Matamaitic

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[[Íomhá:Euclid.jpg|thumb|[[Eoiclídéas]], matamaiticeoir Gréagach ón 3ú haois [[Roimh Chríost|RCh]]]]
[[File:Leonhard Euler identitatea.png|thumb|Céannacht Euler, ar a dtugtar uaireanta an teoirim is áille sa mhatamaitic&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |  last1 = Wells | first1 = David | year = 1990 | title = Are these the most beautiful? |  url = https://archive.org/details/sim_mathematical-intelligencer_summer-1990_12_3/page/37 | journal = [[The Mathematical Intelligencer]] | volume = 12 | issue = 3| pages = 37–41 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024015 | s2cid = 121503263 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Is éard is '''matamaitic''' ann (ón t[[An tSean-Ghréigis|Sean-Ghréigis]] μάθημα; ''máthēma'': 'eolas, staidéar, foghlaim ') ná réimse eolais a chuimsíonn topaicí amhail; uimhreacha (Teoiric na [[Uimhríocht|matamaitice]] agus na [[Uimhirtheoiric|huimhirtheoirice]]), foirmlí agus struchtúir ghaolmhara ([[ailgéabar]]), cruthanna agus na spásanna ina bhfuil siad ([[geoiméadracht]]), agus cainníochtaí agus a n-athruithe ([[calcalas]] agus [[Anailís mhatamaiticiúil|anailís]]). Baineann an chuid is mó den ghníomhaíocht mhatamaiticiúil le húsáid a bhaint as glanréasúnaíocht theibí chun airíonna réad teibí a fháil amach nó a chruthú, arb éard atá i gceist leo ná teibithe ó nádúr, nó sa mhatamaitic nua-aimseartha, aonáin a bhfuil airíonna áirithe acu, ar a dtugtar aicsímí. Is éard atá i gcruthúnas matamaiticiúil ná sraith d'fheidhmeanna ar roinnt rialacha déaduchtacha do thorthaí atá ar eolas cheana féin, lena n-áirítear [[Teoirim|teoirimí]] cruthaithe roimhe seo, [[Aicsím|aicsímí]] a bhí cruthaithe roimhe seo agus (i gcás [[Teibiú|teibithe]] ón nádúr) roinnt airíonna bunúsacha a mheastar mar fhíorphointí tosaigh na teoirice atá á meas.

Úsáidtear an mhatamaitic san eolaíocht chun feiniméin a [[Mionsamhlú matamaiticiúil|shamhaltú]], rud a cheadaíonn tuar a dhéanamh ansin ó dhlíthe turgnamhacha. Tugann neamhspleáchas na fírinne matamaiticiúla ó aon turgnamh le tuiscint go mbraitheann cruinneas na dtuartha sin ach amháin ar leordhóthanacht na samhla. Tuartha míchruinn, seachas a bheith de bharr na matamaitice míchirte, le tuiscint go bhfuil gá leis tsamhail mhatamaiticiúil a úsáidtear a athrú. an gá leis an tsamhail matamaitice a úsáidtear a athrú. Mar shampla, ní fhéadfaí luainíocht pheirihéileach [[Mearcair (pláinéad)|Mhearcair]] a mhíniú ach amháin tar éis coibhneasacht ghinearálta [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] a bheith tagtha chun cinn, a tháinig in ionad [[Dlí na himtharraingthe|dhlí imtharraingthe]] [[Isaac Newton|Newton]] mar mhúnla matamaiticiúil níos fearr.

Tá an mhatamaitic riachtanach sna heolaíochtaí, san [[innealtóireacht]], sa [[leigheas]], san [[airgeadas]], san [[ríomheolaíocht]] agus sna h[[Eolaíocht shóisialta|eolaíochtaí sóisialta]]. Forbraítear roinnt réimsí matamaitice, ar nós [[Staitistic|staitisticí]] agus [[teoiric na gcluichí]], i ndlúthghaol lena n-úsáidí agus is minic a ghrúpáiltear iad faoin [[Matamaitic fheidhmeach|mhatamaitic fheidhmeach]]. Forbraítear réimsí matamaiticiúla eile go neamhspleách ar aon fheidhm (agus mar sin tugtar glanmhatamaitic orthu), ach is minic a aimsítear feidhmeanna praiticiúla níos déanaí. Is sampla oiriúnach é an fhadhb a bhaineann le fachtóiriú slánuimhir, a théann ar ais go dtí [[Eoiclídéas]], ach nach raibh aon fheidhm phraiticiúil aige sular úsáideadh é i gcripteachóras le heochair phoiblí RSA (le haghaidh slándáil [[Líonra ríomhaireachta|líonraí ríomhaireachta]]).

Go stairiúil, ba sa mhatamaitic Ghréagach a tháinig coincheap an chruthúnais agus na críochnúlachta matamaiticiúla a bhaineann leis chun cinn ar dtús, go háirithe sna  [[Uraiceachtaí (leabhar)|hUraiceachtaí]]. Ó thús, roinneadh an mhatamaitic go bunúsach i g[[Geoiméadracht]], agus [[Uimhríocht|uimhríocht]] (ionramháil [[Uimhir aiceanta|uimhreacha aiceanta]] agus codáin), go dtí an 16ú agus an 17ú haois, nuair a tugadh [[Ailgéabar|ailgéabar]] agus [[Calcalas|calcalas]] an-bhídeach isteach mar réimsí nua den ábhar. Ó shin i leith, tá an t-idirghníomhú idir nuálaíochtaí matamaiticiúla agus fionnachtana eolaíocha mar thoradh ar mhéadú tapa i bhforbairt na matamaitice. Ag deireadh an 19ú haois, d'eascair an ghéarchéim bhunúsach sa mhatamaitic ([[An Ghearmáinis|Gearmáinis]]; ''Grundlagenkrise der Mathematik'') as an modh  aicsímeach a chórasú. Mar thoradh air seo tháinig méadú mór ar líon na réimsí matamaitice agus ar a réimsí feidhmeanna. Sampla de seo is ea Rangú Ábhair na Matamaitice, a liostaíonn níos mó ná 60 réimse matamaitice den chéad leibhéal.

==Sanasaíocht ==
Tagann an focal matamaitic ón tSean-Ghréigis máthēma (μάθημα), a chiallaíonn &quot;an rud a fhoghlaimítear,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=mathematic (n.)|dictionary=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mathematic&amp;allowed_in_frame=0|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307093926/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=mathematic&amp;allowed_in_frame=0|archive-date=March 7, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;an t-eolas a fhaigheann duine,&quot; mar sin freisin &quot;staidéar&quot; agus &quot;eolaíocht&quot;. Tháinig an bhrí níos cúinge agus níos teicniúla chun cinn; &quot;staidéar matamaitice&quot; ar an bhfocal &quot;matamatice&quot; fiú sa tréimhse Chlasaiceach.&lt;ref&gt;Both meanings can be found in Plato, the narrower in [[Republic (Plato)|''Republic'']] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plat.+Rep.+6.510c&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0168 510c] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224152747/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plat.+Rep.+6.510c&amp;fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0168 |date=February 24, 2021 }}, but Plato did not use a ''math-'' word; Aristotle did, commenting on it. {{LSJ|maqhmatiko/s|μαθηματική|ref}}. ''OED Online'', &quot;Mathematics&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Is í a aidiacht ná mathēmatikós (μαθηματικός), a chiallaíonn &quot;bainteach le foghlaim&quot; nó &quot;staidéarach,&quot; rud a chiallaigh freisin &quot;matamaiticiúil.&quot; Go háirithe, chiallaigh mathēmatikḗ tékhnē (μαθηματικὴ τέχνη; Laidin: ars mathematica) &quot;an ealaín mhatamaiticiúil.&quot;

Ar an dul céanna, tugadh an mathēmatikoi (μαθηματικοί) ar cheann den dá phríomhscoil smaointeoireachta sa [[Píotágarás|Phíotagaráiteachas]]—rud a chiallaigh &quot;foghlaimeoirí&quot; seachas &quot;matamaiticeoirí&quot; sa chiall nua-aimseartha.

Sa Laidin, agus sa Bhéarla go timpeall na bliana 1700, is é a bhí i gceist leis an téarma matamaitic ná  &quot;astralaíocht &quot; (nó uaireanta &quot;réalteolaíocht &quot;) seachas &quot;matamaitic&quot;; d'athraigh an bhrí de réir a chéile go dtí an ceann atá ann faoi láthair ó thart ar 1500 go 1800. Mar thoradh air sin, bhí roinnt mí-aistriúchán ann. Mar shampla, uaireanta déantar  mí-aistriúchán ar rabhadh San Agaistín, gur chóir do Chríostaithe a bheith a bheith airdeallach ar ''mathematici'', rud a chiallaíonn '' astralaithe '',  mar cáineadh ar na matamaiticeoirí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boas&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=Lion Hunting and Other Mathematical Pursuits: A Collection of Mathematics, Verse, and Stories by the Late Ralph P. Boas, Jr | publisher=Cambridge University Press | author=Boas, Ralph | author-link=Ralph P. Boas Jr. | year=1995 | orig-year=1991 | page=257 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-EWj5WtQHgC&amp;pg=PA257 | chapter=What Augustine Didn't Say About Mathematicians | isbn=978-0-88385-323-8 | access-date=January 17, 2018 | archive-date=May 20, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520183837/https://books.google.com/books?id=f-EWj5WtQHgC&amp;pg=PA257 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Téann an fhoirm iolra dealraitheach sa Bhéarla siar go dtí neodar iolra na Laidine ''mathematica'' ([[Cicearó|Cicero]]), bunaithe ar an iolra Gréagach ta mathēmatiká (τὰ μαθηματικά), a d’úsáid [[Arastatal]] (384 -322 RC), agus a chiallaíonn go garbh &quot;gach rud matamaiticiúil &quot;, cé go bhfuil sé sochreidte nach bhfuair an Béarla ach an aidiacht ''mathematic(al)''  ar iasacht agus gur bhunaigh sí an t-ainmfhocal ''mathematics''  as an úire, i ndiaidh phatrún ''physics'' agus ''metaphysics'', a fuarthas le hoidhreacht ón nGréigis.&lt;ref&gt;''[[The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology]]'', ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', ''sub'' &quot;mathematics&quot;, &quot;mathematic&quot;, &quot;mathematics&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;  Sa Bhéarla, glacann an t-ainmfhocal ''mathematics'' briathar uatha. Is minic a ghiorraítear é go dtí ''maths'' nó, i Meiriceá Thuaidh, ''math''.
&lt;ref name=maths&gt;[http://oed.com/view/Entry/114982 &quot;maths, ''n.''&quot;] and [http://oed.com/view/Entry/114962 &quot;math, ''n.3''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404201407/http://oed.com/view/Entry/114982 |date=April 4, 2020 }}. ''Oxford English Dictionary,'' on-line version (2012).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Réimsí na matamaitice==
Roimh an [[An Renaissance|Renaissance]], roinneadh an mhatamaitic ina dhá phríomhréimse: [[Uimhríocht|uimhríocht]] — maidir le hionramháil uimhreacha, agus [[Geoiméadracht|geoiméadracht]] (nó céimseata) - maidir le staidéar a dhéanamh ar chruthanna. Ní raibh idirdhealú soiléir ansin ag cineálacha áirithe bréageolaíochta, amhail uimhireolaíocht agus astralaíocht, ón matamaitic.

Le linn an Renaissance, bhí dhá réimse eile le feiceáil. Nodaireacht mhatamaiticiúil ba chúis le hailgéabar, arb éard atá ann, go garbh,  staidéar agus ionramháil foirmlí. Is éard is calcalas ann, ina bhfuil an dá fho-réimse, mionchalcalas agus calcalas suimeálach, ná staidéar ar fheidhmeanna leanúnacha, a mhúnlaíonn na caidrimh neamhlíneacha idir cainníochtaí éagsúla ([[Athróg (anailís uimhriúil)|athróga]]) de ghnáth. Mhair an roinnt seo ina cheithre phríomhréimse - uimhríocht, geoiméadracht, ailgéabar, calcalas [fíorú de dhíth] - go dtí deireadh an 19ú haois. Is minic a measadh réimsí mar mheicnic neamhaí agus meicnic sholadach mar chuid den mhatamaitic, ach anois meastar go mbaineann siad leis an bhfisic. Bhí roinnt ábhar a forbraíodh le linn na tréimhse seo ann roimh thús na na matamaitic, agus tá siad roinnte ina réimsí cosúil le [[Teoiric na dóchúlachta|teoiric na dóchúlachta]] agus an mhatamaitic theaglamach, a measadh níos déanaí mar réimse uathrialaitheach. 

