ɓuuɓɗi. Cardiff heɓi heen gool e try e try gooto. 

=== Pijirlooji kawgel ngenndiiji galleeji ===
Caggal mum e hitaande 1888–89, Biggs suɓaama kadi e nder fedde Welsh e nder kawgel ngel e nder hitaande 1889 . O suɓaaka e pottital gadanal e ndeeɗoo hitaande e Ecoppi, kono o jaɓaama e pottital ɗiɗaɓal e cakkitiingal hakkunde Irlannda. E gardagol Arthur Gould, Biggs ina wondi e Abel Davies mo Londres Galles . Galles fooli Irlannda e jarribooji ɗiɗi e nil, ko ngol woni go’o ko Irlanndanaaɓe ina keɓa e leydi Galles.  Biggs e Davies kamɓe ɗiɗo fof ɓe njippinaama e sahaa garoowo.

Ɗuum ƴetti Biggs haa 1892 e kawgel Home Nations Championship ngam heɓtude nokku mum e nder kippu ngenndiijo, kadi o suɓaama e kawgel cakkitiingel kawgel ngel e Irlannda. Hay so tawii ɓalli Galles ina njogii doole Billy Bancroft, miñiraaɓe Evan e David James e Arthur e Bert Gould, kippu Galles oo ɓuri ɗum ko Irlannda mo Victor Le Fanu . Ko ngol woni go’o ko Galles ina foola pottitte tati ɗee kala e nder Championnat. Ko waawi heen wonde fof Biggs suɓaama e pijirlooji tati ɗii fof e kawgel 1893, fof e les njiimaandi &quot;Monkey&quot; Gould. E nder waylo-waylo weeyo ngo ɓe mbaɗi e daawal ɓennungal ngal, Galles dañii heɓde njeenaari tati ndii fof, ƴetti njeenaari tati ndii ko ngol woni go’o e daartol leydi ndii.  Biggs waɗii darnde mawnde e nder sahaa nde o heɓi Triple Crown, o waɗii jarribooji ɗiɗi, heen gooto fof e nder pottitte ɗe o waɗdunoo e Angalteer e Ecoppi. Pijirlooji baɗnooɗi e hitaande 1893 e Ecoppi ina siforee wonde ko Biggs ɓuri waawde fiyde e nder winndere ndee kadi ‘jaawgol makko e fijo makko kuuɓtodinngo ko geɗe teeŋtuɗe ngam heɓde nafoore adannde nde Principality heɓi e Ecoppi to Ecoppi’. 

Biggs fiyi e kawgel hakkunde leyɗeele ɗiɗi goɗɗi ngam Galles, ɗiɗo fof e Championnat 1894 e ɗiin ɗiɗi fof mbaɗii caɗeele. Ñalngu adanngu e kawgel 1894 ko Angalteer, Galles heɓi foolde mawnde, fooli 24-3. E nder yeewtere caggal pottital ngal Biggs naamnaa hol ko waɗi o waasde taccude Harry Bradshaw, mo o dañi try gadano oo ; Biggs jaabii &quot;Tackle him? Ko no mbaawru-mi waɗde fof ngam yaltude e laawol makko!&quot;.   E nder pottital makko gadanal hakkunde makko e Irlannda, Biggs jeyaa ko e fedde Cardiff fof, wondude e Tom Pearson, Dai Fitzgerald e Jack Elliott . International garoowo oo yiyri miñi Biggs biyeteeɗo Selwyn suɓaama ko adii fof, miñiraaɓe ɓee ina ŋakkiraa koye mum en e pottital gootal tan.  

=== Pijirlooji hakkunde leyɗeele mbaɗaama ===
'''Wales''' 

*  England 1893, 1894
*  Ireland 1889, 1892, 1893, 1894
*  Māori 1888
*  Scotland 1893

=== Club e diiwaan ===
Biggs fiyi e Cardiff gila e hitaande 1886-87 haa e hitaande 1898-99, hay so tawii wonaa jokkude, o waɗii heen sahaaji e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1890 to London.  O waɗii 166 pottital e Cardiff, o jeyaa ko e fukuyaŋkooɓe ɓurɓe heewde balɗe ɗe fedde nde feewni. &lt;ref name=&quot;Davies213&quot; /&gt; O waɗii waylooji jarribooji joy walla ko ɓuri ɗum e nder pottital gootal e nder laabi jeeɗiɗi, jeegom e nder yontere wootere (1893–94), e Gloucester, Bristol, Londres Welsh, Penygraig, Exeter e Cardiff &amp; DRU  Duuɓi 1893–94 waɗii balɗe tati e52 njippini golle addani toɓɓe makko 199 toɓɓe.  Ɗum heddii ko limre kippu haa hitaande 1972–73 nde John Davies ɓuri ɗum. &lt;ref name=&quot;Davies427&quot; /&gt; Biggs timmini golle mum to Cardiff e 107 jarribo, nayi ina pamɗi e miñiiko Cecil. 

Biggs fiyiino e kippuuji keewɗi e nder nguurndam mum, ina jeyaa heen Richmond to Angalteer e kippuuji eggiyankooji Welsh biyeteeɗi London Welsh. [1] [2] Ñalnde 24 desaambar 1890, Biggs fiyi e London Welsh e nder pottital hakkunde mum e Cardiff, fedde makko juutnde. Kippu London Welsh waɗii ‘kollirgol bonngol’ ngam foolde Cardiff e jarribo gooto. [3] [4] To bannge diiwaan o lomtii Glamorgan ɗo o fiyi e bannge miñiiko, caggal ɗuum o yalti e Somerset. [1] E nder daawal 1893/94 Biggs waɗtaa kapiteen fedde Cardiff, e nder daawal gootal o ardii Cardiff e kippu noddaango Barbarians, wonaa tan heɓde fijo ngoo kono kadi o waɗii jarribooji ɗiɗi e fiyde waylo-waylo ngo o heɓi. [5] E oon sahaa gooto mo o hawri e Barbarian en e Cardiff, Biggs noddaama ngam tawtoreede turismaaɓe ɓee ; gooto e nayi e banndiraaɓe Biggs ngam fiyde e kippu nguu. Kippu cakkitiiɗo teskinde mo Biggs lomtii ko Bath, kapiteen kippu mawɗo e nder sahaa 1899–1900. [1]

E hitaande 1894 Biggs noddaama ngam fiyde e Barbarians, ñalnde 2 abriil, o fotndi e Rockcliff, o fijira e miñiiko Selwyn, kanko ne omo waɗa yeewtere makko adannde e Barbarian.  Biggs waɗii laabi ɗiɗi goɗɗi e Barbarians, pottitte ɗiɗi ɗee fof ko e Bath Rugby . E nder pottital 1894 Biggs wayli try e nder 14-0, e kawgel 1896 Biggs waɗi try e waylude ɗiɗi e nder 13-13. 

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'''Sir Teodoor Samuel Adams''' (1885-1961) ko golloowo laamu koloñaal Angalteer. 

Adams heɓi bak mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde All Souls College, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Oxford, o naati e golle laamu koloñaal Angalteer. Posto makko gadano ko kadet to Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Malawi e hitaande 1908. E hitaande 1946, o wonti wasiyaaji laamɓe Malawi to Malawi. Ndeen o waɗii doggol toɗɗagol ɓurngol mawnude e nder leydi Malaya hade makko wonde mawɗo komisariyaajo e nder diiwanuuji worgo leydi Najeriya gila 1937. [1]

Adams waɗii heen geɗal e luural lomto Selangor .

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'''Sir Teodoor Samuel Adams''' (1885-1961) ko golloowo laamu koloñaal Angalteer. 

Adams heɓi bak mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde All Souls College, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Oxford, o naati e golle laamu koloñaal Angalteer. Posto makko gadano ko kadet to Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Malawi e hitaande 1908. E hitaande 1946, o wonti wasiyaaji laamɓe Malawi to Malawi. Ndeen o waɗii doggol toɗɗagol ɓurngol mawnude e nder leydi Malaya hade makko wonde mawɗo komisariyaajo e nder diiwanuuji worgo leydi Najeriya gila 1937. [1]&lt;ref&gt;The International Who's Who 1943-44. 8th edition. George Allen &amp; Unwin, London, 1943, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Adams waɗii heen geɗal e luural lomto Selangor .

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'''Sir Teodoor Samuel Adams''' (1885-1961) ko golloowo laamu koloñaal Angalteer. 

Adams heɓi bak mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde All Souls College, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Oxford, o naati e golle laamu koloñaal Angalteer. Posto makko gadano ko kadet to Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Malawi e hitaande 1908. E hitaande 1946, o wonti wasiyaaji laamɓe Malawi to Malawi. Ndeen o waɗii doggol toɗɗagol ɓurngol mawnude e nder leydi Malaya hade makko wonde mawɗo komisariyaajo e nder diiwanuuji worgo leydi Najeriya gila 1937. [1]&lt;ref&gt;The International Who's Who 1943-44. 8th edition. George Allen &amp; Unwin, London, 1943, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Adams waɗii heen geɗal e luural lomto Selangor .

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Lietnaa-Seneraal '''Sir Edward Piyeer Strickland''', KCB , KBE , CMG , DSO (3 ut 1869 – 24 suwee 1951) ko ofisee konu Angalteer gardinooɗo Division 1 e wolde adunaare adannde .

== Golle konu ==
[[File:The_Official_Visits_To_the_Western_Front,_1914-1918_Q8991.jpg|left|thumb|Laamɗo Arthur, laamɗo Connaught, ina ƴeewndotoo konu bataliyoŋ 2ɓo, Korse laamɗo, Birigade 2ɓo, Division 1ɓo to Le Buissiere, sara Bruay, Farayse, ñalnde 1 sulyee 1918. Dariiɗo bannge nano ekran oo ko Seneraal GOC Strick1st.]]
Janngi ko e duɗal Warwick,  golle konu Strickland puɗɗii ko nde o yamiraa wonde lietnaa e nder bataliyoŋ 7 ( Milisi ), konu laamɗo (KRRC), e lewru abriil 1887  hade makko naatde e konu laamɗo Norfolk (caggal ɗuum Regi38  golliima to [[Miyammar|Birmani]] Toowɗo e hitaande 1888/1889, e nder njillu Dongola e hitaande 1896,  o haɓi e wolde Atbara e wolde Omdurman e hitaande 1898. &lt;ref name=&quot;odnb&quot; /&gt;

O golliima to Fuɗnaange [[Naajeeriya]] gila hitaande 1906, o ardii konu Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya e hitaande 1909. 

O golliima e wolde adunaare adannde ko o gardiiɗo (CO) bataliyoŋ 1, konu Manchester, gila 1914, mo o ardii e Front Ouest . O artiraa e lewru Yarkomaa 1915, o arti e darnde seneraal brigadier, [1], o ƴetti gardagol Biraam Jullundur, o ardii ɗum e wolde Neuve Chapelle e wolde ɗiɗmere Ypres . [2] O toɗɗaa e lewru feebariyee o wonti kolonel brevet [3] o jokki golle makko e wolde ko o ofisee mawɗo gardinooɗo (GOC) e nder 98ɓo brigade infanterie gila e darorɗe hitaande 1915. Caggal nde o toɗɗaa e seneraal mawɗo wakkati e lewru suwee 1916, [4] o lomtii ofisee mawɗo GOCpe Fordition of British the Holland1 (BEF). O heddotoo ko e GOC maggal haa nde wolde ndee joofi, o ardii nde e wolde Somme e hitaande 1916 e wolde Lys duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. [5] E lewru desaambar 1917 o toɗɗaa kolonel e nder konu Norfolk. [6] E lewru Yarkomaa 1918, darnde makko e seneraal mawɗo wonti substantiel. [7]

E lewru noowammbar 1919 o waɗtaa GOC e Division 6e to Irlannda,  e nder darnde nde o wuuri e jarribo warngo ngo konu repibilik Irlannda waɗi to Cork e lewru suwee 1920 hade makko ƴettude golle ɓeydooje guwerneer konu (e les sariya konu ) wonande diiwanuuji Kikenny Janux e Mun91 .  O toɗɗaa GOC 2nd Division e hitaande 1923 e GOC konu Angalteer to Ejipt e hitaande 1927 hade makko toɗɗaade seneraal timmuɗo e lewru mee 1931  o woppi konu ko juuti caggal ɗuum. &lt;ref name=&quot;lh&quot; /&gt;

Tuggi 1917 haa 1946 Strickland woniino kolonel konu Norfolk, konu laamɗo Norfolk e hitaande 1935. 

== Caalaje ==
E hitaande 1918, Strickland resi Barbara Kreswel ( née Ffolkes ) ; ɓe ndañi ɓiɗɗo debbo, kadi won ɓiɓɓe rewɓe ɗiɗo e dewgal debbo makko ɓennungal, ina heen Billa Harrod . Barbara, Laamɗo Strickland, toɗɗaa ko Dame Komandaajo e nder fedde laamu Biritaan (DBE) e hitaande 1923. 

== Teddungal ==

* Yamiroore gollal teddungal – 1899
* Sehilaaɓe fedde St Michael e St George – 1913
* Koolaaɗo kuuɓal konu Baɗte – 1919 (Sehil (CB) 1917) 
* Komandaajo konu laamu Biritaniya – 1923
* Kalaas tataɓo, Ordre de Medjidie – 1902 – ngam teddinde golle nafooje ɗe o waɗi e Hs Highness Khedive Misra 

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Lietnaa-Seneraal '''Sir Edward Piyeer Strickland''', KCB , KBE , CMG , DSO (3 ut 1869 – 24 suwee 1951) ko ofisee konu Angalteer gardinooɗo Division 1 e wolde adunaare adannde .

== Golle konu ==
[[File:The_Official_Visits_To_the_Western_Front,_1914-1918_Q8991.jpg|left|thumb|Laamɗo Arthur, laamɗo Connaught, ina ƴeewndotoo konu bataliyoŋ 2ɓo, Korse laamɗo, Birigade 2ɓo, Division 1ɓo to Le Buissiere, sara Bruay, Farayse, ñalnde 1 sulyee 1918. Dariiɗo bannge nano ekran oo ko Seneraal GOC Strick1st.]]
Janngi ko e duɗal Warwick,  golle konu Strickland puɗɗii ko nde o yamiraa wonde lietnaa e nder bataliyoŋ 7 ( Milisi ), konu laamɗo (KRRC), e lewru abriil 1887  hade makko naatde e konu laamɗo Norfolk (caggal ɗuum Regi38  golliima to [[Miyammar|Birmani]] Toowɗo e hitaande 1888/1889, e nder njillu Dongola e hitaande 1896,  o haɓi e wolde Atbara e wolde Omdurman e hitaande 1898. &lt;ref name=&quot;odnb&quot; /&gt;

O golliima to Fuɗnaange [[Naajeeriya]] gila hitaande 1906, o ardii konu Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya e hitaande 1909. 

O golliima e wolde adunaare adannde ko o gardiiɗo (CO) bataliyoŋ 1, konu Manchester, gila 1914, mo o ardii e Front Ouest . O artiraa e lewru Yarkomaa 1915, o arti e darnde seneraal brigadier, [1], o ƴetti gardagol Biraam Jullundur, o ardii ɗum e wolde Neuve Chapelle e wolde ɗiɗmere Ypres . [2] O toɗɗaa e lewru feebariyee o wonti kolonel brevet [3] o jokki golle makko e wolde ko o ofisee mawɗo gardinooɗo (GOC) e nder 98ɓo brigade infanterie gila e darorɗe hitaande 1915. Caggal nde o toɗɗaa e seneraal mawɗo wakkati e lewru suwee 1916, [4] o lomtii ofisee mawɗo GOCpe Fordition of British the Holland1 (BEF). O heddotoo ko e GOC maggal haa nde wolde ndee joofi, o ardii nde e wolde Somme e hitaande 1916 e wolde Lys duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum. [5] E lewru desaambar 1917 o toɗɗaa kolonel e nder konu Norfolk. [6] E lewru Yarkomaa 1918, darnde makko e seneraal mawɗo wonti substantiel. [7]

E lewru noowammbar 1919 o waɗtaa GOC e Division 6e to Irlannda,  e nder darnde nde o wuuri e jarribo warngo ngo konu repibilik Irlannda waɗi to Cork e lewru suwee 1920 hade makko ƴettude golle ɓeydooje guwerneer konu (e les sariya konu ) wonande diiwanuuji Kikenny Janux e Mun91 .  O toɗɗaa GOC 2nd Division e hitaande 1923 e GOC konu Angalteer to Ejipt e hitaande 1927 hade makko toɗɗaade seneraal timmuɗo e lewru mee 1931  o woppi konu ko juuti caggal ɗuum. &lt;ref name=&quot;lh&quot; /&gt;

Tuggi 1917 haa 1946 Strickland woniino kolonel konu Norfolk, konu laamɗo Norfolk e hitaande 1935. 

== Caalaje ==
E hitaande 1918, Strickland resi Barbara Kreswel ( née Ffolkes ) ; ɓe ndañi ɓiɗɗo debbo, kadi won ɓiɓɓe rewɓe ɗiɗo e dewgal debbo makko ɓennungal, ina heen Billa Harrod . Barbara, Laamɗo Strickland, toɗɗaa ko Dame Komandaajo e nder fedde laamu Biritaan (DBE) e hitaande 1923. 

== Teddungal ==

* Yamiroore gollal teddungal – 1899
* Sehilaaɓe fedde St Michael e St George – 1913
* Koolaaɗo kuuɓal konu Baɗte – 1919 (Sehil (CB) 1917) 
* Komandaajo konu laamu Biritaniya – 1923
* Kalaas tataɓo, Ordre de Medjidie – 1902 – ngam teddinde golle nafooje ɗe o waɗi e Hs Highness Khedive Misra 

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      <text bytes="1476" sha1="5emjxcj9nm3zl56lj754a93wu335ucc" xml:space="preserve">'''Sir Richard Ogilvy Ramage''', CMG, OStJ (5 lewru Yarkomaa 1896 – 4 lewru Ut 1971) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer.

== Kugal ==
Richard Ogilvy Ramage jibinaa ko ñalnde 5 lewru bowte hitaande 1896, ko ɓiy John T. Ramage. [1] Caggal nde o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Edinburgh, Ramage golliima e wolde adunaare adannde, caggal ɗuum, caggal nde o woppitaa, o naati e golle njuɓɓudi laamu to leydi Nijeer e hitaande 1920, o golliima e nder leydi ndii haa hitaande 1935, e nder hitaande sakkitiinde ndee, o woni cukko hooreejo leydi ndii . Ndeen o wonti balloowo Lietnaa-guwerneer Malta, hade makko hootde golloraade e nder koloniiji Angalteer to Afrik. [2] E hitaande 1939, o toɗɗaa hooreejo leydi to Cote d’Or, duuɓi tati caggal ɗuum o toɗɗaa hooreejo leydi koloñaal to Siyeraa Leyoon . O golliima toon haa 1950, caggal ɗuum o woppi golle, kono o waɗii golle keewɗe teeŋtuɗe e nder koloniiji goɗɗi haa 1955, nde o toɗɗaa hooreejo Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo golle laamu to Uganndaa (o golliima duuɓi nay) ; o ardii kadi Komisariyaa Poliis fotde duuɓi ɗiɗi tuggi 1957. O yahi haa o ardii walla o ardii komisariyaaji keewɗi e nder koloniiji Afrik e laamuuji caggal jeytaare. [1] [3]

Ramage toɗɗaa ko sehil Ordre St Michael e St George e hitaande 1942, o heɓi njeenaari e hitaande 1958. O sankii ñalnde 4 ut 1971, omo yahra e duuɓi 75, o acci debbo jom suudu makko (Dorothy Frances ''nee'' Broome) kono o alaa ɓiɗɗo.  

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      <text bytes="1611" sha1="r827vc5vppf48ubq05p0k7rjuo56ya3" xml:space="preserve">'''Sir Richard Ogilvy Ramage''', CMG, OStJ (5 lewru Yarkomaa 1896 – 4 lewru Ut 1971) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer.

== Kugal ==
Richard Ogilvy Ramage jibinaa ko ñalnde 5 lewru bowte hitaande 1896, ko ɓiy John T. Ramage. [1] Caggal nde o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Edinburgh, Ramage golliima e wolde adunaare adannde, caggal ɗuum, caggal nde o woppitaa, o naati e golle njuɓɓudi laamu to leydi Nijeer e hitaande 1920, o golliima e nder leydi ndii haa hitaande 1935, e nder hitaande sakkitiinde ndee, o woni cukko hooreejo leydi ndii . Ndeen o wonti balloowo Lietnaa-guwerneer Malta, hade makko hootde golloraade e nder koloniiji Angalteer to Afrik. [2] E hitaande 1939, o toɗɗaa hooreejo leydi to Cote d’Or, duuɓi tati caggal ɗuum o toɗɗaa hooreejo leydi koloñaal to Siyeraa Leyoon . O golliima toon haa 1950, caggal ɗuum o woppi golle, kono o waɗii golle keewɗe teeŋtuɗe e nder koloniiji goɗɗi haa 1955, nde o toɗɗaa hooreejo Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo golle laamu to Uganndaa (o golliima duuɓi nay) ; o ardii kadi Komisariyaa Poliis fotde duuɓi ɗiɗi tuggi 1957. O yahi haa o ardii walla o ardii komisariyaaji keewɗi e nder koloniiji Afrik e laamuuji caggal jeytaare. [1] [3]&lt;ref&gt;Ramage, Sir Richard (Ogilvy)&quot;, Who Was Who (online edition, Oxford University Press, December 2007). Retrieved 4 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ramage toɗɗaa ko sehil Ordre St Michael e St George e hitaande 1942, o heɓi njeenaari e hitaande 1958. O sankii ñalnde 4 ut 1971, omo yahra e duuɓi 75, o acci debbo jom suudu makko (Dorothy Frances ''nee'' Broome) kono o alaa ɓiɗɗo.  

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'''Sir Richard Ogilvy Ramage''', CMG, OStJ (5 lewru Yarkomaa 1896 – 4 lewru Ut 1971) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer.

== Kugal ==
Richard Ogilvy Ramage jibinaa ko ñalnde 5 lewru bowte hitaande 1896, ko ɓiy John T. Ramage. [1] Caggal nde o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Edinburgh, Ramage golliima e wolde adunaare adannde, caggal ɗuum, caggal nde o woppitaa, o naati e golle njuɓɓudi laamu to leydi Nijeer e hitaande 1920, o golliima e nder leydi ndii haa hitaande 1935, e nder hitaande sakkitiinde ndee, o woni cukko hooreejo leydi ndii . Ndeen o wonti balloowo Lietnaa-guwerneer Malta, hade makko hootde golloraade e nder koloniiji Angalteer to Afrik. [2] E hitaande 1939, o toɗɗaa hooreejo leydi to Cote d’Or, duuɓi tati caggal ɗuum o toɗɗaa hooreejo leydi koloñaal to Siyeraa Leyoon . O golliima toon haa 1950, caggal ɗuum o woppi golle, kono o waɗii golle keewɗe teeŋtuɗe e nder koloniiji goɗɗi haa 1955, nde o toɗɗaa hooreejo Komisariyaa toppitiiɗo golle laamu to Uganndaa (o golliima duuɓi nay) ; o ardii kadi Komisariyaa Poliis fotde duuɓi ɗiɗi tuggi 1957. O yahi haa o ardii walla o ardii komisariyaaji keewɗi e nder koloniiji Afrik e laamuuji caggal jeytaare. [1] [3]&lt;ref&gt;Ramage, Sir Richard (Ogilvy)&quot;, Who Was Who (online edition, Oxford University Press, December 2007). Retrieved 4 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ramage toɗɗaa ko sehil Ordre St Michael e St George e hitaande 1942, o heɓi njeenaari e hitaande 1958. O sankii ñalnde 4 ut 1971, omo yahra e duuɓi 75, o acci debbo jom suudu makko (Dorothy Frances ''nee'' Broome) kono o alaa ɓiɗɗo.  

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Sir '''George Graham Paul''' (15 noowammbar 1887 – 1960), ganndiraaɗo kadi '''Graham Paul''' walla '''G. G. Paul''', ko ganndo sariya Angalteer, gollinooɗo e njuɓɓudi laamu koloñaal to Niiseer, Siyeraa Leyoon e Tanganyika.

== Duuɓi gadani ==
Ñalnde 12 oktoobar 1906, haalaama wonde Mr George Graham Paul, ɓiy Mr George Brodie Paul, awokaa, Dundee, heɓiino MA to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St Andrews . {{Sfn|Mr George Graham Paul}} Paul wonti tergal e Faculté des Avocats d’Ecosse, ko ɗum huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi e golle makko to bannge sariya nde tawnoo sariya Ecoppi ko e Ecoppi tan. Ɗum fof e wayde noon, o waɗii ko moƴƴi e nder njuɓɓudi ñaawoore koloñaal. {{Sfn|Lord Macmillan|1952}}

== Ñaawirde koloñaal ==

=== Naajeeriya ===
E hitaande 1928 G Graham Paul toɗɗaama tergal ngal wonaa laawɗungal e nder Diiso sarɗiiji leydi Najeriya, ko guwerneer Graeme Thomson . Paul woniino lomto nafooje njulaagu [[Kalaba|Calabar]] . {{Sfn|Wheare|1949}} E nder [[Women's War|wolde rewɓe]] 1929, ñalnde 16 desaambar 1929 konu Angalteer yani e jamaanu rewɓe seppooɓe noddirooɓe demokaraasi to Okigwe, mbari heen 47 debbo, gaañiiɓe heen 31. E lewru Yarkomaa 1930 Paul wonnoo ko tergal e Komiseer Aba Judge a panel of the British of Inquiry, o saɗirma. Paul wi'i, &quot;Walaa mo nanata hujjaaji dokkaaɗi yeeso men, waawataa waasde yi'ugo hakkilo, bawɗe limngal, laaɓal e yumma-wit ko yoga e ardiiɓe kolli ngam hollugo wullaandu maɓɓe. Kadi janndeeji ɗi ɓe keɓi nder seppooji maɓɓe ɗon mari haaje hooseego nder ɓerɗe maɓɓe.&quot; {{Sfn|Hagen|2015}}

Ko ɓuri heewde e ñaawooɓe e nder leydi Najeriya e jamaanu koloñaal ko njuɓɓudi laamu, ɓe ngonaano jeyaaɓe e Executive. George Graham Paul, gollinooɗo e Ñaawirde Toownde tuggi 1933 haa 1939, ko neɗɗo mo heewaani yiyeede. {{Sfn|Olúfémi Táíwò|2010}}

=== Siyeraa Leyoon ===
E lewru Duujal hitaande 1939, anndinaama wonde laamɗo oo jaɓii toɗɗagol Mr. George Graham Paul, ñaawoowo puisne leydi Nijeer, ngam lomtaade Mr. A. H. Webb e gardagol hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Siyeraa Leyoon. Ko ɓooyaani koo, Webb toɗɗaama hooreejo ñaawirdu Tanganyika. {{Sfn|Personal : Evening Star 19391228}} Ñalnde 16 lewru juko hitaande 1943 laamɗo oo rokki George Graham Paul, hooreejo ñaawirdu Siyeraa Leyoon, njeenaari konu. {{Sfn|Whitehall, July 16, 1943}}

Paul jooɗii ko e Ñaawirde Toownde Afrik worgo. O fotnoo ko haɓaade geɗe ɗo luural woni hakkunde sariya Engele e sariya aadaaji nokku oo. E nder haala ɗo testator acci jeyi ngam wonde &quot;jeyi galle&quot; o salii jaɓde wonde geɗe sukaaɓe ɓee ina mbaawi yeeyde heen seeɗa. O wi'i, &quot; Mi ɗon mari haaje jaɓugo sariya Engele ngam foolgo anniya laaɓɗum mo testator native. Mi ɗon mari haaje les testator native. Mi ɗon mari haaje les testator native, jawdi ndi'i laati 'family property' bana no ɓikkoy ɗon mari ɗum les sariya native e aadaaji nder intestacy&quot;. {{Sfn|Daniels|1964}} E nder haala goɗɗa, o wiyi miijo makko ko wonde ɗo luulndiiɓe caɗeele walla haala ngoni naatɓe e leydi ndii, onus oo ko e dow lannda luulndiiɗo huutoraade ngalɗoo sariya aadaaji leydi ndii, ngam weltinde ñaawirdu nduu wonde ɗum fotaani huutoreede. {{Sfn|Daniels|1964}}

=== Taŋngaayika ===
Ko ɓooyi, luural mawngal ina woodi hakkunde njuɓɓudi laamu e ñaawirdu Tanganyika ko fayti e njuɓɓudi ñaawirdu. Ñaawirɗe cikkatnoo ko heblo maɓɓe to bannge sariya e karallaagal maɓɓe e nder suudu ñaawirdu ina addana ɓe waawde dogginde ñaawirɗe, tawi noon njuɓɓudi laamu ina cikkatnoo ko humpito maɓɓe e nokku hee e (e miijo maɓɓe) faamde yimɓe jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii ina addana ɓe waawde dogginde ñaawirɗe ɗee. [1] Nde ɗaɓɓaande urgence wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere ndee ustii, njuɓɓudi ndii fuɗɗii ƴettude peeje. Ñaawirde Reginald Montagu Cluer, kañum ne ina laaɓti, artiraa to Jamayka, guwerneer oo naamndii yo neɗɗo jeyaaɗo caggal leydi lomto Webb. [1] Mark Wilson, mo nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni ñaawoowo to Tanganyika duuɓi keewɗi, ƴaañii. George Graham Paul addiraa ko leydi Siyeraa Leyoon. [1]

E lewru suwee 1945, Sir George Graham Paul, mawɗo ñaawirde leydi Siyeraa Leyoon, tabitinaama wonde hooreejo ñaawirde toownde leydi ndii, to Tanganyika. {{Sfn|Downing Street, June, 1945}} Jaagorgal men ko feewti e cellal C McFurness-Smith jaɓɓiima Paul e nder kewu to Ñaawirde Toownde Tanganyika. Konu aduna ɗiɗaɓo (1939-1945) joofi ko ɓooyaani. McFurness-Smith wiyi koloñaal oo ina naata e yonta keso ƴellitaare nde tawnoo laamu Angalteer, ko adii fof, ina tiiɗi, ina duumii. {{Sfn|Firmly Established – Tanganyika Standard 1945}}

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Sir '''George Graham Paul''' (15 noowammbar 1887 – 1960), ganndiraaɗo kadi '''Graham Paul''' walla '''G. G. Paul''', ko ganndo sariya Angalteer, gollinooɗo e njuɓɓudi laamu koloñaal to Niiseer, Siyeraa Leyoon e Tanganyika.