Ag deireadh an 19ú haois, mar thoradh ar an ngéarchéim bhunaitheach sa mhatamaitic agus mar thoradh ar an modh aicsímeach, tháinig borradh mór ar réimsí nua na matamaitice. Sa lá atá inniu ann, níl níos lú ná 64 réimse den chéad leibhéal i Rangú Ábhar na Matamaitice. Freagraíonn cuid de na réimsí seo don rannán níos sine, mar atá fíor maidir le huimhirtheoiric  (an t-ainm nua-aimseartha don arduimhríocht) agus geoiméadracht. (Mar sin féin, tá &quot;geoiméadracht&quot; ina n-ainmneacha ag go leor réimsí céadleibhéil eile nó meastar go coitianta iad ar shlí eile mar chuid den gheoiméadracht.) Ní fheictear an t-ailgéabar agus an calcalas mar limistéir chéad leibhéal, ach roinntear iad i roinnt réimsí céadleibhéil faoi seach. Tháinig réimsí eile den chéad leibhéal chun cinn le linn an 20ú haois (mar shampla teoiric na gcatagóirí; ailgéabar hoimeolaíoch, agus ríomheolaíocht) nó nár breathnaíodh orthu roimhe seo mar mhatamaitic, amhail; [[Loighic mhatamaiticiúil|loighic]] agus bunúis na matamaitice (lena n-áirítear teoiric na mionsamhla, ríomhtheoiric, tacartheoiric, teoiric an chruthúnais, agus loighic ailgéabrach).

===Uimhirtheoiric===
===Geoiméadracht===
===Ailgéabar===
===Calcalas agus anailís ===
===Matamaitic scoite===
===Matamaitic ríomhaireachtúil===

==== Cainníocht ====
Tosaíonn staidéar an cainníocht le uimhreacha, ar dtús le na [[uimhreacha aiceanta]] agus [[slánuimhir]] agus uimhríocht orthu. 

Agus a tagann forbairt ar an chóras uimhir, aithnítear na slánuimhir mar fo-thacar do na uimhir chóimheasta. Ach tá na uimhreacha chóimheasta fo-thacar freisin do na [[réaduimhir]]. Tá an [[uimhir choimpléascach]] tacar ginearálaithe do na [[réaduimhir]]

:{| style=&quot;border:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center; margin:auto&quot; cellspacing=&quot;20&quot;
| &lt;math&gt;1, 2, 3\,...\!&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;...-2, -1, 0, 1, 2\,...\!&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt; -2, \frac{2}{3}, 1.21\,\!&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;-e, \sqrt{2}, 3, \pi\,\!&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;2, i, -2+3i, 2e^{i\frac{4\pi}{3}}\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| [[uimhreacha aiceanta]] || [[slánuimhir]] || [[uimhir chóimheasta]] || [[réaduimhir]] || [[uimhir choimpléascach]]
|}


==== Matamaitic Fheidhmeach ====
Is brainse den mhatamaitic í an [[Matamaitic fheidhmeach|mhatamaitic fheidhmeach]] a bhaineann úsáid as uirlisí teibí matamaitice chun fadhbanna a réiteach sna heolaíochtaí, i ngnó agus i réimsí eile nach iad. Is réimse tábhachtach matamaitice feidhmí é an staidreamh a bhaineann leas as teoiric na dóchúlachta mar uirlis agus a cheadaíonn tuairisciú, anailísiú agus réamhaisnéis na bhfeiniméan ina bhfuil ról ag seans.

:{|style=&quot;border:1px solid #ddd; text-align:center; margin:auto&quot; cellspacing=&quot;20&quot;
|[[Íomhá:Gravitation_space_source.png|100px]] || [[Íomhá:Two red dice 01.svg|100px]] || [[Íomhá:Oldfaithful.png|100px]] ||
|-
|[[Fisic Mhatamaiticiúil]] || [[Dóchúlacht]] || [[Staidreamh]] ||
|}

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Eolaíochtaí foirmiúla]]
[[Catagóir:Matamaitic| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>An Bhrasaíl</title>
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      <text bytes="5459" sha1="orrrbcngafjpcszv5t7q2yaea441oxw" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}

Is tír i [[Meiriceá Theas]] í an '''Bhrasaíl''' ('''Poblacht Chónaidhmitheach na Brasaíle''', go hoifigiúil). Is í an tír is mó in ilchríoch Mheiriceá Theas í, agus í ag clúdach réimse ollmhór talún idir shléibhte na nAindéas agus [[an tAigéan Atlantach]].
[[Íomhá:Rio de Janeiro, Brazil -21.jpg|clé|mion|220x220px|[[Rio de Janeiro]], agus an ''Cristo Redentor''  sa chúlra]]
[[Íomhá:Dilma-posse-Lula-Foto-Lula-Marques-agência PT-11 (25232472934).jpg|mion|clé|Dilma [[Dilma Rousseff|Rousseff]] agus Lula, 2016|220x220px]]
== Tíreolaíocht na Brasaíle ==
Ritheann [[an Amasóin|Abhainn na hAmasóine]] trí thuaisceart na tíre, agus tá a habhantrach ar cheann de na réigiúin is tábhachtaí ar domhan ó thaobh na bithéagsúlachta de, chomh maith le tábhacht na gcoillte don atmaisféar. 

Tá timpeall 180 milliún duine ina gcónaí sa Bhrasaíl. Is í [[Brasília]] príomhchathair na tíre, ach is iad [[São Paulo]] agus [[Rio de Janeiro]] na cathracha is mó sa tír.
{{Príomhalt|Tubaiste Brumadinho}}
{{Príomhalt|Tonnta teasa i Meiriceá Theas, 2023}}
{{Príomhalt|Tuilte Rio Grande do Sul, 2024}}
== Stair na Brasaíle ==
{{Príomhalt|Stair na Brasaíle}}
[[Íomhá:Revolta pela vacina - União da Juventude Socialista (Cartaz) - Porto Alegre, 2021-06 .jpg|mion|Fuair os cionn 700,000 Brasaíleach bás le linn na [[Paindéim COVID-19|paindéime Covid 19]]|clé|293x293px]]
== Polaitíocht na Brasaíle ==
=== Na córais pholaitíochta ===
Is í [[Brasília]] an [[príomhchathair|phríomhchathair]]. De réir bhunreacht na bliana 1988, is poblacht dhaonlathach ionadaíoch chónascach uachtaráin í an Bhrasaíl. Is é an tUachtarán ceann an [[Rialtas|rialtais]] agus an stáit, agus córas ilpháirtithe i bhfeidhm leis an tsaoirse pholaitiúil a chinntiú do na saoránaigh.
=== An polaitíocht sa 21ú haois ===
Toghadh fear iomráiteach na heite clé, [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Luiz Inácio da Silva]] (Lula)  mar uachtarán in 2002. Sna blianta 2007 agus 2008 bhí borradh chomh mór sin faoin mBrasaíl nár bhain an ghéarchéim airgeadais a bhain creathadh as an Eoraip agus na S-A an Bhrasaíl amach go ceann cúpla bliain ina dhiaidh sin. Níor mhair an borradh a bhí faoi eacnamaíocht na Brasaíle. Go deimhin caitheadh an oiread sin airgid ar [[Corn FIFA an Domhain 2014|Chorn an Domhain 2014]] agus ar [[Cluichí Oilimpeacha an tSamhraidh 2016|Chluichí Oilimpeacha 2016]] go raibh cófraí an stáit nach mór folamh faoin am gur cuireadh comharba Lula, [[Dilma Rousseff]], as cumhacht go gairid tar éis na gCluichí céanna. D’fhéadfaí a rá gur ''coup d’état'' ‘bog’ a bhí in eachtraí polaitiúla na bliana sin agus thosaigh an Bhrasaíl ag flirteáil leis an bhfaisisteachas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/sin-a-bhfuil-a-chairde-tar-eis-16-bliain-in-salvador-ta-mo-chuid-malai-a-bpacail-agam/|teideal=Sin a bhfuil, a chairde, tar éis 16 bliain in Salvador, tá mo chuid málaí á bpacáil agam|údar=Alex Hijmans|dáta=14 Feabhra 2024|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2024-02-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Toghadh [[Jair Bolsonaro]], i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2018, an toradh a bhí ar sin. Bhain [[Paindéim COVID-19|paindéim an choróinvíris]] an ghaoth as seolta Bolsonaro le linn 2020-2022. Fuair os cionn 700,000 Brasaíleach bás le linn na paindéime. 

In 2022, fuair Lula – agus an daonlathas féin – an lámh in uachtar arís tar éis ceithre bliana, ach ba ar éigean é: ní raibh dhá faoin gcéad féin idir é agus Bolsonaro i d[[toghchán uachtaránachta na Brasaíle 2022]]. Agus ní raibh ach seachtain caite in áras an uachtaráin ag Lula nuair a [[Ruathar ar institiúidí an stáit sa Bhrasaíl, 2023|rinne lucht leanúna Bolsonaro iarracht ''coup d’état'']] dáiríre a dhéanamh. In 2024, d’aimsigh na póilíní feidearálacha fianaise go raibh baint ag Bolsonaro féin leis an ionradh a rinneadh ar thithe an rialtais san ardchathair, Brasília, ar an 8 Eanáir 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Príomhalt|Tubaiste Brumadinho}}
{{Príomhalt|Olltoghchán na Brasaíle, 2022}}
{{Príomhalt|Ruathar ar institiúidí an stáit sa Bhrasaíl, 2023}}

* [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], [[Dilma Rousseff]], [[Jair Bolsonaro]]

== Stáit ==
Tá 26 stát agus aon [[Ceantar Cónaidhme Bhrasília|Cheantar Cónaidhme]] amháin sa Bhrasaíl
{| align=&quot;left&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; 
|-
|
* [[Acre]]
* [[Alagoas]]
* [[Amapá]]
* [[Amazonas]]
* [[Bahia]]
* [[Ceará]]
* [[Espírito Santo|Espírito&amp;nbsp;Santo]]
* [[Goiás]]
* [[Maranhão]]
* [[Mato Grosso|Mato&amp;nbsp;Grosso]]
* [[Mato Grosso do Sul|Mato&amp;nbsp;Grosso&amp;nbsp;do&amp;nbsp;Sul]]
* [[Minas Gerais|Minas&amp;nbsp;Gerais]]
* [[Pará]]
|
* [[Paraíba]]
* [[Paraná]]
* [[Pernambuco]]
* [[Piauí]]
* [[Rio de Janeiro (stát)|Rio&amp;nbsp;de&amp;nbsp;Janeiro]]
* [[Rio Grande do Norte|Rio&amp;nbsp;Grande&amp;nbsp;do&amp;nbsp;Norte]]
* [[Rio Grande do Sul|Rio&amp;nbsp;Grande&amp;nbsp;do&amp;nbsp;Sul]]
* [[Rondônia]]
* [[Roraima]]
* [[Santa Catarina|Santa&amp;nbsp;Catarina]]
* [[São Paulo (stát)|São&amp;nbsp;Paulo]]
* [[Sergipe]]
* [[Tocantins]]
|}
[[Catagóir:Náisiúin G-20]]
[[Catagóir:Náisiúin G-20]]
[[Catagóir:Náisiúin G-20]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brasaíl, An}}


.


.

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}


{{Náisiúin G-20}}
{{Meiriceá Theas}}

[[Catagóir:An Bhrasaíl|*]]
[[Catagóir:Náisiúin G-15]]
[[Catagóir:Ballstáit na Náisiún Aontaithe|B]]
[[Catagóir:Náisiúin G-20]]</text>
      <sha1>orrrbcngafjpcszv5t7q2yaea441oxw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>TG4</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4177</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-28T21:05:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Taghdtaighde</username>
        <id>60452</id>
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      <comment>Mionathruithe</comment>
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      <text bytes="21294" sha1="2qyk7k9r8oxu06hui9unztp18wqpgxl" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}

Is í '''[[TG4]]''' an príomhchainéal teilifíse [[An Ghaeilge|Gaeilge]] in [[Éire|Éirinn]]. Corparáid neamhspleách phoiblí í ó Aibreán 2007 i leith, tar éis di a bheith faoi stiúir [[RTÉ]] (craoltóir stáit na hÉireann) roimhe sin. Craoltar cláir an chainéil trí mheán na teilifíse in Éirinn, agus trí aip TG4 do lucht féachana ar fud an domhain.    

Thosaigh an stáisiún ag craoladh ar [[Oíche Shamhna]] [[1996]] mar '''Teilifís na Gaeilge''', nó &quot;''TnaG''&quot;, ach athraíodh an t-ainm go TG4 sa bhliain [[1999]].  