== Duuɓi gadani ==
Ñalnde 12 oktoobar 1906, haalaama wonde Mr George Graham Paul, ɓiy Mr George Brodie Paul, awokaa, Dundee, heɓiino MA to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St Andrews . {{Sfn|Mr George Graham Paul}} Paul wonti tergal e Faculté des Avocats d’Ecosse, ko ɗum huunde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi e golle makko to bannge sariya nde tawnoo sariya Ecoppi ko e Ecoppi tan. Ɗum fof e wayde noon, o waɗii ko moƴƴi e nder njuɓɓudi ñaawoore koloñaal. {{Sfn|Lord Macmillan|1952}}

== Ñaawirde koloñaal ==

=== Naajeeriya ===
E hitaande 1928 G Graham Paul toɗɗaama tergal ngal wonaa laawɗungal e nder Diiso sarɗiiji leydi Najeriya, ko guwerneer Graeme Thomson . Paul woniino lomto nafooje njulaagu [[Kalaba|Calabar]] . {{Sfn|Wheare|1949}} E nder [[Women's War|wolde rewɓe]] 1929, ñalnde 16 desaambar 1929 konu Angalteer yani e jamaanu rewɓe seppooɓe noddirooɓe demokaraasi to Okigwe, mbari heen 47 debbo, gaañiiɓe heen 31. E lewru Yarkomaa 1930 Paul wonnoo ko tergal e Komiseer Aba Judge a panel of the British of Inquiry, o saɗirma. Paul wi'i, &quot;Walaa mo nanata hujjaaji dokkaaɗi yeeso men, waawataa waasde yi'ugo hakkilo, bawɗe limngal, laaɓal e yumma-wit ko yoga e ardiiɓe kolli ngam hollugo wullaandu maɓɓe. Kadi janndeeji ɗi ɓe keɓi nder seppooji maɓɓe ɗon mari haaje hooseego nder ɓerɗe maɓɓe.&quot; {{Sfn|Hagen|2015}}

Ko ɓuri heewde e ñaawooɓe e nder leydi Najeriya e jamaanu koloñaal ko njuɓɓudi laamu, ɓe ngonaano jeyaaɓe e Executive. George Graham Paul, gollinooɗo e Ñaawirde Toownde tuggi 1933 haa 1939, ko neɗɗo mo heewaani yiyeede. {{Sfn|Olúfémi Táíwò|2010}}

=== Siyeraa Leyoon ===
E lewru Duujal hitaande 1939, anndinaama wonde laamɗo oo jaɓii toɗɗagol Mr. George Graham Paul, ñaawoowo puisne leydi Nijeer, ngam lomtaade Mr. A. H. Webb e gardagol hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Siyeraa Leyoon. Ko ɓooyaani koo, Webb toɗɗaama hooreejo ñaawirdu Tanganyika. {{Sfn|Personal : Evening Star 19391228}} Ñalnde 16 lewru juko hitaande 1943 laamɗo oo rokki George Graham Paul, hooreejo ñaawirdu Siyeraa Leyoon, njeenaari konu. {{Sfn|Whitehall, July 16, 1943}}

Paul jooɗii ko e Ñaawirde Toownde Afrik worgo. O fotnoo ko haɓaade geɗe ɗo luural woni hakkunde sariya Engele e sariya aadaaji nokku oo. E nder haala ɗo testator acci jeyi ngam wonde &quot;jeyi galle&quot; o salii jaɓde wonde geɗe sukaaɓe ɓee ina mbaawi yeeyde heen seeɗa. O wi'i, &quot; Mi ɗon mari haaje jaɓugo sariya Engele ngam foolgo anniya laaɓɗum mo testator native. Mi ɗon mari haaje les testator native. Mi ɗon mari haaje les testator native, jawdi ndi'i laati 'family property' bana no ɓikkoy ɗon mari ɗum les sariya native e aadaaji nder intestacy&quot;. {{Sfn|Daniels|1964}} E nder haala goɗɗa, o wiyi miijo makko ko wonde ɗo luulndiiɓe caɗeele walla haala ngoni naatɓe e leydi ndii, onus oo ko e dow lannda luulndiiɗo huutoraade ngalɗoo sariya aadaaji leydi ndii, ngam weltinde ñaawirdu nduu wonde ɗum fotaani huutoreede. {{Sfn|Daniels|1964}}

=== Taŋngaayika ===
Ko ɓooyi, luural mawngal ina woodi hakkunde njuɓɓudi laamu e ñaawirdu Tanganyika ko fayti e njuɓɓudi ñaawirdu. Ñaawirɗe cikkatnoo ko heblo maɓɓe to bannge sariya e karallaagal maɓɓe e nder suudu ñaawirdu ina addana ɓe waawde dogginde ñaawirɗe, tawi noon njuɓɓudi laamu ina cikkatnoo ko humpito maɓɓe e nokku hee e (e miijo maɓɓe) faamde yimɓe jeyaaɓe e leydi ndii ina addana ɓe waawde dogginde ñaawirɗe ɗee. [1] Nde ɗaɓɓaande urgence wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere ndee ustii, njuɓɓudi ndii fuɗɗii ƴettude peeje. Ñaawirde Reginald Montagu Cluer, kañum ne ina laaɓti, artiraa to Jamayka, guwerneer oo naamndii yo neɗɗo jeyaaɗo caggal leydi lomto Webb. [1] Mark Wilson, mo nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni ñaawoowo to Tanganyika duuɓi keewɗi, ƴaañii. George Graham Paul addiraa ko leydi Siyeraa Leyoon. [1]

E lewru suwee 1945, Sir George Graham Paul, mawɗo ñaawirde leydi Siyeraa Leyoon, tabitinaama wonde hooreejo ñaawirde toownde leydi ndii, to Tanganyika. {{Sfn|Downing Street, June, 1945}} Jaagorgal men ko feewti e cellal C McFurness-Smith jaɓɓiima Paul e nder kewu to Ñaawirde Toownde Tanganyika. Konu aduna ɗiɗaɓo (1939-1945) joofi ko ɓooyaani. McFurness-Smith wiyi koloñaal oo ina naata e yonta keso ƴellitaare nde tawnoo laamu Angalteer, ko adii fof, ina tiiɗi, ina duumii. {{Sfn|Firmly Established – Tanganyika Standard 1945}}

== Iwdiiji ==</text>
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    <title>Haari Moorhaas</title>
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      <text bytes="1557" sha1="9apob3zfbkka673g8ponxspi4zgejax" xml:space="preserve">Lietnaa-kolonel '''Sir Hari Kloud Moorhaus''', CMG , DSO (30 lewru Yarkomaa 1872 – 16 lewru Duujal 1934) ko ofisee e nder konu Angalteer yiyri golle e nder Afrik worgo . Caggal nde o woppi konu, Moorhouse woni hooreejo balloowo Sekereteer Koloñaal, caggal ɗuum o woni Komiseer Diiwaan to [[Naajeeriya|Nijeer]] . E wolde adunaare adannde o arti e golle konu. O fiyi kadi kirikit gadano e nder fedde kirikit Marylebone e nder duuɓi sappo gadani teeminannde 20ɓiire. 

== Golle konu ==
Moorhouse naati e artillerie Royal Garrison ko lietnaa ɗiɗaɓo ñalnde 4 noowammbar 1891, o artiraa e lietnaa ñalnde 4 noowammbar [1] yiyi golle e nder leydi Uganndaa e hitaande 1898, o artiraa e kapiteen (supernumerary) ñalnde 25 noowammbar 1899, o woni ko e hitaande10 Mawɗo diwooje to konu Angalteer e nder wolde Aro-Anglo to Fuɗnaange Nijeer (Novembre 1901 haa Mars 1902), ko ɗum waɗi o siftinaama e defte, [2] o heɓi kadi njeenaari mawndi ñalnde 17 abriil 1902. [3] O heɓi kadi golle cason the Royaly Arri e lewru mee e hitaande 1902 1902, [4] kono o artiraa kadi ngam golloraade to leydi Nijeer e lewru suwee 1902. [5] O tawtoraama e njillu Kano-Sokoto (1903) e njillu Onitsha caggal leydi (1904–05), o rokkaa kadi yamiroore gollal teddungal (DSO e Order St GeorgeG) e o toɗɗaa a St siftinaama e despatchuuji e sahaaji keewɗi. E wolde adunaare adannde o golliima to Gallipoli .

== Golle koloñaal ==
O woniino Lietnaa-Guwerneer leydi Nijeer gila 1921 haa 1925, o woniino komisariyaajo keeriiɗo to duunde Suleymaani gila 1928. 

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1704" sha1="fl2q08mv2bci6pomz14mpk1u0t26d2o" xml:space="preserve">Lietnaa-kolonel '''Sir Hari Kloud Moorhaus''', CMG , DSO (30 lewru Yarkomaa 1872 – 16 lewru Duujal 1934) ko ofisee e nder konu Angalteer yiyri golle e nder Afrik worgo . Caggal nde o woppi konu, Moorhouse woni hooreejo balloowo Sekereteer Koloñaal, caggal ɗuum o woni Komiseer Diiwaan to [[Naajeeriya|Nijeer]] . E wolde adunaare adannde o arti e golle konu. O fiyi kadi kirikit gadano e nder fedde kirikit Marylebone e nder duuɓi sappo gadani teeminannde 20ɓiire. &lt;ref&gt;Cricinfo – Players and Officials – Harry Moorhouse Deprecated link archived 9 July 2012 at archive.today at content-www.cricinfo.com&lt;/ref&gt;

== Golle konu ==
Moorhouse naati e artillerie Royal Garrison ko lietnaa ɗiɗaɓo ñalnde 4 noowammbar 1891, o artiraa e lietnaa ñalnde 4 noowammbar [1] yiyi golle e nder leydi Uganndaa e hitaande 1898, o artiraa e kapiteen (supernumerary) ñalnde 25 noowammbar 1899, o woni ko e hitaande10 Mawɗo diwooje to konu Angalteer e nder wolde Aro-Anglo to Fuɗnaange Nijeer (Novembre 1901 haa Mars 1902), ko ɗum waɗi o siftinaama e defte, [2] o heɓi kadi njeenaari mawndi ñalnde 17 abriil 1902. [3] O heɓi kadi golle cason the Royaly Arri e lewru mee e hitaande 1902 1902, [4] kono o artiraa kadi ngam golloraade to leydi Nijeer e lewru suwee 1902. [5] O tawtoraama e njillu Kano-Sokoto (1903) e njillu Onitsha caggal leydi (1904–05), o rokkaa kadi yamiroore gollal teddungal (DSO e Order St GeorgeG) e o toɗɗaa a St siftinaama e despatchuuji e sahaaji keewɗi. E wolde adunaare adannde o golliima to Gallipoli .

== Golle koloñaal ==
O woniino Lietnaa-Guwerneer leydi Nijeer gila 1921 haa 1925, o woniino komisariyaajo keeriiɗo to duunde Suleymaani gila 1928. 

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Lietnaa-kolonel '''Sir Hari Kloud Moorhaus''', CMG , DSO (30 lewru Yarkomaa 1872 – 16 lewru Duujal 1934) ko ofisee e nder konu Angalteer yiyri golle e nder Afrik worgo . Caggal nde o woppi konu, Moorhouse woni hooreejo balloowo Sekereteer Koloñaal, caggal ɗuum o woni Komiseer Diiwaan to [[Naajeeriya|Nijeer]] . E wolde adunaare adannde o arti e golle konu. O fiyi kadi kirikit gadano e nder fedde kirikit Marylebone e nder duuɓi sappo gadani teeminannde 20ɓiire. &lt;ref&gt;Cricinfo – Players and Officials – Harry Moorhouse Deprecated link archived 9 July 2012 at archive.today at content-www.cricinfo.com&lt;/ref&gt;

== Golle konu ==
Moorhouse naati e artillerie Royal Garrison ko lietnaa ɗiɗaɓo ñalnde 4 noowammbar 1891, o artiraa e lietnaa ñalnde 4 noowammbar [1] yiyi golle e nder leydi Uganndaa e hitaande 1898, o artiraa e kapiteen (supernumerary) ñalnde 25 noowammbar 1899, o woni ko e hitaande10 Mawɗo diwooje to konu Angalteer e nder wolde Aro-Anglo to Fuɗnaange Nijeer (Novembre 1901 haa Mars 1902), ko ɗum waɗi o siftinaama e defte, [2] o heɓi kadi njeenaari mawndi ñalnde 17 abriil 1902. [3] O heɓi kadi golle cason the Royaly Arri e lewru mee e hitaande 1902 1902, [4] kono o artiraa kadi ngam golloraade to leydi Nijeer e lewru suwee 1902. [5] O tawtoraama e njillu Kano-Sokoto (1903) e njillu Onitsha caggal leydi (1904–05), o rokkaa kadi yamiroore gollal teddungal (DSO e Order St GeorgeG) e o toɗɗaa a St siftinaama e despatchuuji e sahaaji keewɗi. E wolde adunaare adannde o golliima to Gallipoli .

== Golle koloñaal ==
O woniino Lietnaa-Guwerneer leydi Nijeer gila 1921 haa 1925, o woniino komisariyaajo keeriiɗo to duunde Suleymaani gila 1928. 

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    <title>John Goonga (ñaawoowo)</title>
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      <text bytes="1218" sha1="gsyl7m38ol25unyfkc13jvm72ye0450" xml:space="preserve">'''Sir John Verity''' (1892 – 9 abriil 1970) ko ñaawoowo leydi Angalteer jeyaaɗo caggal leydi, ko o mawɗo ñaawirdu [[𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤶𞤭𞤦𞤢𞥄𞤪|Sansibar]]  gila 1939 haa o toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu Gine Angalteer e hitaande 1941. O toɗɗaa ko hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Nijeer e hitaande 1945. 

== Nguurndam gadano, ɓesngu e jaŋde ==
Verity jibinaa ko to [[London|Londres]], ɓiy Rev. O janngi to [[Vale College|duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Vale]], Thanet caggal ɗuum [[Diocesan College (British Honduras)|to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Diocesan]], to Honduras Angalteer . 

== Kugal ==
O toɗɗaa Ñaawirde Puisne to Gine Angalteer e hitaande 1936. E hitaande 1939, o wonti hooreejo Ñaawirde Sansibaar. Caggal nde o timmini laamu makko e gardagol hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Najeriya (1946–1954), Verity wonnoo ko komisinaajo ƴeewndo sariyaaji, leydi Najeriya, o wondi e Fatayi Williams ciimtol ko faati e sariyaaji ƴeewndotooɗi leydi Najeriya Hirnaange .

== Nguurndam neɗɗo ==
Ñalnde 25 feebariyee 1918, Verity resi Grace Rochat, ɓiy Mabel Rochat. Grace ko ɓiɗɗo mawniiko gadano; kamɓe ɗiɗo fof ko taaniraaɓe Charles Felix Verity mo Vale Lodge, to Winkfield Berkshire. 

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1336" sha1="2kuwfit0yk26aeox4y3ozfx6spoave3" xml:space="preserve">'''Sir John Verity''' (1892 – 9 abriil 1970) ko ñaawoowo leydi Angalteer jeyaaɗo caggal leydi, ko o mawɗo ñaawirdu [[𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤶𞤭𞤦𞤢𞥄𞤪|Sansibar]]  gila 1939 haa o toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu Gine Angalteer e hitaande 1941. O toɗɗaa ko hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Nijeer e hitaande 1945. &lt;ref&gt;New Chief Justice Of Zanzibar&quot;. The Times. London. 3 November 1939. p. 7 – via The Times Digital Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam gadano, ɓesngu e jaŋde ==
Verity jibinaa ko to [[London|Londres]], ɓiy Rev. O janngi to [[Vale College|duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Vale]], Thanet caggal ɗuum [[Diocesan College (British Honduras)|to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Diocesan]], to Honduras Angalteer . 

== Kugal ==
O toɗɗaa Ñaawirde Puisne to Gine Angalteer e hitaande 1936. E hitaande 1939, o wonti hooreejo Ñaawirde Sansibaar. Caggal nde o timmini laamu makko e gardagol hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Najeriya (1946–1954), Verity wonnoo ko komisinaajo ƴeewndo sariyaaji, leydi Najeriya, o wondi e Fatayi Williams ciimtol ko faati e sariyaaji ƴeewndotooɗi leydi Najeriya Hirnaange .

== Nguurndam neɗɗo ==
Ñalnde 25 feebariyee 1918, Verity resi Grace Rochat, ɓiy Mabel Rochat. Grace ko ɓiɗɗo mawniiko gadano; kamɓe ɗiɗo fof ko taaniraaɓe Charles Felix Verity mo Vale Lodge, to Winkfield Berkshire. 

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'''Sir John Verity''' (1892 – 9 abriil 1970) ko ñaawoowo leydi Angalteer jeyaaɗo caggal leydi, ko o mawɗo ñaawirdu [[𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤶𞤭𞤦𞤢𞥄𞤪|Sansibar]]  gila 1939 haa o toɗɗaa hooreejo ñaawirdu Gine Angalteer e hitaande 1941. O toɗɗaa ko hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Nijeer e hitaande 1945. &lt;ref&gt;New Chief Justice Of Zanzibar&quot;. The Times. London. 3 November 1939. p. 7 – via The Times Digital Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam gadano, ɓesngu e jaŋde ==
Verity jibinaa ko to [[London|Londres]], ɓiy Rev. O janngi to [[Vale College|duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Vale]], Thanet caggal ɗuum [[Diocesan College (British Honduras)|to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Diocesan]], to Honduras Angalteer . 

== Kugal ==
O toɗɗaa Ñaawirde Puisne to Gine Angalteer e hitaande 1936. E hitaande 1939, o wonti hooreejo Ñaawirde Sansibaar. Caggal nde o timmini laamu makko e gardagol hooreejo ñaawirdu leydi Najeriya (1946–1954), Verity wonnoo ko komisinaajo ƴeewndo sariyaaji, leydi Najeriya, o wondi e Fatayi Williams ciimtol ko faati e sariyaaji ƴeewndotooɗi leydi Najeriya Hirnaange .

== Nguurndam neɗɗo ==
Ñalnde 25 feebariyee 1918, Verity resi Grace Rochat, ɓiy Mabel Rochat. Grace ko ɓiɗɗo mawniiko gadano; kamɓe ɗiɗo fof ko taaniraaɓe Charles Felix Verity mo Vale Lodge, to Winkfield Berkshire. 

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    <title>Wallas Duffild Raay</title>
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[[File:Wallace_Duffield_Wright_VC_Grave.jpg|right|thumb|214x214px|Yannge Wright e nder yanaande Brookwood]]
Birigadier-Seneraal '''Wallas Duffild Rayt''', VC , CB , CMG , DSO (20 suwee 1875 – 25 marse 1953) ko soldaat Angalteer, politik. O woniino keɓtinaaɗo njeenaari Victoria Cross, njeenaari ɓurndi toowde ngam jaambaaro e yeeso gaño ndi waawi rokkireede konu Angalteer e Commonwealth .

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Wright, ɓiy James Sykes Wright jibinaa ko to Gibraltar ñalnde 20 suwee 1875.  O janngi ko to duɗal Cranbrook, to Kent . O naati e Milisi e hitaande 1893,  o yamiraa e bataliyoŋ 1ɓo e nder konu laamɗo debbo (West Surrey) e lewru desaambar 1896. &lt;ref name=&quot;victoriacross 1903&quot; /&gt;

Wright golliima e konu ladde Malakand e konu njillu Tirah to keerol worgo-fuɗnaange (1897–1898),  e nder ɗuum o gaañii no feewi.  O rokkaama Medaal Indiya e clasps ngam keeri Punjab e Tirah, o artiraa e Lietnaa e lewru suwee 1898. &lt;ref name=&quot;victoriacross 1903&quot; /&gt;

== Kuugal Victoria Cross ==
E hitaande 1901 Wright neldaa to Fuɗnaange Nijeer,  ɗo o jokkondiri e konu Fuɗnaange Nijeer, e nder njillu Kano-Sokoto to Fuɗnaange Nijeer.

== Caggal ɗuum golle konu ==
Tuggi 1904 haa 1914 Wright ina joginoo golle keewɗe e nder golle,  ko wayi no e lewru abriil 1909 nde o toɗɗaa ofisee mawɗo, tolno 3 to Birooji konu . 

E nder wolde adunaare adannde o golliima e kampaañ Kamerun e nder Afrik hakkundeejo tuggi 1914–15 e nder Farayse tuggi 1915–19, o wonti major brevet e lewru sulyee 1915, [1] major e lewru suwee, [2] e brevet lietnaa kolonel e hitaande 1916. E lewru suwee o toɗɗaa e ofis jeneral, year1 e gollotooɓe, e Division 18 (Fuɗnaange) . [3] E lewru sulyee 1918, seneraal brigadier wakkati nde o toɗɗaa seneraal brigadier, seneraal seneraal XVII Corps, o ƴetti laamu e juuɗe seneraal mawɗo Ronald Charles . [4]

Nde o arti e darnde sabu wolde ndee joofni, o arti e konu Middlesex, o waɗtaa lietnaa kolonel substantif e lewru ut 1920.  Nde o waɗtaa e doggol feccere njoɓdi e lewru suwee 1922,   o waɗtaa kolonel e lewru mars senior to993.  O woniino e oon sahaa ofisee staff e konu Angalteer to Rhine tuggi 1923  haa 1926 o ardii Biraam 8ɓo konu koyɗe to Plymouth, 1925,  toɗɗagol ngol o woppi e lewru sulyee 1927, wondude e rankman tempora. 

O woppi golle e darnde teddunde seneraal brigadier e lewru sulyee 1927.  E nder golle makko o naati e Honorable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms  o golliima e Garde nder leydi e nder wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere gila 1940. 

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 {{Databox}}
[[File:Wallace_Duffield_Wright_VC_Grave.jpg|right|thumb|214x214px|Yannge Wright e nder yanaande Brookwood]]
Birigadier-Seneraal '''Wallas Duffild Rayt''', VC , CB , CMG , DSO (20 suwee 1875 – 25 marse 1953) ko soldaat Angalteer, politik. O woniino keɓtinaaɗo njeenaari Victoria Cross, njeenaari ɓurndi toowde ngam jaambaaro e yeeso gaño ndi waawi rokkireede konu Angalteer e Commonwealth .

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Wright, ɓiy James Sykes Wright jibinaa ko to Gibraltar ñalnde 20 suwee 1875.  O janngi ko to duɗal Cranbrook, to Kent . O naati e Milisi e hitaande 1893,  o yamiraa e bataliyoŋ 1ɓo e nder konu laamɗo debbo (West Surrey) e lewru desaambar 1896. &lt;ref name=&quot;victoriacross 1903&quot; /&gt;

Wright golliima e konu ladde Malakand e konu njillu Tirah to keerol worgo-fuɗnaange (1897–1898),  e nder ɗuum o gaañii no feewi.  O rokkaama Medaal Indiya e clasps ngam keeri Punjab e Tirah, o artiraa e Lietnaa e lewru suwee 1898. &lt;ref name=&quot;victoriacross 1903&quot; /&gt;

== Kuugal Victoria Cross ==
E hitaande 1901 Wright neldaa to Fuɗnaange Nijeer,  ɗo o jokkondiri e konu Fuɗnaange Nijeer, e nder njillu Kano-Sokoto to Fuɗnaange Nijeer.

== Caggal ɗuum golle konu ==
Tuggi 1904 haa 1914 Wright ina joginoo golle keewɗe e nder golle,  ko wayi no e lewru abriil 1909 nde o toɗɗaa ofisee mawɗo, tolno 3 to Birooji konu . 

E nder wolde adunaare adannde o golliima e kampaañ Kamerun e nder Afrik hakkundeejo tuggi 1914–15 e nder Farayse tuggi 1915–19, o wonti major brevet e lewru sulyee 1915, [1] major e lewru suwee, [2] e brevet lietnaa kolonel e hitaande 1916. E lewru suwee o toɗɗaa e ofis jeneral, year1 e gollotooɓe, e Division 18 (Fuɗnaange) . [3] E lewru sulyee 1918, seneraal brigadier wakkati nde o toɗɗaa seneraal brigadier, seneraal seneraal XVII Corps, o ƴetti laamu e juuɗe seneraal mawɗo Ronald Charles . [4]

Nde o arti e darnde sabu wolde ndee joofni, o arti e konu Middlesex, o waɗtaa lietnaa kolonel substantif e lewru ut 1920.  Nde o waɗtaa e doggol feccere njoɓdi e lewru suwee 1922,   o waɗtaa kolonel e lewru mars senior to993.  O woniino e oon sahaa ofisee staff e konu Angalteer to Rhine tuggi 1923  haa 1926 o ardii Biraam 8ɓo konu koyɗe to Plymouth, 1925,  toɗɗagol ngol o woppi e lewru sulyee 1927, wondude e rankman tempora. 

O woppi golle e darnde teddunde seneraal brigadier e lewru sulyee 1927.  E nder golle makko o naati e Honorable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms  o golliima e Garde nder leydi e nder wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere gila 1940. 

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Seneraal mawɗo biyeteeɗo '''Sir George Vere Kemball''' KCMG CB DSO (1 oktoobar 1859 – 10 lewru mbooy 1941) ko ofisee konu Angalteer e teeminannde 19ɓiire e puɗal teeminannde 20ɓiire. O woniino ofisee golloowo e nder konu leydi Angalteer, ko ɓuri heewde e golle makko o waɗi ko e leydi Indiya e leydi Najeriya.

== Nguurndam e ɓesngu puɗɗaangu ==
Joorji Kemball ko ɓiy Seneraal mawɗo John Shaw Kemball. Omo jogii miñiiko gorko biyeteeɗo Arnold Henry Grant Kemball, gardinooɗo bataliyoŋ 54 (Kootenay) e nder konu Kanadaa e nder wolde adunaare adannde. Baaba makko e kaaw makko fof ko senerooji e nder konu Angalteer. Mawniiko biyeteeɗo Vero Shaw Kemball, wonnoo ko gardiiɗo seppooji to Bombay. Maamiraaɓe woɗɓe ngolliima e konu Angalteer keewngu, ina jeyaa heen Black Watch, kam e konu Inndo. E hitaande 1889, o resi Hattie Elliot.  E miñiiko, o janngi Twyford hade makko yahde Harrow . 

== Golle konu ==

=== Fuɗɗoode golle ===
Caggal nde o naati duɗal Twyford e Harrow, o heɓi yamiroore wonde lietnaa e nder konu laamɗo e hitaande 1878. Caggal nde o golli e wolde ɗiɗmere Afganistaan (1878–1880), o artiraa e jappeere laamu e hitaande 1886 Balloowo seneraal kuuɓtodinɗo ngam humpitaade, ko ɗum waɗi o haaldaa e diisnondiral e o brevetted to major.   E lewru suwee 1896, o artiraa e jappeere laamu. 

E hitaande 1897 Kemball tawtoraama e njillu Tochi e nder keeri Fuɗnaange-rewo, ko ɗum kadi o siftinaa e diisnondiral, e hitaande 1900 o fuɗɗii yiyde golle e nder Afrik, o waɗi kampaañ to Nijeer e nder njillu Kaduna. Hitaande rewtunde ndee o ƴetti yamiroore eɓɓoore feewde e Bida e Kontagora e lewru Yarkomaa 1901,  nde o heɓi yamiroore golle tedduɗe (DSO) e lewru abriil 1902. 

Kemball toɗɗaa ko Inspekteer jeneral, ko noon kadi woni gardiiɗo konu Afrik worgo e lewru Yarkomaa 1901, o woni e oon darnde haa hitaande 1905, e darnde nokkuure ndee hono brigadier-general . O heɓi kadi darnde lietnaa-kolonel e hitaande 1901.  E darorɗe hitaande 1902 o fuɗɗii njillu juutngu ngam ƴeewde koloniiji [[Fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya|Fuɗnaange Nijeer]], [[Protektorat Fombina Naajeeriya|Fuɗnaange Nijeer]] e [[Koloni Lagos|Lagos]] .  O ardii konu Angalteer e nder njillu Kano-Sokoto e hitaande 1903, ngu o heɓi njeenaari ndi o heɓi njeenaari ndii ko sehil Ordre de Bath (CB).

=== Sarwiisi nder leydi Naajeeriya e komanndaaji arandeeji ===
Caggal njillu Kano-Sokoto, Kemball, toɗɗaa e kolonel brevet e lewru sulyee 1904 , kadi o artiraa kolonel e lewru suwee  o artiraa to Londres, ɗo o tawtoraa e ƴettugol e suɓaade gollotooɓe ngam golloraade e nder leydi Nijeer.  E lewru abriil 1907, caggal nde o yalti e feccere njoɓdi, o toɗɗaa balloowo seneraal kuuɓtodinɗo.  Tuggi 1909 haa 1913, o golliima e biro konu, caggal ɗuum o waɗtaa e feccere njoɓdi e lewru abriil.  E hitaande 1914, o arti to leydi Inndo, o rokkaa yamiroore brigade, o artiraa seneraal mawɗo. 

=== Sarwiis wolde mawnde ===
E wolde adunaare adannde, Kemball golliima to Mesopotami, o tawtoraama golle ngam ustude Siege Kut . [1] O ardii Birigad 28ɓo Inndo e nder Division 7ɓo (Meerut) rewrude e hareeji 1916. O gaañiiɗo e wolde Sanniyat e lewru abriil 1916. Ngam golle makko e nder kampaañ Mesopotami, o heɓi njeenaari, o waɗtaa konu St Michael e Komanda St George of Order . [2]

Caggal nde o golli e kampaañ Mesopotami, o arti to leydi Inndo, o rokkaa gardo diɗɗal 5 (Mhow) e hitaande 1917. O woni e gardagol diɗɗal ngal haa hitaande 1919. Caggal nde o woppi golle, tuggi 1927 haa 1929 o woni koloñaal Royal Ardanti. 

Kemball maayi ko e hitaande 1941, o woppi debbo makko e sukaaɓe makko.

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Seneraal mawɗo biyeteeɗo '''Sir George Vere Kemball''' KCMG CB DSO (1 oktoobar 1859 – 10 lewru mbooy 1941) ko ofisee konu Angalteer e teeminannde 19ɓiire e puɗal teeminannde 20ɓiire. O woniino ofisee golloowo e nder konu leydi Angalteer, ko ɓuri heewde e golle makko o waɗi ko e leydi Indiya e leydi Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;No. 26781&quot;. The London Gazette. 29 September 1896. p. 5377.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam e ɓesngu puɗɗaangu ==
Joorji Kemball ko ɓiy Seneraal mawɗo John Shaw Kemball. Omo jogii miñiiko gorko biyeteeɗo Arnold Henry Grant Kemball, gardinooɗo bataliyoŋ 54 (Kootenay) e nder konu Kanadaa e nder wolde adunaare adannde. Baaba makko e kaaw makko fof ko senerooji e nder konu Angalteer. Mawniiko biyeteeɗo Vero Shaw Kemball, wonnoo ko gardiiɗo seppooji to Bombay. Maamiraaɓe woɗɓe ngolliima e konu Angalteer keewngu, ina jeyaa heen Black Watch, kam e konu Inndo. E hitaande 1889, o resi Hattie Elliot.  E miñiiko, o janngi Twyford hade makko yahde Harrow . 

== Golle konu ==

=== Fuɗɗoode golle ===
Caggal nde o naati duɗal Twyford e Harrow, o heɓi yamiroore wonde lietnaa e nder konu laamɗo e hitaande 1878. Caggal nde o golli e wolde ɗiɗmere Afganistaan (1878–1880), o artiraa e jappeere laamu e hitaande 1886 Balloowo seneraal kuuɓtodinɗo ngam humpitaade, ko ɗum waɗi o haaldaa e diisnondiral e o brevetted to major.   E lewru suwee 1896, o artiraa e jappeere laamu. 

E hitaande 1897 Kemball tawtoraama e njillu Tochi e nder keeri Fuɗnaange-rewo, ko ɗum kadi o siftinaa e diisnondiral, e hitaande 1900 o fuɗɗii yiyde golle e nder Afrik, o waɗi kampaañ to Nijeer e nder njillu Kaduna. Hitaande rewtunde ndee o ƴetti yamiroore eɓɓoore feewde e Bida e Kontagora e lewru Yarkomaa 1901,  nde o heɓi yamiroore golle tedduɗe (DSO) e lewru abriil 1902. 

Kemball toɗɗaa ko Inspekteer jeneral, ko noon kadi woni gardiiɗo konu Afrik worgo e lewru Yarkomaa 1901, o woni e oon darnde haa hitaande 1905, e darnde nokkuure ndee hono brigadier-general . O heɓi kadi darnde lietnaa-kolonel e hitaande 1901.  E darorɗe hitaande 1902 o fuɗɗii njillu juutngu ngam ƴeewde koloniiji [[Fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya|Fuɗnaange Nijeer]], [[Protektorat Fombina Naajeeriya|Fuɗnaange Nijeer]] e [[Koloni Lagos|Lagos]] .  O ardii konu Angalteer e nder njillu Kano-Sokoto e hitaande 1903, ngu o heɓi njeenaari ndi o heɓi njeenaari ndii ko sehil Ordre de Bath (CB).

=== Sarwiisi nder leydi Naajeeriya e komanndaaji arandeeji ===
Caggal njillu Kano-Sokoto, Kemball, toɗɗaa e kolonel brevet e lewru sulyee 1904 , kadi o artiraa kolonel e lewru suwee  o artiraa to Londres, ɗo o tawtoraa e ƴettugol e suɓaade gollotooɓe ngam golloraade e nder leydi Nijeer.  E lewru abriil 1907, caggal nde o yalti e feccere njoɓdi, o toɗɗaa balloowo seneraal kuuɓtodinɗo.  Tuggi 1909 haa 1913, o golliima e biro konu, caggal ɗuum o waɗtaa e feccere njoɓdi e lewru abriil.  E hitaande 1914, o arti to leydi Inndo, o rokkaa yamiroore brigade, o artiraa seneraal mawɗo. 

=== Sarwiis wolde mawnde ===
E wolde adunaare adannde, Kemball golliima to Mesopotami, o tawtoraama golle ngam ustude Siege Kut . [1] O ardii Birigad 28ɓo Inndo e nder Division 7ɓo (Meerut) rewrude e hareeji 1916. O gaañiiɗo e wolde Sanniyat e lewru abriil 1916. Ngam golle makko e nder kampaañ Mesopotami, o heɓi njeenaari, o waɗtaa konu St Michael e Komanda St George of Order . [2]

Caggal nde o golli e kampaañ Mesopotami, o arti to leydi Inndo, o rokkaa gardo diɗɗal 5 (Mhow) e hitaande 1917. O woni e gardagol diɗɗal ngal haa hitaande 1919. Caggal nde o woppi golle, tuggi 1927 haa 1929 o woni koloñaal Royal Ardanti. 

Kemball maayi ko e hitaande 1941, o woppi debbo makko e sukaaɓe makko.

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Seneraal mawɗo biyeteeɗo '''Sir George Vere Kemball''' KCMG CB DSO (1 oktoobar 1859 – 10 lewru mbooy 1941) ko ofisee konu Angalteer e teeminannde 19ɓiire e puɗal teeminannde 20ɓiire. O woniino ofisee golloowo e nder konu leydi Angalteer, ko ɓuri heewde e golle makko o waɗi ko e leydi Indiya e leydi Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;No. 26781&quot;. The London Gazette. 29 September 1896. p. 5377.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam e ɓesngu puɗɗaangu ==
Joorji Kemball ko ɓiy Seneraal mawɗo John Shaw Kemball. Omo jogii miñiiko gorko biyeteeɗo Arnold Henry Grant Kemball, gardinooɗo bataliyoŋ 54 (Kootenay) e nder konu Kanadaa e nder wolde adunaare adannde. Baaba makko e kaaw makko fof ko senerooji e nder konu Angalteer. Mawniiko biyeteeɗo Vero Shaw Kemball, wonnoo ko gardiiɗo seppooji to Bombay. Maamiraaɓe woɗɓe ngolliima e konu Angalteer keewngu, ina jeyaa heen Black Watch, kam e konu Inndo. E hitaande 1889, o resi Hattie Elliot.  E miñiiko, o janngi Twyford hade makko yahde Harrow . 

== Golle konu ==

=== Fuɗɗoode golle ===
Caggal nde o naati duɗal Twyford e Harrow, o heɓi yamiroore wonde lietnaa e nder konu laamɗo e hitaande 1878. Caggal nde o golli e wolde ɗiɗmere Afganistaan (1878–1880), o artiraa e jappeere laamu e hitaande 1886 Balloowo seneraal kuuɓtodinɗo ngam humpitaade, ko ɗum waɗi o haaldaa e diisnondiral e o brevetted to major.   E lewru suwee 1896, o artiraa e jappeere laamu. 

E hitaande 1897 Kemball tawtoraama e njillu Tochi e nder keeri Fuɗnaange-rewo, ko ɗum kadi o siftinaa e diisnondiral, e hitaande 1900 o fuɗɗii yiyde golle e nder Afrik, o waɗi kampaañ to Nijeer e nder njillu Kaduna. Hitaande rewtunde ndee o ƴetti yamiroore eɓɓoore feewde e Bida e Kontagora e lewru Yarkomaa 1901,  nde o heɓi yamiroore golle tedduɗe (DSO) e lewru abriil 1902. 

Kemball toɗɗaa ko Inspekteer jeneral, ko noon kadi woni gardiiɗo konu Afrik worgo e lewru Yarkomaa 1901, o woni e oon darnde haa hitaande 1905, e darnde nokkuure ndee hono brigadier-general . O heɓi kadi darnde lietnaa-kolonel e hitaande 1901.  E darorɗe hitaande 1902 o fuɗɗii njillu juutngu ngam ƴeewde koloniiji [[Fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya|Fuɗnaange Nijeer]], [[Protektorat Fombina Naajeeriya|Fuɗnaange Nijeer]] e [[Koloni Lagos|Lagos]] .  O ardii konu Angalteer e nder njillu Kano-Sokoto e hitaande 1903, ngu o heɓi njeenaari ndi o heɓi njeenaari ndii ko sehil Ordre de Bath (CB).

=== Sarwiisi nder leydi Naajeeriya e komanndaaji arandeeji ===
Caggal njillu Kano-Sokoto, Kemball, toɗɗaa e kolonel brevet e lewru sulyee 1904 , kadi o artiraa kolonel e lewru suwee  o artiraa to Londres, ɗo o tawtoraa e ƴettugol e suɓaade gollotooɓe ngam golloraade e nder leydi Nijeer.  E lewru abriil 1907, caggal nde o yalti e feccere njoɓdi, o toɗɗaa balloowo seneraal kuuɓtodinɗo.  Tuggi 1909 haa 1913, o golliima e biro konu, caggal ɗuum o waɗtaa e feccere njoɓdi e lewru abriil.  E hitaande 1914, o arti to leydi Inndo, o rokkaa yamiroore brigade, o artiraa seneraal mawɗo. 

=== Sarwiis wolde mawnde ===
E wolde adunaare adannde, Kemball golliima to Mesopotami, o tawtoraama golle ngam ustude Siege Kut . [1] O ardii Birigad 28ɓo Inndo e nder Division 7ɓo (Meerut) rewrude e hareeji 1916. O gaañiiɗo e wolde Sanniyat e lewru abriil 1916. Ngam golle makko e nder kampaañ Mesopotami, o heɓi njeenaari, o waɗtaa konu St Michael e Komanda St George of Order . [2]

Caggal nde o golli e kampaañ Mesopotami, o arti to leydi Inndo, o rokkaa gardo diɗɗal 5 (Mhow) e hitaande 1917. O woni e gardagol diɗɗal ngal haa hitaande 1919. Caggal nde o woppi golle, tuggi 1927 haa 1929 o woni koloñaal Royal Ardanti. 

Kemball maayi ko e hitaande 1941, o woppi debbo makko e sukaaɓe makko.

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Major '''John Mackenzie''', VC, DCM (22 noowammbar 1871 – 17 mee 1915) ko Ecoppinaajo keɓɗo njeenaari Victoria Cross, njeenaari ɓurndi toowde e teddungal ngam jaambaaro e yeeso gaño ndi waawi rokkireede konu [[Biritaani-Mawndi|Angalteer]] e konu Commonwealth .

== Matinolji ==
Mackenzie ina yahra e duuɓi 29, kadi ko o sarjant e nder bataliyoŋ 2ɓo, hono The Seaforth Highlanders (Ross-shire Buffs, Duke of Albany), konu Angalteer, gollotooɗo e konu ladde Afrik hirnaange e nder njillu tataɓo Ashanti nde golle garooje ɗee mbaɗi ɗe o rokkaa VC.

Ñalnde 6 suwee 1900 to Dompoassi, Ashanti (Gana hannde), Sergeant Mackenzie, caggal nde golliima e balɗe ɗiɗi Maxim e les njiimaandi mawndi, o gaañii e waɗde ɗum, o jaɓi laɓɓinde jolngo gaño oo. Ɗuum o waɗi, ko ɓuri jaalɗude, o ardii ñaawoore ndee e hoore makko, o riiwi gaño oo e hoore makko e nder ladde. 

== Kabaaruuji goɗɗi ==
John Mackenzie naati e konu Seaforth e lewru ut 1887, o golliima e konu nguu to leydi Inndo, ina jeyaa heen kadi konu Chitral 1895 . O artiraa kaporal e lewru mee 1897, o artiraa e golle to Afrik worgo e lewru noowammbar ndeen hitaande, ɗo o rokkaa njeenaari teskinndi . O wonti sarwiis e lewru marse 1899. 

John Mackenzie halfinaama wonde lietnaa ɗiɗaɓo e nder Black Watch ñalnde 29 noowammbar 1900, o wonti kapiteen e nder Royal Scots ñalnde 22 lewru bowte hitaande 1904. E nder oon sahaa kadi o golliima e jokkondiral e konu worgo leydi Nijeer . O siftinaama e diisnondiral ngam golle makko e nder njillu Aro (Noowammbar 1901 haa Marse 1902) ; [1] kadi e hitaande 1906 nde o woni ofisee golloowo e nder konu Munster e laawol gootol kadi e nder njillu Kano-Sokoto .

O artiraa e mawɗo e lewru abriil 1914  , o woniino gardiiɗo bataliyoŋ 2ɓo konu Bedfordshire, ɗo to Festubert ñalnde 17 mee 1915, nde o ardii yimɓe makko, o waraa ko caggal nde o yalti diwde e ŋoral. 

Major Mackenzie ina wirnaa e yanaande gardeeji, to wuro wiyeteengo Cuinchy, to Fuɗnaange Farayse. 

Kuraana makko biyeteeɗo Victoria ina hollitee e nder galle mooftirɗo konu (Musée régimental) to wuro wiyeteengo Fort George, to Inverness-shire, to leydi Ecoppi.  Bannge makko pipe ina tawee e galle laamorɗo Ecoppi to galle laamorɗo Edinburgh .

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Major '''John Mackenzie''', VC, DCM (22 noowammbar 1871 – 17 mee 1915) ko Ecoppinaajo keɓɗo njeenaari Victoria Cross, njeenaari ɓurndi toowde e teddungal ngam jaambaaro e yeeso gaño ndi waawi rokkireede konu [[Biritaani-Mawndi|Angalteer]] e konu Commonwealth .&lt;ref&gt;No. 27266&quot;. The London Gazette. 15 October 1901. p. 307.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matinolji ==
Mackenzie ina yahra e duuɓi 29, kadi ko o sarjant e nder bataliyoŋ 2ɓo, hono The Seaforth Highlanders (Ross-shire Buffs, Duke of Albany), konu Angalteer, gollotooɗo e konu ladde Afrik hirnaange e nder njillu tataɓo Ashanti nde golle garooje ɗee mbaɗi ɗe o rokkaa VC.

Ñalnde 6 suwee 1900 to Dompoassi, Ashanti (Gana hannde), Sergeant Mackenzie, caggal nde golliima e balɗe ɗiɗi Maxim e les njiimaandi mawndi, o gaañii e waɗde ɗum, o jaɓi laɓɓinde jolngo gaño oo. Ɗuum o waɗi, ko ɓuri jaalɗude, o ardii ñaawoore ndee e hoore makko, o riiwi gaño oo e hoore makko e nder ladde. 

== Kabaaruuji goɗɗi ==
John Mackenzie naati e konu Seaforth e lewru ut 1887, o golliima e konu nguu to leydi Inndo, ina jeyaa heen kadi konu Chitral 1895 . O artiraa kaporal e lewru mee 1897, o artiraa e golle to Afrik worgo e lewru noowammbar ndeen hitaande, ɗo o rokkaa njeenaari teskinndi . O wonti sarwiis e lewru marse 1899. 

John Mackenzie halfinaama wonde lietnaa ɗiɗaɓo e nder Black Watch ñalnde 29 noowammbar 1900, o wonti kapiteen e nder Royal Scots ñalnde 22 lewru bowte hitaande 1904. E nder oon sahaa kadi o golliima e jokkondiral e konu worgo leydi Nijeer . O siftinaama e diisnondiral ngam golle makko e nder njillu Aro (Noowammbar 1901 haa Marse 1902) ; [1] kadi e hitaande 1906 nde o woni ofisee golloowo e nder konu Munster e laawol gootol kadi e nder njillu Kano-Sokoto .

O artiraa e mawɗo e lewru abriil 1914  , o woniino gardiiɗo bataliyoŋ 2ɓo konu Bedfordshire, ɗo to Festubert ñalnde 17 mee 1915, nde o ardii yimɓe makko, o waraa ko caggal nde o yalti diwde e ŋoral. 

Major Mackenzie ina wirnaa e yanaande gardeeji, to wuro wiyeteengo Cuinchy, to Fuɗnaange Farayse. 

Kuraana makko biyeteeɗo Victoria ina hollitee e nder galle mooftirɗo konu (Musée régimental) to wuro wiyeteengo Fort George, to Inverness-shire, to leydi Ecoppi.  Bannge makko pipe ina tawee e galle laamorɗo Ecoppi to galle laamorɗo Edinburgh .

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Major '''John Mackenzie''', VC, DCM (22 noowammbar 1871 – 17 mee 1915) ko Ecoppinaajo keɓɗo njeenaari Victoria Cross, njeenaari ɓurndi toowde e teddungal ngam jaambaaro e yeeso gaño ndi waawi rokkireede konu [[Biritaani-Mawndi|Angalteer]] e konu Commonwealth .&lt;ref&gt;No. 27266&quot;. The London Gazette. 15 October 1901. p. 307.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matinolji ==
Mackenzie ina yahra e duuɓi 29, kadi ko o sarjant e nder bataliyoŋ 2ɓo, hono The Seaforth Highlanders (Ross-shire Buffs, Duke of Albany), konu Angalteer, gollotooɗo e konu ladde Afrik hirnaange e nder njillu tataɓo Ashanti nde golle garooje ɗee mbaɗi ɗe o rokkaa VC.

Ñalnde 6 suwee 1900 to Dompoassi, Ashanti (Gana hannde), Sergeant Mackenzie, caggal nde golliima e balɗe ɗiɗi Maxim e les njiimaandi mawndi, o gaañii e waɗde ɗum, o jaɓi laɓɓinde jolngo gaño oo. Ɗuum o waɗi, ko ɓuri jaalɗude, o ardii ñaawoore ndee e hoore makko, o riiwi gaño oo e hoore makko e nder ladde. 

== Kabaaruuji goɗɗi ==
John Mackenzie naati e konu Seaforth e lewru ut 1887, o golliima e konu nguu to leydi Inndo, ina jeyaa heen kadi konu Chitral 1895 . O artiraa kaporal e lewru mee 1897, o artiraa e golle to Afrik worgo e lewru noowammbar ndeen hitaande, ɗo o rokkaa njeenaari teskinndi . O wonti sarwiis e lewru marse 1899. 

John Mackenzie halfinaama wonde lietnaa ɗiɗaɓo e nder Black Watch ñalnde 29 noowammbar 1900, o wonti kapiteen e nder Royal Scots ñalnde 22 lewru bowte hitaande 1904. E nder oon sahaa kadi o golliima e jokkondiral e konu worgo leydi Nijeer . O siftinaama e diisnondiral ngam golle makko e nder njillu Aro (Noowammbar 1901 haa Marse 1902) ; [1] kadi e hitaande 1906 nde o woni ofisee golloowo e nder konu Munster e laawol gootol kadi e nder njillu Kano-Sokoto .

O artiraa e mawɗo e lewru abriil 1914  , o woniino gardiiɗo bataliyoŋ 2ɓo konu Bedfordshire, ɗo to Festubert ñalnde 17 mee 1915, nde o ardii yimɓe makko, o waraa ko caggal nde o yalti diwde e ŋoral. 

Major Mackenzie ina wirnaa e yanaande gardeeji, to wuro wiyeteengo Cuinchy, to Fuɗnaange Farayse. 

Kuraana makko biyeteeɗo Victoria ina hollitee e nder galle mooftirɗo konu (Musée régimental) to wuro wiyeteengo Fort George, to Inverness-shire, to leydi Ecoppi.  Bannge makko pipe ina tawee e galle laamorɗo Ecoppi to galle laamorɗo Edinburgh .

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Seneraal mawɗo biyeteeɗo '''Charles Howard Foulkes''', CB, CMG, DSO (1 feebariyee 1875 &amp;#x2013; 6 mee 1969) ko ofisee Royal Engineers e nder konu Angalteer, kadi ko o ƴarotooɗo hockey hakkunde leyɗeele Angalteer, tawtoraaɗo Olimpiyaaji 1908 e nder kippu keɓɗo njeenaari njamndi. O yiyi golle e wolde adunaare adannde, caggal nde Almaañ fuɗɗii huutoraade gaas ñalnde 22 abriil 1915 e wolde ɗiɗmere Ypres, o wonti mawɗo wasiyaaji Angalteer e wolde gaas . O wasiyiima kadi huutoraade gaas ngam haɗde fitinaaji Afganistaan (1919) e Waziristan (1920), kono gaas meeɗaa huutoreede e ɗeen hareeji. 

== Golle konu ==
Foulkes janngi ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Bedford,  o yamiraa e nder Royal Engineers ngam wonde lietnaa ɗiɗaɓo ñalnde 27 feebariyee 1894, caggal ɗuum o artiraa e lietnaa ñalnde 27 feebariyee 1897.  O golliima to Siyeraa Leyoon keɓgol wolde (he Huxlater for98). medal Afrik fuɗnaange e hirnaange . Caggal nde wolde Boer ɗiɗmere fuɗɗii e lewru oktoobar 1899, o toɗɗaa e Staff konu to Afrik worgo, o tawtoraama golle keewɗe e golle. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hart&quot; /&gt;  O wonti balloowo Komiseriyaa to Komiseer keeri Angalteer e Farayse to Fuɗnaange [[Niiser|Niiseer]] e darorɗe hitaande 1902, e darnde nokkuure ndee hono kapiteen .  Caggal nde o tawtoraama e njillu [[Kano]] - Sokoto ngu addani Emir en to [[Naajeeriya|Nijeer]] e les njiimaandi Angalteer e hitaande 1903, o wonti Kumanndaa Ordnance Survey Ecoppi e hitaande 1904. &lt;ref name=&quot;lh&quot; /&gt; O woniino tergal e fedde heɓnde medal njamndi ngam hockey ladde e hitaande 1908 .  O yahi haa o woni Kumanndaa 31ɓo (Fortress) to [[Sirlanka|Ceylon]] e hitaande 1909 e Kumanndaa ‘L’ to Depo Innjiilaaji Laamɗo to Chatham e hitaande 1913. &lt;ref name=&quot;lh&quot; /&gt;

Foulkes golliima e wolde adunaare adannde ko Kumanndaajo Kompañi 11ɓo (Field), o tawtoraama wolde adannde Ypres e hitaande 1914 hade makko wonde mawɗo wasiyaaji Angalteer e hare gaas e hitaande 1915 e Ofisee Seneraal Komandaajo Birigade keeriiɗo toppitiiɗo hare kemikal e gardotooɗo Gas Services  darnde seneraal brigadier mo jooni, ƴettuɗo laamu e juuɗe Henri Fleetwood Thuillier . 

O wasiyiima huutoraade gaas ngam haɓde e fitinaaji Afganistaan e hitaande 1919 e Waziristan e hitaande 1920, [1] tawii noon gaas meeɗaa huutoreede e ɗeen hareeji, hade makko wonde Kumaniiɗo Innjiniyankooɓe Laamɗo to Fermoy e Direkteer Propaganda Irlannda e hitaande 1921 1922, cukko hooreejo injenieer to komannda Sud e hitaande 1924 e hooreejo injenieer to komannda Aldershot e hitaande 1926 hade makko woppude golle e hitaande 1930. [1] E lewru suwee 1928 o toɗɗaa balloowo hooreejo laamɗo George V . [2]

== Binndanɗe ==

*  
* Foulkes, C.H., ''Commonsense and ARP, a practical guide for householders and business managers'' (C Arthur Pearson, London, 1939)

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Seneraal mawɗo biyeteeɗo '''Charles Howard Foulkes''', CB, CMG, DSO (1 feebariyee 1875 &amp;#x2013; 6 mee 1969) ko ofisee Royal Engineers e nder konu Angalteer, kadi ko o ƴarotooɗo hockey hakkunde leyɗeele Angalteer, tawtoraaɗo Olimpiyaaji 1908 e nder kippu keɓɗo njeenaari njamndi. O yiyi golle e wolde adunaare adannde, caggal nde Almaañ fuɗɗii huutoraade gaas ñalnde 22 abriil 1915 e wolde ɗiɗmere Ypres, o wonti mawɗo wasiyaaji Angalteer e wolde gaas . O wasiyiima kadi huutoraade gaas ngam haɗde fitinaaji Afganistaan (1919) e Waziristan (1920), kono gaas meeɗaa huutoreede e ɗeen hareeji. 

== Golle konu ==
Foulkes janngi ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Bedford,  o yamiraa e nder Royal Engineers ngam wonde lietnaa ɗiɗaɓo ñalnde 27 feebariyee 1894, caggal ɗuum o artiraa e lietnaa ñalnde 27 feebariyee 1897.  O golliima to Siyeraa Leyoon keɓgol wolde (he Huxlater for98). medal Afrik fuɗnaange e hirnaange . Caggal nde wolde Boer ɗiɗmere fuɗɗii e lewru oktoobar 1899, o toɗɗaa e Staff konu to Afrik worgo, o tawtoraama golle keewɗe e golle. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hart&quot; /&gt;  O wonti balloowo Komiseriyaa to Komiseer keeri Angalteer e Farayse to Fuɗnaange [[Niiser|Niiseer]] e darorɗe hitaande 1902, e darnde nokkuure ndee hono kapiteen .  Caggal nde o tawtoraama e njillu [[Kano]] - Sokoto ngu addani Emir en to [[Naajeeriya|Nijeer]] e les njiimaandi Angalteer e hitaande 1903, o wonti Kumanndaa Ordnance Survey Ecoppi e hitaande 1904. &lt;ref name=&quot;lh&quot; /&gt; O woniino tergal e fedde heɓnde medal njamndi ngam hockey ladde e hitaande 1908 .  O yahi haa o woni Kumanndaa 31ɓo (Fortress) to [[Sirlanka|Ceylon]] e hitaande 1909 e Kumanndaa ‘L’ to Depo Innjiilaaji Laamɗo to Chatham e hitaande 1913. &lt;ref name=&quot;lh&quot; /&gt;

Foulkes golliima e wolde adunaare adannde ko Kumanndaajo Kompañi 11ɓo (Field), o tawtoraama wolde adannde Ypres e hitaande 1914 hade makko wonde mawɗo wasiyaaji Angalteer e hare gaas e hitaande 1915 e Ofisee Seneraal Komandaajo Birigade keeriiɗo toppitiiɗo hare kemikal e gardotooɗo Gas Services  darnde seneraal brigadier mo jooni, ƴettuɗo laamu e juuɗe Henri Fleetwood Thuillier . 

O wasiyiima huutoraade gaas ngam haɓde e fitinaaji Afganistaan e hitaande 1919 e Waziristan e hitaande 1920, [1] tawii noon gaas meeɗaa huutoreede e ɗeen hareeji, hade makko wonde Kumaniiɗo Innjiniyankooɓe Laamɗo to Fermoy e Direkteer Propaganda Irlannda e hitaande 1921 1922, cukko hooreejo injenieer to komannda Sud e hitaande 1924 e hooreejo injenieer to komannda Aldershot e hitaande 1926 hade makko woppude golle e hitaande 1930. [1] E lewru suwee 1928 o toɗɗaa balloowo hooreejo laamɗo George V . [2]

== Binndanɗe ==

*  
* Foulkes, C.H., ''Commonsense and ARP, a practical guide for householders and business managers'' (C Arthur Pearson, London, 1939)

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'''Sir Aleksanndere Wiliyam Joorji Herder Grantham''', GCMG ( Chinese ; 15 marse 1899 &amp;#x2013; 4 oktoobar 1978) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer laamiiɗo Hong Kong e [[Fiiji|Fiyi]] .

== Nguurndam gadano, golle njuɓɓudi koloñaal ==
Grantham jibinaa ko ñalnde 15 marse 1899, o janngi to Wellington e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde konu laamɗo to Sandhurst

O rokkaama komisoŋ konu keeriiɗo, o gazettii lietnaa ɗiɗaɓo e nder Hussars 18 gila 12 suwee 1917  kono o jokkondiri e 5e Reserve Regiment of Cavalry jooɗiiɗo to Tidworth,  ɗo o janngini worɓe wonande konu pucci jeenay ceertuɗi, ina heen Hussars81. O artiraa e Lietnaa e nder Hussars 18 ñalnde 13 marse 1919  kono o woppi golle makko ñalnde 30 mee 1919. 

Caggal nde o woppi golle makko o yalti konu o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pembroke, Cambridge caggal ɗuum e hitaande 1919 e caggal nde o heɓi bak makko e hitaande 1922 o naati e Biro Koloñaal ngam wonde Kadet Fuɗnaange  to Hong Kong. Ko kanko woni cukko hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji Hong Kong e nder dumunna juutɗo e hitaande 1933. E hitaande 1934, o noddiraa Bar to Inner Temple, o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Imperial Defense College caggal ndeen hitaande.

Grantham wonti Sekereteer Koloñaal to Bermuda tuggi 1935 haa 1938, e to Jamayka tuggi 1938 haa 1941. Ndeen o wonii Sekereteer mawɗo to [[Naajeeriya|Nijeer]] tuggi 1941 haa 1944 e Guwerneer Fiji e Komiseer mawɗo to Pasifik Hirnaange tuggi941.

Ɗoon e ɗoon, caggal nde golle makko Komiseer Toowɗo joofi, o wonti guwerneer Hong Kong, haa hitaande 1957. O salii eɓɓaande gardiiɗo makko, hono Sir Mark Young, ngam yaajtinde golle renndo, e dow daliilu wonde yimɓe Siin nokku oo ina pamɗi no feewi e wellitaare renndo.  E nder ɗuum, o eɓɓi suɓaade terɗe Diiso doosɗe ɗe ngonaa laamuyankooje e nder subalɓe Angalteer tan tawa Guwerneer oo ina jogii mbaawka keeriiɗo ngam ustude kuule LegCo. 

== Lefol laamu ==
Laamu makko woni fuɗɗoode politik koɗki gooto mo laamu Hong Kong ƴetti. E lewru desaambar 1953, yiite yani e nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo to Shek Kip Mei, Kowloon, wari heen yimɓe njeenayo, heewɓe ngalaa galleeji. Ko e laamu Grantham laamu nguu fuɗɗii mahde galleeji koɗki wonande ɓe ngalaa galleeji. Gila ndeen, laamu nguu ina jokki e waɗde eɓɓaaɗe mahngo galleeji laamu, ɗe njoɓaaka no feewi, ɗe addani yimɓe Hong Kong heewɓe ɓe ngalaa kaɓirɗe jogaade galleeji, hoɗde e galleeji laamu nguu, tawi njoɓaaka no feewi. Porogaraam koɗki oo, haa jooni ina yahra yeeso e nder yontaaji ngam newnude yimɓe soodde koɗki ɗi ngalaa njoɓdi, kadi ina keɓa ñamaale moƴƴe ngam soodde koɗki mum en.

== Teddungal ==

* Fedde teddunde, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pembroke, Cambridge
* Doktoraa tedduɗo e sariya, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hong Kong
* CMG, hitaande 1941
* KCMG, hitaande 1945
* GCMG, hitaande 1951

== Nguurndam neɗɗo ==
Grantham mawni ko e feccere to Tianjin, ɗo baaba mum gollotoo sariya. Baaba makko e miñiiko fof mbaraama e wolde adunaare adannde . Ndeen yumma makko resii kadi, Johan Wilhelm Normann Munthe, ɓesngu nguu ummii Pekin .

Grantham resii laabi ɗiɗi. Dewgal makko gadanal, e hitaande 1925, ko e Maurine Samson, ɓiy maayɗo Amos Roland Samson e Liberty &quot;Libby&quot; Cole (Neal) mo diiwaan Champaign, Illinois . Yacht laawɗuɗo Guwerneer oo, e kilinik cellal Hong Kong, e lokomotif, inniraa ko &quot;Lady Maurine&quot; e innde makko. [1] Debbo makko gadano maayi ko e hitaande 1970, Grantham resi (Mrs) M. E. Lumley e hitaande 1972. O maayi ko ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1978.

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'''Sir Aleksanndere Wiliyam Joorji Herder Grantham''', GCMG ( Chinese ; 15 marse 1899 &amp;#x2013; 4 oktoobar 1978) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer laamiiɗo Hong Kong e [[Fiiji|Fiyi]] .&lt;ref&gt;London Gazette 13/9/1917&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam gadano, golle njuɓɓudi koloñaal ==
Grantham jibinaa ko ñalnde 15 marse 1899, o janngi to Wellington e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde konu laamɗo to Sandhurst

O rokkaama komisoŋ konu keeriiɗo, o gazettii lietnaa ɗiɗaɓo e nder Hussars 18 gila 12 suwee 1917  kono o jokkondiri e 5e Reserve Regiment of Cavalry jooɗiiɗo to Tidworth,  ɗo o janngini worɓe wonande konu pucci jeenay ceertuɗi, ina heen Hussars81. O artiraa e Lietnaa e nder Hussars 18 ñalnde 13 marse 1919  kono o woppi golle makko ñalnde 30 mee 1919. 

Caggal nde o woppi golle makko o yalti konu o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pembroke, Cambridge caggal ɗuum e hitaande 1919 e caggal nde o heɓi bak makko e hitaande 1922 o naati e Biro Koloñaal ngam wonde Kadet Fuɗnaange  to Hong Kong. Ko kanko woni cukko hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji Hong Kong e nder dumunna juutɗo e hitaande 1933. E hitaande 1934, o noddiraa Bar to Inner Temple, o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Imperial Defense College caggal ndeen hitaande.

Grantham wonti Sekereteer Koloñaal to Bermuda tuggi 1935 haa 1938, e to Jamayka tuggi 1938 haa 1941. Ndeen o wonii Sekereteer mawɗo to [[Naajeeriya|Nijeer]] tuggi 1941 haa 1944 e Guwerneer Fiji e Komiseer mawɗo to Pasifik Hirnaange tuggi941.

Ɗoon e ɗoon, caggal nde golle makko Komiseer Toowɗo joofi, o wonti guwerneer Hong Kong, haa hitaande 1957. O salii eɓɓaande gardiiɗo makko, hono Sir Mark Young, ngam yaajtinde golle renndo, e dow daliilu wonde yimɓe Siin nokku oo ina pamɗi no feewi e wellitaare renndo.  E nder ɗuum, o eɓɓi suɓaade terɗe Diiso doosɗe ɗe ngonaa laamuyankooje e nder subalɓe Angalteer tan tawa Guwerneer oo ina jogii mbaawka keeriiɗo ngam ustude kuule LegCo. 

== Lefol laamu ==
Laamu makko woni fuɗɗoode politik koɗki gooto mo laamu Hong Kong ƴetti. E lewru desaambar 1953, yiite yani e nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo to Shek Kip Mei, Kowloon, wari heen yimɓe njeenayo, heewɓe ngalaa galleeji. Ko e laamu Grantham laamu nguu fuɗɗii mahde galleeji koɗki wonande ɓe ngalaa galleeji. Gila ndeen, laamu nguu ina jokki e waɗde eɓɓaaɗe mahngo galleeji laamu, ɗe njoɓaaka no feewi, ɗe addani yimɓe Hong Kong heewɓe ɓe ngalaa kaɓirɗe jogaade galleeji, hoɗde e galleeji laamu nguu, tawi njoɓaaka no feewi. Porogaraam koɗki oo, haa jooni ina yahra yeeso e nder yontaaji ngam newnude yimɓe soodde koɗki ɗi ngalaa njoɓdi, kadi ina keɓa ñamaale moƴƴe ngam soodde koɗki mum en.

== Teddungal ==

* Fedde teddunde, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pembroke, Cambridge
* Doktoraa tedduɗo e sariya, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hong Kong
* CMG, hitaande 1941
* KCMG, hitaande 1945
* GCMG, hitaande 1951

== Nguurndam neɗɗo ==
Grantham mawni ko e feccere to Tianjin, ɗo baaba mum gollotoo sariya. Baaba makko e miñiiko fof mbaraama e wolde adunaare adannde . Ndeen yumma makko resii kadi, Johan Wilhelm Normann Munthe, ɓesngu nguu ummii Pekin .

Grantham resii laabi ɗiɗi. Dewgal makko gadanal, e hitaande 1925, ko e Maurine Samson, ɓiy maayɗo Amos Roland Samson e Liberty &quot;Libby&quot; Cole (Neal) mo diiwaan Champaign, Illinois . Yacht laawɗuɗo Guwerneer oo, e kilinik cellal Hong Kong, e lokomotif, inniraa ko &quot;Lady Maurine&quot; e innde makko. [1] Debbo makko gadano maayi ko e hitaande 1970, Grantham resi (Mrs) M. E. Lumley e hitaande 1972. O maayi ko ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1978.

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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{{Databox}}
'''Sir Aleksanndere Wiliyam Joorji Herder Grantham''', GCMG ( Chinese ; 15 marse 1899 &amp;#x2013; 4 oktoobar 1978) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer laamiiɗo Hong Kong e [[Fiiji|Fiyi]] .&lt;ref&gt;London Gazette 13/9/1917&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nguurndam gadano, golle njuɓɓudi koloñaal ==
Grantham jibinaa ko ñalnde 15 marse 1899, o janngi to Wellington e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde konu laamɗo to Sandhurst

O rokkaama komisoŋ konu keeriiɗo, o gazettii lietnaa ɗiɗaɓo e nder Hussars 18 gila 12 suwee 1917  kono o jokkondiri e 5e Reserve Regiment of Cavalry jooɗiiɗo to Tidworth,  ɗo o janngini worɓe wonande konu pucci jeenay ceertuɗi, ina heen Hussars81. O artiraa e Lietnaa e nder Hussars 18 ñalnde 13 marse 1919  kono o woppi golle makko ñalnde 30 mee 1919. 

Caggal nde o woppi golle makko o yalti konu o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pembroke, Cambridge caggal ɗuum e hitaande 1919 e caggal nde o heɓi bak makko e hitaande 1922 o naati e Biro Koloñaal ngam wonde Kadet Fuɗnaange  to Hong Kong. Ko kanko woni cukko hooreejo suudu sarɗiiji Hong Kong e nder dumunna juutɗo e hitaande 1933. E hitaande 1934, o noddiraa Bar to Inner Temple, o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Imperial Defense College caggal ndeen hitaande.

Grantham wonti Sekereteer Koloñaal to Bermuda tuggi 1935 haa 1938, e to Jamayka tuggi 1938 haa 1941. Ndeen o wonii Sekereteer mawɗo to [[Naajeeriya|Nijeer]] tuggi 1941 haa 1944 e Guwerneer Fiji e Komiseer mawɗo to Pasifik Hirnaange tuggi941.