De réir [[TAM Ireland]]/Nielsen, bhí sciar laethúil de 2.8% ar an meán ag TG4 idir [[Oíche Nollag]] agus [[1 Eanáir (Lá Caille)|Lá Caille]] 2001.&lt;ref&gt;sciar de 2.2% a bhí ag TG4 le linn na Nollag in 2020&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí aimsiú laethúil de 632,700 duine ag an stáisiún agus aimsiú iomláin de 1.87m.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.tg4.ie/ga/eolas/preas/nuacht-raitis/2022-2/meadu-mor-ar-lucht-feachana-tg4-le-linn-na-nollag/|teideal=Méadú Mór ar Lucht Féachana TG4 le linn na Nollag {{!}} Preas Ráiteas|language=ga|work=TG4|dátarochtana=2022-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; De réir Thuarascáil Bhliantúil TG4 don bhliain 2024, d'fhéach 3.73 milliún duine – os cionn 80% de dhaonra na hÉireann – ar an gcainéal ag am éigin i rith na bliana sin, agus ba é TG4 an seachtú cainéal teilifíse ba mhó féachaint sa tír. Shroich sciar náisiúnta TG4 den lucht féachana teilifíse 2.2% in 2024, an sciar ab airde a bhí ag an stáisiún ó 2009 i leith.&lt;ref name=&quot;tuarascail2024&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://d1og0s8nlbd0hm.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/08095703/Tuarascail-TG4-2024-GAEILGE.pdf|teideal=Tuarascáil Bhliantúil TG4 2024|language=ga|work=TG4|dátarochtana=2026-08-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[File:TG4, Baile na hAbhann, Conamara, Co. na Gaillimhe (2014).jpg|mion|left|220px|TG4, Baile na hAbhann, Conamara, Co. na Gaillimhe]]
== Stair ==

I measc na n-iarratas a cuireadh faoi bhráid an rialtais in 1959 do bhunú na seirbhíse teilifíse náisiúnta nua (Teilifís Éireann níos déanaí), bhí ceann láidir ó [[Gael Linn|Ghael Linn]]. Bhíodh an eagraíocht, faoi stiúir [[Dónaill Ó Móráin|Dhónaill Uí Mhóráin]], ag soláthar nuachtscannán ag an am, agus meastar gur tugadh an-suntas dá n-iarratas, cé gur theip air i ndeireadh thiar thall.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.litriocht.com/siopa/ar-an-taifead-fis-fuaim-focal|teideal=Ar an Taifead: Fís, Fuaim, Focal|údar=Breandán Delap|dáta=2012|work=litriocht.com|dátarochtana=2025-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I mBealtaine 1969, ag cruinniú de chuid Choiste na Gaeilge d'Fhianna Fáil i gCorcaigh, gheall [[Taoiseach]] na linne, [[Jack Lynch]], go mbunófaí stáisiún teilifíse Gaeilge. Bhí olltoghchán ar na bacáin ag an am.

Ón bhliain 1973 i leith, bhí brúfheachtas ar bun ag [[Conradh na Gaeilge]], agus iad ag eagrú cruinnithe poiblí, mórshiúlta, agus picéad lena míshástacht a léiriú faoi ghanntanas chlár Gaeilge.

Chaith dornán acu tréimhse i b[[príosún]] cionn is gur dhiúltaigh siad [[ceadúnas teilifíse]] a cheannach mar agóid faoi pholasaithe RTÉ. D'áitigh duine acu, [[Íte Ní Chionnaith]], nach raibh RTÉ ag comhlíonadh a ndualgas mar chraoltóir náisiúnta na hÉireann freastal a dhéanamh ar phobal na Gaeilge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

Ó thús na [[1980idí]], bhí a gcainéil féin ag lucht labhartha na [[An Bhreatnais|Breatnaise]], na [[An Bhascais|Bascaise]], na [[An Ghailísis|Gailíse]] agus na [[An Chatalóinis|Catalóinise]]. Ag an Ard-Fheis den bhliain 1980, rith an Conradh rún ag éileamh bealach úr teilifíse lán-Ghaeilge.

Ar [[2 Iúil]] [[1985]], scaoileadh saor ón bpríosún Brian Ó Baoill, a dhiúltaigh fíneáil £50 a íoc mar agóid in aghaidh a laghad Gaeilge a bhí ar RTÉ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/30-bliain-is-an-la-inniu-cuireadh-failte-abhaile-o-phriosun-go-conamara-roimh-bhrian-o-baoill/|teideal=30 bliain is an lá inniu cuireadh fáilte abhaile ó phriosún go Conamara roimh Bhrian Ó Baoill|údar=Maitiú Ó Coimín|dáta=2 Iúil 2015|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2022-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I mí Márta 1986, bhunaigh [[Aire na Gaeltachta]] den am (Pádraig Ó Tuathail) meitheal oibre ar chraolachán teilifíse trí Ghaeilge. Ba é an tátal a bhí le baint as a dtuarascáil ná gurbh fhearr go bhfágfaí cúram speisialta na Gaeilge faoi [[RTÉ a Dó|RTÉ 2]]. Diúltaíodh don mholadh go mbunófaí bealach teilifíse lán-Ghaeilge.

Ar aon dul le bunú na seirbhíse raidió Gaeltachta, ba mar thoradh ar fheachtas poiblí a fíoraíodh aisling na teilifíse Gaeilge.  Ba le linn deireadh seachtaine [[Oireachtas na Gaeilge|Oireachtas na nGael]] i nDeireadh Fómhair 1987, a chéad-chraoladh an stáisiún bradach as [[Ros Muc]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ba é [[Mícheál D. Ó hUiginn]], ó [[Páirtí an Lucht Oibre (Éire)|Pháirtí an Lucht Oibre]], a chinntigh go dtiocfadh bláth ar an aisling ainneoin go leor cáineadh gur diomailt airgid phoiblí a bhí ann. Ceapadh [[Gearóid Ó Tuathaigh]], [[Ollamh]] le Stair i g[[Ollscoil na hÉireann, Gaillimh|Coláiste na hOllscoile Gaillimh]], ina Chathaoirleach ar an Choiste Bunaithe a chuir moltaí ar fáil don Aire faoi struchtúr agus cláir na seirbhíse nua. Ar 23 Samhain 1993, ghlac an Rialtas cinneadh go rachadh Teilifís na Gaeilge ar an aer in Eanáir 1995.

Ar [[Oíche Shamhna]], 1996 las an tUachtarán, [[Máire Mhic Róibín|Mary Robinson]], [[coinneal]] an dóchais agus saolaíodh [[Teilifís na Gaeilge]] le pléasc spleodrach. Chuir liúnna arda agus damhsa Ceilteach ó [[Macnas|Mhacnas]] tús leis an siamsaíocht, buaicphointe ar bhlianta fada agóide agus stocaireachta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bhí TG4 faoi stiúir [[RTÉ]] go dtí gur athraíodh é go corparáid neamhspleách phoiblí ar an gcéad lá d'Aibreán [[2007]], tar éis don reachtaíocht chaoi chun go dtarlódh sé seo dul tríd sa bhliain 2001.&lt;ref&gt;Bhí Peter Quinn, iar-Uachtarán an [[Cumann Lúthchleas Gael|CLG]], ar an gcéad Cathaoirleach air. I measc na daoine eile a ceapadh ar an údarás ná Joe Connolly, Padraig MacDonnacha, Eilís Ní Chonghaile, Méabh Mhic Ghairbheith, Méadhbh Nic an Airchinnigh, Bríd Ní Neachtain, Feargal Ó Sé agus Regina Culliton.&lt;/ref&gt;

I mí Iúil 2007, glacadh TG4 isteach mar bhall nua d'[[Aontas Craolacháin na hEorpa]].

D'éirigh [[Alan Esslemont]] as a phost mar Ard-Stiúrthóir TG4 i mí Aibreáin 2025, tar éis breis agus ocht mbliana go leith sa ról. Tháinig Deirdre Ní Choistín i gcomharbacht air mar Ard-Stiúrthóir, agus is í Anna Ní Ghallachair Cathaoirleach reatha Bhord TG4.&lt;ref name=&quot;tuarascail2024&quot; /&gt;

[[Íomhá:Ceol_na_nOilean_2_www.TG4.ie.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Samhaltán Ceol na nOileán ó [[2009]]]]

== Modh oibre ==

Is iad na cláir Gaeilge atá ag croí TG4, agus craoltar sé uair den ábhar seo gach lá - mar shampla [[Nuacht TG4|nuacht]], [[spórt]], [[ceol]], [[Clár faisnéise|cláir faisnéise]] agus rudaí eile. Chomh maith leis sin, taispeántar athchraoltaí de chláir éagsúla agus ansin cláir cháiliúla eile i mBéarla, cosúil le The O.C., Nip/Tuck agus cláir [[Stáit Aontaithe|Mheiriceánacha]] eile. 

Ag feidhmiú mar fhoilsitheoir agus mar chraoltóir, caitheann TG4 airgead gach bliain i gcomhair cláir Gaeilge nua ó chomhlachtaí Éireannacha. Tá an sobal dráma [[Ros na Rún]] ar cheann de na cláir is rathúla, agus déanann siad cláir faisnéise chomh maith. Faoin mbliain 2024, bhí an caiteachas seo méadaithe go mór: chaith TG4 €47.8m – 83% dá mhaoiniú poiblí – ar ábhar Gaeilge, agus €32.1m leis an earnáil léiriúcháin neamhspleách ar fud na tíre.&lt;ref name=&quot;tuarascail2024&quot; /&gt;

[[ Íomhá: Ar_Staitse_-www.TG4.ie-5781076762_880a844cd5_z.jpg |thumb|border|left|220px|Samhaltán “Ar_Stáitse” (cartlann ceoil) ó [[2011]] ]]

Tá an chuid is mó de chláir an stáisiúin ar fáil le fotheidil as Béarla, beart conspóideach a cháintear go minic i measc cainteoirí Gaeilge toisc an easpa rogha a bhíonn ann breathnú ar an leagan bunaidh den chlár (i.e. gan fotheidil). Tá iarrachtaí áirithe déanta ag TG4 dul i ngleic leis an bhfadhb seo le hathruithe teicneolaíochta. Ligeann TG4 Súil Eile air mar mhaíomh ach oibríonn [[Breandán Delap|Breandán ó Lapáin]] agus láithreoirí nuachta um RTÉ is um ThG4.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.litriocht.com/t%C3%A1irge/suil-eile/|teideal=Súil Eile|údar=Seán Tadhg Ó Gairbhí|work=litriocht.com|dátarochtana=2025-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt;Díol suime nár luadh an scéal seo in aon chor ar Nuacht TG4 aréir. Súil eile, súil chaoch, ab ea?&lt;/blockquote&gt; arsa an Dr Liam P. Ó Murchú ag magadh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/caineadh-deanta-ar-an-taoiseach-as-labhairt-faoin-ngaeilge-a-bheith-a-husaid-mar-uirlis-troda/|teideal=Cáineadh déanta ar an Taoiseach as labhairt faoin nGaeilge a bheith á húsáid mar ‘uirlis troda’|údar=an Dr Liam P. Ó Murchú|dáta=2025-09-18|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2025-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Seinnteoir TG4 ===

Sheol TG4 an Seinnteoir sa bhliain 2002, an chéad seinnteoir ar líne riamh in Éirinn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|date=20 Márta 2013|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614113649/http://www.foinse.ie/gneithe|title=AIP nua don iPAD seolta ag TG4 agus ar fáil ón App Store|journal=[[Foinse]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I dtráth Sheachtain na Gaeilge 2013 sheol TG4 [[Aip shoghluaiste|aip]] [[iPad]] saor in aisce mar a bhí teacht ar an Seinnteoir ag úsáideoirí an ghoiris sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Sa bhliain 2011, bhí breis is 150,000 cuairteoir uathúil ag suíomh TG4 sa mhí. Breathnaigh cuairteoirí an tsuímh ar os cionn 275,000 fís-sruthú go míosúil.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Buiséad ==

Cláracha coimisiúnaithe de réir aicme i 2006:- 

{| class=&quot;prettytable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;

! Aicme

! Buiséad

! Uaireanta

|- align=center

|''[[Ros na Rún]]''

|€3,446,000

|36

|- align=center

|''[[Clár faisnéise|Faisnéis]]''

|€1,924,000

|60

|- align=center

|''[[Spórt]]''

|€3,828,000

|283

|- align=center

|''[[Drámaíocht]]''

|€2,418,000

|25

|- align=center

|''[[Ceol]]''

|€1,378,000

|63

|- align=center

|''[[Siamsaíocht]]''

|€1,391,000

|60

|- align=center

|''[[Taisteal]]''

|€267,000

|4

|- align=center

|''[[Stiúideo]]''

|€438,000

|66

|- align=center

|''[[Iomlán]]''

|€15,469,000

|597

|}

=== Maoiniú agus caiteachas 2024 ===

B'ionann ioncam iomlán TG4 (maoiniú Státchiste móide ioncam tráchtála) agus €67.47m in 2024, ardú 9.3% ar 2023. B'ionann an caiteachas oibriúcháin iomlán agus €64.12m. Meastar gur chuir caiteachas TG4 ranníocaíocht nach mór €101m leis an aschur náisiúnta agus gur thacaigh sé le thart ar 2,140 post coibhéis lánaimseartha.&lt;ref name=&quot;tuarascail2024&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;prettytable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;

! Cur síos

! Suim (2024)

|- align=center

|Ioncam iomlán

|€67.47m

|- align=center

|Deontas Státchiste

|€61.63m

|- align=center

|Ioncam tráchtála

|€5.8m

|- align=center

|Caiteachas oibriúcháin iomlán

|€64.12m

|- align=center

|Caiteachas ar ábhar Gaeilge

|€47.226m (82% den mhaoiniú Státchiste reatha)

|- align=center

|Caiteachas leis an earnáil léiriúcháin neamhspleách

|€32.1m

|}

==Rátálacha==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;

|-

!2024

!2010

!2009

!2001

!1996

|-

| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |3,730,000

| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |900,000

| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |800,000

| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |730,000

| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |250,000

|}

Léiríonn an figiúr le haghaidh 2024 líon na ndaoine a d'fhéach ar TG4 ag am éigin i rith na bliana (aimsiú bliantúil), de réir Thuarascáil Bhliantúil TG4 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;tuarascail2024&quot; /&gt;

== Cláir ==

{{main|Cláir TG4}}

[[ Íomhá: Glór_Tíre_Togha_&amp;_Rogha_Presented_by_Dáithí_Ó_Sé-www.TG4.ie-6069512633_a97de94e2b_o.jpg |thumb|border|left|220px|Samhaltán Glór Tíre le [[Dáithí Ó Sé]] ]]

Nuair a bunaíodh TG4 i dtús báire, ní bhíodh a lán clár ar siúl; tháinig deireadh luath leis an gcraoladh gach aon lá, agus bhíodh a lán cláracha Béarla ann freisin. Ó shin, tá sé tar éis dul ó neart go neart, ag mealladh lucht féachana mar thoradh ar a chláir ghairmeacha. Ar dtús, ní raibh a lán airgid faoi réir acu, agus bhí sé faoi smacht ag [[RTÉ]]. 