Ɗoon e ɗoon, caggal nde golle makko Komiseer Toowɗo joofi, o wonti guwerneer Hong Kong, haa hitaande 1957. O salii eɓɓaande gardiiɗo makko, hono Sir Mark Young, ngam yaajtinde golle renndo, e dow daliilu wonde yimɓe Siin nokku oo ina pamɗi no feewi e wellitaare renndo.  E nder ɗuum, o eɓɓi suɓaade terɗe Diiso doosɗe ɗe ngonaa laamuyankooje e nder subalɓe Angalteer tan tawa Guwerneer oo ina jogii mbaawka keeriiɗo ngam ustude kuule LegCo. 

== Lefol laamu ==
Laamu makko woni fuɗɗoode politik koɗki gooto mo laamu Hong Kong ƴetti. E lewru desaambar 1953, yiite yani e nokku mawɗo ɓuuɓɗo to Shek Kip Mei, Kowloon, wari heen yimɓe njeenayo, heewɓe ngalaa galleeji. Ko e laamu Grantham laamu nguu fuɗɗii mahde galleeji koɗki wonande ɓe ngalaa galleeji. Gila ndeen, laamu nguu ina jokki e waɗde eɓɓaaɗe mahngo galleeji laamu, ɗe njoɓaaka no feewi, ɗe addani yimɓe Hong Kong heewɓe ɓe ngalaa kaɓirɗe jogaade galleeji, hoɗde e galleeji laamu nguu, tawi njoɓaaka no feewi. Porogaraam koɗki oo, haa jooni ina yahra yeeso e nder yontaaji ngam newnude yimɓe soodde koɗki ɗi ngalaa njoɓdi, kadi ina keɓa ñamaale moƴƴe ngam soodde koɗki mum en.

== Teddungal ==

* Fedde teddunde, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pembroke, Cambridge
* Doktoraa tedduɗo e sariya, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Hong Kong
* CMG, hitaande 1941
* KCMG, hitaande 1945
* GCMG, hitaande 1951

== Nguurndam neɗɗo ==
Grantham mawni ko e feccere to Tianjin, ɗo baaba mum gollotoo sariya. Baaba makko e miñiiko fof mbaraama e wolde adunaare adannde . Ndeen yumma makko resii kadi, Johan Wilhelm Normann Munthe, ɓesngu nguu ummii Pekin .

Grantham resii laabi ɗiɗi. Dewgal makko gadanal, e hitaande 1925, ko e Maurine Samson, ɓiy maayɗo Amos Roland Samson e Liberty &quot;Libby&quot; Cole (Neal) mo diiwaan Champaign, Illinois . Yacht laawɗuɗo Guwerneer oo, e kilinik cellal Hong Kong, e lokomotif, inniraa ko &quot;Lady Maurine&quot; e innde makko. [1] Debbo makko gadano maayi ko e hitaande 1970, Grantham resi (Mrs) M. E. Lumley e hitaande 1972. O maayi ko ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1978.

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Koyngal Hugh Makintosh, Baron Karadon''' GCMG KCVO OBE PC (8 oktoobar 1907 – 5 suwee 1990) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Engele e dipolomaat, wonnoo ko Wakiiliijo Duumotooɗo Dental Dowlaaji Amerik to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, kadi ko guwerneer cakkitiiɗo Siprus Angalteer .

== Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol ==
Hugh Mackintosh Foot jibinaa ko to Plymouth ñalnde 8 oktoobar 1907. O janngi ko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Leighton Park to Reading, to wuro wiyeteengo Berkshire, o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St John’s College, to Cambridge, o heɓi ɗoon dipolomaaji makko e hitaande 1929. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; O woniino hooreejo fedde wiyeteende Cambridge, kadi ko o hooreejo fedde wiyeteende Duɗal Jaaɓihaaɗtirde . Miñiraaɓe makko tato wonɓe e politik, hono Dingle, John e Michael, kamɓe fof ɓe njanngii to Oxford, kamɓe fof ɓe ngonti hooreeɓe Dental Oxford .

== Kugal ==
Golle Hugh Foot e nder golle dipolomasi ina juuti, ina ceerti. To Palestiin Mandatory, o woniino balloowo komisariyaajo diiwaan Nablus .  E nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere o toɗɗaa ko gardiiɗo konu Angalteer to Cyrenaica, o woni kadi gardiiɗo koloñaal to Siprus tuggi 1943 haa 1945. Caggal wolde nde, o woni gardiiɗo koloñaal to [[Jamayka]], 1945–47, o woni gardiiɗo koloñaal to [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]] e hitaande 1949 Kapiteen Seneraal e Guwerneer mawɗo Jamayka e hitaande 1951,  posto mo o joginoo haa hitaande 1957.

O arti Siprus, o woni Guwerneer koloñaal cakkitiiɗo e Kumaandaŋ mawɗo ñalnde 3 desaambar 1957 [1] haa 1960, nde Siprus heɓi jeytaare mum . E hitaande 1961, o wonti Ammbasadeer Angalteer to Goomu Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe. Caggal nde lannda Labour heɓi woote kuuɓtodinɗe 1964, Foot wonti jaagorgal dowla to bannge geɗe caggal leydi e wakilaaji duumiiɗi gila e leydi Angalteer haa e Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe tuggi 1964 haa 1970. Caradon gollodiima e Charles W. Yost e kaaldigal Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo (Four Power ONU ). E nder laamu makko e gardagol Wakiiliijo Duumotooɗo, o huniima e Diiso doosɗe leydi e hitaande 1968 e teddungal hitaande hesere . [2] Caggal nde o woppi golle, o wonti njillu to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Harvard e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Princeton .

E hitaande 1964 Foot rokkaama njeenaari nguurndam hono '''Baron Caradon''', mo St Cleer e nder diiwaan Kornwall,  tiitoonde ndee ina tuugnii e tufnde Caradon to Bodmin Moor, nde woɗɗaani galle laamorɗo Trematon, ko ɗoon woni galle leydi makko. O wiyi e jaleeɗe wonde o weltiima nde o woppitaa innde « Foot », nde o miijii noddaango dariingo e waggooɓe, no o yiɗiri hollirde ɗum e siftinde telegaraam mo baaba makko heɓi e woote makko e parlemaa : « Foot, jaaraama e golle maa !» Foot ko mason golloowo . 

== Teddungal e juuɗe ==
Foot toɗɗaa ko Ofisee Ordo Laamu Angalteer (OBE) e nder teddungal hitaande hesere 1939   e toowɗo sehil Ordo St Michael e St George (CMG) e teddungal ñalngu jibinannde 1946 .  O toɗɗaama hooreejo konuuji e nder fedde St Michael e St George (KCMG) e nder teddungal hitaande hesere 1951  o toɗɗaa kadi hooreejo konuuji e nder fedde laamɗo Victoria (KCVO) ñalnde 27 noowammbar 1953.  E hitaande 1957 o woniino hooreejo konuuji e nder teddungal St Michael e St George , o toɗɗaa e hitaande 1957 (GCMG). 

== Caalaje ==
O jeyaa ko e ɓiɓɓe nayo depitee Liberal biyeteeɗo Isaac Foot, miñiraaɓe makko tato ɓee ko politik Sir Dingle Foot, sehil makko nguurndam Lord Foot, e jaaynoowo e hooreejo lannda Labour Michael Foot . &quot;Min mbeltiima no feewi e wonde ɓe ngonaa ƴoƴɓe e ɓe ngonaa ƴoƴɓe&quot;, Caradon meeɗii winndude e ɓesngu mum: &quot; Oliver Cromwell ko jaambaaro amen, John Milton ko yimoowo amen.&quot;

Foot resi Florence Sylvia Tod e hitaande 1936. O adii maayde ko e hitaande 1985. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe tato worɓe e ɓiɗɗo debbo gooto : 

== Tuugnorgal ==

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'''Koyngal Hugh Makintosh, Baron Karadon''' GCMG KCVO OBE PC (8 oktoobar 1907 – 5 suwee 1990) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Engele e dipolomaat, wonnoo ko Wakiiliijo Duumotooɗo Dental Dowlaaji Amerik to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, kadi ko guwerneer cakkitiiɗo Siprus Angalteer.

== Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol ==
Hugh Mackintosh Foot jibinaa ko to Plymouth ñalnde 8 oktoobar 1907. O janngi ko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Leighton Park to Reading, to wuro wiyeteengo Berkshire, o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St John’s College, to Cambridge, o heɓi ɗoon dipolomaaji makko e hitaande 1929. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; O woniino hooreejo fedde wiyeteende Cambridge, kadi ko o hooreejo fedde wiyeteende Duɗal Jaaɓihaaɗtirde . Miñiraaɓe makko tato wonɓe e politik, hono Dingle, John e Michael, kamɓe fof ɓe njanngii to Oxford, kamɓe fof ɓe ngonti hooreeɓe Dental Oxford .&lt;ref&gt;Samuel, E.H. (1970). A Lifetime in Jerusalem: The Memoirs of the Second Viscount Samuel. Transaction Publishers. p. 131.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kugal ==
Golle Hugh Foot e nder golle dipolomasi ina juuti, ina ceerti. To Palestiin Mandatory, o woniino balloowo komisariyaajo diiwaan Nablus .  E nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere o toɗɗaa ko gardiiɗo konu Angalteer to Cyrenaica, o woni kadi gardiiɗo koloñaal to Siprus tuggi 1943 haa 1945. Caggal wolde nde, o woni gardiiɗo koloñaal to [[Jamayka]], 1945–47, o woni gardiiɗo koloñaal to [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]] e hitaande 1949 Kapiteen Seneraal e Guwerneer mawɗo Jamayka e hitaande 1951,  posto mo o joginoo haa hitaande 1957.

O arti Siprus, o woni Guwerneer koloñaal cakkitiiɗo e Kumaandaŋ mawɗo ñalnde 3 desaambar 1957 [1] haa 1960, nde Siprus heɓi jeytaare mum . E hitaande 1961, o wonti Ammbasadeer Angalteer to Goomu Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe. Caggal nde lannda Labour heɓi woote kuuɓtodinɗe 1964, Foot wonti jaagorgal dowla to bannge geɗe caggal leydi e wakilaaji duumiiɗi gila e leydi Angalteer haa e Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe tuggi 1964 haa 1970. Caradon gollodiima e Charles W. Yost e kaaldigal Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo (Four Power ONU ). E nder laamu makko e gardagol Wakiiliijo Duumotooɗo, o huniima e Diiso doosɗe leydi e hitaande 1968 e teddungal hitaande hesere . [2] Caggal nde o woppi golle, o wonti njillu to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Harvard e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Princeton .

E hitaande 1964 Foot rokkaama njeenaari nguurndam hono '''Baron Caradon''', mo St Cleer e nder diiwaan Kornwall,  tiitoonde ndee ina tuugnii e tufnde Caradon to Bodmin Moor, nde woɗɗaani galle laamorɗo Trematon, ko ɗoon woni galle leydi makko. O wiyi e jaleeɗe wonde o weltiima nde o woppitaa innde « Foot », nde o miijii noddaango dariingo e waggooɓe, no o yiɗiri hollirde ɗum e siftinde telegaraam mo baaba makko heɓi e woote makko e parlemaa : « Foot, jaaraama e golle maa !» Foot ko mason golloowo . 

== Teddungal e juuɗe ==
Foot toɗɗaa ko Ofisee Ordo Laamu Angalteer (OBE) e nder teddungal hitaande hesere 1939   e toowɗo sehil Ordo St Michael e St George (CMG) e teddungal ñalngu jibinannde 1946 .  O toɗɗaama hooreejo konuuji e nder fedde St Michael e St George (KCMG) e nder teddungal hitaande hesere 1951  o toɗɗaa kadi hooreejo konuuji e nder fedde laamɗo Victoria (KCVO) ñalnde 27 noowammbar 1953.  E hitaande 1957 o woniino hooreejo konuuji e nder teddungal St Michael e St George , o toɗɗaa e hitaande 1957 (GCMG). 

== Caalaje ==
O jeyaa ko e ɓiɓɓe nayo depitee Liberal biyeteeɗo Isaac Foot, miñiraaɓe makko tato ɓee ko politik Sir Dingle Foot, sehil makko nguurndam Lord Foot, e jaaynoowo e hooreejo lannda Labour Michael Foot . &quot;Min mbeltiima no feewi e wonde ɓe ngonaa ƴoƴɓe e ɓe ngonaa ƴoƴɓe&quot;, Caradon meeɗii winndude e ɓesngu mum: &quot; Oliver Cromwell ko jaambaaro amen, John Milton ko yimoowo amen.&quot;

Foot resi Florence Sylvia Tod e hitaande 1936. O adii maayde ko e hitaande 1985. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe tato worɓe e ɓiɗɗo debbo gooto : 

== Tuugnorgal ==

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'''Koyngal Hugh Makintosh, Baron Karadon''' GCMG KCVO OBE PC (8 oktoobar 1907 – 5 suwee 1990) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Engele e dipolomaat, wonnoo ko Wakiiliijo Duumotooɗo Dental Dowlaaji Amerik to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, kadi ko guwerneer cakkitiiɗo Siprus Angalteer.

== Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol ==
Hugh Mackintosh Foot jibinaa ko to Plymouth ñalnde 8 oktoobar 1907. O janngi ko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Leighton Park to Reading, to wuro wiyeteengo Berkshire, o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St John’s College, to Cambridge, o heɓi ɗoon dipolomaaji makko e hitaande 1929. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; O woniino hooreejo fedde wiyeteende Cambridge, kadi ko o hooreejo fedde wiyeteende Duɗal Jaaɓihaaɗtirde . Miñiraaɓe makko tato wonɓe e politik, hono Dingle, John e Michael, kamɓe fof ɓe njanngii to Oxford, kamɓe fof ɓe ngonti hooreeɓe Dental Oxford .&lt;ref&gt;Samuel, E.H. (1970). A Lifetime in Jerusalem: The Memoirs of the Second Viscount Samuel. Transaction Publishers. p. 131.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kugal ==
Golle Hugh Foot e nder golle dipolomasi ina juuti, ina ceerti. To Palestiin Mandatory, o woniino balloowo komisariyaajo diiwaan Nablus .  E nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere o toɗɗaa ko gardiiɗo konu Angalteer to Cyrenaica, o woni kadi gardiiɗo koloñaal to Siprus tuggi 1943 haa 1945. Caggal wolde nde, o woni gardiiɗo koloñaal to [[Jamayka]], 1945–47, o woni gardiiɗo koloñaal to [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]] e hitaande 1949 Kapiteen Seneraal e Guwerneer mawɗo Jamayka e hitaande 1951,  posto mo o joginoo haa hitaande 1957.

O arti Siprus, o woni Guwerneer koloñaal cakkitiiɗo e Kumaandaŋ mawɗo ñalnde 3 desaambar 1957 [1] haa 1960, nde Siprus heɓi jeytaare mum . E hitaande 1961, o wonti Ammbasadeer Angalteer to Goomu Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe. Caggal nde lannda Labour heɓi woote kuuɓtodinɗe 1964, Foot wonti jaagorgal dowla to bannge geɗe caggal leydi e wakilaaji duumiiɗi gila e leydi Angalteer haa e Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe tuggi 1964 haa 1970. Caradon gollodiima e Charles W. Yost e kaaldigal Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo (Four Power ONU ). E nder laamu makko e gardagol Wakiiliijo Duumotooɗo, o huniima e Diiso doosɗe leydi e hitaande 1968 e teddungal hitaande hesere . [2] Caggal nde o woppi golle, o wonti njillu to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Harvard e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Princeton .

E hitaande 1964 Foot rokkaama njeenaari nguurndam hono '''Baron Caradon''', mo St Cleer e nder diiwaan Kornwall,  tiitoonde ndee ina tuugnii e tufnde Caradon to Bodmin Moor, nde woɗɗaani galle laamorɗo Trematon, ko ɗoon woni galle leydi makko. O wiyi e jaleeɗe wonde o weltiima nde o woppitaa innde « Foot », nde o miijii noddaango dariingo e waggooɓe, no o yiɗiri hollirde ɗum e siftinde telegaraam mo baaba makko heɓi e woote makko e parlemaa : « Foot, jaaraama e golle maa !» Foot ko mason golloowo . 

== Teddungal e juuɗe ==
Foot toɗɗaa ko Ofisee Ordo Laamu Angalteer (OBE) e nder teddungal hitaande hesere 1939   e toowɗo sehil Ordo St Michael e St George (CMG) e teddungal ñalngu jibinannde 1946 .  O toɗɗaama hooreejo konuuji e nder fedde St Michael e St George (KCMG) e nder teddungal hitaande hesere 1951  o toɗɗaa kadi hooreejo konuuji e nder fedde laamɗo Victoria (KCVO) ñalnde 27 noowammbar 1953.  E hitaande 1957 o woniino hooreejo konuuji e nder teddungal St Michael e St George , o toɗɗaa e hitaande 1957 (GCMG). 

== Caalaje ==
O jeyaa ko e ɓiɓɓe nayo depitee Liberal biyeteeɗo Isaac Foot, miñiraaɓe makko tato ɓee ko politik Sir Dingle Foot, sehil makko nguurndam Lord Foot, e jaaynoowo e hooreejo lannda Labour Michael Foot . &quot;Min mbeltiima no feewi e wonde ɓe ngonaa ƴoƴɓe e ɓe ngonaa ƴoƴɓe&quot;, Caradon meeɗii winndude e ɓesngu mum: &quot; Oliver Cromwell ko jaambaaro amen, John Milton ko yimoowo amen.&quot;

Foot resi Florence Sylvia Tod e hitaande 1936. O adii maayde ko e hitaande 1985. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe tato worɓe e ɓiɗɗo debbo gooto : 

== Tuugnorgal ==

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'''Koyngal Hugh Makintosh, Baron Karadon''' GCMG KCVO OBE PC (8 oktoobar 1907 – 5 suwee 1990) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Engele e dipolomaat, wonnoo ko Wakiiliijo Duumotooɗo Dental Dowlaaji Amerik to Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe, kadi ko guwerneer cakkitiiɗo Siprus Angalteer.

== Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol ==
Hugh Mackintosh Foot jibinaa ko to Plymouth ñalnde 8 oktoobar 1907. O janngi ko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Leighton Park to Reading, to wuro wiyeteengo Berkshire, o yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St John’s College, to Cambridge, o heɓi ɗoon dipolomaaji makko e hitaande 1929. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; O woniino hooreejo fedde wiyeteende Cambridge, kadi ko o hooreejo fedde wiyeteende Duɗal Jaaɓihaaɗtirde . Miñiraaɓe makko tato wonɓe e politik, hono Dingle, John e Michael, kamɓe fof ɓe njanngii to Oxford, kamɓe fof ɓe ngonti hooreeɓe Dental Oxford .&lt;ref&gt;Samuel, E.H. (1970). A Lifetime in Jerusalem: The Memoirs of the Second Viscount Samuel. Transaction Publishers. p. 131.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kugal ==
Golle Hugh Foot e nder golle dipolomasi ina juuti, ina ceerti. To Palestiin Mandatory, o woniino balloowo komisariyaajo diiwaan Nablus .  E nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere o toɗɗaa ko gardiiɗo konu Angalteer to Cyrenaica, o woni kadi gardiiɗo koloñaal to Siprus tuggi 1943 haa 1945. Caggal wolde nde, o woni gardiiɗo koloñaal to [[Jamayka]], 1945–47, o woni gardiiɗo koloñaal to [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]] e hitaande 1949 Kapiteen Seneraal e Guwerneer mawɗo Jamayka e hitaande 1951,  posto mo o joginoo haa hitaande 1957.

O arti Siprus, o woni Guwerneer koloñaal cakkitiiɗo e Kumaandaŋ mawɗo ñalnde 3 desaambar 1957 [1] haa 1960, nde Siprus heɓi jeytaare mum . E hitaande 1961, o wonti Ammbasadeer Angalteer to Goomu Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe. Caggal nde lannda Labour heɓi woote kuuɓtodinɗe 1964, Foot wonti jaagorgal dowla to bannge geɗe caggal leydi e wakilaaji duumiiɗi gila e leydi Angalteer haa e Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe tuggi 1964 haa 1970. Caradon gollodiima e Charles W. Yost e kaaldigal Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo (Four Power ONU ). E nder laamu makko e gardagol Wakiiliijo Duumotooɗo, o huniima e Diiso doosɗe leydi e hitaande 1968 e teddungal hitaande hesere . [2] Caggal nde o woppi golle, o wonti njillu to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Harvard e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Princeton .

E hitaande 1964 Foot rokkaama njeenaari nguurndam hono '''Baron Caradon''', mo St Cleer e nder diiwaan Kornwall,  tiitoonde ndee ina tuugnii e tufnde Caradon to Bodmin Moor, nde woɗɗaani galle laamorɗo Trematon, ko ɗoon woni galle leydi makko. O wiyi e jaleeɗe wonde o weltiima nde o woppitaa innde « Foot », nde o miijii noddaango dariingo e waggooɓe, no o yiɗiri hollirde ɗum e siftinde telegaraam mo baaba makko heɓi e woote makko e parlemaa : « Foot, jaaraama e golle maa !» Foot ko mason golloowo . 

== Teddungal e juuɗe ==
Foot toɗɗaa ko Ofisee Ordo Laamu Angalteer (OBE) e nder teddungal hitaande hesere 1939   e toowɗo sehil Ordo St Michael e St George (CMG) e teddungal ñalngu jibinannde 1946 .  O toɗɗaama hooreejo konuuji e nder fedde St Michael e St George (KCMG) e nder teddungal hitaande hesere 1951  o toɗɗaa kadi hooreejo konuuji e nder fedde laamɗo Victoria (KCVO) ñalnde 27 noowammbar 1953.  E hitaande 1957 o woniino hooreejo konuuji e nder teddungal St Michael e St George , o toɗɗaa e hitaande 1957 (GCMG). 

== Caalaje ==
O jeyaa ko e ɓiɓɓe nayo depitee Liberal biyeteeɗo Isaac Foot, miñiraaɓe makko tato ɓee ko politik Sir Dingle Foot, sehil makko nguurndam Lord Foot, e jaaynoowo e hooreejo lannda Labour Michael Foot . &quot;Min mbeltiima no feewi e wonde ɓe ngonaa ƴoƴɓe e ɓe ngonaa ƴoƴɓe&quot;, Caradon meeɗii winndude e ɓesngu mum: &quot; Oliver Cromwell ko jaambaaro amen, John Milton ko yimoowo amen.&quot;

Foot resi Florence Sylvia Tod e hitaande 1936. O adii maayde ko e hitaande 1985. Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe tato worɓe e ɓiɗɗo debbo gooto : 

== Tuugnorgal ==

[[Category:All articles with unsourced statements]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Joorji Beresford-Stuuk</title>
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      <text bytes="4117" sha1="sho7j3pn1hzdvv2gr0huv14oage4uar" xml:space="preserve">'''Sir Joorji Beresford-Stok''' KCMG (3 lewru Yarkomaa 1897 – 7 lewru Abriil 1983) ko hooreejo leydi Rodesi worgo,  caggal ɗuum o toɗɗaa guwerneer Siyeraa Leyoon tuggi lewru suwee, 1947 haa lewru desaambar 1952.   O anndiraa ko &quot;Toby&quot;, .

== Fuɗɗam ==
Beresford-Stooke jibinaa ko ñalnde 3 lewru bowte hitaande 1897 to wuro wiyeteengo Priors Marston, to leydi Warwickshire.

== Golle Naval ==
Ñalnde 15 lewru bowte hitaande 1914 (caggal tan o heɓi duuɓi 17) o naati e konu laana ndiwoowa, o golliima e nder wolde adunaare adannde ndee fof, o woppi golle e darnde Paymaster Lieutenant. 

== Kuugal Sarwiis Koloñaal ==
Caggal nde wolde adunaare adannde joofi, o naati e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e laamu (HMOCS) . :-

1920-1925 Kadet Sarawak, 1920 .

1925-1933 Ofisee diiwaan [[Keniya|Keñiya]], .

1933-1936 Balloowo kaalis [[Moriis|Moritani]], .

1936-1938 Cukko hooreejo kaalis [[Keniya|leydi Keñiya]], .

1838-1942 Koolaaɗo kuuɓal [[𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤶𞤭𞤦𞤢𞥄𞤪|Sansibar]], .

1942-1945 Hooreejo hooreejo leydi Rodesi worgo, .

1945-1946 Koolaaɗo kuuɓal [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]], .

1947-1953 Guwerneer e C-in-C Siyeraa Leyoon,

1953-1955 Wakiiliijo ɗiɗaɓo laamu Koloniiji, jooɗiiɗo to Londres. 

O heɓi njeenaari 2e classe Ordre de l’étoile brillante de Zanzibar, O sosaa ko CMG e hitaande 1943, o heɓi njeenaari KCMG e hitaande 1948.

E hitaande 1959 o wiɗtii kaɓirɗe deenoowo to leydi Keñiya.  

== Guwerneer Siyeraa Leyoon (Seeɗto 1947 – Desammbar 1952) ==
[[File:The_agricultural_and_forest_products_of_British_West_Africa;_(1922)_(17941889892).jpg|left|thumb|Kartal Afrik hirnaange, hitaande 1922; Teritoriiji Angalteer e pink.]]
Nde o woni Guwerneer leydi Siyeraa Leyoon, o wonnoo kadi ko mawɗo Scout ndeen leydi.  Waktu makko e guwerneer ina hawri e ummital mettungal e nder fedde Crocodile e nder gure teeru leydi ndii.  

E hitaande 1951, Sir George wayli doosgal leydi Siyeraa Leyoon ngam yaajtinde hakke rewɓe e nokkuuji « nder leydi » ɗo, haa e oon sahaa, worɓe tan mbaawi suɓaade e geɗe nokkuuje. Beresford-Stooke yamiri yo jawdi laamu nguu yahdu e mahngo cuuɗi cellal e feewnude laabi e nder duuɗe Tasso, Kagbeli, e Tumbu ɗe laamu nguu ɓooyi ƴeewde. Kala duunde ina joginoo juuɗe tokoose ɗe laamu Angalteer joginoo, kono ɗeen ɗoon geɗe fof ina ceerti e nder taƴe &quot;Orop&quot; e &quot;Afrik&quot;. Beresford-Stooke yamiri yo ɗeen gollorɗe fof ndartinee, denndaangal gollorɗe kese ɗee mahaa tawa ko e hakkille seerndude leƴƴi e ko fayti e njuɓɓudiiji kesi. To wuro Bo, ardiiɓe ɓiɓɓe lesdi nokkuure nden ɗaɓɓiti ceede ɗuuɗɗe ngam mahngo duɗe e feewnugo laabi, Beresford-Stooke heɓi heɓugo ceede ɗe'e ngam heɓugo ceede ngam heɓugo ceede ngam heɓugo ceede ko adii o wurta kuugal. Beresford-Stooke kadi ɗaɓɓirii e heɓi ballal e ɓeydagol porogaraamuuji &quot;janngude ladde&quot; e nder koloñaal. O yamiri yo maandeeji ɗi haa jooni pentunoo tan ko e ɗemngal Engele, pente kadi e ɗemɗe Sherbro, Mende e Temne mbele yimɓe nokku oo ɓe nganndaa Engele ina mbaawa janngude ɗi. Sir Milton Margai caggal mum wiyi wonde so tawiino ardiiɓe jagginaaɓe ɓurɓe heewde &quot;ina nanndi e Beresford-Stooke, Hodson, Wilkinson e Ransford Slater, jagginaaɓe ina njoginoo innde ɓurnde moƴƴude. Kono ko ɓuri heewde e maɓɓe ngonaano noon.&quot; [1] [2] [3] [4] O woppi golle e HMOCS e hitaande 1952, omo yahra e duuɓi 55 (duuɓi golle potɗe waɗeede e oon Sarwiis e oon sahaa).

== Caalaje ==
O resi debbo biyeteeɗo Lydia L. Richards, e hitaande 1944 ɓe ƴetti Peter (maayi ko ñalnde 1 sulyee 2024),  caggal ɗuum, Cara, kamɓe ɗiɗo fof ɓe ummorii ko Afrik worgo.

== Skout ==
E nder golle makko ɗiɗmere to Keña, Sir George wonti sehil [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell│Lord Baden-Powell|Robert Baden-Powell, Baron 1er Baden-Powell│Lord Baden-Powell]] mo o woppi golle toon ; kadi debbo Sir George biyeteeɗo Creenagh ina wonnoo e Guiding. Nde ɓe ngummii to Rodesi worgo, ɓiy-yumma Baden-Powell ina wonnoo toon kadi e HMOCS to Lusaka, Laamorgo leydi ndii.

== Tuugnorgal ==

[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333273145|George Beresford-Stooke]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4311" sha1="k5ewcimpm331es11ygfn4ahlaonmfg8" xml:space="preserve">'''Sir Joorji Beresford-Stok''' KCMG (3 lewru Yarkomaa 1897 – 7 lewru Abriil 1983) ko hooreejo leydi Rodesi worgo,  caggal ɗuum o toɗɗaa guwerneer Siyeraa Leyoon tuggi lewru suwee, 1947 haa lewru desaambar 1952.   O anndiraa ko &quot;Toby&quot;, .&lt;ref&gt;Sunderland, David (21 June 2007). Managing British Colonial and Post-Colonial Development: The Crown Agents, 1914–1974. Boydell Press. p. 3. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-84383-301-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fuɗɗam ==
Beresford-Stooke jibinaa ko ñalnde 3 lewru bowte hitaande 1897 to wuro wiyeteengo Priors Marston, to leydi Warwickshire.

== Golle Naval ==
Ñalnde 15 lewru bowte hitaande 1914 (caggal tan o heɓi duuɓi 17) o naati e konu laana ndiwoowa, o golliima e nder wolde adunaare adannde ndee fof, o woppi golle e darnde Paymaster Lieutenant. 

== Kuugal Sarwiis Koloñaal ==
Caggal nde wolde adunaare adannde joofi, o naati e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e laamu (HMOCS) . :-

1920-1925 Kadet Sarawak, 1920 .

1925-1933 Ofisee diiwaan [[Keniya|Keñiya]], .

1933-1936 Balloowo kaalis [[Moriis|Moritani]], .

1936-1938 Cukko hooreejo kaalis [[Keniya|leydi Keñiya]], .

1838-1942 Koolaaɗo kuuɓal [[𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤶𞤭𞤦𞤢𞥄𞤪|Sansibar]], .

1942-1945 Hooreejo hooreejo leydi Rodesi worgo, .

1945-1946 Koolaaɗo kuuɓal [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]], .

1947-1953 Guwerneer e C-in-C Siyeraa Leyoon,

1953-1955 Wakiiliijo ɗiɗaɓo laamu Koloniiji, jooɗiiɗo to Londres. 

O heɓi njeenaari 2e classe Ordre de l’étoile brillante de Zanzibar, O sosaa ko CMG e hitaande 1943, o heɓi njeenaari KCMG e hitaande 1948.

E hitaande 1959 o wiɗtii kaɓirɗe deenoowo to leydi Keñiya.  

== Guwerneer Siyeraa Leyoon (Seeɗto 1947 – Desammbar 1952) ==
[[File:The_agricultural_and_forest_products_of_British_West_Africa;_(1922)_(17941889892).jpg|left|thumb|Kartal Afrik hirnaange, hitaande 1922; Teritoriiji Angalteer e pink.]]
Nde o woni Guwerneer leydi Siyeraa Leyoon, o wonnoo kadi ko mawɗo Scout ndeen leydi.  Waktu makko e guwerneer ina hawri e ummital mettungal e nder fedde Crocodile e nder gure teeru leydi ndii.  

E hitaande 1951, Sir George wayli doosgal leydi Siyeraa Leyoon ngam yaajtinde hakke rewɓe e nokkuuji « nder leydi » ɗo, haa e oon sahaa, worɓe tan mbaawi suɓaade e geɗe nokkuuje. Beresford-Stooke yamiri yo jawdi laamu nguu yahdu e mahngo cuuɗi cellal e feewnude laabi e nder duuɗe Tasso, Kagbeli, e Tumbu ɗe laamu nguu ɓooyi ƴeewde. Kala duunde ina joginoo juuɗe tokoose ɗe laamu Angalteer joginoo, kono ɗeen ɗoon geɗe fof ina ceerti e nder taƴe &quot;Orop&quot; e &quot;Afrik&quot;. Beresford-Stooke yamiri yo ɗeen gollorɗe fof ndartinee, denndaangal gollorɗe kese ɗee mahaa tawa ko e hakkille seerndude leƴƴi e ko fayti e njuɓɓudiiji kesi. To wuro Bo, ardiiɓe ɓiɓɓe lesdi nokkuure nden ɗaɓɓiti ceede ɗuuɗɗe ngam mahngo duɗe e feewnugo laabi, Beresford-Stooke heɓi heɓugo ceede ɗe'e ngam heɓugo ceede ngam heɓugo ceede ngam heɓugo ceede ko adii o wurta kuugal. Beresford-Stooke kadi ɗaɓɓirii e heɓi ballal e ɓeydagol porogaraamuuji &quot;janngude ladde&quot; e nder koloñaal. O yamiri yo maandeeji ɗi haa jooni pentunoo tan ko e ɗemngal Engele, pente kadi e ɗemɗe Sherbro, Mende e Temne mbele yimɓe nokku oo ɓe nganndaa Engele ina mbaawa janngude ɗi. Sir Milton Margai caggal mum wiyi wonde so tawiino ardiiɓe jagginaaɓe ɓurɓe heewde &quot;ina nanndi e Beresford-Stooke, Hodson, Wilkinson e Ransford Slater, jagginaaɓe ina njoginoo innde ɓurnde moƴƴude. Kono ko ɓuri heewde e maɓɓe ngonaano noon.&quot; [1] [2] [3] [4] O woppi golle e HMOCS e hitaande 1952, omo yahra e duuɓi 55 (duuɓi golle potɗe waɗeede e oon Sarwiis e oon sahaa).

== Caalaje ==
O resi debbo biyeteeɗo Lydia L. Richards, e hitaande 1944 ɓe ƴetti Peter (maayi ko ñalnde 1 sulyee 2024),  caggal ɗuum, Cara, kamɓe ɗiɗo fof ɓe ummorii ko Afrik worgo.

== Skout ==
E nder golle makko ɗiɗmere to Keña, Sir George wonti sehil [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell│Lord Baden-Powell|Robert Baden-Powell, Baron 1er Baden-Powell│Lord Baden-Powell]] mo o woppi golle toon ; kadi debbo Sir George biyeteeɗo Creenagh ina wonnoo e Guiding. Nde ɓe ngummii to Rodesi worgo, ɓiy-yumma Baden-Powell ina wonnoo toon kadi e HMOCS to Lusaka, Laamorgo leydi ndii.

== Tuugnorgal ==

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'''Sir Joorji Beresford-Stok''' KCMG (3 lewru Yarkomaa 1897 – 7 lewru Abriil 1983) ko hooreejo leydi Rodesi worgo,  caggal ɗuum o toɗɗaa guwerneer Siyeraa Leyoon tuggi lewru suwee, 1947 haa lewru desaambar 1952.   O anndiraa ko &quot;Toby&quot;, .&lt;ref&gt;Sunderland, David (21 June 2007). Managing British Colonial and Post-Colonial Development: The Crown Agents, 1914–1974. Boydell Press. p. 3. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-84383-301-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fuɗɗam ==
Beresford-Stooke jibinaa ko ñalnde 3 lewru bowte hitaande 1897 to wuro wiyeteengo Priors Marston, to leydi Warwickshire.

== Golle Naval ==
Ñalnde 15 lewru bowte hitaande 1914 (caggal tan o heɓi duuɓi 17) o naati e konu laana ndiwoowa, o golliima e nder wolde adunaare adannde ndee fof, o woppi golle e darnde Paymaster Lieutenant. 

== Kuugal Sarwiis Koloñaal ==
Caggal nde wolde adunaare adannde joofi, o naati e fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e laamu (HMOCS) . :-

1920-1925 Kadet Sarawak, 1920 .

1925-1933 Ofisee diiwaan [[Keniya|Keñiya]], .

1933-1936 Balloowo kaalis [[Moriis|Moritani]], .

1936-1938 Cukko hooreejo kaalis [[Keniya|leydi Keñiya]], .

1838-1942 Koolaaɗo kuuɓal [[𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤶𞤭𞤦𞤢𞥄𞤪|Sansibar]], .

1942-1945 Hooreejo hooreejo leydi Rodesi worgo, .

1945-1946 Koolaaɗo kuuɓal [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]], .

1947-1953 Guwerneer e C-in-C Siyeraa Leyoon,

1953-1955 Wakiiliijo ɗiɗaɓo laamu Koloniiji, jooɗiiɗo to Londres. 

O heɓi njeenaari 2e classe Ordre de l’étoile brillante de Zanzibar, O sosaa ko CMG e hitaande 1943, o heɓi njeenaari KCMG e hitaande 1948.

E hitaande 1959 o wiɗtii kaɓirɗe deenoowo to leydi Keñiya.  

== Guwerneer Siyeraa Leyoon (Seeɗto 1947 – Desammbar 1952) ==
[[File:The_agricultural_and_forest_products_of_British_West_Africa;_(1922)_(17941889892).jpg|left|thumb|Kartal Afrik hirnaange, hitaande 1922; Teritoriiji Angalteer e pink.]]
Nde o woni Guwerneer leydi Siyeraa Leyoon, o wonnoo kadi ko mawɗo Scout ndeen leydi.  Waktu makko e guwerneer ina hawri e ummital mettungal e nder fedde Crocodile e nder gure teeru leydi ndii.  

E hitaande 1951, Sir George wayli doosgal leydi Siyeraa Leyoon ngam yaajtinde hakke rewɓe e nokkuuji « nder leydi » ɗo, haa e oon sahaa, worɓe tan mbaawi suɓaade e geɗe nokkuuje. Beresford-Stooke yamiri yo jawdi laamu nguu yahdu e mahngo cuuɗi cellal e feewnude laabi e nder duuɗe Tasso, Kagbeli, e Tumbu ɗe laamu nguu ɓooyi ƴeewde. Kala duunde ina joginoo juuɗe tokoose ɗe laamu Angalteer joginoo, kono ɗeen ɗoon geɗe fof ina ceerti e nder taƴe &quot;Orop&quot; e &quot;Afrik&quot;. Beresford-Stooke yamiri yo ɗeen gollorɗe fof ndartinee, denndaangal gollorɗe kese ɗee mahaa tawa ko e hakkille seerndude leƴƴi e ko fayti e njuɓɓudiiji kesi. To wuro Bo, ardiiɓe ɓiɓɓe lesdi nokkuure nden ɗaɓɓiti ceede ɗuuɗɗe ngam mahngo duɗe e feewnugo laabi, Beresford-Stooke heɓi heɓugo ceede ɗe'e ngam heɓugo ceede ngam heɓugo ceede ngam heɓugo ceede ko adii o wurta kuugal. Beresford-Stooke kadi ɗaɓɓirii e heɓi ballal e ɓeydagol porogaraamuuji &quot;janngude ladde&quot; e nder koloñaal. O yamiri yo maandeeji ɗi haa jooni pentunoo tan ko e ɗemngal Engele, pente kadi e ɗemɗe Sherbro, Mende e Temne mbele yimɓe nokku oo ɓe nganndaa Engele ina mbaawa janngude ɗi. Sir Milton Margai caggal mum wiyi wonde so tawiino ardiiɓe jagginaaɓe ɓurɓe heewde &quot;ina nanndi e Beresford-Stooke, Hodson, Wilkinson e Ransford Slater, jagginaaɓe ina njoginoo innde ɓurnde moƴƴude. Kono ko ɓuri heewde e maɓɓe ngonaano noon.&quot; [1] [2] [3] [4] O woppi golle e HMOCS e hitaande 1952, omo yahra e duuɓi 55 (duuɓi golle potɗe waɗeede e oon Sarwiis e oon sahaa).

== Caalaje ==
O resi debbo biyeteeɗo Lydia L. Richards, e hitaande 1944 ɓe ƴetti Peter (maayi ko ñalnde 1 sulyee 2024),  caggal ɗuum, Cara, kamɓe ɗiɗo fof ɓe ummorii ko Afrik worgo.

== Skout ==
E nder golle makko ɗiɗmere to Keña, Sir George wonti sehil [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell│Lord Baden-Powell|Robert Baden-Powell, Baron 1er Baden-Powell│Lord Baden-Powell]] mo o woppi golle toon ; kadi debbo Sir George biyeteeɗo Creenagh ina wonnoo e Guiding. Nde ɓe ngummii to Rodesi worgo, ɓiy-yumma Baden-Powell ina wonnoo toon kadi e HMOCS to Lusaka, Laamorgo leydi ndii.

== Tuugnorgal ==

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Seneraal mawɗo biyeteeɗo '''Vivian Henri Bruce Majendie''', CB , DSO (20 abriil 1886 – 13 lewru mbooy 1960) ko ofisee konu Angalteer, kadi ko ƴaañoowo kirikit e nder fedde kirikit Somerset County .

== Golle konu ==
Ɓiɗɗo mawɗo diine biyeteeɗo Vivian Majendie janngi ko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Winchester e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde konu laamɗo to Sandhurst . {{Sfn|Smart|2005}} O yamiraama e nder konu Somerset Light Infanterie e hitaande 1905.   O ƴellitii golle makko e nder konu kirikit, o fiyi Somerset e Devon .  {{Sfn|Smart|2005}} O golliima e konu keeri Afrik hirnaange to Fuɗnaange [[Naajeeriya|Nijeer]] tuggi 1908 haa 1913 caggal ɗuum to Inndo tuggi 1913 haa 1914. &lt;ref name=&quot;lh&quot; /&gt;

Majendie haɓii e wolde adunaare adannde, o ummii e bataliyoŋ makko to Farayse e hitaande 1915. O resi hitaande rewtunde ndee, o rokkaa yamiroore golle teskinɗe (DSO) e lewru sulyee 1917. O joofni wolde ndee ko e hitaande 1918 e ofisee gardinooɗo bataliyoŋ 1er service In Farayse, Somerset L part Doole (BEF).  {{Sfn|Smart|2005}} Ciimtol DSO makko ngol ina winndaa heen :
 
Caggal wolde ndee, Majendie wonti komandaajo Amiens Sub Area to Farayse, caggal ɗuum, caggal nde o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Staff, Camberley tuggi 1920 haa 1921, o wonti [[brigade major]] e nder brigade 14ɓo konu koyɗe to Curragh e hitaande 1922 hade makko wontude ofisee mawɗo e nder duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Royal Sandlitur.  E hitaande 1924 o toɗɗaa ofisee Staff to Inspekteer jeneral konu keeri Afrik hirnaange e hitaande 1929 o wonti ofisee gardiiɗo bataliyoŋ 2ɓo, Somerset Light Infantry. &lt;ref name=&quot;lh&quot; /&gt; Caggal nde o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Imperial Defense e hitaande 1932, o arti e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Staff to Camberley {{Sfn|Smart|2005}} woni ofisee mawɗo (GSO) e hitaande 1933, caggal ɗuum o waɗtaa gardiiɗo heblo konu to GHQ Indiya e hitaande &lt;ref name=&quot;lh&quot; /&gt; Division Infanterie, ko fedde konu leydi (TA), e hitaande 1938, e hitaande ndee tan o wonti Kolonel konu koyɗe Somerset, o ƴetti laamu e juuɗe Seneraal Sir Walter Braithwaite . &lt;ref name=&quot;lh&quot; /&gt; {{Sfn|Smart|2005}}  E hitaande 1939, nde wolde Orop miijinoo ina waawi waɗde, diɗɗal ngal feccii ngam waɗde diɗɗal ɗiɗmal ngal, diɗɗal 59ɓo (Staffordshire) . {{Sfn|Smart|2005}}

Majendie golliima gila e fuɗɗoode wolde adunaare ɗimmere e lewru suwee 1939 haa e lewru suwee 1941, ko GOC Division 55, nde e darorɗe lewru suwee 1940 yuɓɓinaa division infanterie, o golliima e nder leydi Angalteer e nder wolde ndee fof. [1] Jooni noon ina sikkaa ko o ɓooyɗo no feewi ngam ardaade ladde, o woppi ardaade Division [1] juuɗe Major-Seneraal William Morgan, o wonti GOC Diisnondiral Irlannda worgo e hitaande 1941 o golliima e nder Biro Konu hono Hooreejo Biro Konu ca 1943 caggal Hereer the spa Duuɓi 40, e hitaande 1946 o woppi wonde Kolonel e konu makko hitaande rewtunde ndee. [1] O wonti cukko lietnaa e nder diiwaan Hertfordshire e hitaande 1951. [1]

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Seneraal mawɗo biyeteeɗo '''Vivian Henri Bruce Majendie''', CB , DSO (20 abriil 1886 – 13 lewru mbooy 1960) ko ofisee konu Angalteer, kadi ko ƴaañoowo kirikit e nder fedde kirikit Somerset County .

== Golle konu ==
Ɓiɗɗo mawɗo diine biyeteeɗo Vivian Majendie janngi ko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Winchester e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde konu laamɗo to Sandhurst . {{Sfn|Smart|2005}} O yamiraama e nder konu Somerset Light Infanterie e hitaande 1905.   O ƴellitii golle makko e nder konu kirikit, o fiyi Somerset e Devon .  {{Sfn|Smart|2005}} O golliima e konu keeri Afrik hirnaange to Fuɗnaange [[Naajeeriya|Nijeer]] tuggi 1908 haa 1913 caggal ɗuum to Inndo tuggi 1913 haa 1914. &lt;ref name=&quot;lh&quot; /&gt;

Majendie haɓii e wolde adunaare adannde, o ummii e bataliyoŋ makko to Farayse e hitaande 1915. O resi hitaande rewtunde ndee, o rokkaa yamiroore golle teskinɗe (DSO) e lewru sulyee 1917. O joofni wolde ndee ko e hitaande 1918 e ofisee gardinooɗo bataliyoŋ 1er service In Farayse, Somerset L part Doole (BEF).  {{Sfn|Smart|2005}} Ciimtol DSO makko ngol ina winndaa heen :
 
Caggal wolde ndee, Majendie wonti komandaajo Amiens Sub Area to Farayse, caggal ɗuum, caggal nde o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Staff, Camberley tuggi 1920 haa 1921, o wonti [[brigade major]] e nder brigade 14ɓo konu koyɗe to Curragh e hitaande 1922 hade makko wontude ofisee mawɗo e nder duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Royal Sandlitur.  E hitaande 1924 o toɗɗaa ofisee Staff to Inspekteer jeneral konu keeri Afrik hirnaange e hitaande 1929 o wonti ofisee gardiiɗo bataliyoŋ 2ɓo, Somerset Light Infantry. &lt;ref name=&quot;lh&quot; /&gt; Caggal nde o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Imperial Defense e hitaande 1932, o arti e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Staff to Camberley {{Sfn|Smart|2005}} woni ofisee mawɗo (GSO) e hitaande 1933, caggal ɗuum o waɗtaa gardiiɗo heblo konu to GHQ Indiya e hitaande &lt;ref name=&quot;lh&quot; /&gt; Division Infanterie, ko fedde konu leydi (TA), e hitaande 1938, e hitaande ndee tan o wonti Kolonel konu koyɗe Somerset, o ƴetti laamu e juuɗe Seneraal Sir Walter Braithwaite . &lt;ref name=&quot;lh&quot; /&gt; {{Sfn|Smart|2005}}  E hitaande 1939, nde wolde Orop miijinoo ina waawi waɗde, diɗɗal ngal feccii ngam waɗde diɗɗal ɗiɗmal ngal, diɗɗal 59ɓo (Staffordshire) . {{Sfn|Smart|2005}}

Majendie golliima gila e fuɗɗoode wolde adunaare ɗimmere e lewru suwee 1939 haa e lewru suwee 1941, ko GOC Division 55, nde e darorɗe lewru suwee 1940 yuɓɓinaa division infanterie, o golliima e nder leydi Angalteer e nder wolde ndee fof. [1] Jooni noon ina sikkaa ko o ɓooyɗo no feewi ngam ardaade ladde, o woppi ardaade Division [1] juuɗe Major-Seneraal William Morgan, o wonti GOC Diisnondiral Irlannda worgo e hitaande 1941 o golliima e nder Biro Konu hono Hooreejo Biro Konu ca 1943 caggal Hereer the spa Duuɓi 40, e hitaande 1946 o woppi wonde Kolonel e konu makko hitaande rewtunde ndee. [1] O wonti cukko lietnaa e nder diiwaan Hertfordshire e hitaande 1951. [1]

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Kolonel '''Sir Kloud Makswel Makdonald''', GCMG, 1999 , GCVO , KCB , PC (12 suwee 1852 – 10 suwee 1915) ko soldaat e dipolomaat Angalteer, ɓurɗo anndeede e golle makko to [[Ciina|Siin]], Koree, e [[Japan|Japon]] . 

== Nguurndam gadano ==
MacDonald jibinaa ko ɓiy Mariyam Ellen Makdonal ( ''nee'' Dougan ) e seneraal mawɗo biyeteeɗo James (Hamish) Dawson Makdonal.  O janngi ko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Uppingham e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Sandhurst . O yamiraa e nder 74 Foot e hitaande 1872. O miijii ko o &quot;soldaat-yaajɗo&quot;, to bannge golle makko caggal ɗuum e nder Biro caggal leydi .

== Afrik ==
MacDonald fuɗɗii golle mum ko e [[Afrik]] . O golliima e wolde Angalteer e Misra e hitaande 1882, o wonii kadi gardiiɗo konu to Sir Evelyn Baring tuggi 1884 haa 1887. Tuggi 1887 haa 1889, o woniino gardiiɗo jaagorɗe e konsul jeneral to Afrik to [[𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤶𞤭𞤦𞤢𞥄𞤪|Zanzibar]], caggal ɗuum o woniino duuɓi seeɗa e gardagol [[Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer|Komiseer]] O [[Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer|Protektoraat]],  ɗo e hitaande 1895 o woni ƴeewoowo murto laamɗo Koko mo Nembe .  O woppi konu Angalteer e hitaande 1896. 

== Siin e Koree ==
E hitaande 1896, MacDonald toɗɗaa jaagorgal leydi Siin. O woniino e oon sahaa jaagorgal Angalteer to laamu Koree e hitaande 1896 haa 1898. 
[[File:Claude_Maxwell_MacDonald_Vanity_Fair_10_October_1901.jpg|right|thumb|MacDonald mo Spy waɗi e ''hitaande'' 1901]]
To Siin, MacDonald heɓi lempoo to Weihaiwei, heɓi kadi kontraaji laana njoorndi wonande sinndikaaji Angalteer. O wallitii e heɓde nanondiral ɗiɗaɓal Peking, ngal Siin rokki Angalteer leyɗeele kese Hong Kong .  MacDonald heɓi lefol ngol duuɓi 99 tan sabu o sikki ko ngol &quot;ina moƴƴi no feewi haa abada&quot;.  Ɗuum e luural lease-in-perpetuity Kowloon addani won caɗeele e kaaldigal ngam bayyinaango Siin e Angalteer e hitaande 1984 .

E hitaande 1899, MacDonald woni binnduɗo ɓataake dipolomaasi mo o suɓii, e innde Inndo Angalteer, keeriindi hakkunde Jammu e Kashmir e Turkistan Siin, rokki ko ina wona feccere e leydi Aksai Chin, ngam yoɓde Siin laamu mum ɓuuɓngu e dow Hunza . Keeri ɗi ndarnaa ɗii nganndiraa ko laana Macartney-MacDonald . Siin Qing meeɗaa jaabaade eɓɓaande ndee. Kono keeri cifaaɗi ɗii ina njiyee haa jooni e annduɓe e miijooji ina njogii heen geɗel gootel e luure keeri hannde hakkunde Siin e Inndo.

E nder hitaande ndee kadi o tawtoraama haala Sanmen Bay to bannge Laamu Itali e innde Laamu Angalteer. 

Ko o soldaat, MacDonald ardii deenoowo legaasiyoŋaaji janani e hitaande 1900 ɗi ngonnoo ko e njiimaandi e nder murto Boxer, o gollodiima no feewi e kolonel Japonnaajo biyeteeɗo Shiba Gorō . 

== Japon ==
MacDonald toɗɗaa ko Konsul Seneraal to Laamaandi Japon e lewru oktoobar 1900.  O ardii Legaasiyoŋ Angalteer to Tokiyoo e nder yonta jokkondiral moƴƴal hakkunde Angalteer e Japon (1900 haa 1912), o wayli toɗɗagol makko e Sir Ernest Satow lomtii mo Peking e jappeere makko e hitaande 1900. Ñalnde 30 lewru bowte hitaande 1902, kawral gadanal hakkunde Angalteer e Japon siynaama to [[London|Londres]] hakkunde jaagorgal caggal leydi Lord Lansdowne e Hayashi Tadasu, jaagorgal Japon.
[[File:Dame_Ethel_MacDonald_Grave.jpg|right|thumb|Yanaande MacDonald to yanaande Brookwood]]
MacDonald ina wonnoo haa jooni to Tokiyoo nde kawtal ngal hesɗitinaa e hitaande 1905 e hitaande 1911. O wonii ammbasadeer gadano Angalteer to Japon nde darnde legaasiyoŋ oo ƴettaa e darnde ammbasadeer e hitaande 1905. Ko adii 1905 dipolomaat mawɗo Angalteer to Japon ina joginoo e sahaa gooto dipolomaat ( Consulb ) denndinɗo ( Envo G) Jaagorgal keeringal e Jaagorgal kuuɓtodinngal ; ko sakkitii koo ko darnde les ɗoo tan e darnde ammbasadeer. MacDonald waɗtaa diisneteeɗo e hitaande 1906. 

O maayi ko e rafi ɓernde to hoɗorde makko to Londres ñalnde 10 suwee 1915.   O wirnaa ko e debbo makko to yanaande Brookwood .

== Etel, debbo Makdonal, DBE ==
[[File:Ethel_Armstrong_MacDonald_(1857–1941).png|right|thumb|260x260px|Etel Armstrong Makdonald e nder ''deftere mum'', ñalnde 11 sulyee 1900]]
E hitaande 1892, MacDonald resi Ethel (1857-1941), ɓiy major W. ɓe ngondi e dewgal haa o maayi e hitaande 1915.  Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe rewɓe ɗiɗo. Lady MacDonald rokkaama Croix-Rouge Royal (RRC) e tergal Goomu toppitiingu Fedde Infirmiyee en caggal leydi, Lady MacDonald inniraa ko Dame Komandaajo Ordre de l'Empire britannique (DBE) e nder hitaande 1935. 

== Tuugnorgal ==

* Nish, Ian . (2004). ''Nulaaɓe Biritaniya to Japon 1859-1972.'' Folkestone, Kent: Fuɗnaange winndere. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781901903515|&lt;bdi&gt;9781901903515&lt;/bdi&gt;]] ; [[oclc:249167170|OCLC 249167170]]
* 
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Kolonel '''Sir Kloud Makswel Makdonald''', GCMG, 1999 , GCVO , KCB , PC (12 suwee 1852 – 10 suwee 1915) ko soldaat e dipolomaat Angalteer, ɓurɗo anndeede e golle makko to [[Ciina|Siin]], Koree, e [[Japan|Japon]] . 

== Nguurndam gadano ==
MacDonald jibinaa ko ɓiy Mariyam Ellen Makdonal ( ''nee'' Dougan ) e seneraal mawɗo biyeteeɗo James (Hamish) Dawson Makdonal.  O janngi ko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Uppingham e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Sandhurst . O yamiraa e nder 74 Foot e hitaande 1872. O miijii ko o &quot;soldaat-yaajɗo&quot;, to bannge golle makko caggal ɗuum e nder Biro caggal leydi .

== Afrik ==
MacDonald fuɗɗii golle mum ko e [[Afrik]] . O golliima e wolde Angalteer e Misra e hitaande 1882, o wonii kadi gardiiɗo konu to Sir Evelyn Baring tuggi 1884 haa 1887. Tuggi 1887 haa 1889, o woniino gardiiɗo jaagorɗe e konsul jeneral to Afrik to [[𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤶𞤭𞤦𞤢𞥄𞤪|Zanzibar]], caggal ɗuum o woniino duuɓi seeɗa e gardagol [[Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer|Komiseer]] O [[Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer|Protektoraat]],  ɗo e hitaande 1895 o woni ƴeewoowo murto laamɗo Koko mo Nembe .  O woppi konu Angalteer e hitaande 1896. 

== Siin e Koree ==
E hitaande 1896, MacDonald toɗɗaa jaagorgal leydi Siin. O woniino e oon sahaa jaagorgal Angalteer to laamu Koree e hitaande 1896 haa 1898. 
[[File:Claude_Maxwell_MacDonald_Vanity_Fair_10_October_1901.jpg|right|thumb|MacDonald mo Spy waɗi e ''hitaande'' 1901]]
To Siin, MacDonald heɓi lempoo to Weihaiwei, heɓi kadi kontraaji laana njoorndi wonande sinndikaaji Angalteer. O wallitii e heɓde nanondiral ɗiɗaɓal Peking, ngal Siin rokki Angalteer leyɗeele kese Hong Kong .  MacDonald heɓi lefol ngol duuɓi 99 tan sabu o sikki ko ngol &quot;ina moƴƴi no feewi haa abada&quot;.  Ɗuum e luural lease-in-perpetuity Kowloon addani won caɗeele e kaaldigal ngam bayyinaango Siin e Angalteer e hitaande 1984 .

E hitaande 1899, MacDonald woni binnduɗo ɓataake dipolomaasi mo o suɓii, e innde Inndo Angalteer, keeriindi hakkunde Jammu e Kashmir e Turkistan Siin, rokki ko ina wona feccere e leydi Aksai Chin, ngam yoɓde Siin laamu mum ɓuuɓngu e dow Hunza . Keeri ɗi ndarnaa ɗii nganndiraa ko laana Macartney-MacDonald . Siin Qing meeɗaa jaabaade eɓɓaande ndee. Kono keeri cifaaɗi ɗii ina njiyee haa jooni e annduɓe e miijooji ina njogii heen geɗel gootel e luure keeri hannde hakkunde Siin e Inndo.

E nder hitaande ndee kadi o tawtoraama haala Sanmen Bay to bannge Laamu Itali e innde Laamu Angalteer. 

Ko o soldaat, MacDonald ardii deenoowo legaasiyoŋaaji janani e hitaande 1900 ɗi ngonnoo ko e njiimaandi e nder murto Boxer, o gollodiima no feewi e kolonel Japonnaajo biyeteeɗo Shiba Gorō . 

== Japon ==
MacDonald toɗɗaa ko Konsul Seneraal to Laamaandi Japon e lewru oktoobar 1900.  O ardii Legaasiyoŋ Angalteer to Tokiyoo e nder yonta jokkondiral moƴƴal hakkunde Angalteer e Japon (1900 haa 1912), o wayli toɗɗagol makko e Sir Ernest Satow lomtii mo Peking e jappeere makko e hitaande 1900. Ñalnde 30 lewru bowte hitaande 1902, kawral gadanal hakkunde Angalteer e Japon siynaama to [[London|Londres]] hakkunde jaagorgal caggal leydi Lord Lansdowne e Hayashi Tadasu, jaagorgal Japon.
[[File:Dame_Ethel_MacDonald_Grave.jpg|right|thumb|Yanaande MacDonald to yanaande Brookwood]]
MacDonald ina wonnoo haa jooni to Tokiyoo nde kawtal ngal hesɗitinaa e hitaande 1905 e hitaande 1911. O wonii ammbasadeer gadano Angalteer to Japon nde darnde legaasiyoŋ oo ƴettaa e darnde ammbasadeer e hitaande 1905. Ko adii 1905 dipolomaat mawɗo Angalteer to Japon ina joginoo e sahaa gooto dipolomaat ( Consulb ) denndinɗo ( Envo G) Jaagorgal keeringal e Jaagorgal kuuɓtodinngal ; ko sakkitii koo ko darnde les ɗoo tan e darnde ammbasadeer. MacDonald waɗtaa diisneteeɗo e hitaande 1906. 

O maayi ko e rafi ɓernde to hoɗorde makko to Londres ñalnde 10 suwee 1915.   O wirnaa ko e debbo makko to yanaande Brookwood .

== Etel, debbo Makdonal, DBE ==
[[File:Ethel_Armstrong_MacDonald_(1857–1941).png|right|thumb|260x260px|Etel Armstrong Makdonald e nder ''deftere mum'', ñalnde 11 sulyee 1900]]
E hitaande 1892, MacDonald resi Ethel (1857-1941), ɓiy major W. ɓe ngondi e dewgal haa o maayi e hitaande 1915.  Ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe rewɓe ɗiɗo. Lady MacDonald rokkaama Croix-Rouge Royal (RRC) e tergal Goomu toppitiingu Fedde Infirmiyee en caggal leydi, Lady MacDonald inniraa ko Dame Komandaajo Ordre de l'Empire britannique (DBE) e nder hitaande 1935. 

== Tuugnorgal ==

* Nish, Ian . (2004). ''Nulaaɓe Biritaniya to Japon 1859-1972.'' Folkestone, Kent: Fuɗnaange winndere. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781901903515|&lt;bdi&gt;9781901903515&lt;/bdi&gt;]] ; [[oclc:249167170|OCLC 249167170]]
* 
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      <text bytes="1330" sha1="t7k65wfhbgt2talj4v7x1rwnkv6bbs2" xml:space="preserve">'''Thomas Babington Macaulay''' (17 lewru Yarkomaa 1826  &amp;#x2013; 17 lewru Yarkomaa 1878  ) ko almuudo e jannginoowo leydi Nijeer. Ko kanko woni hooreejo gadano e sosɗo duɗal CMS Grammar, Lagos, e baaba ngenndiyanke Naajeeriya biyeteeɗo [[Herbert Macaulay]] . 

== Ngendam ==
Thomas Babington Macaulay jibinaa ko to Kissy, Siyeraa Leyoon, ñalnde 17 lewru bowte hitaande 1826, e jibnaaɓe mum Yoruba en, ɓe konu Biritaannaaɓe rimɗini ɗum en e njulaagu jiyaaɓe hakkunde Atlantik . Baaba makko ko Ojo-Oriare ummoriiɗo Ikirun e nder diiwaan Oyo ɓooyɗo (jooni ko diiwaan Osun ), yumma makko ko Kilangbe ummoriiɗo Ile-Ogbo, kadi ko e diiwaan Oyo. Macaulay janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde CMS, to Islington, e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamɗo to Londres . [1] [2] O woniino sehil tokooso e Biskop Samuel Ajayi Crowther, mo ɓiyiiko debbo ɗiɗaɓo, Abigail, o resi e hitaande 1854. [3] E oon hitaande kadi, Macaulay toɗɗaa e bismaango Owen Vidal to Lagos e Thomas King, ko kamɓe ngoni afriknaaɓe maɓɓe Angalteernaaɓe adanɓe naatde e Egliis Angalteer. [4]

== Wade ==
Macaulay sankii ko ñalnde o jibinaa (17 lewru Yarkomaa 1878) e rafi mboros to Lagos , o wirnaa ko to yanaande Ajele .

Duɗal jaŋde leslesre Babington Macaulay, duɗal jaŋde hakkundeere to Ikorodu, Lagos, ina inniri ɗum. 

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'''Thomas Babington Macaulay''' (17 lewru Yarkomaa 1826  &amp;#x2013; 17 lewru Yarkomaa 1878  ) ko almuudo e jannginoowo leydi Nijeer. Ko kanko woni hooreejo gadano e sosɗo duɗal CMS Grammar, Lagos, e baaba ngenndiyanke Naajeeriya biyeteeɗo [[Herbert Macaulay]] .&lt;ref&gt;Elebute, Adeyemo (2013). The Life of James Pinson Labulo Davies: A Colossus of Victorian Lagos. Kachifo Limited/Prestige. p. 1. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9789785205763&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngendam ==
Thomas Babington Macaulay jibinaa ko to Kissy, Siyeraa Leyoon, ñalnde 17 lewru bowte hitaande 1826, e jibnaaɓe mum Yoruba en, ɓe konu Biritaannaaɓe rimɗini ɗum en e njulaagu jiyaaɓe hakkunde Atlantik . Baaba makko ko Ojo-Oriare ummoriiɗo Ikirun e nder diiwaan Oyo ɓooyɗo (jooni ko diiwaan Osun ), yumma makko ko Kilangbe ummoriiɗo Ile-Ogbo, kadi ko e diiwaan Oyo. Macaulay janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde CMS, to Islington, e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamɗo to Londres . [1] [2] O woniino sehil tokooso e Biskop Samuel Ajayi Crowther, mo ɓiyiiko debbo ɗiɗaɓo, Abigail, o resi e hitaande 1854. [3] E oon hitaande kadi, Macaulay toɗɗaa e bismaango Owen Vidal to Lagos e Thomas King, ko kamɓe ngoni afriknaaɓe maɓɓe Angalteernaaɓe adanɓe naatde e Egliis Angalteer. [4]

== Wade ==
Macaulay sankii ko ñalnde o jibinaa (17 lewru Yarkomaa 1878) e rafi mboros to Lagos , o wirnaa ko to yanaande Ajele .

Duɗal jaŋde leslesre Babington Macaulay, duɗal jaŋde hakkundeere to Ikorodu, Lagos, ina inniri ɗum. 