Bhuaigh an sraithdhráma grinn [[C.U. Burn]] “Spiorad na Féile”, An Fhéile Idirnáisiúnta Cheilteach Scannán &amp; Teilifíse i 1997. D'údaraigh [[Teilifís na Gaeilge]] do Lios na Sí Teo &lt;ref&gt; [[Saol]], Imleabhar 10 * Uimhir 1 * Eanáir 1997&lt;/ref&gt;. Sraithchlár sé mhír a sholáthar i dtosach báire, ach bhí glactha chomh maith sin leis an tsraith go raibh beartaithe ag Lios na Sí sraith eile a dhéanamh. Mar sin, bhí 16 cláir craolta i [[1996]] agus i [[1997]]. 

[[Íomhá:Gradam_logo_41572_140606255034_4415_n-www.TG4.ie-.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Samhaltán &quot;Gradam Ceoil TG4&quot;, i [[2011]]]]

Sa bhliain [[1999]], athsheoladh an stáisiún faoin teideal TG4 (Telefís Gaeilge 4) faoi údarás TeleGael, cumann eile faoi stiúir ag RTÉ. Ó shin i leith, tugann RTÉ buiséad do TG4 chun caitheadh mar a thagair siad. Thosaigh siad ag craoladh níos mó cláracha dírithe ar dhaoine fásta, ag seoladh Séideán Staire agus [[Ardán]]. 

Chomh maith le sin, tá TG4 i ndiaidh cur lena chuid craoltóireachta agus raon dá chláracha a leathnú. Mar shampla, cuireadh an tsraith taisteal Amú, le [[Hector Ó hEochagáin]] i láthair. Rinne an clár seo réalta mór de Ó hEochagáin agus d'éirigh le TG4 a lucht féachana a leathnú maille leis sin. Anois, is cosúil go bhfuil TG4 ina lánrith, le príomhchláir den chéad scoth agus ainmneacha iomráiteacha ag baint leis an stáisiún.

Tá an teist tuillte ag TG4 gur stáisiún é a chruthaíonn cláir nuálacha, scannánaíocht, ealaín, dráma, cláir faisnéise agus spóirt. Mar shampla, chraol TG4 na cláir choitianta Mheiriceánacha ''Nip/Tuck'', ''Carnivàle'', ''Gossip Girl'', ''[[The Wire]]'', ''America's Next Top Model'', ''The O.C.'', ''One Tree Hill'', ''Lipstick Jungle'', ''Everwood'', ''Survivor'', ''Invasion'' agus ''Curb Your Enthusiasm'' sula raibh siad le feiceáil sa [[Ríocht Aontaithe]] agus tíortha eile. Chomh maith le sin, thaispeáin TG4 an comórtas leadóige [[Wimbledon]] agus an rás [[Tour de France]] beo ar an aer. Tugann TG4 aird do chluichí Éireannacha chomh maith, ar nós na cluichí [[peil Ghaelach]] agus [[iomáint|iománaíocht]], mar shampla na sraitheanna náisiúnta agus comórtas na gclubanna. Níl na héachtaí seo in ann lucht féachana ábhalmhór a bhaint amach, ach ní fhéadfaí a rá gur mó atá TG4 is lucht na Gaeilge siar ná aniar leis na hiarrachtaí seo, toisc go bhfuil leantóirí rialta díbhirceach fós i ndíograis leis an tseirbhís in alt na huaire seo. Craoltar scannáin mhóra-le-rá freisin, mar shampla scannáin buachaillí bó, i dteangacha eile, go háirithe as Fraincis, Gearmáinis agus Spáinnis.

[[Íomhá:TG4 logo (1999-2003).svg|left|220px|thumb|Lógó 1999]]

[[Íomhá:TG4 logo (2003-2012).svg|left|220px|thumb|Lógó 2003]]

Ó thaobh cláir shiamsaíochta de, tá an seó cainte ''Ardán'' agus an clár ''[[Paisean Faisean]]'' ar an bhfód. Ar an [[31 Deireadh Fómhair]] [[2006]], craoladh an chéad eipeasóid den chlár ''[[Aifric]]'', clár grinn/dráma atá dírithe ar dhéagóirí. Ag freastal ar dhaoine níos sine agus na gnóthaí céanna sa treis aige, tá an clár nua ''Seacht'' a leanann na saolta seachtar mac léinn i m[[Béal Feirste]]. Ar an [[24 Meán Fómhair]] 2007, thosaigh TG4 ag taispeáint an chláir bheochana ''[[South Park]]'' as Gaeilge. Ní taise do ''[[Sesame Street#As Gaeilge|Sesame Street]]'' é, a chraoltar faoin ainm ''Tar ag Spraoi Sesame''.

Chuaigh leis an stáisiún méid réimí go leor réaltaí a sheoladh in Éirinn, cuir i gcás, na deirfiúracha Seoige, [[Gráinne Seoige|Gráinne]] agus [[Síle Seoige|Síle]], agus [[Hector Ó hEochagáin]]. 

Ar na cúiseanna uilig á lua, tá TG4 tar éis teacht chuige féin mar acmhainn cruthanta a mbíonn ag freastal ar chúraimí na Gaeilge is na nGaeilgeoirí.

Cuireann TG4 sruth beo ó [[Dáil Éireann|Dháil Éireann]] dhá lá sa tseachtain. Tá clár nuachta laethúil chomh maith, ''Nuacht TG4'' agus an clár [[Timpeall na Tíre]] (bailiúchán de na scéalta móra ar bhonn seachtainiúil) agus ''7 Lá'' (díospóireacht ar cúrsaí reatha). Is iad na cláracha faisnéise seo i dtaca le cúrsaí reatha a bhfuil ardchaighdeán labhartha na Gaeilge acu, agus go deimhin tá dul faoi leith acu maise a chur ar do chuid Gaeilge go gasta, má chuireann tú cos as breathnú orthu go rialta.

[[Íomhá:Corp_anam_-www.TG4.ie-5781077138_36309c7261_z.jpg |thumb|border|left|220px|Corp is anam, i [[2009]] ]] 

Tá seirbhís teilitéacs ag TG4, ar a tugtar ''Téacs TG4''. I mí an Mheithimh na bliana 2006, thosaigh siad ag craoladh cláir go beo ar an suíomh idirlín tg4.tv.

== Scannáin ==

In 2024, bhain an scannán ''[[Kneecap (scannán)|KNEECAP]]'', a mhaoinigh TG4 i gcomhpháirt le maoinitheoirí eile, aitheantas domhanda amach ag féilte agus gradaim scannánaíochta éagsúla, lena n-áirítear Gradam an Lucht Féachana ag [[Féile Scannán Sundance]] agus roinnt gradam ag Gradaim Scannán Neamhspleách na Breataine (BIFA). Lean scannáin eile de chuid Chine4 de bheith faoi bhláth an bhliain sin freisin, ina measc ''[[Fréamhacha (scannán)|Fréwaka]]'' agus ''[[Fidil Ghorm]]''; bhuaigh ''Fidil Ghorm'' Gradam an Lucht Féachana ag Féile Scannán Idirnáisiúnta Newport Beach i California.&lt;ref name=&quot;tuarascail2024&quot; /&gt;

Sa bhliain 2025 craoladh ''[[Nollaí (scannán)|Nollaí]]'' den chéad uair, scannán teaghlaigh [[An Nollaig|Nollag]] a choimisiúnaigh TG4 in éineacht le [[S4C]] agus [[BBC Thuaisceart Éireann|BBC TÉ]], i nGaeilge agus i mBreatnais faoi seach. B'é an chéad uair scannán beochana riamh dar cruthaíodh mar chomhléiriú idir an trí stát.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|date=10 Nollaig 2025|title=Súil na Seachtaine|journal=[[Seachtain (nuachtán)|Seachtain]]|pages=lch 4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|date=28 Samhain 2025|url=https://xn--anpipar-jwa8e.ie/2025/11/tg4-bbc-agus-s4c-le-comhleiriu-ceannrodaioch-do-theaghlaigh-a-chraoladh-an-nollag-seo/|title=TG4, BBC agus S4C le comhléiriú ceannródaíoch do theaghlaigh a chraoladh an Nollag seo|journal=[[An Páipéar (nuachtán)|An Páipéar]]|issue=57}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tuaisceart Éireann ==

Mar pháirt de [[Comhaontú Aoine an Chéasta|Chomhaontú Aoine an Chéasta]] sa bhliain 1998, cuireadh TG4 (nó TnG mar a bhí sé) ar fáil i d[[Tuaisceart Éireann]]. Sa bhliain 2005, thosaigh sé ag craoladh go hoifigiúil ón tarchuradóir úd Divis gar do Bhéal Feirste.

== Aitheantas agus duaiseanna ==

Thuill dhá shaothar an-éagsúil mórdhuais agus aitheantas speisialta do TG4 ag comórtas tábhachtach Eorpach, Circom 2011, a tionóladh i Frederikstad san [[An Iorua|Iorua]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tg4.ie/ie/corporate/news-releases/2011/120411.html Nuacht Ráitis » 2011 » 12.04 - Aitheantas Eorpach do shaothar TG4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115181136/http://www.tg4.ie/ie/corporate/news-releases/2011/120411.html |date=2012-01-15 }}. Is é Circom cónaidhm na stáisiún réigiúnach teilifíse san Eoraip, os cionn 300 stáisiún ar fad as 38 tír. Tá ard-mheas ar a chuid comórtas agus bíonn caighdeán an-ard i gceist gach bliain.&lt;/ref&gt; Thug an scannán [[An Píopa (scannán)|''An Píopa'']] an phríomhdhuais Faisnéise leis agus tugadh aitheantas agus moladh speisialta don tsraith [[Gualainn le Gualainn (clár teilifíse)|''Gualainn le Gualainn'']], stair an rugbaí in Éirinn, sa duaisaicme do chláracha spóirt. Is í seo an ceathrú uair le deich mbliana a bhfuair cláracha TG4 duaiseanna agus aitheantas ó Circom.

Bronnadh [[Buaic-Ghradam Cumarsáide an Oireachtais|Buaic-Ghradam Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]] ar TG4 don bhliain 2016. An tUachtarán [[Mícheál D. Ó hUiginn]] a bhronn an duais.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Ar TG4 a bhronnfar Buaic-Ghradam Chumarsaide an Oireachtais|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2016/0509/787241-ar-tg4-a-bhronnfar-buaic-ghradam-chumarsaide-an-oireachtais/|date=2016-05-09|language=ga|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Cúla4]]

* [[TG4+1]]

* [[TG4 Foghlaim]]

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

* [http://www.tg4.ie Suíomh oifigiúil]

* [http://www.tg4.tv Sruth beo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228054619/http://www.tg4.tv/ |date=2018-02-28 }}

* Breandán Delap , 'Ar an Taifead: Fís, Fuaim, Focal', (2012)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

{{Teilifís in Éireann}}

[[Catagóir:TG4| ]]

[[Catagóir:Stáisiúin teilifíse na hÉireann]]

[[Catagóir:Meáin na Gaeilge]]

[[Catagóir:Soláthraithe nuachta i nGaeilge]]

[[Catagóir:Soláthraithe Éireannacha nuachta]]

[[Catagóir:Físiriseoireacht na Gaeilge]]

[[Catagóir:Físiriseoireacht]]

[[Catagóir:Cláir theilifíse]]

[[Catagóir:Cláir TG4|*]]

[[Catagóir:Teilifís]]

[[Catagóir:Aipeanna Gaeilge]]

[[Catagóir:Comhlachtaí le Gaeilge]]</text>
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    <title>Ríomheolaíocht</title>
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      <comment>Replaced content with &quot;[[Íomhá:Turing Machine.png|mion|Meaisín Turing]] Tugtar '''ríomheolaíocht''' ar ábhair éagsúla a bhaineann leis an [[ríomhaireacht]], faisnéis agus uathoibriú - mar shampla, anailís teibí ar [[algartam|algartaim]], [[gramadach fhoirmiúil|gramadaigh foirmiúla]], agus ábhair ar nós [[teanga ríomhchlárúcháin|teangacha ríomhchlárúcháin]], dearadh ríomhchláir, [[bogearraí]] agus [[crua-earraí ríomhaire]].    Is réimsí lárnach don ríomheol...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2287" sha1="kci27q0sl4micjsbatef9zy960v4u5e" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Turing Machine.png|mion|Meaisín Turing]]
Tugtar '''ríomheolaíocht''' ar ábhair éagsúla a bhaineann leis an [[ríomhaireacht]], faisnéis agus uathoibriú - mar shampla, anailís teibí ar [[algartam|algartaim]], [[gramadach fhoirmiúil|gramadaigh foirmiúla]], agus ábhair ar nós [[teanga ríomhchlárúcháin|teangacha ríomhchlárúcháin]], dearadh ríomhchláir, [[bogearraí]] agus [[crua-earraí ríomhaire]].  

Is réimsí lárnach don ríomheolaíocht iad [[Algartam]] agus [[Struchtúir Shonraí]]. Baineann Teoiric Ríomha le fadhbanna ríomhaireachta agus iad a réiteach trí Modhanna Ríomhaireachta Teibigh. Is ionann [[Cripteagrafaíocht]] agus staidéar a dhéanamh ar modhanna chun cumarsáid slán a chinntiú 

== Réimsí ==
=== Ríomheolaíocht theoiriciúil ===
* Teoiric ríomha 
* Teoiric faisnéise agus códaithe
* Struchtúir sonraí agus algartaim
* Teoiric teanga ríomhchlarúcháin agus modhanna foirmiúla

=== Ríomheolaíocht Fheidhmeach ===
* [[Ríomhghrafaic]] agus léirshamhlú
* Próiseáil íomhánna agus fuaime
* Eolaíocht ríomhaireachtúil, airgeadas agus innealtóireacht
* Ríomhaireacht shóisialta agus idirghníomhaíocht daoine le ríomhairí
* [[Innealtóireacht bogearraí]]
* [[Intleacht shaorga]]

=== Córais ríomhaireachta ===
* Ailtireacht ríomhairí agus eagrúchán
* Ríomhaireacht chomhreathach, chomhuaineach agus dháilte
* [[Líonra ríomhaireachta|Líonraí ríomhairí]]
* Slándáil ríomhaireachta agus cripteagrafaíocht
* [[Bunachar sonraí|Bunachair shonraí]] agus mianadóireacht sonraí

== Crua-earraí ==
* An [[ríomhaire pearsanta]] nó PC
* [[Ríomhaire glúine]]
* Ríomhaire láimhe ar nós an Blackberry ó Research In Motion (RIM) nó an [[iPad]] ó [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
* [[Freastalaí Gréasáin|Freastalaí]] (ríomhaire níos cumhachtaí i g[[Ailtireacht chliaint/freastalaí|córas cliant-freastalaí]])
* Mór-ríomhairí ar nós an System/390 nó S/390 ó [[IBM]].

== Bogearraí ==
* [[Ríomhchlár|Ríomhchláir]]
* [[Feidhmchláir]]
* [[Córas oibriúcháin]]

== Líonraí ==
[[Leathanbhanda]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{Síol-eolaíocht}}
{{Síol-ríomhaireacht}}

[[Catagóir:Eolaíochtaí foirmiúla]]
[[Catagóir:Ríomhaireacht]]
[[Catagóir:Ríomheolaíocht|*]]</text>
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    <title>Crua-earraí ríomhaire</title>
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      <text bytes="5395" sha1="dtzfs2nnxubqrxnofziro50mqx3z19d" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Trealamh Ríomhaireachta}}

Is é an fearas fisiceach as a ndéantar córas ríomhaireachta '''crua-earraí ríomhaire'''. 

I gcodarsnacht leis sin, is é bogearraí an tacar treoracha is féidir le crua-earraí a stóráil agus a rith. Tugtar crua-earraí mar sin toisc go bhfuil sé “crua” nó docht maidir le hathruithe, ach tá bogearraí “bog” toisc go bhfuil sé furasta iad a athrú. 

De ghnáth, treoraíonn na [[bogearraí]] crua-earraí chun aon ordú nó treoir a chur i bhfeidhm. Is éard atá i meascán de chrua-earraí agus [[bogearraí]] ná córas ríomhaireachta inúsáidte, cé go bhfuil córais eile ann nach bhfuil ach crua-earraí iontu.

Déanann crua-earraí ríomhaire ceann de thrí [https://aduk.de/blog/how-to-create-an-effective-monitoring-system/ thasc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125044257/https://aduk.de/blog/how-to-create-an-effective-monitoring-system/ |date=2021-11-25 }}; próiseáil, ionchur, agus aschur. 

== Innealra an ríomhaire pearsanta ==
Is é atá ann i [[ríomhaire pearsanta]] tipiciúil ná cás nó fráma i gcruth deisce nó túir agus na páirteanna seo a leanas:
[[Íomhá:ASRock K7VT4A Pro Mainboard.jpg|thumb|[[Máthairchlár]] tipiciúil le fáil i ríomhaire]]
* [[Máthairchlár]] nó clár córais le sliotáin do chártaí forlíontacha agus páirteanna coinneála ina measc: 
** [[Láraonad próiseála]] (LAP nó CPU an giorrúchán as Béarla)
** [[Cuimhne randamrochtana]] ([[RAM]]) - le haghaidh rith [[ríomhchlár]] agus stóráil sonraí gearrthréimhseach, chun rochtain ar an diosca crua, a bhíonn níos moille, a sheachaint. Is féidir le níos mó RAM an ríomhaire pearsanta a dhéanamh níos tapúla. Bíonn an RAM inbhainte i gcoitinne ó shliotáin ar an máthairchlár.
** Bunchóras ionchurtha/aschurtha (BIOS) nó Comhéadan Dochtearraí Inbhreisithe (EFI) i gcórais níos nua-aimseartha
** [[Bus ríomhaire|Busanna]] :
*** Idirnasc Comhpháirteanna Forimeallach nó PCI
*** PCI Express nó PCI-E
*** Bus Uilíoch Srathach nó USB
*** HyperTransport
*** Comheadán Coitianta Córas nó CSI (á tuar i 2008)
*** Port Grafaice Luathaithe nó AGP (á tharraingt siar de réir a chéile)
*** Ailtireacht Thionscalchaighdeánach nó ISA (as dáta)
*** Ailtireacht Bhreisithe Thionscalchaighdeánach nó EISA (as dáta)
* Soláthar cumhachta - cás ina bhfuil claochladán, rialú voltais, agus (de ghnáth) gaothrán fuaraithe
* Rialaitheoirí stórais IDE, SATA, SCSI nó saghas éigin eile, a rialaíonn diosca crua, diosca bog, CD-ROM agus tiomántáin eile; suíonn na rialaitheoirí go díreach ar an máthairchlár nó ar chárta forlíontach 
* Cárta grafaice a thairgíonn aschur don aonad fístaispeána
* Rialaitheoirí bus ríomhaire (port comhuaineach, port srathach, USB, FireWire) chun an ríomhaire a cheangail le gléasanna seachtracha forimeallacha ar nós printéirí nó scanóirí.
* Saghas éigin stóras inbhainte do ríomhaire nó scríbhneoir meáin:
** Dlúthdhiosca - an saghas meáin inbhainte is coitianta, saor ach sobhriste.
*** Tiomántán CD-ROM
*** Scríbhneoir CDanna
** DVD
*** Tiomántán DVD
*** Scríbhneoir DVDanna 
*** Tiomántán DVD-RAM
** Tiomántán diosca bhoig
** Tiomántán Zip
** Tiomántán USB Flash
** Téipthiomáint - go príomha do chúltaca agus stóras fad-tréimseach.
* Stóras Inmheánach - coinníonn sonraí istigh sa ríomhaire le húsáid níos déanaí.
** Diosca crua - le haghaidh stóráil sonraí meán-tréimhseach.
** Rialaitheoir eagar diosca
* cárta fuaime - aistríonn comharthaí ón chlár córais go leibhéil voltais analógacha, agus ag a bhfuil teirminéil le plugáil isteach i gcallairí.
* Líonrú - ceanglaíonn an ríomhaire leis an [[Idirlíon]] agus/nó ríomhairí eile.
** Móideam - le haghaidh nasc diailithe
** Cárta líonra - le haghaidh nasc idirlín [[Líne Dhigiteach Rannpháirtí|DSL]]/Cábla, agus/nó ceangail le ríomhairí eile.
* Aonaid fhorimeallacha eile

Chomh maith le seo, is féidir comhpháirteanna seachtracha an chórais ríomhaireachta a liostáil faoi chrua-earraí. Tá na samplaí seo a leanas caighdeánach nó an-choiteann.
[[Íomhá:3-Tasten-Maus Microsoft.jpg|thumb|[[Luchóg|Luch]] rotha]]
* Gléasanna ionchur nó aschur
** Gléasanna le haghaidh ionchur téacs
*** [[Méarchlár (ríomhaire)|Méarchlár]]
** Gléasanna pointeála
*** [[Luchóg|Luch]]
*** Rianliathróid
** Gléasanna le haghaidh cluichí ríomhaire
*** Luamhán stiúrtha
*** Pillín cluiche
*** Rialaitheoir cluiche
** Gléasanna le haghaidh ionchur íomhá nó físe
*** Scanóir íomhánna
*** Ceamara gréasáin
** Gléasanna le haghaidh ionchur fuaime
*** Micreafón
* Gléasanna ionchur nó aschur
** Gléasanna aschur íomhánna nó físe
*** Printéir - gléas forimeallach a thairgíonn cruachóip. (scairdphrintéir nó [[printéir léasair]])
*** Monatóir a fhaigheann comharthaí agus a thaispeánann iad. ([[feadán ga-chatóideach]] - CRT - nó taispeáint leachtchriostail - LCD)
** Gléasanna le haghaidh aschur fuaime
*** Callairí - gléas a aistríonn comharthaí fuaime analógacha go creathanna aeir le haghaidh fuaim a chruthú.
*** Cluasáin - gléas atá cosúil le gnáth-luamhán gutháin ach a chuirtear ar an gceann chun na lámha a shaorú.

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Crua-earraí ríomhaire|*]]
[[Catagóir:Ríomhaireacht]]</text>
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      <comment>Replaced content with &quot;Tagraíonn '''ríomhaireacht''' do na feidhmeanna agus úsáidí a bhaintear as innill agus córais ríomhaireachta. Áirítear leis sin na próisis leictreacha a tharlaíonn laistigh de chomhpháirteanna ríomhaireachta ([[crua-earraí]]) agus na sonraí agus na treoracha a bhíonn á bpróiseáil ag na córais sin ([[bogearraí]]). Áirítear leis freisin na coincheapa teoiriciúla lena rialaítear córais ríomhaireachta ([[ríomheolaíocht]]). B'fhiú breathnú a...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1621" sha1="4c0z33b7ppq2nshziqhzr4ad7s6o51t" xml:space="preserve">Tagraíonn '''ríomhaireacht''' do na feidhmeanna agus úsáidí a bhaintear as innill agus córais ríomhaireachta. Áirítear leis sin na próisis leictreacha a tharlaíonn laistigh de chomhpháirteanna ríomhaireachta ([[crua-earraí]]) agus na sonraí agus na treoracha a bhíonn á bpróiseáil ag na córais sin ([[bogearraí]]). Áirítear leis freisin na coincheapa teoiriciúla lena rialaítear córais ríomhaireachta ([[ríomheolaíocht]]). B'fhiú breathnú ar an gcatagóir [[:Catagóir:Ríomhaireacht]] le haghaidh briseadh síos ar na réimsí ríomhaireachta éagsúla.