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{{Databox}}
'''Thomas Babington Macaulay''' (17 lewru Yarkomaa 1826  &amp;#x2013; 17 lewru Yarkomaa 1878  ) ko almuudo e jannginoowo leydi Nijeer. Ko kanko woni hooreejo gadano e sosɗo duɗal CMS Grammar, Lagos, e baaba ngenndiyanke Naajeeriya biyeteeɗo [[Herbert Macaulay]] .&lt;ref&gt;Elebute, Adeyemo (2013). The Life of James Pinson Labulo Davies: A Colossus of Victorian Lagos. Kachifo Limited/Prestige. p. 1. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9789785205763&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngendam ==
Thomas Babington Macaulay jibinaa ko to Kissy, Siyeraa Leyoon, ñalnde 17 lewru bowte hitaande 1826, e jibnaaɓe mum Yoruba en, ɓe konu Biritaannaaɓe rimɗini ɗum en e njulaagu jiyaaɓe hakkunde Atlantik . Baaba makko ko Ojo-Oriare ummoriiɗo Ikirun e nder diiwaan Oyo ɓooyɗo (jooni ko diiwaan Osun ), yumma makko ko Kilangbe ummoriiɗo Ile-Ogbo, kadi ko e diiwaan Oyo. Macaulay janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde CMS, to Islington, e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde laamɗo to Londres . [1] [2] O woniino sehil tokooso e Biskop Samuel Ajayi Crowther, mo ɓiyiiko debbo ɗiɗaɓo, Abigail, o resi e hitaande 1854. [3] E oon hitaande kadi, Macaulay toɗɗaa e bismaango Owen Vidal to Lagos e Thomas King, ko kamɓe ngoni afriknaaɓe maɓɓe Angalteernaaɓe adanɓe naatde e Egliis Angalteer. [4]

== Wade ==
Macaulay sankii ko ñalnde o jibinaa (17 lewru Yarkomaa 1878) e rafi mboros to Lagos , o wirnaa ko to yanaande Ajele .

Duɗal jaŋde leslesre Babington Macaulay, duɗal jaŋde hakkundeere to Ikorodu, Lagos, ina inniri ɗum. 

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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.[2] Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.  == Hidrogaraafi == Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maay...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="993" sha1="mmlld19v6kynl5wq069hi3rfe68lt9i" xml:space="preserve">'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.[2] Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.[3]

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.[1]</text>
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      <text bytes="3145" sha1="m4vtrel9pre7gpx780n5ttymnqhnxaq" xml:space="preserve">'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.[2] Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.[3]

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.[1]

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.[4] Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.[3] Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.[4]

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.[3]

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8 % e hitaande 1935 e 12 % e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.[5] Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.[6] Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama ; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.[7] Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe[8][9] e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[10][11]

== Demal ndiyam ==</text>
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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.[2] Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.[3]

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.[1]

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.[4] Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.[3] Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.[4]

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.[3]

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8 % e hitaande 1935 e 12 % e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.[5] Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.[6] Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama ; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.[7] Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe[8][9] e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[10][11]

== Demal ndiyam ==</text>
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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.[2] Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.[3]

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.[1]

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.[4] Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.[3] Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.[4]

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.[3]

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8 % e hitaande 1935 e 12 % e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.[5] Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.[6] Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama ; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.[7] Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe[8][9] e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[10][11]

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.[3] Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo

Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[12]

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[13]

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[14]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.[15] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
      <sha1>enel7ve0qwft5jyla4amw5paj54dt4w</sha1>
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      <text bytes="5149" sha1="llr752ytklpj1o2isu1dur3atuo0as0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.[3]

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.[1]

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.[4] Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.[3] Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.[4]

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.[3]

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8 % e hitaande 1935 e 12 % e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.[5] Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.[6] Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama ; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.[7] Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe[8][9] e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[10][11]

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.[3] Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo

Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[12]

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[13]

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[14]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.[15] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
      <sha1>llr752ytklpj1o2isu1dur3atuo0as0</sha1>
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      <id>177062</id>
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        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>11577</id>
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      <origin>177062</origin>
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      <text bytes="5460" sha1="4c7368l0r4bzfpllc6vxl0yi0bl5uco" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.[1]

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.[4] Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.[3] Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.[4]

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.[3]

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8 % e hitaande 1935 e 12 % e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.[5] Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.[6] Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama ; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.[7] Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe[8][9] e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[10][11]

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.[3] Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo

Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[12]

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[13]

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[14]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.[15] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.[4] Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.[3] Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.[4]

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.[3]

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8 % e hitaande 1935 e 12 % e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.[5] Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.[6] Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama ; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.[7] Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe[8][9] e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[10][11]

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.[3] Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo

Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[12]

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[13]

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[14]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.[15] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.[3] Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.[4]

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.[3]

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8 % e hitaande 1935 e 12 % e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.[5] Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.[6] Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama ; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.[7] Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe[8][9] e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[10][11]

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.[3] Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo

Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[12]

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[13]

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[14]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.[15] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.[4]

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.[3]

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8 % e hitaande 1935 e 12 % e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.[5] Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.[6] Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama ; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.[7] Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe[8][9] e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[10][11]

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.[3] Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo

Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[12]

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[13]

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[14]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.[15] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.[3]

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8 % e hitaande 1935 e 12 % e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.[5] Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.[6] Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama ; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.[7] Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe[8][9] e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[10][11]

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.[3] Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo

Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[12]

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[13]

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[14]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.[15] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8 % e hitaande 1935 e 12 % e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.[5] Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.[6] Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama ; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.[7] Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe[8][9] e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[10][11]

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.[3] Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo

Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[12]

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[13]

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[14]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.[15] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8% e hitaande 1935 e 12 % e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.&lt;ref&gt;Dinssa, Etefa Guyassa (2017). Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia (dissertation). Ghent University.&lt;/ref&gt; Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.[6] Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.[7] Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe[8][9] e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[10][11]

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.[3] Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo

Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[12]

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[13]

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[14]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.[15] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8% e hitaande 1935 e 12% e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.&lt;ref&gt;Dinssa, Etefa Guyassa (2017). Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia (dissertation). Ghent University.&lt;/ref&gt; Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.&lt;ref&gt;Frankl, Amaury; Nyssen, Jan; De Dapper, Morgan; Haile, Mitiku; Billi, Paolo; Munro, R. Neil; Deckers, Jozef; Poesen, Jean (2011). &quot;Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia)&quot;. Geomorphology. 129 (3–4): 238–251. Bibcode:2011Geomo.129..238F. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018.&lt;/ref&gt; Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.[7] Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe[8][9] e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[10][11]

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.[3] Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo

Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[12]

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[13]

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[14]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.[15] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8% e hitaande 1935 e 12% e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.&lt;ref&gt;Dinssa, Etefa Guyassa (2017). Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia (dissertation). Ghent University.&lt;/ref&gt; Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.&lt;ref&gt;Frankl, Amaury; Nyssen, Jan; De Dapper, Morgan; Haile, Mitiku; Billi, Paolo; Munro, R. Neil; Deckers, Jozef; Poesen, Jean (2011). &quot;Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia)&quot;. Geomorphology. 129 (3–4): 238–251. Bibcode:2011Geomo.129..238F. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018.&lt;/ref&gt; Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe[8][9] e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[10][11]

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.[3] Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo

Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[12]

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[13]

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[14]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.[15] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8% e hitaande 1935 e 12% e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.&lt;ref&gt;Dinssa, Etefa Guyassa (2017). Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia (dissertation). Ghent University.&lt;/ref&gt; Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.&lt;ref&gt;Frankl, Amaury; Nyssen, Jan; De Dapper, Morgan; Haile, Mitiku; Billi, Paolo; Munro, R. Neil; Deckers, Jozef; Poesen, Jean (2011). &quot;Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia)&quot;. Geomorphology. 129 (3–4): 238–251. Bibcode:2011Geomo.129..238F. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018.&lt;/ref&gt; Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[10][11]

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.[3] Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo

Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[12]

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[13]

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[14]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.[15] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8% e hitaande 1935 e 12% e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.&lt;ref&gt;Dinssa, Etefa Guyassa (2017). Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia (dissertation). Ghent University.&lt;/ref&gt; Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.&lt;ref&gt;Frankl, Amaury; Nyssen, Jan; De Dapper, Morgan; Haile, Mitiku; Billi, Paolo; Munro, R. Neil; Deckers, Jozef; Poesen, Jean (2011). &quot;Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia)&quot;. Geomorphology. 129 (3–4): 238–251. Bibcode:2011Geomo.129..238F. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018.&lt;/ref&gt; Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. Bibcode:2015ZGm....59..477T. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.[10][11]

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.[3] Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo

Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[12]

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[13]

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[14]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.[15] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8% e hitaande 1935 e 12% e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.&lt;ref&gt;Dinssa, Etefa Guyassa (2017). Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia (dissertation). Ghent University.&lt;/ref&gt; Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.&lt;ref&gt;Frankl, Amaury; Nyssen, Jan; De Dapper, Morgan; Haile, Mitiku; Billi, Paolo; Munro, R. Neil; Deckers, Jozef; Poesen, Jean (2011). &quot;Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia)&quot;. Geomorphology. 129 (3–4): 238–251. Bibcode:2011Geomo.129..238F. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018.&lt;/ref&gt; Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. Bibcode:2015ZGm....59..477T. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x. S2CID 98547102.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.[3] Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo

Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[12]

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[13]

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[14]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.[15] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8% e hitaande 1935 e 12% e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.&lt;ref&gt;Dinssa, Etefa Guyassa (2017). Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia (dissertation). Ghent University.&lt;/ref&gt; Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.&lt;ref&gt;Frankl, Amaury; Nyssen, Jan; De Dapper, Morgan; Haile, Mitiku; Billi, Paolo; Munro, R. Neil; Deckers, Jozef; Poesen, Jean (2011). &quot;Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia)&quot;. Geomorphology. 129 (3–4): 238–251. Bibcode:2011Geomo.129..238F. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018.&lt;/ref&gt; Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. Bibcode:2015ZGm....59..477T. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x. S2CID 98547102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. Bibcode:2017JHyd..545..299G. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.[3] Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo

Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[12]

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[13]

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[14]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.[15] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8% e hitaande 1935 e 12% e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.&lt;ref&gt;Dinssa, Etefa Guyassa (2017). Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia (dissertation). Ghent University.&lt;/ref&gt; Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.&lt;ref&gt;Frankl, Amaury; Nyssen, Jan; De Dapper, Morgan; Haile, Mitiku; Billi, Paolo; Munro, R. Neil; Deckers, Jozef; Poesen, Jean (2011). &quot;Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia)&quot;. Geomorphology. 129 (3–4): 238–251. Bibcode:2011Geomo.129..238F. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018.&lt;/ref&gt; Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. Bibcode:2015ZGm....59..477T. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x. S2CID 98547102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. Bibcode:2017JHyd..545..299G. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo

Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.[12]

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[13]

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[14]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.[15] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8% e hitaande 1935 e 12% e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.&lt;ref&gt;Dinssa, Etefa Guyassa (2017). Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia (dissertation). Ghent University.&lt;/ref&gt; Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.&lt;ref&gt;Frankl, Amaury; Nyssen, Jan; De Dapper, Morgan; Haile, Mitiku; Billi, Paolo; Munro, R. Neil; Deckers, Jozef; Poesen, Jean (2011). &quot;Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia)&quot;. Geomorphology. 129 (3–4): 238–251. Bibcode:2011Geomo.129..238F. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018.&lt;/ref&gt; Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. Bibcode:2015ZGm....59..477T. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x. S2CID 98547102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. Bibcode:2017JHyd..545..299G. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

== Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo ==
Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009). &quot;Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)&quot;. Mountain Research and Development. 29 (3): 255–264. doi:10.1659/mrd.00033. hdl:1854/LU-854326.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo

Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.[13]

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[14]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.[15] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8% e hitaande 1935 e 12% e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.&lt;ref&gt;Dinssa, Etefa Guyassa (2017). Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia (dissertation). Ghent University.&lt;/ref&gt; Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.&lt;ref&gt;Frankl, Amaury; Nyssen, Jan; De Dapper, Morgan; Haile, Mitiku; Billi, Paolo; Munro, R. Neil; Deckers, Jozef; Poesen, Jean (2011). &quot;Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia)&quot;. Geomorphology. 129 (3–4): 238–251. Bibcode:2011Geomo.129..238F. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018.&lt;/ref&gt; Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. Bibcode:2015ZGm....59..477T. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x. S2CID 98547102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. Bibcode:2017JHyd..545..299G. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

== Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo ==
Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009). &quot;Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)&quot;. Mountain Research and Development. 29 (3): 255–264. doi:10.1659/mrd.00033. hdl:1854/LU-854326.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.&lt;ref&gt;Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam[14]

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.[15] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8% e hitaande 1935 e 12% e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.&lt;ref&gt;Dinssa, Etefa Guyassa (2017). Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia (dissertation). Ghent University.&lt;/ref&gt; Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.&lt;ref&gt;Frankl, Amaury; Nyssen, Jan; De Dapper, Morgan; Haile, Mitiku; Billi, Paolo; Munro, R. Neil; Deckers, Jozef; Poesen, Jean (2011). &quot;Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia)&quot;. Geomorphology. 129 (3–4): 238–251. Bibcode:2011Geomo.129..238F. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018.&lt;/ref&gt; Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. Bibcode:2015ZGm....59..477T. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x. S2CID 98547102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. Bibcode:2017JHyd..545..299G. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

== Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo ==
Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009). &quot;Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)&quot;. Mountain Research and Development. 29 (3): 255–264. doi:10.1659/mrd.00033. hdl:1854/LU-854326.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.&lt;ref&gt;Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam&lt;ref&gt;Moeyersons, J. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions&quot;. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 230 (1–2): 162–178. Bibcode:2006PPP...230..165M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.[15] Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8% e hitaande 1935 e 12% e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.&lt;ref&gt;Dinssa, Etefa Guyassa (2017). Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia (dissertation). Ghent University.&lt;/ref&gt; Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.&lt;ref&gt;Frankl, Amaury; Nyssen, Jan; De Dapper, Morgan; Haile, Mitiku; Billi, Paolo; Munro, R. Neil; Deckers, Jozef; Poesen, Jean (2011). &quot;Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia)&quot;. Geomorphology. 129 (3–4): 238–251. Bibcode:2011Geomo.129..238F. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018.&lt;/ref&gt; Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. Bibcode:2015ZGm....59..477T. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x. S2CID 98547102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. Bibcode:2017JHyd..545..299G. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

== Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo ==
Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009). &quot;Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)&quot;. Mountain Research and Development. 29 (3): 255–264. doi:10.1659/mrd.00033. hdl:1854/LU-854326.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.&lt;ref&gt;Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam&lt;ref&gt;Moeyersons, J. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions&quot;. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 230 (1–2): 162–178. Bibcode:2006PPP...230..165M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.&lt;ref&gt;Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. GeoGuide. SpringerNature. 2019. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199294303.&lt;/ref&gt; Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.[16] Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8% e hitaande 1935 e 12% e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.&lt;ref&gt;Dinssa, Etefa Guyassa (2017). Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia (dissertation). Ghent University.&lt;/ref&gt; Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.&lt;ref&gt;Frankl, Amaury; Nyssen, Jan; De Dapper, Morgan; Haile, Mitiku; Billi, Paolo; Munro, R. Neil; Deckers, Jozef; Poesen, Jean (2011). &quot;Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia)&quot;. Geomorphology. 129 (3–4): 238–251. Bibcode:2011Geomo.129..238F. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018.&lt;/ref&gt; Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. Bibcode:2015ZGm....59..477T. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x. S2CID 98547102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. Bibcode:2017JHyd..545..299G. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

== Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo ==
Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009). &quot;Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)&quot;. Mountain Research and Development. 29 (3): 255–264. doi:10.1659/mrd.00033. hdl:1854/LU-854326.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.&lt;ref&gt;Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam&lt;ref&gt;Moeyersons, J. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions&quot;. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 230 (1–2): 162–178. Bibcode:2006PPP...230..165M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.&lt;ref&gt;Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. GeoGuide. SpringerNature. 2019. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199294303.&lt;/ref&gt; Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.[17]

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'''Agula’i ko maayo''' wonngo to worgo leydi Ecoppi. Ummagol e nder koye Atsbi Wenberta (2 676 meeteruuji dow koye maayo), ina ɓuuɓtoo bannge worgo-fuɗnaange haa maayo Giba ngo ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni e maayo Tekezé.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Giba garoowo oo maa jogo ladde ɗo maayo Sulluh, Genfel e Agula’i kawrata.

== Hidrogaraafi ==
Ko maayo ɓuuɓngo, ngo nokku mum ɓuuɓnata e nder weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ngo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 8 meeteruuji e kiloomeeteer kala. E ɓulli mum, maayo ngoo taƴii ŋoral luggiɗngal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrolooji ndiyam ==

=== Sifaa ndiyam ===
Koyngal ndiyam walla keewal ndiyam hitaande kala ko 115 miliyoŋ m3. Toɓooli ɓurɗi mawnude haa 520 m3 e leƴƴannde ina mbaɗa e feccere ɗiɗmere toɓooli (lewru ut) nde toɓooli tiiɗɗi mbaɗata, leydi ndii ina heewi ndiyam e nokkuuji keewɗi. Teemedere toɓooli keewɗi yaltuɗi e weeyo ngo ko 12 %. Nde tawnoo kaaƴe dime ina ngoodi e 47% e nokkuuji ɗii, ndeeɗoo coftal ɓalli ina famɗi no feewi e maayooji saraaji ɗii.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 57 (2): 143–169. Bibcode:2013ZGm....57..143Z. doi:10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakindo vursugol ngol ngol maayo jolnata ngol ina tolnoo e 1,95 miliyoq ton hitaande kala. Hakindo vursugol ngol e nder ndiyam maayo ko 3,78 g e nder liiteer gooto, kono ina waawi yahde haa 97 g/L. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri ina waɗa e fuɗɗoode ndunngu, nde leydi loowndi e ɓuuɓri ndi loowata e dow leydi, ndi joofna e maayo, e feewde e joofnirde nde ɓuuɓri daande maayo heewi.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt; Nde tawnoo ndiyam ɗam ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe (e nokku hee ina wiyee &quot;aygi&quot;), remooɓe ina cikka ko ɗum semmbinta jawdi maɓɓe, ndi ɓe ngaddata e maayo.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko ɗum fof e wayde noon, keewal tovo ngo ko 3784 ton e km2 e hitaande. Pooɗondiral fof waɗiraa ko e nokku gonɗo e saraaji hunduko maayo ngoo, e duuɓi 2005–2007.&lt;ref&gt;Vanmaercke, M. and colleagues (2010). &quot;Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (4): 611–627. doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9. hdl:1854/LU-854315. S2CID 53365853.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilam ɓuuɓɗam ===
Runngo ɓuri heewde ko e mbaadi kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi baɗɗi e nder dumunna juutɗo no feewi (ina wiyee ilam ɓuuɓɗam). Ɗee ina njokkondiri e topografi ɓuuɓɗo, heewi wonde ko leɗɗe seeɗa e toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi. Pecce ɗeeɗoo ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi jogaade ɓuuɓol ɓurngol mawnude laabi 50 haa 100 e ɓuuɓol gonngol les ngol. Ɗee ilamji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuri waɗde ko kikiiɗe walla jamma, sabu toɓooli ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaɗa kikiiɗe.&lt;ref&gt;Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199099067.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Waylooji e nder sahaaji ===
Seedeeji ɗi fotooje weeyo Itaali ndokki e weeyo ngo, ƴettaaɗi e kitaale 1930 ina kollita wonde 51% e weeyo ngoo ina waɗi leɗɗe leɗɗe (e nder 45% e hitaande 2014). Ndee zoo lekki ina waawi leeltinde vursugol ngol, tee vursugol ngol ina famzi (8% e hitaande 1935 e 12% e hitaande 2014). Ko ɗum waɗi, ɓuuɓol e nder maayo ngoo ina famɗi, maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi e hannde.&lt;ref&gt;Dinssa, Etefa Guyassa (2017). Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia (dissertation). Ghent University.&lt;/ref&gt; Haa e kitaale 1980, wonno ko tampere mawnde e weeyo, leɗɗe keewɗe majjii.&lt;ref&gt;Frankl, Amaury; Nyssen, Jan; De Dapper, Morgan; Haile, Mitiku; Billi, Paolo; Munro, R. Neil; Deckers, Jozef; Poesen, Jean (2011). &quot;Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia)&quot;. Geomorphology. 129 (3–4): 238–251. Bibcode:2011Geomo.129..238F. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018.&lt;/ref&gt; Oo maayo ina joginoo ɓuuɓol mum ɓurngol mawnude e njaajeendi mum e oon sahaa. Mawnugol ilam e nder ndee maayo noon ina ustii e nder duuvi cakkitiizi zi sabu naatgol e nder tovo ngo. E dow tule ceene, eksklusooji mbaɗaama; leɗɗe denndaaɗe ɗee ina mballita no feewi e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓri, ustude ilam e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri.&lt;ref&gt;Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 331 (1–2): 219–241. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko wayi no ɓulli kaaƴe&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007). &quot;Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil and Tillage Research. 94 (1): 151–163. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011. hdl:1854/LU-378900.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues (2015). &quot;Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands&quot;. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 59 (4): 477–493. Bibcode:2015ZGm....59..477T. doi:10.1127/zfg/2015/0166.&lt;/ref&gt; e baraasuuji ƴeewndo kadi ina kaɗa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). &quot;The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Soil Use and Management. 20: 55–64. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x. S2CID 98547102.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Etefa Guyassa and colleagues (2017). &quot;Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Journal of Hydrology. 545 (1): 299–309. Bibcode:2017JHyd..545..299G. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019. hdl:1854/LU-8518957.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demal ndiyam ==
Gaagaa ɓulli e ɓulli, ndiyam ina fawii no feewi e ɓuuɓri maayo ngoo. Hono ngool ndema ndiyam ina jogii nafoore e heblude naamne ngam kisal nguura e ustude baasal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Leyɗeele ndiyam ina tabitee e nder laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder maayo ngoo fof, ndiyam pompiyee ina huutoree.

== Transhumance feewde e ŋoral maayo ==
Lesɗe falndeeji e nder ŋoral les ngal maayo ngoo, ko nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde. Transhumance ina waɗa e sahaa toɓo, nde leyɗeele saraaji gure ɗee ngoni e ndema. Sukaaɓe durooɓe maa njaltin jawdi wuro ngoo haa njippoo e ŋoral, jamma e nder caalli tokoosi. Gorji ɗii ina teskaa e nokkuuji ɗo transhumance (transhumance) jogori arde, sibu ina waɗi ndiyam e mawnugol moƴƴol leɗɗe semi-natural.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009). &quot;Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)&quot;. Mountain Research and Development. 29 (3): 255–264. doi:10.1659/mrd.00033. hdl:1854/LU-854326.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kaaƴe e kaaƴe e nder ŋoral maayo ==
Kaaƴe e kaaƴe kawraaɗe e nder maayo ina mbaawi ummoraade e kala nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder weendu nduu. E nder nokkuuji ɓurɗi toowde e maayo ngoo, ko pecce kaaƴe tan e nder yuɓɓooji litolooji toowɗi ɗii, maa tawe e nder ŋoral maayo ngoo, tawi noon ko ɓuri lesɗude neɗɗo ina waawi yiytude jillondiral ɓurngal yaajde e denndaangal litolooji ɗi maayo ngoo tacci. Gila dow haa les, ɗeeɗoo geɗe litooloji ina tawee e ɓuuɓri ndii.&lt;ref&gt;Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Koolol Amba Aradam
* Agula Ɓoornugol
* Hayre kalkeere Antalo
* Mekele doleeru
* Tufa ndiyam laaɓɗam nayaɓam&lt;ref&gt;Moeyersons, J. and colleagues (2006). &quot;Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions&quot;. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 230 (1–2): 162–178. Bibcode:2006PPP...230..165M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Trekking e dow maayo ==
Laabi yah-ngartaa mbaɗaama e nder Dogu’a Tembien saraaji mum.&lt;ref&gt;Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. GeoGuide. SpringerNature. 2019. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199294303.&lt;/ref&gt; Laabi ɗii mbaylaaka e leydi kono ina mbaawi rewde e huutoraade piille .GPX ƴettaaɗe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Trek 24 ina rewi e nokku ɗo maayo Agula’i e maayo Giba kawri. E nder dumunna toɓo, ilam ina waawi waɗde, ina wasiyee nde rewataa e ŋoral maayo. Heewi ko ndeen kadi waawataa yahde e maayo.&lt;ref&gt;Nyssen, Jan (2019). &quot;Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia&quot;. Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains. GeoGuide. Springer-Nature. pp. 537–556. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 199198251.&lt;/ref&gt;

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Seneraal '''Sir Tomaas Letbrij Napiyer Morland''', KCB, 1999 , KCMG , DSO (9 ut 1865 – 21 mee 1925) ko ofisee mawɗo konu Angalteer, gollinooɗo e diɗɗal teskinngal e konu e nder wolde adunaare adannde, teeŋti noon e konu X Corps e ñalawma gadano wolde Somme e lewru sulyee 1916.

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Morland jibinaa ko Montreal, to Kanadaa Fuɗnaange,  ko ɓiy Tomaas Morland e Helen Servante. Janngi to duɗal Charterhouse e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde konu laamɗo, Sandhurst, Morland toɗɗaa yo o won lietnaa ɗiɗmo e nder konu laamɗo e lewru ut 1884.  

== Nguurndam gadano e golle konu ==
O naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Staff, Camberley, tuggi 1891 haa 1892, o heɓi psc makko .  {{Sfn|Thompson|2015}} E lewru feebariyee 1895 o artiraa e golle e nder konu , o toɗɗaa kadi balloowo seneraal Sir Arthur Lyon Fremantle .  O golliima to Afrik hirnaange, o rokkaama darnde mawnde (major) nde o woni e golle ndee. 

== Sarwiis e nder Afrik hirnaange ==
Morland, mo e lewru sulyee 1899 toɗɗaa e hitaande 1899, o arti e gardagol brivet major, [1] caggal ɗuum o golliima to Nijeer, o yettii darnde lietnaa kolonel, o toɗɗaa komanndaaji konu ladde Afrik hirnaange e hitaande 1900. [2] Hitaande rewtunde ndee, caggal nde o artiraa e gardagol brivet lieuten e hitaande ] Ja9u, o wonii kolonel lieuten [3] yamiroore yah-ngartaa feewde Yola, addani ɗum foolde e woppude Emir Adamawa e lewru suwee 1901, e heɓtude Emiraaji Adamawa e Angalteer, ko huunde himmunde e heɓtude Kalifaandi Sokoto caggal ɗuum nde tawnoo ɗum ustii njulaagu jiyaaɓe rewrude e nokku Adamawa. Morland gaañiiɗo e feggere tooke e nder hare ndee, kono o jokki e yamiroore makko. E nder ɓataake sifotooɗo njillu nguu, Komiseer mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya rokki mo &quot;teddungal mawngal no feewi ngam heɓde nafoore ndee njillu teeŋtungu.&quot; [4] Hitaande rewtunde ndee o toɗɗaa yo o won sehil (compagnon de l’ ordre de service distingué ) (DSO) ngam teddinde golle makko (ñalnde 25 abriil 1902). [5] E hitaande 1902 o toɗɗaa hooreejo konu to Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya, o woni kadi wasiyaaji komisariyaaji Farayse e Angalteer toɗɗaaɗi ngam limtude keeri e nder nokku hee. [6] O ardii konu Angalteer haa o dañi nafoore e wolde Kano e lewru feebariyee 1903. [7] O artiraa e jappeere makko, o woni lietnaa kolonel e lewru mee 1904. [8]

E lewru suwee 1905 o toɗɗaa inspekteer jeneraal e nder konu Afrik worgo, ko ɗum waɗi o rokkaama darnde seneraal brigadier nokkuyankeewo nde o woni e golle ndee.   Ngalɗoo toɗɗagol o rokkaama darnde kolonel.   O timminii ndee ɗoo golle e lewru suwee 1909, caggal ɗuum o waɗtaa e feccere njoɓdi. 

== Hare adunaare adannde ==
E lewru suwee 1910, caggal nde o yalti e doggol feccere njoɓdi, Morland toɗɗaa e gardagol seneraal brigade temporaire, o lomtii Nevil Macready e gardagol brigade 2 infanterie,  darnde nde o joginoo haa wolde adunaare adannde fuɗɗii.  E lewru marse 1913 o artiraa e seneraal mawɗo, tawi omo woni e gardagol brigade.  {{Sfn|Thompson|2015}}

Ndeen Morland wontii ofisee mawɗo gardinooɗo (GOC) Division 2ɓo Londres e lewru ut 1914,  lewru naatgol Angalteer e wolde adunaare adannde, caggal ɗuum GOC division 14ɓo (Light) e lewru suwee 1914   caggal ɗuum GOC division 5ɓo, ndeen o golliima e Fctobernt O31  Ɓooytaani o yiyi golle e komanndaaji makko kesi e nder wolde adannde Ypres nde juuti haa darorɗe lewru noowammbar. Ndeen fedde ndee tawtoraama wolde ɗiɗmere Ypres e lewru abriil 1915.

O waɗtaa KCB e lewru suwee 1915 &quot;ngam golle ɗe o waɗi e jokkondiral e golle konu e nder ladde&quot;.  e o artiraa e darnde lietnaa-seneraal e lewru sulyee,  o ardii konu X gila ndeen haa e lewru abriil 1918.  E nder oon sahaa, o jeyaa ko e komanndaaji konu Seneraal Sir Henry Rawlinson 's konu nayaɓu e hare Somme e hitaande 1916 Hare Mesin e hitaande 1917. &lt;ref name=&quot;odnb&quot; /&gt;

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Seneraal '''Sir Tomaas Letbrij Napiyer Morland''', KCB, 1999 , KCMG , DSO (9 ut 1865 – 21 mee 1925) ko ofisee mawɗo konu Angalteer, gollinooɗo e diɗɗal teskinngal e konu e nder wolde adunaare adannde, teeŋti noon e konu X Corps e ñalawma gadano wolde Somme e lewru sulyee 1916.

== Nguurndam gadano ==
Morland jibinaa ko Montreal, to Kanadaa Fuɗnaange,  ko ɓiy Tomaas Morland e Helen Servante. Janngi to duɗal Charterhouse e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde konu laamɗo, Sandhurst, Morland toɗɗaa yo o won lietnaa ɗiɗmo e nder konu laamɗo e lewru ut 1884.  

== Nguurndam gadano e golle konu ==
O naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Staff, Camberley, tuggi 1891 haa 1892, o heɓi psc makko .  {{Sfn|Thompson|2015}} E lewru feebariyee 1895 o artiraa e golle e nder konu , o toɗɗaa kadi balloowo seneraal Sir Arthur Lyon Fremantle .  O golliima to Afrik hirnaange, o rokkaama darnde mawnde (major) nde o woni e golle ndee. 

== Sarwiis e nder Afrik hirnaange ==
Morland, mo e lewru sulyee 1899 toɗɗaa e hitaande 1899, o arti e gardagol brivet major, [1] caggal ɗuum o golliima to Nijeer, o yettii darnde lietnaa kolonel, o toɗɗaa komanndaaji konu ladde Afrik hirnaange e hitaande 1900. [2] Hitaande rewtunde ndee, caggal nde o artiraa e gardagol brivet lieuten e hitaande ] Ja9u, o wonii kolonel lieuten [3] yamiroore yah-ngartaa feewde Yola, addani ɗum foolde e woppude Emir Adamawa e lewru suwee 1901, e heɓtude Emiraaji Adamawa e Angalteer, ko huunde himmunde e heɓtude Kalifaandi Sokoto caggal ɗuum nde tawnoo ɗum ustii njulaagu jiyaaɓe rewrude e nokku Adamawa. Morland gaañiiɗo e feggere tooke e nder hare ndee, kono o jokki e yamiroore makko. E nder ɓataake sifotooɗo njillu nguu, Komiseer mawɗo leydi Naajeeriya rokki mo &quot;teddungal mawngal no feewi ngam heɓde nafoore ndee njillu teeŋtungu.&quot; [4] Hitaande rewtunde ndee o toɗɗaa yo o won sehil (compagnon de l’ ordre de service distingué ) (DSO) ngam teddinde golle makko (ñalnde 25 abriil 1902). [5] E hitaande 1902 o toɗɗaa hooreejo konu to Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya, o woni kadi wasiyaaji komisariyaaji Farayse e Angalteer toɗɗaaɗi ngam limtude keeri e nder nokku hee. [6] O ardii konu Angalteer haa o dañi nafoore e wolde Kano e lewru feebariyee 1903. [7] O artiraa e jappeere makko, o woni lietnaa kolonel e lewru mee 1904. [8]

E lewru suwee 1905 o toɗɗaa inspekteer jeneraal e nder konu Afrik worgo, ko ɗum waɗi o rokkaama darnde seneraal brigadier nokkuyankeewo nde o woni e golle ndee.   Ngalɗoo toɗɗagol o rokkaama darnde kolonel.   O timminii ndee ɗoo golle e lewru suwee 1909, caggal ɗuum o waɗtaa e feccere njoɓdi. 

== Hare adunaare adannde ==
E lewru suwee 1910, caggal nde o yalti e doggol feccere njoɓdi, Morland toɗɗaa e gardagol seneraal brigade temporaire, o lomtii Nevil Macready e gardagol brigade 2 infanterie,  darnde nde o joginoo haa wolde adunaare adannde fuɗɗii.  E lewru marse 1913 o artiraa e seneraal mawɗo, tawi omo woni e gardagol brigade.  {{Sfn|Thompson|2015}}

Ndeen Morland wontii ofisee mawɗo gardinooɗo (GOC) Division 2ɓo Londres e lewru ut 1914,  lewru naatgol Angalteer e wolde adunaare adannde, caggal ɗuum GOC division 14ɓo (Light) e lewru suwee 1914   caggal ɗuum GOC division 5ɓo, ndeen o golliima e Fctobernt O31  Ɓooytaani o yiyi golle e komanndaaji makko kesi e nder wolde adannde Ypres nde juuti haa darorɗe lewru noowammbar. Ndeen fedde ndee tawtoraama wolde ɗiɗmere Ypres e lewru abriil 1915.