== Daoine tábhachtacha sa Ríomhaireacht ==
* [[Charles Babbage]]
* [[John Backus]] 
* [[Edsger Dijkstra]]
* [[Bill Gates]] 
* [[Kenneth Iverson]] 
* [[Steve Jobs]]
* [[Donald Knuth]]
* [[Ada Lovelace]]
* [[John von Neumann]] 
* [[Dennis Ritchie]]
* [[Claude E. Shannon]]
* [[Richard Stallman]]
* [[Andrew S. Tanenbaum]]
* [[Ken Thompson]]
* [[Linus Torvalds]]
* [[Alan Turing]] 

== Comhlachtaí ríomhaireachta ==
* [[International Business Machines|IBM]]
* [[Microsoft]]
* [[Google]]
* [[Oracle Corporation]]
* [[SAP]]
* [[Apple Computer]]
* [[Hewlett-Packard]]
* [[Sun Microsystems]]

== Ionchódú ==
* [[ASCII]]
* [[Unicode]]

== Teangacha ríomhchlárúcháin ==
* [[C (Teanga ríomhchlárúcháin)]]
* [[Java]]
* [[Teanga Struchtúrtha Iarratas|SQL]]

== Clárúchán ==
* [[AJAX]]

== Feidhmchláir ==
* [[Brabhsálaí Gréasáin]]
* [[Podchraoladh]]
* [[Blag|Blagadóireacht]]

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Ríomhaireacht chandamach]]

{{stumpa}}
&lt;!---Idirvicí---&gt;

{{DEFAULTSORT:Riomhaireacht}}
[[Catagóir:Ríomhaireacht| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alagoas</title>
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      <comment>Replaced content with &quot;{{glanadh}} {{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}} Is stát beag sa [[an Bhrasaíl|Bhrasaíl]] é '''Alagoas''' atá suite in oirthuaisceart na [[tír]]e. Is é [[Maceió]] príomhchathair an stáit, agus is é Teotônio Vilela an gobharnóir. Tá 2,822,621 duine ina gcónaí sa stát ([[2000]]).  == Cathracha == * [[Arapiraca]] * [[Coruripe]] * [[Maceió]] * [[Maragogi]]  * [[Palmeira dos Indios]] * [[Santana do Ipanema]] * [[União dos Palmares]]  {{Stáit agus r...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="530" sha1="kiqkk5p9f5s6fc2vkhy7xnd5oy3q6wu" xml:space="preserve">{{glanadh}}
{{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}}
Is stát beag sa [[an Bhrasaíl|Bhrasaíl]] é '''Alagoas''' atá suite in oirthuaisceart na [[tír]]e. Is é [[Maceió]] príomhchathair an stáit, agus is é Teotônio Vilela an gobharnóir. Tá 2,822,621 duine ina gcónaí sa stát ([[2000]]).

== Cathracha ==
* [[Arapiraca]]
* [[Coruripe]]
* [[Maceió]]
* [[Maragogi]] 
* [[Palmeira dos Indios]]
* [[Santana do Ipanema]]
* [[União dos Palmares]]

{{Stáit agus réigiúin na Brasaíle}}

[[Catagóir:Stáit na Brasaíle]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Foirmle a hAon</title>
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      <comment>Replaced content with &quot;{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}  [[Íomhá:Mercedes W 196 mit 3-l-Motor (Fangio) 1986-08-16.jpg|mion|left|Íomhá den Mercedes Benz W196 lena bhuaigh Juan Manuel Fangio teidil 1954 agus 1955.]] Is rangú [[Rásaíocht mótair|rásaíochta mótar]] é '''Foirmle a hAon''', nó '''F1''' mar a ghlaotar air ina leagan ghiorraithe. 'Sé an rangú is airde é ó thaobh [[Rásaíocht mótair|rásaíocht]] roth oscailte sa [[An Domhan|domhain]]. Ó [[1950]], nuair a thosna...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2844" sha1="a1fa1xajequrfibt6h96qo3fkn9ak01" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}

[[Íomhá:Mercedes W 196 mit 3-l-Motor (Fangio) 1986-08-16.jpg|mion|left|Íomhá den Mercedes Benz W196 lena bhuaigh Juan Manuel Fangio teidil 1954 agus 1955.]]
Is rangú [[Rásaíocht mótair|rásaíochta mótar]] é '''Foirmle a hAon''', nó '''F1''' mar a ghlaotar air ina leagan ghiorraithe. 'Sé an rangú is airde é ó thaobh [[Rásaíocht mótair|rásaíocht]] roth oscailte sa [[An Domhan|domhain]]. Ó [[1950]], nuair a thosnaigh Foirmle a hAon go hoifigiúil, tá an spórt tar éis athrú go mór, ó [[Gluaisteán|carr]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;anna malla, móra, mí-sábháilte, go carranna gur féidir leo dul ó 0 km/h go 100 km/h i cúpla soicind. I [[2006]] beidh an spórt ag úsáid imeall V8 don chéad uair leis na cianta, tar éis dóibh an V10 a úsáid ar feadh timpeall 10 mbliana.

=== Stair Foirmle a hAon ===
Thosnaigh Foirmle a hAon go hoifigiúil sa bhliain 1950, nuair a chuireadh an Grand Prix ar siúil sa [[An Bhreatain|Bhreatain]]. Bhuaigh an [[An Iodáil|Iodálach]] Giuseppe Farina an rás sin i [[Silverstone]], and lean sé leis chun an chraobh iomlán a bhuachaint, ó a chomráid foireann Juan Manuel Fangio. Sna blianta tosaigh, ní raibh sábháilteacht na tiománaithe ná an lucht fhéachanna in aigne aon duine, agus ba mhinic gur maraíodh daoine toisc seo.

Ar feadh na céad cúpla bliain, bhí Alfa Romeo mar an príomh-fhoireann, le [[Ferrari]] ag teacht chun cinn tar éis cúpla bliain lena tiománaí Alberto Ascari. Cúpla bliain níos déanaí agus tháinig [[Mercedes]] chun cinn lena carr nua radacacha agus an tiománaí ab fhearr ag an am, Fangio. Ach bliain tar éis teach isteach sa spóirt, d'imigh siad arís tar éis tubaiste mhór ag an rás 24 uair a'chloig ag [[Le Mans]]. 

=== Na hidirbhlianta ===
Ó shin i leith, tá roinnt foireann éagsúla tar éis an chraobh a bhuachaint, ach tá trí foireann tar éis teach chun cinn mar an trí fhoireann ab fhearr. 'Siad sin ná Ferrari, [[McLaren]] agus [[Williams]]. Idir an triúir acu, táid tar éis 31 craobh dhomhanda na déantóirí a bhuachaint, le linn an 48 bhliain atá an chraobh sin ag rith (Níor tosnaíodh craobh do na déantóirí go dtí [[1958]]).

=== Le déanaí ===
Le deich mbliana anuas, tá Ferrari tar éis teach amach mar cheann de na foirne ab fhearr, ag buachaint sé craobh na déantóirí agus cúig craobh na tiománaithe i ndiaidh a chéile, le mórán cabhair ón tiománaí cáiliúil [[Michael Schumacher]]. Cuireadh stop leis an dá sraith sin sa bhliain [[2005]], nuair a thóg [[Renault]] agus [[Fernando Alonso]] an dá chraobh sin uathu.

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
[https://www.formula1.com/ Suíomh oifigiúil]

[[Catagóir:Foirmle a hAon]]
[[Catagóir:Spórt]]
{{Teimpléad:Foirne Foirmle a hAon}}
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  <page>
    <title>Ríomhaire</title>
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      <text bytes="37687" sha1="9ku4szep4bq71l5nfgjtepxmhuki6w5" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Amiga 1000 system with sidecar.jpg|thumb|right|Seo an ríomhaire úd Commodore Amiga 1000, ón mbliain [[1985]]. B'é [[Jay Miner]] a dhear an ríomhaire seo.]]

Is é an rud atá sa '''ríomhaire''' ná [[meaisín]] leictreonach agus é ag láimhdeachas sonraí de réir threoracha réamhdhéanta uimhriúla agus loighciúla. Cuirtear na sonraí isteach ([[ionchur|an t-ionchur]]), agus i ndiaidh a bpróiseála, baintear na torthaí amach ar shlí éigin ([[aschur|an t-aschur]]). 

Bhí na ríomhairí ba sine an-mhór, nó bhí seomra mór ag teastáil le háit a fháil do cheann acu. D'imigh sin agus tháinig seo, áfach: inniu, tá sé indéanta ó thaobh na teicneolaíochta de ríomhairí beaga a shuíomh, nó a &quot;leabú&quot; mar a deirtear, i ngléasanna éagsúla cosúil le róbait tionsclaíocha, ceamaraí digiteacha, agus, fiú, bréagáin do na páistí. 

Tá na ríomhairí an-aclaí ag láimhseáil sonraí, i bhfad níos aclaí ná na h[[Áireamhán|áireamháin]]. Aon dá ríomhaire a bhfuil an acmhainn chéanna iontu, is féidir leo na tascanna céanna a chomhlíonadh, ar acht go dtabharfar na treoracha céanna dóibh. 

Tá roinnt cineálacha éagsúla ríomhairí ann. Ina measc, tá:
* [[Sár-ríomhaire|Sár-ríomhairí]] - na ríomhairí is luaithe ar an domhan.
* [[Mór-ríomhaire lárnach|Mór-ríomhairí]] - ríomhairí móra a bhíonn in úsáid ag ollscoileanna agus ag forais phoiblí le freastal ar a gcuid gnáthriachtanaisí ríomhaireachta agus próiseála sonraí. Tugtar ''ríomhairí mórfhráma'' orthu freisin.
* [[Micriríomhaire|Micriríomhairí]] - ríomhairí ina n-úsáidtear micreaphróiseálaí 
* [[Ríomhaire pearsanta|Ríomhairí Pearsanta]] - micriríomhairí in úsáid phearsanta
* [[Ríomhaire leabaithe|Ríomhairí leabaithe]] - ríomhairí atá suite i ngléasanna teicneolaíochta agus tasc éigin sách teoranta acu
* [[Ríomhaire boise|Ríomhairí boise]] - ríomhairí ar féidir leat ceann acu a iompar i do lámh. Tugtar &quot;cúntóirí pearsanta digiteacha&quot; orthu freisin.
* [[Ríomhaire glúine|Ríomhairí glúine]] - ríomhairí ar féidir leat ceann acu a choinneáil ar do ghlúin.

== Stair an Ríomhaire ==

Is deacair stair an ríomhaire a scaradh ó stair an [[Áireamhán|áireamháin]], ach is féidir a mhaíomh go n-aithnítear an ríomhaire ar an in-ríomhchláraitheacht. Dá réir sin, d'fhéadfá a rá gurbh é seol fíodóireachta [[Joseph Marie Jacquard]] an chéad ríomhaire a bhí ann. Thóg Jacquard a sheol in-ríomhchláraithe sa bhliain [[1801]], agus é ag baint úsáid as cártaí pollta páipéir lena chur ar chumas a ghléis múnlaí casta a fhí go huathoibríoch. 

B'é [[Charles Babbage]] an chéad duine ar rith coincheap an áireamháin in-ríomhchláraithe leis - &quot;an meaisín anailíseach&quot; a thug sé ar an aireagán. Ní raibh i gceist riamh, áfach, ach dearadh teoiriciúil, nó níor thóg sé an meaisín riamh. 

Sa bhliain [[1890]], dhear [[Herman Hollerith]], innealtóir [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]] de phór na [[An Ghearmáin|Gearmáine]], meaisín táblúcháin le haghaidh daonáirimh. B'é an comhlacht úd ''Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation'' - réamhtheachtaire an chomhlachta úd [[IBM]] - a thóg na meaisíní. Meaisíní próiseála sonraí mórscála a bhí iontu, agus iad i dtuilleamaí na gcártaí pollta leis na sonraí a choinneáil i dtaisce. I ndeireadh na [[19ú haois|naoú haoise déag]], tháinig go leor aireagán nua teicneolaíochta ar an bhfód a bhí le luas a chur le forbairt an ríomhaire, cosúil leis an gcárta pollta, ailgéabar [[George Boole|Boole]], an [[folúsfheadán]], agus an [[teiliprintéir]].

I rith an chéad leath den [[20ú haois|fhichiú haois]], bhí na ríomhairí analógacha ag forbairt go sciobtha, agus iad ag freastal ar a lán riachtanaisí ríomhaireachta san [[eolaíocht]]. Bhí na ríomhairí seo bunaithe ar shamhail mheicniúil nó leictreonach den fhadhb fhisiciúil a bhí le fuascailt. Ní raibh an chuid ba mhó de na &quot;ríomhairí&quot; seo in-ríomhchláraithe, áfach, agus ní raibh siad chomh hilúsáideach le ríomhairí digiteacha ár linne féin.