O waɗtaa KCB e lewru suwee 1915 &quot;ngam golle ɗe o waɗi e jokkondiral e golle konu e nder ladde&quot;.  e o artiraa e darnde lietnaa-seneraal e lewru sulyee,  o ardii konu X gila ndeen haa e lewru abriil 1918.  E nder oon sahaa, o jeyaa ko e komanndaaji konu Seneraal Sir Henry Rawlinson 's konu nayaɓu e hare Somme e hitaande 1916 Hare Mesin e hitaande 1917. &lt;ref name=&quot;odnb&quot; /&gt;

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    <title>Joorji Mooring</title>
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'''Sir Arthur George Rixson Mooring''' KCMG (23 noowammbar 1908 – 13 lewru bowte 1969) ko golloowo laamu koloñaal Angalteer, ko o hoɗnooɗo to [[𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤶𞤭𞤦𞤢𞥄𞤪|Sansibar]] tuggi 1959 haa 1964.  

== Ngendam ==
George Mooring jibinaa ko to Dunstable, to leydi Bedfordshire ñalnde 23 noowammbar 1908, ko ɓiy gardiiɗo ''jaaynde Bedford'' . O janngi ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Bedford e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Queens, Cambridge ɗo o janngi ɗemɗe jamaanu kadi ko o neɗɗo jom doole en, o jannginii laana Queens.

O naati nder kuugal Kolonial nder hitaande 1931, o neldaa haa lesdi Naajeeriya haa o huuwi nder kala lesdi haa woyla. O naati e konu laamɗo keeriingu Afrik worgo,  e fuɗɗoode wolde e hitaande 1939 o noddiraa, o gollodii e maɓɓe duuɓi nay to Arakan, Birmaani, omo haɓa no komandooji nii ngam haɗde Japonnaaɓe woɗɗitaade Inndo. O siftinaama e diisnondiral, o dañi darnde lietnaa kolonel . Nde o demobilisation o warti lesdi Naajeeriya, o ɗon nodda haa Departemaa Finance haa Secretariat haa Lagos nden ɓaawo duuɓi 2 haa Ibadan, o ummi haa o laati Jaagorɗo Finance haa diiwal Hirnaange. Nde cukko guwerneer oo foti hootde to leydi Angalteer sabu rafi bonɗo, Mooring ƴetti nokku mum, tawi ko kanko woni guwerneer gardiiɗo lebbi tati hakkunde guwerneeruuji hirnaange. O heɓi njeenaari konu e hitaande 1958. 

E hitaande 1959 o wonti hoɗnooɗo e leydi Angalteer [[𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤶𞤭𞤦𞤢𞥄𞤪|to Zanzibar]] fotde duuɓi 5,  o rokkaa njeenaari KCMG e hitaande 1960.  Nde laamu Angalteer ɗaɓɓiri jeytaare makko, e dow wasiyaaji makko, ɗum rokkaa e hitaande 1963, njillu makko e golle makko taƴaa hitaande. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sultan&quot; /&gt; Sultan Sansibar rokki mo hoodere jaayre Sansibar, darnde adannde. Lewru caggal mum rewolisiyoŋ fuɗɗii, waɗi maayɓe heewɓe e caɗeele goɗɗe, Mooring noddi laamu Angalteer ngam wallude Sultan e sehilaaɓe mum mawɓe ɓee hoɗde e Angalteer.

E nder duuɓi 5 garooji ɗii o ƴetti Komiseer Faggudu e Keeri to duuɗe Gilbert &amp; Ellice, Siyeraa Leyoon e Antigua . O wonti Hooreejo Goomu Gollorɗe Siwil . O resiino Patricia Josephine Downman (nee Hare-Duke) e hitaande 1947, ɓe ndañi ɓiɗɗo gorko, William, jibinaaɗo e hitaande 1949 e ɓiɗɗo debbo, Julia, jibinaaɗo e hitaande 1951. Ɓe koɗi e Earl Soham to Suffolk ɗo Mooring jooɗii e goomuuji keewɗi e nder nokkuuji mum, ina weltii jaahangal do ndiyam. O maayi ko e rafi kanseer e hitaande 1969.

Kaayitaaji Mooring ina mbaɗee to defterdu Bodleian . 

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'''Sir Arthur George Rixson Mooring''' KCMG (23 noowammbar 1908 – 13 lewru bowte 1969) ko golloowo laamu koloñaal Angalteer, ko o hoɗnooɗo to [[𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤶𞤭𞤦𞤢𞥄𞤪|Sansibar]] tuggi 1959 haa 1964.  

== Ngendam ==
George Mooring jibinaa ko to Dunstable, to leydi Bedfordshire ñalnde 23 noowammbar 1908, ko ɓiy gardiiɗo ''jaaynde Bedford'' . O janngi ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Bedford e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Queens, Cambridge ɗo o janngi ɗemɗe jamaanu kadi ko o neɗɗo jom doole en, o jannginii laana Queens.

O naati nder kuugal Kolonial nder hitaande 1931, o neldaa haa lesdi Naajeeriya haa o huuwi nder kala lesdi haa woyla. O naati e konu laamɗo keeriingu Afrik worgo,  e fuɗɗoode wolde e hitaande 1939 o noddiraa, o gollodii e maɓɓe duuɓi nay to Arakan, Birmaani, omo haɓa no komandooji nii ngam haɗde Japonnaaɓe woɗɗitaade Inndo. O siftinaama e diisnondiral, o dañi darnde lietnaa kolonel . Nde o demobilisation o warti lesdi Naajeeriya, o ɗon nodda haa Departemaa Finance haa Secretariat haa Lagos nden ɓaawo duuɓi 2 haa Ibadan, o ummi haa o laati Jaagorɗo Finance haa diiwal Hirnaange. Nde cukko guwerneer oo foti hootde to leydi Angalteer sabu rafi bonɗo, Mooring ƴetti nokku mum, tawi ko kanko woni guwerneer gardiiɗo lebbi tati hakkunde guwerneeruuji hirnaange. O heɓi njeenaari konu e hitaande 1958. 

E hitaande 1959 o wonti hoɗnooɗo e leydi Angalteer [[𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤶𞤭𞤦𞤢𞥄𞤪|to Zanzibar]] fotde duuɓi 5,  o rokkaa njeenaari KCMG e hitaande 1960.  Nde laamu Angalteer ɗaɓɓiri jeytaare makko, e dow wasiyaaji makko, ɗum rokkaa e hitaande 1963, njillu makko e golle makko taƴaa hitaande. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sultan&quot; /&gt; Sultan Sansibar rokki mo hoodere jaayre Sansibar, darnde adannde. Lewru caggal mum rewolisiyoŋ fuɗɗii, waɗi maayɓe heewɓe e caɗeele goɗɗe, Mooring noddi laamu Angalteer ngam wallude Sultan e sehilaaɓe mum mawɓe ɓee hoɗde e Angalteer.

E nder duuɓi 5 garooji ɗii o ƴetti Komiseer Faggudu e Keeri to duuɗe Gilbert &amp; Ellice, Siyeraa Leyoon e Antigua . O wonti Hooreejo Goomu Gollorɗe Siwil . O resiino Patricia Josephine Downman (nee Hare-Duke) e hitaande 1947, ɓe ndañi ɓiɗɗo gorko, William, jibinaaɗo e hitaande 1949 e ɓiɗɗo debbo, Julia, jibinaaɗo e hitaande 1951. Ɓe koɗi e Earl Soham to Suffolk ɗo Mooring jooɗii e goomuuji keewɗi e nder nokkuuji mum, ina weltii jaahangal do ndiyam. O maayi ko e rafi kanseer e hitaande 1969.

Kaayitaaji Mooring ina mbaɗee to defterdu Bodleian . 

== Tuugnorgal ==</text>
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[[File:The_Homestead,_Barnes,_April_2014_01.jpg|thumb|Koɗorɗe, Barnes, 2014]]
'''Sir Ralph Denham Rayment Moor''', KCMG (31 sulyee 1860 – 14 suwee 1909) ko komisariyaajo mawɗo gadano e nder [[Protektorat Fombina Naajeeriya|leydi Angalteer to bannge worgo leydi Nijeer]], kadi ko o golloowo mawɗo e njiimaandi Angalteer e Laamu Benin .

== Ngendam ==
Ralph Moor jibinaa ko ñalnde 31 sulyee 1860 to wuro wiyeteengo The Lodge, to wuro Buntingford, to leydi Hertfordshire, ko ɓiy William Henry Moor (hedde 1830 – hedde 1863), seppo, e debbo makko Sarah Pears. Janngi e nder suudu, o fotnoo ko njulaagu, o naati e hitaande 1880–1, o woni jannguɗo e njulaagu teewu. Ñalnde 26 ut 1882 o naati e Royal Irish Constabulary ko o kadet, o wonti e sahaa mum inspekteer diiwaan o woppi golle caggal nde o naati e ñaawoore ceergal ñalnde 9 feebariyee 1891. 

E lewru marse 1891 Moor ƴetti golle e les njiimaandi Sir [[Ko Kiloud Makdonal|Claude Maxwell MacDonald]], konsul jeneral to bannge [[Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer|reentaade maayooji petroŋ]], hono Kumannda konstabula e nder reentorde ndee. E lewru sulyee 1892 o toɗɗaa e cukko konsul Biro caggal leydi to diiwaan Oil Rivers, tuggi 6 suwee 1892 haa 15 feebariyee 1893 o woni komisariyaajo. E nder lewru Yarkomaa 1896 o wonii konsul, ñalnde 1 feebariyee 1896, nde diiwaan oo sosaa e nder [[Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer|Protektoraat Coast Niger]], o waɗtaa komisariyaajo e konsul jeneraal wonande leydi ndii, e konsul wonande Kameruun e Fernando Po .

Moor waɗii darnde mawnde e Ekspedisiyoŋ Benin hitaande 1897, nanngude Oba Benin, mo ndeen woppitaa, riiwaa. Benin City loppitaama, ko ina tolnoo e 2 500 kaɓirgal loppitaama, neldaa leydi Angalteer. Ina jeyaa heen nate njamndiije e geɗe goɗɗe ɗe nganndu-ɗaa ko ɗe njamndi mboɗeeri . Ina jeyaa e peeje ɓurɗe lollude, mask laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Idia, ko Moor joginoo, haa jooni ko galle mooftirgel (British Museum) soodi ɗum caggal maayde makko, ɗo ɗum heddii haa hannde. 

Nde e hitaande 1900, protectorat oo ummii e biro caggal leydi, fayti e biro koloñaal, Moor wonti Komiseer mawɗo to bannge worgo leydi Najeriya, o darni njuɓɓudi laamu kesu nguu. E nder duuɓi makko ko komisariyaajo toowɗo, njulaagu jiyaaɓe mumtaama e nder protektoraat, lomtinaa ko luural golle ɓeydotoongal e kaalis kaalis. Hare Anglo-Aro (Noowammbar 1901 – Mars 1902) deeƴnii luulndaare laamu Angalteer, e yaajtinde semmbe Angalteer rewrude e nokkuuji konu kesi keewɗi e gardiiɗo diiwaan Angalteer keso to Bende e Owerri . [1] Cellal makko ina ŋakki, o woppi golle makko ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1903. Ndeen o hawri e Sir Alfred Lewis Jones ; o rokkii wasiyaaji nafooji e geɗe Afrik hirnaange, o wallitii e ƴellitgol Fedde Angalteer toppitiinde ko fayti e ndema . O golliima kadi e won e goomuuji e noddaango jaagorgal dowla.

Moor toɗɗaama yo won sehil e nder fedde St Michael e St George (CMG) e hitaande 1895 e Komandaajo Konu (KCMG) e hitaande 1897.

O tawaa ko o maayɗo e leeso to hoɗorde makko, wiyeteende The Homestead, to Barnes, ñalnde 14 suwee 1909 ; nde wari hoore mum e tooke.  O wirnaa ko e yanaande Barnes keso. Jury coroner oo fellitii wonde « tooke ɗee ƴettaa ko e anniya tawi ko e nder sahaa gooto caggal nde o dañi caɗeele teeŋtuɗe e ŋakkere ɗanngal », ɓe nanii seedeeji wonde Moor ina wondi e rafi bonɗo e nder duuɓi nay cakkitiiɗi ɗii nde o arti Afrik e ñawu nguu e ñawu nguu, ngu addani ɗum ŋakkere ɗanngal.

== Caalaje ==
E hitaande 1898, o resi Adrienne Shapland (jibinaa ko hedde 1871), debbo J. Burns. 

== Tuugnorgal ==
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[[File:The_Homestead,_Barnes,_April_2014_01.jpg|thumb|Koɗorɗe, Barnes, 2014]]
'''Sir Ralph Denham Rayment Moor''', KCMG (31 sulyee 1860 – 14 suwee 1909) ko komisariyaajo mawɗo gadano e nder [[Protektorat Fombina Naajeeriya|leydi Angalteer to bannge worgo leydi Nijeer]], kadi ko o golloowo mawɗo e njiimaandi Angalteer e Laamu Benin.&lt;ref&gt;This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Harris, Charles Alexander (1912). &quot;Moor, Ralph Denham Rayment&quot;. In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). Vol. 2. London: Smith, Elder &amp; Co. p. 643.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngendam ==
Ralph Moor jibinaa ko ñalnde 31 sulyee 1860 to wuro wiyeteengo The Lodge, to wuro Buntingford, to leydi Hertfordshire, ko ɓiy William Henry Moor (hedde 1830 – hedde 1863), seppo, e debbo makko Sarah Pears. Janngi e nder suudu, o fotnoo ko njulaagu, o naati e hitaande 1880–1, o woni jannguɗo e njulaagu teewu. Ñalnde 26 ut 1882 o naati e Royal Irish Constabulary ko o kadet, o wonti e sahaa mum inspekteer diiwaan o woppi golle caggal nde o naati e ñaawoore ceergal ñalnde 9 feebariyee 1891. 

E lewru marse 1891 Moor ƴetti golle e les njiimaandi Sir [[Ko Kiloud Makdonal|Claude Maxwell MacDonald]], konsul jeneral to bannge [[Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer|reentaade maayooji petroŋ]], hono Kumannda konstabula e nder reentorde ndee. E lewru sulyee 1892 o toɗɗaa e cukko konsul Biro caggal leydi to diiwaan Oil Rivers, tuggi 6 suwee 1892 haa 15 feebariyee 1893 o woni komisariyaajo. E nder lewru Yarkomaa 1896 o wonii konsul, ñalnde 1 feebariyee 1896, nde diiwaan oo sosaa e nder [[Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer|Protektoraat Coast Niger]], o waɗtaa komisariyaajo e konsul jeneraal wonande leydi ndii, e konsul wonande Kameruun e Fernando Po .

Moor waɗii darnde mawnde e Ekspedisiyoŋ Benin hitaande 1897, nanngude Oba Benin, mo ndeen woppitaa, riiwaa. Benin City loppitaama, ko ina tolnoo e 2 500 kaɓirgal loppitaama, neldaa leydi Angalteer. Ina jeyaa heen nate njamndiije e geɗe goɗɗe ɗe nganndu-ɗaa ko ɗe njamndi mboɗeeri . Ina jeyaa e peeje ɓurɗe lollude, mask laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Idia, ko Moor joginoo, haa jooni ko galle mooftirgel (British Museum) soodi ɗum caggal maayde makko, ɗo ɗum heddii haa hannde. 

Nde e hitaande 1900, protectorat oo ummii e biro caggal leydi, fayti e biro koloñaal, Moor wonti Komiseer mawɗo to bannge worgo leydi Najeriya, o darni njuɓɓudi laamu kesu nguu. E nder duuɓi makko ko komisariyaajo toowɗo, njulaagu jiyaaɓe mumtaama e nder protektoraat, lomtinaa ko luural golle ɓeydotoongal e kaalis kaalis. Hare Anglo-Aro (Noowammbar 1901 – Mars 1902) deeƴnii luulndaare laamu Angalteer, e yaajtinde semmbe Angalteer rewrude e nokkuuji konu kesi keewɗi e gardiiɗo diiwaan Angalteer keso to Bende e Owerri . [1] Cellal makko ina ŋakki, o woppi golle makko ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1903. Ndeen o hawri e Sir Alfred Lewis Jones ; o rokkii wasiyaaji nafooji e geɗe Afrik hirnaange, o wallitii e ƴellitgol Fedde Angalteer toppitiinde ko fayti e ndema . O golliima kadi e won e goomuuji e noddaango jaagorgal dowla.

Moor toɗɗaama yo won sehil e nder fedde St Michael e St George (CMG) e hitaande 1895 e Komandaajo Konu (KCMG) e hitaande 1897.

O tawaa ko o maayɗo e leeso to hoɗorde makko, wiyeteende The Homestead, to Barnes, ñalnde 14 suwee 1909 ; nde wari hoore mum e tooke.  O wirnaa ko e yanaande Barnes keso. Jury coroner oo fellitii wonde « tooke ɗee ƴettaa ko e anniya tawi ko e nder sahaa gooto caggal nde o dañi caɗeele teeŋtuɗe e ŋakkere ɗanngal », ɓe nanii seedeeji wonde Moor ina wondi e rafi bonɗo e nder duuɓi nay cakkitiiɗi ɗii nde o arti Afrik e ñawu nguu e ñawu nguu, ngu addani ɗum ŋakkere ɗanngal.

== Caalaje ==
E hitaande 1898, o resi Adrienne Shapland (jibinaa ko hedde 1871), debbo J. Burns. 

== Tuugnorgal ==
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[[File:The_Homestead,_Barnes,_April_2014_01.jpg|thumb|Koɗorɗe, Barnes, 2014]]
'''Sir Ralph Denham Rayment Moor''', KCMG (31 sulyee 1860 – 14 suwee 1909) ko komisariyaajo mawɗo gadano e nder [[Protektorat Fombina Naajeeriya|leydi Angalteer to bannge worgo leydi Nijeer]], kadi ko o golloowo mawɗo e njiimaandi Angalteer e Laamu Benin.&lt;ref&gt;This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Harris, Charles Alexander (1912). &quot;Moor, Ralph Denham Rayment&quot;. In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). Vol. 2. London: Smith, Elder &amp; Co. p. 643.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngendam ==
Ralph Moor jibinaa ko ñalnde 31 sulyee 1860 to wuro wiyeteengo The Lodge, to wuro Buntingford, to leydi Hertfordshire, ko ɓiy William Henry Moor (hedde 1830 – hedde 1863), seppo, e debbo makko Sarah Pears. Janngi e nder suudu, o fotnoo ko njulaagu, o naati e hitaande 1880–1, o woni jannguɗo e njulaagu teewu. Ñalnde 26 ut 1882 o naati e Royal Irish Constabulary ko o kadet, o wonti e sahaa mum inspekteer diiwaan o woppi golle caggal nde o naati e ñaawoore ceergal ñalnde 9 feebariyee 1891. 

E lewru marse 1891 Moor ƴetti golle e les njiimaandi Sir [[Ko Kiloud Makdonal|Claude Maxwell MacDonald]], konsul jeneral to bannge [[Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer|reentaade maayooji petroŋ]], hono Kumannda konstabula e nder reentorde ndee. E lewru sulyee 1892 o toɗɗaa e cukko konsul Biro caggal leydi to diiwaan Oil Rivers, tuggi 6 suwee 1892 haa 15 feebariyee 1893 o woni komisariyaajo. E nder lewru Yarkomaa 1896 o wonii konsul, ñalnde 1 feebariyee 1896, nde diiwaan oo sosaa e nder [[Koolaaɗo kuuɓal leydi Niiseer|Protektoraat Coast Niger]], o waɗtaa komisariyaajo e konsul jeneraal wonande leydi ndii, e konsul wonande Kameruun e Fernando Po .

Moor waɗii darnde mawnde e Ekspedisiyoŋ Benin hitaande 1897, nanngude Oba Benin, mo ndeen woppitaa, riiwaa. Benin City loppitaama, ko ina tolnoo e 2 500 kaɓirgal loppitaama, neldaa leydi Angalteer. Ina jeyaa heen nate njamndiije e geɗe goɗɗe ɗe nganndu-ɗaa ko ɗe njamndi mboɗeeri . Ina jeyaa e peeje ɓurɗe lollude, mask laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Idia, ko Moor joginoo, haa jooni ko galle mooftirgel (British Museum) soodi ɗum caggal maayde makko, ɗo ɗum heddii haa hannde. 

Nde e hitaande 1900, protectorat oo ummii e biro caggal leydi, fayti e biro koloñaal, Moor wonti Komiseer mawɗo to bannge worgo leydi Najeriya, o darni njuɓɓudi laamu kesu nguu. E nder duuɓi makko ko komisariyaajo toowɗo, njulaagu jiyaaɓe mumtaama e nder protektoraat, lomtinaa ko luural golle ɓeydotoongal e kaalis kaalis. Hare Anglo-Aro (Noowammbar 1901 – Mars 1902) deeƴnii luulndaare laamu Angalteer, e yaajtinde semmbe Angalteer rewrude e nokkuuji konu kesi keewɗi e gardiiɗo diiwaan Angalteer keso to Bende e Owerri . [1] Cellal makko ina ŋakki, o woppi golle makko ñalnde 1 oktoobar 1903. Ndeen o hawri e Sir Alfred Lewis Jones ; o rokkii wasiyaaji nafooji e geɗe Afrik hirnaange, o wallitii e ƴellitgol Fedde Angalteer toppitiinde ko fayti e ndema . O golliima kadi e won e goomuuji e noddaango jaagorgal dowla.

Moor toɗɗaama yo won sehil e nder fedde St Michael e St George (CMG) e hitaande 1895 e Komandaajo Konu (KCMG) e hitaande 1897.

O tawaa ko o maayɗo e leeso to hoɗorde makko, wiyeteende The Homestead, to Barnes, ñalnde 14 suwee 1909 ; nde wari hoore mum e tooke.  O wirnaa ko e yanaande Barnes keso. Jury coroner oo fellitii wonde « tooke ɗee ƴettaa ko e anniya tawi ko e nder sahaa gooto caggal nde o dañi caɗeele teeŋtuɗe e ŋakkere ɗanngal », ɓe nanii seedeeji wonde Moor ina wondi e rafi bonɗo e nder duuɓi nay cakkitiiɗi ɗii nde o arti Afrik e ñawu nguu e ñawu nguu, ngu addani ɗum ŋakkere ɗanngal.

== Caalaje ==
E hitaande 1898, o resi Adrienne Shapland (jibinaa ko hedde 1871), debbo J. Burns. 

== Tuugnorgal ==
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    <title>Walter R. Miler</title>
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[[File:Emir_Aliyu_dan_Sidi_of_Zaria_with_Dr_Walter_Miller.png|thumb|Walter Miller (r) e [[Emir of Zazzau|Amir Zaria]] Aliyu (laami: 1903-1920)]]
'''Walter Richard Samuel Miller''' (22 mars 1872 - 17 ut 1952)  ko misioneer Angalteer golloowo e nder [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]] e nder feccere adannde e teeminannde 20ɓiire. Ko kanko woni binnduɗo mawɗo firo timmungo adanngo e ɗemngal [[Hausare|Hausa]] .

== Nguurndam ==
Walter Richard Samuel Miller jibinaa ko e hitaande 1872 to Devonshire, to leydi Angalteer. 

O janngi to duɗal safaara to opitaal St Bartholomew, o heɓi kadi seedantaagal makko MRCS e LRCP e hitaande 1896. 

Kerecee'en maako ɗon mari semmbe bee banndiraaɓe Plymouth e Fedde sehilaaɓe .  O wadi gite maako dow ngeedam maako bana misiyonnaajo diga o pamaro, o janngi Arab e Hawsa haa Kayhayru nden haa [[Tripoli|Tiripoli]] ngam o janngi linjiila haa woyla lesdi Naajeeriya. Tergal fedde misiyoŋaaji Eklesiya (CMS), o ari [[Lagos]] e hitaande 1899, o yahi [[Kano]], kono amiir wuro ngo jaɓaani misiyoŋaaji Kerecee’en hoɗde toon.  O jooɗii haa [[Zariya|Zaria]] e hitaande 1902 e misioneer goɗɗo, George Bargery. Miñiiko debbo biyeteeɗo Ethel Miller naati e makko ko juuti. O udditi diisnondiral e duɗal.

E hitaande 1929, amiir keso oo naamndii misiyoŋ kerecee en yo njaltu Zaria fayde Wusasa . Miller firti seeɗa-seeɗa Biibal ngal e ɗemngal Hausa, ngal yaltini e oon ɗemngal haa timmi ko adii fof e hitaande 1932. O yalti CMS caggal ɗuum, o arti Angalteer e hitaande 1935; kono o artii leydi Nijeer caggal duuɓi nay. [1] [2] O hoɗi haa abada to Bukuru, wuro tinndinoore to fuɗnaange Jos e nder diiwaan Plateau (jooni ko Dowla Plateau ). Ko ɗoon o woni e jannginde ɗemngal Hausa e binndol haa o sankii ñalnde 27 ut 1952 tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 80. [3] [4] [5] O wirnaa ko to yanaande St Piran to Jos [3] .

Miller ina siftoree no feewi e nder Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya, hay e nder juulɓe mawɓe. Gooto e maɓɓe, winndiyanke Hawsa [[Abubakar Imam|biyeteeɗo Abubakar Imam]], winndi teddungal ina wiyee ''Likita Mila'' (« Doktoor Miller »). 

== Caalaje ==
Miller ina joginoo miñi mum debbo ina wiyee [[Ethel Miller|Ethel]], kanko ne ko misiyoŋaaji Kerecee’en laaɓtuɗi e nder koloñaal en to Fuɗnaange Najeriya. 

Miller resi ko e hitaande 1935; debbo makko maayi ko e hitaande 1939. 

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[[File:Emir_Aliyu_dan_Sidi_of_Zaria_with_Dr_Walter_Miller.png|thumb|Walter Miller (r) e [[Emir of Zazzau|Amir Zaria]] Aliyu (laami: 1903-1920)]]
'''Walter Richard Samuel Miller''' (22 mars 1872 - 17 ut 1952)  ko misioneer Angalteer golloowo e nder [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]] e nder feccere adannde e teeminannde 20ɓiire. Ko kanko woni binnduɗo mawɗo firo timmungo adanngo e ɗemngal [[Hausare|Hausa]] .

== Nguurndam ==
Walter Richard Samuel Miller jibinaa ko e hitaande 1872 to Devonshire, to leydi Angalteer. &lt;ref&gt;Hulmes, Edward. &quot;Walter Miller and the Isawa: An Experiment in Christian-Muslim relationships&quot; (PDF). Cambridge University Press. Scottish Journal of Theology, Volume 41, page 233. Retrieved October 22, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;

O janngi to duɗal safaara to opitaal St Bartholomew, o heɓi kadi seedantaagal makko MRCS e LRCP e hitaande 1896. 

Kerecee'en maako ɗon mari semmbe bee banndiraaɓe Plymouth e Fedde sehilaaɓe .  O wadi gite maako dow ngeedam maako bana misiyonnaajo diga o pamaro, o janngi Arab e Hawsa haa Kayhayru nden haa [[Tripoli|Tiripoli]] ngam o janngi linjiila haa woyla lesdi Naajeeriya. Tergal fedde misiyoŋaaji Eklesiya (CMS), o ari [[Lagos]] e hitaande 1899, o yahi [[Kano]], kono amiir wuro ngo jaɓaani misiyoŋaaji Kerecee’en hoɗde toon.  O jooɗii haa [[Zariya|Zaria]] e hitaande 1902 e misioneer goɗɗo, George Bargery. Miñiiko debbo biyeteeɗo Ethel Miller naati e makko ko juuti. O udditi diisnondiral e duɗal.

E hitaande 1929, amiir keso oo naamndii misiyoŋ kerecee en yo njaltu Zaria fayde Wusasa . Miller firti seeɗa-seeɗa Biibal ngal e ɗemngal Hausa, ngal yaltini e oon ɗemngal haa timmi ko adii fof e hitaande 1932. O yalti CMS caggal ɗuum, o arti Angalteer e hitaande 1935; kono o artii leydi Nijeer caggal duuɓi nay. [1] [2] O hoɗi haa abada to Bukuru, wuro tinndinoore to fuɗnaange Jos e nder diiwaan Plateau (jooni ko Dowla Plateau ). Ko ɗoon o woni e jannginde ɗemngal Hausa e binndol haa o sankii ñalnde 27 ut 1952 tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 80. [3] [4] [5] O wirnaa ko to yanaande St Piran to Jos [3] .

Miller ina siftoree no feewi e nder Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya, hay e nder juulɓe mawɓe. Gooto e maɓɓe, winndiyanke Hawsa [[Abubakar Imam|biyeteeɗo Abubakar Imam]], winndi teddungal ina wiyee ''Likita Mila'' (« Doktoor Miller »). 

== Caalaje ==
Miller ina joginoo miñi mum debbo ina wiyee [[Ethel Miller|Ethel]], kanko ne ko misiyoŋaaji Kerecee’en laaɓtuɗi e nder koloñaal en to Fuɗnaange Najeriya. 

Miller resi ko e hitaande 1935; debbo makko maayi ko e hitaande 1939. 

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[[File:Emir_Aliyu_dan_Sidi_of_Zaria_with_Dr_Walter_Miller.png|thumb|Walter Miller (r) e [[Emir of Zazzau|Amir Zaria]] Aliyu (laami: 1903-1920)]]
'''Walter Richard Samuel Miller''' (22 mars 1872 - 17 ut 1952)  ko misioneer Angalteer golloowo e nder [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]] e nder feccere adannde e teeminannde 20ɓiire. Ko kanko woni binnduɗo mawɗo firo timmungo adanngo e ɗemngal [[Hausare|Hausa]] .

== Nguurndam ==
Walter Richard Samuel Miller jibinaa ko e hitaande 1872 to Devonshire, to leydi Angalteer. &lt;ref&gt;Hulmes, Edward. &quot;Walter Miller and the Isawa: An Experiment in Christian-Muslim relationships&quot; (PDF). Cambridge University Press. Scottish Journal of Theology, Volume 41, page 233. Retrieved October 22, 2025&lt;/ref&gt;

O janngi to duɗal safaara to opitaal St Bartholomew, o heɓi kadi seedantaagal makko MRCS e LRCP e hitaande 1896. 

Kerecee'en maako ɗon mari semmbe bee banndiraaɓe Plymouth e Fedde sehilaaɓe .  O wadi gite maako dow ngeedam maako bana misiyonnaajo diga o pamaro, o janngi Arab e Hawsa haa Kayhayru nden haa [[Tripoli|Tiripoli]] ngam o janngi linjiila haa woyla lesdi Naajeeriya. Tergal fedde misiyoŋaaji Eklesiya (CMS), o ari [[Lagos]] e hitaande 1899, o yahi [[Kano]], kono amiir wuro ngo jaɓaani misiyoŋaaji Kerecee’en hoɗde toon.  O jooɗii haa [[Zariya|Zaria]] e hitaande 1902 e misioneer goɗɗo, George Bargery. Miñiiko debbo biyeteeɗo Ethel Miller naati e makko ko juuti. O udditi diisnondiral e duɗal.

E hitaande 1929, amiir keso oo naamndii misiyoŋ kerecee en yo njaltu Zaria fayde Wusasa . Miller firti seeɗa-seeɗa Biibal ngal e ɗemngal Hausa, ngal yaltini e oon ɗemngal haa timmi ko adii fof e hitaande 1932. O yalti CMS caggal ɗuum, o arti Angalteer e hitaande 1935; kono o artii leydi Nijeer caggal duuɓi nay. [1] [2] O hoɗi haa abada to Bukuru, wuro tinndinoore to fuɗnaange Jos e nder diiwaan Plateau (jooni ko Dowla Plateau ). Ko ɗoon o woni e jannginde ɗemngal Hausa e binndol haa o sankii ñalnde 27 ut 1952 tawi omo yahra e duuɓi 80. [3] [4] [5] O wirnaa ko to yanaande St Piran to Jos [3] .

Miller ina siftoree no feewi e nder Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya, hay e nder juulɓe mawɓe. Gooto e maɓɓe, winndiyanke Hawsa [[Abubakar Imam|biyeteeɗo Abubakar Imam]], winndi teddungal ina wiyee ''Likita Mila'' (« Doktoor Miller »). 

== Caalaje ==
Miller ina joginoo miñi mum debbo ina wiyee [[Ethel Miller|Ethel]], kanko ne ko misiyoŋaaji Kerecee’en laaɓtuɗi e nder koloñaal en to Fuɗnaange Najeriya. 

Miller resi ko e hitaande 1935; debbo makko maayi ko e hitaande 1939. 

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    <title>John Middleton (gardiiɗo koloñaal)</title>
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'''Sir John Middleton''', &lt;small&gt;KBE , 1999 . CMG&lt;/small&gt; (1870 – 5 noowammbar 1954) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer.

Middleton naati e biro koloñaal e hitaande 1901, o golliima e nder fuɗnaange [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]] duuɓi jeegom e nder golle tokoose hade makko yahde [[Moriis|Moritani]] haa hitaande 1920 nde o artiraa guwerneer duuɗe Falkland gila 1920 haa 1927, [[Gammbi|Gambia]] gila 1927 haa 1928 haa192f .

O woniino guwerneer leydi Newfoundland e sahaa caɗeele politik tiiɗɗe ɗe ŋakkeende nguura mawnde ɓeydi . E hitaande 1932, o naamnaa yo o wiɗtu tuumeede wonde gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Newfoundland, hono Sir Richard Squires, fenaande ina waɗi binndanɗe kabine ngam yiɗde suuɗde seedeeji fenaande jowitiiɗi e laamu makko. Ko Middleton holliti wonde alaa ko holliti heen so wonaa mbayliigu, addani ɗum waɗde fitinaaji e nder biro makko ñalnde 5 abriil 1932, ballitɗi jippinde laamu Squires. Middleton woppi golle renndo caggal nde o woni e laamu to Newfoundland, o arti Angalteer .

== Ƴeew kadi ==

* Guwerneeruuji leydi Newfoundland
* Doggol yimɓe leydi Nuwel e Labrador

== Jokkondire yaajɗe ==

* [http://www.heritage.nf.ca/govhouse/governors/g65.html Nguurndam to galle laamu ''Goomu leydi Newfoundland e Labrador'']</text>
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'''Sir John Middleton''', &lt;small&gt;KBE , 1999 . CMG&lt;/small&gt; (1870 – 5 noowammbar 1954) ko gardiiɗo koloñaal Angalteer.

Middleton naati e biro koloñaal e hitaande 1901, o golliima e nder fuɗnaange [[Naajeeriya|leydi Nijeer]] duuɓi jeegom e nder golle tokoose hade makko yahde [[Moriis|Moritani]] haa hitaande 1920 nde o artiraa guwerneer duuɗe Falkland gila 1920 haa 1927, [[Gammbi|Gambia]] gila 1927 haa 1928 haa192f .

O woniino guwerneer leydi Newfoundland e sahaa caɗeele politik tiiɗɗe ɗe ŋakkeende nguura mawnde ɓeydi . E hitaande 1932, o naamnaa yo o wiɗtu tuumeede wonde gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Newfoundland, hono Sir Richard Squires, fenaande ina waɗi binndanɗe kabine ngam yiɗde suuɗde seedeeji fenaande jowitiiɗi e laamu makko. Ko Middleton holliti wonde alaa ko holliti heen so wonaa mbayliigu, addani ɗum waɗde fitinaaji e nder biro makko ñalnde 5 abriil 1932, ballitɗi jippinde laamu Squires. Middleton woppi golle renndo caggal nde o woni e laamu to Newfoundland, o arti Angalteer .

== Ƴeew kadi ==

* Guwerneeruuji leydi Newfoundland
* Doggol yimɓe leydi Nuwel e Labrador

== Jokkondire yaajɗe ==

* [http://www.heritage.nf.ca/govhouse/governors/g65.html Nguurndam to galle laamu ''Goomu leydi Newfoundland e Labrador'']</text>
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    <title>Luwis Mbanefo</title>
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'''Sir Louis Nwachukwu Mbanefo''' Listen c (13 mee 1911 – 28 mars 1977  ) ina teskaa ko o awokaa gadano ummoriiɗo [[Diiwaan Fuɗnaange, leydi Najeriya|Fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer]] . O jibinaa ko to [[Onitsha]], o heɓi jaŋde makko to [[Biritaani-Mawndi|leydi Angalteer]] e sahaa nde neɗɗo mo leñol mum ina famɗi no feewi ina jokki jaŋde toownde, ko ɓuri heewde e mum ko jaŋde karallaagal to bar.

== Jaangirde ==
Hakkunde 1925 e 1932 o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Methodist to [[Lagos]], caggal ɗuum o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College, to Lagos kadi, ngal o ƴetti e Eton e Harrow, ɗo o woni ɗoon kadi ko o baawɗo fiyde kirikit e fuku koyɗe. Caggal ɗuum o naati to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde London, ɗo o janngi sariya, o heɓi njeenaari makko e hitaande 1935. O noddiraa Bar to Middle Temple, ko juuti caggal nde o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde. Ndeen o naatii to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College, Cambridge, ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji goɗɗi e daartol e hitaande 1937.

== Golle sariya ==
Mbanefo warti saare maako haa lesdi Naajeeriya, o sosi kuugal maako haa wuro maako Onitsha, awokaajo arandeejo winnditaago haa nokkuure nden. E nder ngal ɗoon darnde, o ƴettii gollal teskinngal, tawi ko ɓuri heewde e kiliyaneeɓe makko ummorii ko e banndiraaɓe makko ɓe ngonaa leñol njulaagu alɗuɓe no feewi, kadi ko ɗum batte luural leydi keewngal ummoraade e leydi ndii. Ina wiyee wonde, so tawii noon ɗeen luure ina njuɓɓinee ko adii ɗuum e hareeji Leƴƴi, jooni noon, e nder dingiral Ñaawirɗe sariya, ko gladiator jeyaaɗo e leydi ndii, baawɗo ɗum – hono no Mbanefo nii, sikke alaa. O wonti ngalu keewngu e nder yonta keso oo. Golle makko ina kuutoroo nokku mawɗo, ko ɓuri heewde ko Fuɗnaange e Fuɗnaange leydi ndii. O waɗii yeewtereeji keewɗi teeŋtuɗi e nder ñaawirɗe maantiniiɗe yeeso Ñaawirde Diiwaan, Ñaawirde Toownde e Ñaawirde Toownde Afrik Hirnaange, ciimtol yeewtereeji yeeso Diisnondiral Privy ina laaɓti tawo.

== Golle politik ==
Mbanefo naati politik caggal ɗuum, o suɓaa e Parlemaa diiwaan Fuɗnaange e hitaande 1950, ɗo o seerti e haalooɓe e depitee en moƴƴuɓe.

== Golle ñaawoore ==
Pullo golle sariya ina tiiɗi, Mbanefo artii caggal nde o waɗi duuɓi ɗiɗi tan e politik. Oo sahaa o noddaama e Bench, hono Ñaawirde Toownde Naajeeriya e hitaande 1952, e posto makko gadano ko Warri to Mid-West Naajeeriya, ɗo o jooɗii e Ñaawirde Resident .

Caggal ɗuum o artiraa e diiwaan Fuɗnaange oo, o woni hooreejo ñaawirdu e hitaande 1961 e hitaande 1962. O yettiima ɗo o woni hooreejo ñaawoore nde o toɗɗaa e Ñaawirde Toownde Adunaare (ICJ), o woni Ñaawirde ad hoc, ko ndeen woni ñaawoore nde o woni haa hitaande 1966, nde o arti e poste makko to Chiefd of the Eastern the Chiefn. Toɗɗagol makko e ICJ ina jokkondiri e jooɗaade e Caɗeele Afrik worgo-fuɗnaange woni Liberiya v Afrik worgo e Ecoppi v Afrik worgo. Ko o woni e ICJ ko ina tolnoo e duuɓi nay.

E nder haalaaji hakkunde Afrik worgo e Liberiya e Ecoppi, kuulal ngal ICJ ƴeewti, ko ɗaɓɓaande laamuuji Ecoppi e Liberiya jowitiiɗi e yamiroore nde Dental Afrik worgo joginoo e dow leƴƴi Afrik worgo hirnaange (siistem yamiroore ndee ko sifaa kuuɓtodinɗo Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e dow mum ko Afrik worgo joginoo ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe e exerci). mbele Afrik worgo huutoriima no haanirta nii doosɗe mum walla so tawii ina foti ñaaweede sabu waasde huutoraade ngal doosgal no haanirta nii – e no o jogori waɗde e yimɓe wiyɓe ɓee no haanirta nii.

== Konu ==
E hitaande 1961 o waɗtaa laamɗo debbo oo, o heɓi tiitoonde nde o jaabtii e mawnikinaare haa o maayi : Sir Louis Mbanefo, Kt.

== Konu nder leydi Naajeeriya ==
Nde wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Naajeeriya fuɗɗii, o toɗɗaama hooreejo ñaawirdu Biafra e Ammbasadeer Plenipotentiaire. [1] O tawtoraama no feewi e kaaldigal jam e laamu leydi Najeriya, o golliima no feewi ngam ƴellitde caɗeele ɗee e nder dipolomaasi. O woni e Biafra haa joofni, caggal nde hooreejo leydi Biafra dogi, o acci Sir Louis e Seneraal Major Philip Effiong ngam ƴettude feere teddunde ngam joofnude wolde ndee, tawi ko Seneraal Philip Effiong siifondiri e dokkal ngal. Daartol maa ñaaw Sir Louis e Major-Seneraal Philip Effiong wonde worɓe cuusal e nuunɗal, kaaldigal laaɓtungal ngam haɗde hareeji. [2]

Nde wolde nde dartii, Sir Louis woppi toɗɗagol mum e jappeere laamu e dow sarɗiiji, kono ɗum jaɓaaka e laamu leydi Najeriya ko ina wona jooni duuɓi. O hokki duuɓi maako cakkitiiɗi ngam ballal e kuugal ekklessiya, o huwi kuuɗe feere-feere bana hooreejo kawtal Kiristaaku lesdi Naajeeriya, Chancellor Diocese Niger – kuugal ngal o jogi gila 1946, hooreejo kawtal Anglican Consultative Council diga hitaande 1972 e Fellow nder Jaami’aare London.

Sir Louis sankii ko e hitaande 1977, e miijo yimɓe heewɓe tawi leydi mum ina joginoo nafoore timmunde e ganndal mum e mbaawka mum e nder njuɓɓudi sariya e dowla ; kono, lefol makko ngol ko udditanaade banndiraaɓe makko heewɓe dame ngam jokkude golle e nder barkeeji ɗii kam e golle makko e nder barrister, e nder bensiin, haa teeŋti noon e Ñaawirde Toownde Adunaare 

== Tuugnorgal ==

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'''Sir Louis Nwachukwu Mbanefo''' Listen c (13 mee 1911 – 28 mars 1977  ) ina teskaa ko o awokaa gadano ummoriiɗo [[Diiwaan Fuɗnaange, leydi Najeriya|Fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer]] . O jibinaa ko to [[Onitsha]], o heɓi jaŋde makko to [[Biritaani-Mawndi|leydi Angalteer]] e sahaa nde neɗɗo mo leñol mum ina famɗi no feewi ina jokki jaŋde toownde, ko ɓuri heewde e mum ko jaŋde karallaagal to bar.&lt;ref&gt;Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (7 August 2020). A History of the Republic of Biafra. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108887748. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-108-88774-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 225266768.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jaangirde ==
Hakkunde 1925 e 1932 o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Methodist to [[Lagos]], caggal ɗuum o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College, to Lagos kadi, ngal o ƴetti e Eton e Harrow, ɗo o woni ɗoon kadi ko o baawɗo fiyde kirikit e fuku koyɗe. Caggal ɗuum o naati to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde London, ɗo o janngi sariya, o heɓi njeenaari makko e hitaande 1935. O noddiraa Bar to Middle Temple, ko juuti caggal nde o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde. Ndeen o naatii to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College, Cambridge, ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji goɗɗi e daartol e hitaande 1937.

== Golle sariya ==
Mbanefo warti saare maako haa lesdi Naajeeriya, o sosi kuugal maako haa wuro maako Onitsha, awokaajo arandeejo winnditaago haa nokkuure nden. E nder ngal ɗoon darnde, o ƴettii gollal teskinngal, tawi ko ɓuri heewde e kiliyaneeɓe makko ummorii ko e banndiraaɓe makko ɓe ngonaa leñol njulaagu alɗuɓe no feewi, kadi ko ɗum batte luural leydi keewngal ummoraade e leydi ndii. Ina wiyee wonde, so tawii noon ɗeen luure ina njuɓɓinee ko adii ɗuum e hareeji Leƴƴi, jooni noon, e nder dingiral Ñaawirɗe sariya, ko gladiator jeyaaɗo e leydi ndii, baawɗo ɗum – hono no Mbanefo nii, sikke alaa. O wonti ngalu keewngu e nder yonta keso oo. Golle makko ina kuutoroo nokku mawɗo, ko ɓuri heewde ko Fuɗnaange e Fuɗnaange leydi ndii. O waɗii yeewtereeji keewɗi teeŋtuɗi e nder ñaawirɗe maantiniiɗe yeeso Ñaawirde Diiwaan, Ñaawirde Toownde e Ñaawirde Toownde Afrik Hirnaange, ciimtol yeewtereeji yeeso Diisnondiral Privy ina laaɓti tawo.

== Golle politik ==
Mbanefo naati politik caggal ɗuum, o suɓaa e Parlemaa diiwaan Fuɗnaange e hitaande 1950, ɗo o seerti e haalooɓe e depitee en moƴƴuɓe.

== Golle ñaawoore ==
Pullo golle sariya ina tiiɗi, Mbanefo artii caggal nde o waɗi duuɓi ɗiɗi tan e politik. Oo sahaa o noddaama e Bench, hono Ñaawirde Toownde Naajeeriya e hitaande 1952, e posto makko gadano ko Warri to Mid-West Naajeeriya, ɗo o jooɗii e Ñaawirde Resident .

Caggal ɗuum o artiraa e diiwaan Fuɗnaange oo, o woni hooreejo ñaawirdu e hitaande 1961 e hitaande 1962. O yettiima ɗo o woni hooreejo ñaawoore nde o toɗɗaa e Ñaawirde Toownde Adunaare (ICJ), o woni Ñaawirde ad hoc, ko ndeen woni ñaawoore nde o woni haa hitaande 1966, nde o arti e poste makko to Chiefd of the Eastern the Chiefn. Toɗɗagol makko e ICJ ina jokkondiri e jooɗaade e Caɗeele Afrik worgo-fuɗnaange woni Liberiya v Afrik worgo e Ecoppi v Afrik worgo. Ko o woni e ICJ ko ina tolnoo e duuɓi nay.

E nder haalaaji hakkunde Afrik worgo e Liberiya e Ecoppi, kuulal ngal ICJ ƴeewti, ko ɗaɓɓaande laamuuji Ecoppi e Liberiya jowitiiɗi e yamiroore nde Dental Afrik worgo joginoo e dow leƴƴi Afrik worgo hirnaange (siistem yamiroore ndee ko sifaa kuuɓtodinɗo Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e dow mum ko Afrik worgo joginoo ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe e exerci). mbele Afrik worgo huutoriima no haanirta nii doosɗe mum walla so tawii ina foti ñaaweede sabu waasde huutoraade ngal doosgal no haanirta nii – e no o jogori waɗde e yimɓe wiyɓe ɓee no haanirta nii.

== Konu ==
E hitaande 1961 o waɗtaa laamɗo debbo oo, o heɓi tiitoonde nde o jaabtii e mawnikinaare haa o maayi : Sir Louis Mbanefo, Kt.

== Konu nder leydi Naajeeriya ==
Nde wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Naajeeriya fuɗɗii, o toɗɗaama hooreejo ñaawirdu Biafra e Ammbasadeer Plenipotentiaire. [1] O tawtoraama no feewi e kaaldigal jam e laamu leydi Najeriya, o golliima no feewi ngam ƴellitde caɗeele ɗee e nder dipolomaasi. O woni e Biafra haa joofni, caggal nde hooreejo leydi Biafra dogi, o acci Sir Louis e Seneraal Major Philip Effiong ngam ƴettude feere teddunde ngam joofnude wolde ndee, tawi ko Seneraal Philip Effiong siifondiri e dokkal ngal. Daartol maa ñaaw Sir Louis e Major-Seneraal Philip Effiong wonde worɓe cuusal e nuunɗal, kaaldigal laaɓtungal ngam haɗde hareeji. [2]

Nde wolde nde dartii, Sir Louis woppi toɗɗagol mum e jappeere laamu e dow sarɗiiji, kono ɗum jaɓaaka e laamu leydi Najeriya ko ina wona jooni duuɓi. O hokki duuɓi maako cakkitiiɗi ngam ballal e kuugal ekklessiya, o huwi kuuɗe feere-feere bana hooreejo kawtal Kiristaaku lesdi Naajeeriya, Chancellor Diocese Niger – kuugal ngal o jogi gila 1946, hooreejo kawtal Anglican Consultative Council diga hitaande 1972 e Fellow nder Jaami’aare London.

Sir Louis sankii ko e hitaande 1977, e miijo yimɓe heewɓe tawi leydi mum ina joginoo nafoore timmunde e ganndal mum e mbaawka mum e nder njuɓɓudi sariya e dowla ; kono, lefol makko ngol ko udditanaade banndiraaɓe makko heewɓe dame ngam jokkude golle e nder barkeeji ɗii kam e golle makko e nder barrister, e nder bensiin, haa teeŋti noon e Ñaawirde Toownde Adunaare 

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'''Sir Louis Nwachukwu Mbanefo''' Listen c (13 mee 1911 – 28 mars 1977  ) ina teskaa ko o awokaa gadano ummoriiɗo [[Diiwaan Fuɗnaange, leydi Najeriya|Fuɗnaange leydi Nijeer]] . O jibinaa ko to [[Onitsha]], o heɓi jaŋde makko to [[Biritaani-Mawndi|leydi Angalteer]] e sahaa nde neɗɗo mo leñol mum ina famɗi no feewi ina jokki jaŋde toownde, ko ɓuri heewde e mum ko jaŋde karallaagal to bar.&lt;ref&gt;Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (7 August 2020). A History of the Republic of Biafra. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108887748. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-108-88774-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. S2CID 225266768.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jaangirde ==
Hakkunde 1925 e 1932 o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde sukaaɓe Methodist to [[Lagos]], caggal ɗuum o naati duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College, to Lagos kadi, ngal o ƴetti e Eton e Harrow, ɗo o woni ɗoon kadi ko o baawɗo fiyde kirikit e fuku koyɗe. Caggal ɗuum o naati to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde London, ɗo o janngi sariya, o heɓi njeenaari makko e hitaande 1935. O noddiraa Bar to Middle Temple, ko juuti caggal nde o heɓi bak makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde. Ndeen o naatii to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde King’s College, Cambridge, ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji goɗɗi e daartol e hitaande 1937.

== Golle sariya ==
Mbanefo warti saare maako haa lesdi Naajeeriya, o sosi kuugal maako haa wuro maako Onitsha, awokaajo arandeejo winnditaago haa nokkuure nden. E nder ngal ɗoon darnde, o ƴettii gollal teskinngal, tawi ko ɓuri heewde e kiliyaneeɓe makko ummorii ko e banndiraaɓe makko ɓe ngonaa leñol njulaagu alɗuɓe no feewi, kadi ko ɗum batte luural leydi keewngal ummoraade e leydi ndii. Ina wiyee wonde, so tawii noon ɗeen luure ina njuɓɓinee ko adii ɗuum e hareeji Leƴƴi, jooni noon, e nder dingiral Ñaawirɗe sariya, ko gladiator jeyaaɗo e leydi ndii, baawɗo ɗum – hono no Mbanefo nii, sikke alaa. O wonti ngalu keewngu e nder yonta keso oo. Golle makko ina kuutoroo nokku mawɗo, ko ɓuri heewde ko Fuɗnaange e Fuɗnaange leydi ndii. O waɗii yeewtereeji keewɗi teeŋtuɗi e nder ñaawirɗe maantiniiɗe yeeso Ñaawirde Diiwaan, Ñaawirde Toownde e Ñaawirde Toownde Afrik Hirnaange, ciimtol yeewtereeji yeeso Diisnondiral Privy ina laaɓti tawo.

== Golle politik ==
Mbanefo naati politik caggal ɗuum, o suɓaa e Parlemaa diiwaan Fuɗnaange e hitaande 1950, ɗo o seerti e haalooɓe e depitee en moƴƴuɓe.

== Golle ñaawoore ==
Pullo golle sariya ina tiiɗi, Mbanefo artii caggal nde o waɗi duuɓi ɗiɗi tan e politik. Oo sahaa o noddaama e Bench, hono Ñaawirde Toownde Naajeeriya e hitaande 1952, e posto makko gadano ko Warri to Mid-West Naajeeriya, ɗo o jooɗii e Ñaawirde Resident .

Caggal ɗuum o artiraa e diiwaan Fuɗnaange oo, o woni hooreejo ñaawirdu e hitaande 1961 e hitaande 1962. O yettiima ɗo o woni hooreejo ñaawoore nde o toɗɗaa e Ñaawirde Toownde Adunaare (ICJ), o woni Ñaawirde ad hoc, ko ndeen woni ñaawoore nde o woni haa hitaande 1966, nde o arti e poste makko to Chiefd of the Eastern the Chiefn. Toɗɗagol makko e ICJ ina jokkondiri e jooɗaade e Caɗeele Afrik worgo-fuɗnaange woni Liberiya v Afrik worgo e Ecoppi v Afrik worgo. Ko o woni e ICJ ko ina tolnoo e duuɓi nay.

E nder haalaaji hakkunde Afrik worgo e Liberiya e Ecoppi, kuulal ngal ICJ ƴeewti, ko ɗaɓɓaande laamuuji Ecoppi e Liberiya jowitiiɗi e yamiroore nde Dental Afrik worgo joginoo e dow leƴƴi Afrik worgo hirnaange (siistem yamiroore ndee ko sifaa kuuɓtodinɗo Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e dow mum ko Afrik worgo joginoo ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe e exerci). mbele Afrik worgo huutoriima no haanirta nii doosɗe mum walla so tawii ina foti ñaaweede sabu waasde huutoraade ngal doosgal no haanirta nii – e no o jogori waɗde e yimɓe wiyɓe ɓee no haanirta nii.

== Konu ==
E hitaande 1961 o waɗtaa laamɗo debbo oo, o heɓi tiitoonde nde o jaabtii e mawnikinaare haa o maayi : Sir Louis Mbanefo, Kt.

== Konu nder leydi Naajeeriya ==
Nde wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Naajeeriya fuɗɗii, o toɗɗaama hooreejo ñaawirdu Biafra e Ammbasadeer Plenipotentiaire. [1] O tawtoraama no feewi e kaaldigal jam e laamu leydi Najeriya, o golliima no feewi ngam ƴellitde caɗeele ɗee e nder dipolomaasi. O woni e Biafra haa joofni, caggal nde hooreejo leydi Biafra dogi, o acci Sir Louis e Seneraal Major Philip Effiong ngam ƴettude feere teddunde ngam joofnude wolde ndee, tawi ko Seneraal Philip Effiong siifondiri e dokkal ngal. Daartol maa ñaaw Sir Louis e Major-Seneraal Philip Effiong wonde worɓe cuusal e nuunɗal, kaaldigal laaɓtungal ngam haɗde hareeji. [2]

Nde wolde nde dartii, Sir Louis woppi toɗɗagol mum e jappeere laamu e dow sarɗiiji, kono ɗum jaɓaaka e laamu leydi Najeriya ko ina wona jooni duuɓi. O hokki duuɓi maako cakkitiiɗi ngam ballal e kuugal ekklessiya, o huwi kuuɗe feere-feere bana hooreejo kawtal Kiristaaku lesdi Naajeeriya, Chancellor Diocese Niger – kuugal ngal o jogi gila 1946, hooreejo kawtal Anglican Consultative Council diga hitaande 1972 e Fellow nder Jaami’aare London.

Sir Louis sankii ko e hitaande 1977, e miijo yimɓe heewɓe tawi leydi mum ina joginoo nafoore timmunde e ganndal mum e mbaawka mum e nder njuɓɓudi sariya e dowla ; kono, lefol makko ngol ko udditanaade banndiraaɓe makko heewɓe dame ngam jokkude golle e nder barkeeji ɗii kam e golle makko e nder barrister, e nder bensiin, haa teeŋti noon e Ñaawirde Toownde Adunaare 

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      <text bytes="1426" sha1="r8yyqc14ax44wmywq1jv4xzicelurlz" xml:space="preserve">'''Muhammadu Maiturare''' ( Arabic   ) wonnoo ko Sultan Sokoto gila 1915 haa o sankii e hitaande 1924. Ko o ɓiy Abuu Bakr Atiku, ɓiy Sultan Ahmadu Atiku. Yumma makko ko ɓii laamɗo Tuwaareg en .

== Ngendam ==
Ko adii nde o wontata Sultan, Maiturare ina joginoo tiitoonde Marafa Gwadabawa, o jeyaa ko e goomu aadaaji cuɓiiɗo Muhammadu Attahiru II, cuɓaaɗo Lugard ngam wonde Sultan. [1] Maiturare ina teskaa e ƴellitde diiwaan Gwadabawa to Sokoto. O teskaama kadi wonde gardiiɗo konu baawɗo golle, baawɗo deeƴnude nokku to bannge worgo Sokoto mo Kebbawa en keewi ƴaañde. [2] Ñalnde 19 lewru juko hitaande 1915, Maiturare suɓaama e diiso aadaaji Sokoto [3] ngam lomtaade Muhammadu Attahiru II . Suɓagol makko ngol ko guwerneer Lord Lugard jaɓi ɗum balɗe joy caggal ɗuum. Suɓagol Maiturare ngol diiso ngoo jaɓi ɗum, ko Angalteer jaɓi ɗum sabu ko o luulndiiɗo no feewi murto Mahdist en e hitaande 1906, o ardii konu 300 haɓoowo ngam haɓaade murtuɓe Mahdist en to wuro Satiru. Tuggi 1915 haa 1921, o heɓi ballal hoɗɓe e Angalteer postooji to Sokoto. E hitaande 1921, wonno kono ɗaɓɓaande winndaande e Lietnaa-Guwerneer, hoɗɓe Edwardes. Ɗaɓɓaande ndee tuugii ko e tuumeede mawɓe ɗiɗo Sokotoo en : Usmaan Majidaadi oo e Saidu Sintali . Tuume ɗee ko fenaande, Usmaan ittaa e jappeere mum. [3] O maayi ko e lewru suwee 1924, omo yahra e duuɓi 70, caggal nde o yahi Zaria.

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      <text bytes="1427" sha1="tnctfy2nh5l3ow2vb1sy8zys187akid" xml:space="preserve">'''Muhammadu Maiturare''' ( Arabic   ) wonnoo ko Sultan Sokoto gila 1915 haa o sankii e hitaande 1924. Ko o ɓiy Abuu Bakr Atiku, ɓiy Sultan Ahmadu Atiku. Yumma makko ko ɓii laamɗo Tuwaareg en .

== Ngendam ==
Ko adii nde o wontata Sultan, Maiturare ina joginoo tiitoonde Marafa Gwadabawa, o jeyaa ko e goomu aadaaji cuɓiiɗo Muhammadu Attahiru II, cuɓaaɗo Lugard ngam wonde Sultan. [1] Maiturare ina teskaa e ƴellitde diiwaan Gwadabawa to Sokoto. O teskaama kadi wonde gardiiɗo konu baawɗo golle, baawɗo deeƴnude nokku to bannge worgo Sokoto mo Kebbawa en keewi ƴaañde. [2] Ñalnde 19 lewru juko hitaande 1915, Maiturare suɓaama e diiso aadaaji Sokoto [3] ngam lomtaade Muhammadu Attahiru II . Suɓagol makko ngol, ko guwerneer Lord Lugard jaɓi ɗum balɗe joy caggal ɗuum. Suɓagol Maiturare ngol diiso ngoo jaɓi ɗum, ko Angalteer jaɓi ɗum sabu ko o luulndiiɗo no feewi murto Mahdist en e hitaande 1906, o ardii konu 300 haɓoowo ngam haɓaade murtuɓe Mahdist en to wuro Satiru. Tuggi 1915 haa 1921, o heɓi ballal hoɗɓe e Angalteer postooji to Sokoto. E hitaande 1921, wonno kono ɗaɓɓaande winndaande e Lietnaa-Guwerneer, hoɗɓe Edwardes. Ɗaɓɓaande ndee tuugii ko e tuumeede mawɓe ɗiɗo Sokotoo en : Usmaan Majidaadi oo e Saidu Sintali . Tuume ɗee ko fenaande, Usmaan ittaa e jappeere mum. [3] O maayi ko e lewru suwee 1924, omo yahra e duuɓi 70, caggal nde o yahi Zaria.

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      <text bytes="1657" sha1="0pg3idoi19a04l8l0htusk2tily97vs" xml:space="preserve">'''Muhammadu Maiturare''' ( Arabic   ) wonnoo ko Sultan Sokoto gila 1915 haa o sankii e hitaande 1924. Ko o ɓiy Abuu Bakr Atiku, ɓiy Sultan Ahmadu Atiku. Yumma makko ko ɓii laamɗo Tuwaareg en.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Kazenga Tibenderana. The Role of the British Administration in the Appointment of the Emirs of Northern Nigeria, 1903-1931: The Case of Sokoto Province. The Journal of African History, Vol. 28, No. 2 (1987), p. 235&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngendam ==
Ko adii nde o wontata Sultan, Maiturare ina joginoo tiitoonde Marafa Gwadabawa, o jeyaa ko e goomu aadaaji cuɓiiɗo Muhammadu Attahiru II, cuɓaaɗo Lugard ngam wonde Sultan. [1] Maiturare ina teskaa e ƴellitde diiwaan Gwadabawa to Sokoto. O teskaama kadi wonde gardiiɗo konu baawɗo golle, baawɗo deeƴnude nokku to bannge worgo Sokoto mo Kebbawa en keewi ƴaañde. [2] Ñalnde 19 lewru juko hitaande 1915, Maiturare suɓaama e diiso aadaaji Sokoto [3] ngam lomtaade Muhammadu Attahiru II . Suɓagol makko ngol, ko guwerneer Lord Lugard jaɓi ɗum balɗe joy caggal ɗuum. Suɓagol Maiturare ngol diiso ngoo jaɓi ɗum, ko Angalteer jaɓi ɗum sabu ko o luulndiiɗo no feewi murto Mahdist en e hitaande 1906, o ardii konu 300 haɓoowo ngam haɓaade murtuɓe Mahdist en to wuro Satiru. Tuggi 1915 haa 1921, o heɓi ballal hoɗɓe e Angalteer postooji to Sokoto. E hitaande 1921, wonno kono ɗaɓɓaande winndaande e Lietnaa-Guwerneer, hoɗɓe Edwardes. Ɗaɓɓaande ndee tuugii ko e tuumeede mawɓe ɗiɗo Sokotoo en : Usmaan Majidaadi oo e Saidu Sintali . Tuume ɗee ko fenaande, Usmaan ittaa e jappeere mum. [3] O maayi ko e lewru suwee 1924, omo yahra e duuɓi 70, caggal nde o yahi Zaria.

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'''Muhammadu Maiturare''' ( Arabic   ) wonnoo ko Sultan Sokoto gila 1915 haa o sankii e hitaande 1924. Ko o ɓiy Abuu Bakr Atiku, ɓiy Sultan Ahmadu Atiku. Yumma makko ko ɓii laamɗo Tuwaareg en.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Kazenga Tibenderana. The Role of the British Administration in the Appointment of the Emirs of Northern Nigeria, 1903-1931: The Case of Sokoto Province. The Journal of African History, Vol. 28, No. 2 (1987), p. 235&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngendam ==
Ko adii nde o wontata Sultan, Maiturare ina joginoo tiitoonde Marafa Gwadabawa, o jeyaa ko e goomu aadaaji cuɓiiɗo Muhammadu Attahiru II, cuɓaaɗo Lugard ngam wonde Sultan. [1] Maiturare ina teskaa e ƴellitde diiwaan Gwadabawa to Sokoto. O teskaama kadi wonde gardiiɗo konu baawɗo golle, baawɗo deeƴnude nokku to bannge worgo Sokoto mo Kebbawa en keewi ƴaañde. [2] Ñalnde 19 lewru juko hitaande 1915, Maiturare suɓaama e diiso aadaaji Sokoto [3] ngam lomtaade Muhammadu Attahiru II . Suɓagol makko ngol, ko guwerneer Lord Lugard jaɓi ɗum balɗe joy caggal ɗuum. Suɓagol Maiturare ngol diiso ngoo jaɓi ɗum, ko Angalteer jaɓi ɗum sabu ko o luulndiiɗo no feewi murto Mahdist en e hitaande 1906, o ardii konu 300 haɓoowo ngam haɓaade murtuɓe Mahdist en to wuro Satiru. Tuggi 1915 haa 1921, o heɓi ballal hoɗɓe e Angalteer postooji to Sokoto. E hitaande 1921, wonno kono ɗaɓɓaande winndaande e Lietnaa-Guwerneer, hoɗɓe Edwardes. Ɗaɓɓaande ndee tuugii ko e tuumeede mawɓe ɗiɗo Sokotoo en : Usmaan Majidaadi oo e Saidu Sintali . Tuume ɗee ko fenaande, Usmaan ittaa e jappeere mum. [3] O maayi ko e lewru suwee 1924, omo yahra e duuɓi 70, caggal nde o yahi Zaria.

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