Sna 1930idí agus sna 1940idí, bhí an ríomhaireacht ag forbairt go sciobtha, agus na meaisíní ag teacht sna sálaí ag a chéile. Na saintréithe is mó a shamhlaímid leis an ríomhaire inniu, tháinig siad in úsáid de réir a chéile. Sa bhliain 1937, chéadcheap Claude Shannon an leictreonaic dhigiteach mar choincheap, agus ba chéim thábhachtach é i dtreo an ríomhaire nua-aoisigh, ach is deacair an chéad fhíor-ríomhaire digiteach a ainmniú le siúráilteacht. I measc na luathríomhairí tábhachtacha, bhí na cinn seo thíos:

* Meaisíní leictrimheicniúla [[Konrad Zuse]], nó &quot;Sraith Z&quot;, mar a thug sé ar a chuid meaisíní. Bhí Konrad Zuse ag obair sa Ghearmáin le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, agus ní raibh ciall ná tuiscint ag na Naitsithe dá chuid oibre. Mar sin, bhí Zuse ar an mblár fholamh an chuid ba mhó den am, agus é scartha dealaithe ag an gcogadh ó lárionaid mhóra na luathríomhaireachta sna tíortha Angla-Mheiriceánacha. An meaisín a thóg sé sa bhliain 1941, &quot;Z3&quot;, bhí sé in-ríomhchláraithe, agus teanga ríomhchlárúcháin dá chuid féin, an ''Plankalkül'' (&quot;an Calcalas Pleanála&quot;), in úsáid ag Zuse leis an meaisín a oibriú. Sa bhliain 1998, tháinig na saineolaithe ar an gconclúid gur ríomhaire iomlán ab ea &quot;Z3&quot; de réir na gcoinníollacha a bhí leagtha amach ag [[Alan Turing]]. Bhí uimhríocht dhénártha agus uimhríocht snámhphointe ag &quot;Z3&quot;.

* Ríomhaire Atanasoff-Berry. Bhí an ceann seo in ann naoi gcothromóid líneach is fiche a fhuascailt go comhuaineach, ach ní raibh sé ábalta aon rud eile a dhéanamh, ós rud é nach raibh sé in-ríomhchláraithe dháiríre. Tógadh sa bhliain 1937 é i gColáiste Stáit Iowa, ach fágadh ag bailiú dusta é, nuair a bhí lucht a thógála ag teastáil ón Stát le freastal ar riachtanaisí an chogaidh. Bhí an ríomhaire seo i dtuilleamaí na bhfolúsfheadán, nuair nach raibh [[Trasraitheoir|trasraitheoirí]] ná [[Micrishlis|micrishliseanna]] ann go fóill, agus cuimhne aige a bhí bunaithe ar na [[Toilleoir (leictreonaic)|toilleoirí]]. 

* Sraith Colossus. B'é an t-innealtóir Sasanach Tommy Flowers a dhear an chéad cheann acu seo sa bhliain 1943. Sraith de ríomhairí rúnda a bhí iontu agus na Sasanaigh ag baint leasa astu leis na cóid Ghearmánacha a bhriseadh. Bhí na ríomhairí seo in-ríomhchláraithe, ar bhealach, nó chaithfeá na sreanga a chur i malairt áit leis an ngléas a &quot;ríomhchlárú&quot; in athuair. Ní shásódh ceann de na meaisíní seo coinníollacha Turing, ach oiread le ríomhaire Atanasoff-Berry, áfach.

* Harvard Mark I, ón mbliain 1944. B'é Howard Hathaway Aiken a dhear an ceann seo, agus b'é an comhlacht úd IBM a thóg é. B'é an chéad ríomhaire digiteach mórscála a tógadh sna Stáit Aontaithe, ach ní raibh sé in-ríomhchláraithe ach ar éigean.

* [[ENIAC]]. B'í Saotharlann Taighde na Balaistíochta ag Arm na Stát Aontaithe a thóg an ríomhaire seo go gairid i ndiaidh an Dara Cogadh Domhanda. Bhí an meaisín ag baint úsáide as uimhríocht dheachúil, murab ionann agus an uimhríocht dhénártha is gnách linn a shamhlú leis na ríomhairí. B'é ENIAC an chéad ríomhaire leictreonach a bhí ceaptha le haghaidh cuspóirí ginearálta, ach i dtús báire, bhí [[Ailtireacht (ríomhairí)|ailtireacht]] an-dolúbtha aige, is é sin, ní fhéadfá é a ath-ríomhchlárú (ach oiread le ríomhairí na sraithe Sasanaí úd Colossus) gan na sreanganna leictreacha a chur i malairt áiteanna.

Iad siúd a chruthaigh ENIAC, ní raibh siad mall ag aithint a laigí. Sa deireadh, dhear siad ailtireacht nua ríomhchláraitheachta a bhí i bhfad ní ba solúbtha, mar atá, ailtireacht na ríomhchlár stóráilte, nó ailtireacht von Neumann. B'é [[John von Neumann]], duine de cheannródaithe na ríomhaireachta, ba thúisce a thug cur síos ar an dearadh seo i bpáipéar taighde a d'fhoilsigh sé sa bhliain 1945. Faoin am seo, thosaigh a lán tionscadal ar an bhfód le triail a bhaint as ailtireacht na ríomhchláracha stóráilte. Tógadh an chéad ríomhaire a bhí i dtuilleamaí na hailtireachta seo i Manchain sa Ríocht Aontaithe - SSEM, nó an &quot;Meaisín Turgnamhach Mionscála&quot; (&quot;Small-Scale Experimental Machine&quot;). Ní raibh i gceist leis an SSEM ach an chéad triail. An chéad ríomhaire den chineál seo a bhí in ann tascanna praiticiúla a chur i gcrích, mar atá, EDSAC - &quot;Áireamhán Uathoibríoch Leictreonach Mallstórais&quot; - b'iad an tOllamh Maurice Wilkes agus a fhoireann a thóg é i Saotharlann na Matamaitice in Ollscoil Cambridge.

Sa pháipéar a chuir tús leis na trialacha seo, thug von Neumann cur síos ar ríomhaire ar ar thug sé EDVAC, nó &quot;Ríomhaire Uathoibríoch Leictreonach na nAthróg Scoite&quot;, ach níor tógadh an ríomhaire sin roimh an mbliain 1949, agus níor tháinig sé in úsáid ach i dtús na gcaogaidí. 

Na ríomhairí a bhíonn in úsáid inniu, tá a bhformhór bunaithe ar ailtireacht na ríomhchláracha stóráilte, agus is ar an ailtireacht seo a aithnítear an &quot;ríomhaire&quot; mar choincheap ar na saolta seo. Mar sin, is iomaí &quot;ríomhaire&quot; stairiúil nach mbeadh ina ríomhaire ar aon nós de réir chritéir an lae inniu. Cé gurb iomaí craiceann a chuir teicneolaíocht na ríomhairí di ó laethanta von Neumann anuas, tá coincheap an ríomhaire féin bunaithe ar an ailtireacht a chéadcheap sé.

Na ríomhairí a bhí in úsáid sna 1950idí, bhí siad bunaithe ar an bhfolúsfheadán. Sna 1960idí, tháinig an trasraitheoir in ionad an fholúsfheadáin, rud a chuir ar cumas na ndearthóirí ríomhairí ní b'éifeachtúla a shuí i spás i bhfad ní ba lú ná roimhe sin. Le teacht na dtrasraitheoirí, thosaigh olltáirgeadh na ríomhairí. 

Sna 1970idí, arís, thóg an teicneolaíocht an chéad léim eile chun tosaigh, nuair a tháinig na [[Ciorcad iomlánaithe|ciorcaid iomlánaithe]] agus na [[Micreaphróiseálaí|micreaphróiseálaithe]] in úsáid. Snas 1980idí, bhí sé indéanta ríomhaire chomh beag a thógáil is go dtoillfeadh sé isteach, abair, i meaisín níocháin. Faoin am céanna, chuaigh na ríomhairí baile agus na ríomhairí pearsanta i bhfairsinge. Ó tháinig borradh gan a leithéid ar an [[Idirlíon]] ó lár na nóchaidí anuas, d'éirigh an ríomhaire lán chomh coitianta, beagnach, leis an teileafón agus an teilifíseán.

== Ailtireacht na Ríomhchlár Stóráilte ==

Is é an rud ar a n-aithnítear na ríomhairí thar na meaisíní eile ná gur féidir na ríomhairí a ríomhchlárú, is é sin, gur féidir oideas a thabhairt dóibh a chuireann ag comhlíonadh tasc ar leith iad, gur féidir leo an t-oideas seo a choinneáil ar stóras agus a chomhlíonadh arís, agus gur féidir malairt oideas a chur ina áit arís. 

Sa chuid is mó de na cásanna, bíonn na treoracha seo an-simplí: cuir an uimhir seo leis an uimhir úd, aistrigh na sonraí sin ó áit go háit eile, seol teachtaireacht chuig gléas eachtrach éigin, agus mar sin de. Léitear na treoracha seo as cuimhne an ríomhaire agus iad á rith, go ginearálta, san ordú inar tugadh iad. Thairis sin, áfach, bíonn treoracha speisialta ann a ordaíonn don ríomhaire léim a thógáil chun tosaigh nó ar ais go háit eile sa ríomhchlár agus leanúint leis ag rith an ríomhchláir ón áit sin ar aghaidh. Tugtar treoir bhrainseála nó treoir léime ar a leithéid.

An dóigh a mbíonn ríomhchlár á rith, tá sé cineál cosúil leis an dóigh a mbíonn an duine ag léamh leabhair. An chuid is mó den am, léann sé focal i ndiaidh focail agus líne i ndiaidh líne, ach uaireanta, is féidir dó filleadh ar ais go dtí pointe áirithe nó droichead a dhéanamh de mhír nó de chaibidil nach gcuireann sé suim inti. Cosúil leis sin, is féidir don ríomhaire, ó am go ham, dul ar ais agus na treoracha i rannóg éigin den ríomhchlár a dhéanamh agus a athdhéanamh uair i ndiaidh a chéile go dtí go mbeidh coinníoll inmheánach éigin sa ríomhchlár comhlíonta. Tugtar sreabhadh rialúcháin taobh istigh den ríomhchlár ar an tsaintréith áirithe seo, agus is é an rud a chuireann ar cumas an ríomhaire tascanna a dhéanamh agus a athdhéanamh gan ordú ar leith a fháil ón duine gach uair.

An duine atá ag úsáid áireamhán póca, is féidir leis bunoibríochtaí uimhríochta a chur i gcrích ag brú ar chúpla cnaipe ar mhéarchlár an áireamháin. Ach dá dtabharfaí air gach uimhir ó 1 go 1,000 a chur le chéile, chaithfeadh sé an chnaipe chéanna a bhrú míle uair, rud a thógfadh dreas maith ama air, agus is dócha go ndéanfadh sé botún. Ón taobh eile de, is féidir an tasc céanna a fhágáil faoi ríomhaire le cúpla treoir shimplí. Féach an sampla seo: 

         mov      #0,sum     ; socraigh an athróg úd &quot;sum&quot; (suim) ar 0
         mov      #1,num     ; socraigh an athróg úd &quot;num&quot; (uimhir) ar 1
 loop:   add      num,sum    ; cuir luach na hathróige &quot;num&quot; le luach na hathróige &quot;sum&quot;
         add      #1,num     ; cuir 1 le luach na hathróige &quot;num&quot;
         cmp      num,#1000  ; cuir &quot;num&quot; i gcomparáid le 1000
         ble      loop       ; mura sáraíonn &quot;num&quot; 1000 go fóill, fill ar an lúb (&quot;loop&quot;)
         halt                ; deireadh an ríomhchláir, scor den rith

Nuair a ordófar don ríomhaire an ríomhchlár seo a rith, cuirfidh sé an suimiú agus an t-athshuimiú seo i gcrích gan tuilleadh treorach ón duine atá á oibriú. Ní dhéanfaidh sé botún ach go fíorannamh, agus is féidir leis an ríomhaire pearsanta nua-aimseartha tasc den chineál seo a chríochnú i rith aon mhilliúnú cuid den tsoicind.

Agus an méid sin ráite, is follas nach féidir leis an ríomhaire a mharana féin a dhéanamh ar an tasc - nuair a thabharfar treoracha dó sa ríomhchlár, cuirfidh sé i gcrích iad gan a mhalairt de mhodh oibre a mholadh, agus má iompaíonn sé amach go bhfuil fabht éigin sa ríomhchlár féin, ní aithneoidh an ríomhaire é (mura bhfuil earráid chomhréire i gceist, is é sin, treoir a sháraíonn rialacha na teanga ríomhchlárúcháin, ionas nach féidir leis an ríomhaire aon chiall a bhaint as an ríomhchlár). An duine a chaithfeadh an tasc suimithe thuas a chur i gcrích, is dócha go mbeadh a fhios aige an chothromóid seo thíos:

: &lt;math&gt;1+2+3+...+n = {{n(n+1)} \over 2}&lt;/math&gt;

agus ní thógfadh sé mórán ama air, ansin, teacht ar an tsuim cheart, mar atá, 500,500. An ríomhaire, áfach, chloífeadh sé leis na treoracha a tugadh dó, beag beann ar chomh neamhéifeachtúil a bheidís i gcomparáid le modhanna fuascailte eile.

== Na Ríomhchláir ==

Bíonn na ríomhchláir (nó na ríomhoidis, mar a thugann Gaeilgeoirí áirithe orthu freisin) iontach éagsúil ó thaobh an ábhair de. Is féidir nach bhfuil ach dosaen de threoracha i gceann amháin acu, ach ón taobh eile de, bíonn feidhmchláir na ríomhairí pearsanta - na cláir théacsphróiseála agus na brabhsálaithe gréasáin, mar shampla - chomh mór millteanach is gur féidir na millte treoracha a bheith iontu. Le ríomhchláir chomh fada a scríobh, ní leor aon fhoireann amháin a fhostú, ach nuair a bhíonn foirne éagsúla ag obair beag beann ar a chéile, bíonn ag teip orthu uaireanta a gcuid oibre a chomhordnú go sásúil. Mar sin, fágtar loicht nó botúin sa ríomhchlár a dtugtar fabhtaí orthu. Cuid áirithe de na fabhtaí, ní chuireann siad isteach ná amach ar rith an chláir, ach cuid eile acu, is féidir leo an clár a thuairteáil go hiomlán, ionas go gcaithfear an ríomhaire a atosú. Tá fabhtaí eile ann fós a fhágann an ríomhaire gan chosaint ar ionsaithe mailíseacha ón taobh amuigh - fabhtaí slándála. Ní hé an ríomhaire is cúis leis na fabhtaí, ach easpa faire an dearthóra a rinne an ríomhchlár.

Sa chuid is mó de na ríomhairí, stóráiltear na ríomhchláir i bhfoirm meaisínchóid, agus a huimhir féin (a cód oibríochta, mar a thugtar uirthi) ag dul le gach treoir ar leith. An treoir a d'ordódh don ríomhaire dhá uimhir a chur le chéile, bheadh cód oibríochta áirithe aici, an treoir a thabharfadh air ceann acu a mhéadú faoin gceann eile, bheadh cód eile aici, agus mar sin de. Bíonn na ríomhairí is simplí ábalta a rogha a bhaint as dornán de threoracha éagsúla, na cinn is casta, arís, bíonn fáil acu ar na céadta acu, agus a cód uimhriúil féin ag gach treoir. Ós rud é go bhfuil cuimhne an ríomhaire in ann uimhríocha a choinneáil ar stóras, is féidir léi, fosta, na treoirchóid a stóráil. Ós rud é nach bhfuil i ríomhchlár ar leith ach liosta treoracha, agus na treoracha féin uimhrithe, is féidir ríomhchláir a láimhdeachas taobh istigh den ríomhaire mar liostaí d'uimhreacha.

Is í an phríomhfhadhb a bhaineann le hailtireacht von Neumann, nó ailtireacht na ríomhchlár stóráilte, ná go gcoinnítear an ríomhchlár i gcuimhne an ríomhaire i bhfoirm uimhriúil, cosúil leis na sonraí a mbaineann an ríomhchlár a chasadh féin astu. I gcásanna áirithe, d'fhéadfadh an ríomhaire an ríomhchlár a choinneáil i dtaisce i gcuimhne ar leith, scartha ó chuimhne na sonraí. Tugtar ailtireacht Harvard ar an ailtireacht ríomhaireachta seo, agus í ainmnithe as an ríomhaire úd Harvard Mark I. Cé go bhfuil na ríomhairí comhaimseartha bunaithe ar ailtireacht von Neumann, tá saintréithre áirithe ag roinnt leo a chuirfeadh ailtireacht Harvard i gcuimhne duit, cosúil le [[cuimhne taisce]] an [[Láraonad próiseála|láraonaid phróiseála]].

Is féidir an ríomhaire a ríomhchlárú trí liostaí fada uimhreacha a thabhairt dó, uimhreacha a cheanglóidh an ríomhaire leis na treoracha cearta ansin. Ríomhchlárú i meaisínteanga a thugtar ar an modh oibre seo. Bíonn sé leadránach ag an duine daonna, áfach, an cineál seo oibre a dhéanamh, nó tá sé níos fearr neamónaigh - ainmneacha a chuidíonn le cuimhne an duine - a thabhairt ar na treoracha éagsúla atá níos cosúla le teanga an duine - neamónaigh cosúil le JUMP (ó ''jump'' an Bhéarla, is é sin, léim), MULT (ó ''multiplication'' an Bhéarla, is é sin, méadú), ADD (ó ''addition'' an Bhéarla, nó suimiú) agus SUB (ó ''subtraction'' an Bhéarla, nó dealú). Tugtar teanga dhíolama ar na neamónaigh seo. Úsáidtear ríomhchlár ar leith, mar atá, díolamóir, leis an teanga dhíolama a aistriú go meaisínteanga. De ghnáth, bíonn a mheaisínteanga agus a theanga dhíolama féin ag cineál áirithe ríomhaire, agus mar sin, tugtar &quot;teangacha íseal-leibhéil&quot; ar na meaisínteangacha agus ar na teangacha díolama - ní bhíonn siad ag obair ach ar &quot;íseal-leibhéal&quot; an mheaisín áirithe sin.

Cé go bhfuil sé níos éasca ríomhchlár a scríobh i dteanga dhíolama, tá sé sách deacair agus sách leadránach, agus bíonn sé furasta go leor earráidí clárúcháin a dhéanamh. Mar sin, is gnách an chuid is mó de na ríomhchláir chasta a bhreacadh síos i gceann de na teangacha ardleibhéil. Is iad na teangacha seo is mó a bhíonn i gceist againn nuair a bhímid ag tagart do theangacha ríomhchlárúcháin sa ghnáthchaint, agus ainmneacha orthu mar Ada, ALGOL, BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, Fortran, Pascal, Visual Basic agus eile. Arís, ní mór an ríomhchlár a aistriú ón teanga ardleibhéil go meaisínteanga le go mbeadh an ríomhaire ábalta bun nó barr a dhéanamh de, is é sin, tiomsaitheoir. Ós rud é go bhfuil a mheaisínteanga féin ag gach cineál ríomhaire, ní mór tiomsaitheoirí difriúla a dhearadh le haghaidh na meaisíní éagsúla le go bhféadfaidís ciall a bhaint as an teanga ardleibhéil chéanna.

Tógann sé an-saothar ar na ríomhinnealtóirí ríomhchlár mór fada a scríobh a bheadh ag obair go sásúil, agus is é an taithí atá ag lucht na ceirde seo leis na blianta fada anuas nach mbíonn sé indéanta an obair a chríochnú in am. Tá brainse iomlán eolaíochta ann - innealtóireacht na mbogearraí - le taighde a dhéanamh ar fhadhbanna ríomhchlárúcháin agus le fuascailtí a mholadh.

== An Dóigh a nOibríonn na Ríomhairí ==

Tá ceithre phríomhpháirt i ngnáthríomhaire, mar atá, an t-aonad loighce agus uimhríochta, an t-aonad rialúcháin, an chuimhne, agus na gléasanna ionchuir is aschuir. Tá na haonaid seo nasctha dá chéile le busanna. Gléasanna ceangailte iad na busanna a bhfuil grúpaí de cháblaí istigh iontu.

Maidir leis an slánaonad atá comhdhéanta as an aonad loighce agus uimhríochta, an t-aonad rialúcháin, an chuimhne, agus na gléasanna ionchuir is aschuir, is gnách láraonad próiseála a thabhairt air. Ar dtús, bhí na láraonaid phróiseála curtha i dtoll le chéile as a lán comhpháirteanna éagsúla leictreonaice, ach ó na seachtóidí anuas, d'éirigh sé coitianta na feidhmiúlachtaí go léir a thoilleadh in aon chiorcad iomlánaithe amháin, ar a dtugtar micreaphróiseálaí.

=== An tAonad Rialúcháin ===

Is é an t-aonad rialúcháin an chuid den ríomhaire a stiúraíonn na comhpháirteanna eile. Léann sé na treoracha agus é ag baint na céille astu - á ndíchódú - ceann i ndiaidh a chéile. Díchódaíonn an córas rialúcháin na treoracha agus é á n-iompú ina sraith de chomharthaí rialúcháin a oibríonn na comhpháirteanna eile den ríomhaire. I ríomhairí ardfhorbartha áirithe, tá an córas rialúcháin ábalta na treoracha a chur in ord nua i ndiaidh a chéile le cur le héifeachtúlacht an ríomhaire.

Comhpháirt thábhachtach den láraonad próiseála i ngach ríomhaire is ea an t-áiritheoir ríomhchláir, cill chuimhne speisialta nó tabhall a choinníonn cuntas ar cá háit sa chuimhne a mbeidh an chéad treoir eile le léamh. 

Seo mar a oibríonn an córas rialúcháin - coinnigh cuimhne air gur cur síos simplithe é seo agus nach ionann iad na lárionaid phróiseála go léir ó thaobh an fheidhmiúcháin de:

1. Léigh cód na chéad treorach eile as an gcill cheart, de réir mar a thugann an t-áiritheoir le fios.

2. Díchódaigh cód uimhriúil na treorach, ionas go bhfaighfidh tú foireann d'orduithe nó de chomharthaí le haghaidh na gcóras eile.

3. Incrimintigh an t-áiritheoir, ionas go bpointeálfaidh sé ar an chéad treoir eile.

4. Léigh isteach na sonraí a bheidh de dhíth de réir na treorach. Beidh eolas faoi áit na sonraí seo ar stóras in aice le cód na treorach.

5. Soláthair na sonraí is cuí don aonad loighce agus uimhríochta nó don tabhall.

6. Mura bhfuil sé indéanta an treoir a chomhlíonadh gan dul i dtuilleamaí an aonaid loighce is uimhríochta nó crua-earraí speisialta eile, féach chuige go gcuirfidh na crua-earraí an oibríocht chuí i gcrích.

7. An toradh a fuair tú ón aonad loighce is uimhríochta, scríobh isteach é i suíomh sa chuimhne, nó tabhair do ghléas aschuir é b'fhéidir.

8. Léim ar ais go céim a haon.

=== An tAonad Loighce agus Uimhríochta ===

Tá an t-aonad loighce agus uimhríochta in ann dhá shórt oibríochtaí a chur i gcrích, mar atá, oibríochtaí loighce agus oibríochtaí uimhríochta. Bíonn na haonaid loighce agus uimhríochta difriúil le chéile ó thaobh an chineál oibríochtaí de a thacaíonn siad. Mar shampla, an cineál is simplí amuigh, ní thugann sé tacaíocht ach don tsuimiú agus don dealú, ach tá aonaid níos casta ann freisin, agus iad in ann méadú agus roinnt a dhéanamh, nó fiú fréamh chearnach a bhaint as uimhir nó luachanna na bhfeidhmeanna triantánúla a thabhairt (an síneas, an comhshíneas, agus an tangant). Cuid de na haonaid seo, níl siad ábalta ach slánuimhreacha a láimhseáil, ach tá a leithéidí ann freisin a bhaineann úsáid as an snámhphointe le réaduimhreacha a chur in iúl - bíodh is go bhfuil srianta leis an mbeachtas ansin, ós rud é nach n-aithnítear ach uimhir áirithe de dhigití. Mar sin féin, is féidir leis an aonad loighce is uimhríochta den chineál is simplí na hoibríochtaí is casta amuigh a chur i gcrích, ar acht go dtugtar ríomhchlár dó a chuireann ar a chumas iad a bhriseadh síos go céimeanna simplí a bhfuil sé in ann acu. Féadann an t-aonad loighce agus uimhríochta uimhreacha a chur i gcomparáid le chéile agus toradh na comparáide a chur in iúl i luachanna fírinne Boole (is é sin, &quot;fíor&quot; nó &quot;bréagach&quot; a thabhairt mar fhreagra ar cheisteanna cosúil le &quot;is ionann x agus y&quot;, &quot;is mó x ná y&quot;, agus &quot;is lú x ná y&quot;).

In oibríochtaí loighce, baintear úsáid as loighic Boole: AND (&quot;agus&quot; - is é sin, tá dhá ráiteas fíor san am céanna), OR (&quot;nó&quot; - is féidir don dá ráiteas bheith fíor san am céanna, ach is féidir nach bhfuil ach aon cheann acu fíor), XOR (&quot;nó eisiach&quot; - is é sin, is féidir do cheann den dá ráiteas bheith fíor, ach ní féidir dóibh bheith fíor san am céanna) agus NOT (&quot;ní hea&quot; - is é sin, níl an ráiteas fíor). Is féidir ráitis chasta choinníollacha a thógáil ar bhunsraith na n-oibríochtaí bunaidh seo agus loighic Boole a phróiseáil sa ríomhaire.

Tá níos mó ná aon aonad loighce agus uimhríochta amháin sna ríomhairí sárscálacha. Mar sin, tá siad ábalta níos mó ná aon treoir amháin a phróiseáil go comhuaineach. Bíonn aonaid loighce agus uimhríochta atá in ann oibríochtaí matamaitice a dhéanamh ar veicteoirí agus ar mhaitrísí in úsáid i bpróiseálaithe grafaice agus i ríomhairí le modh aonsrutha treoracha ilsruthanna sonraí (SIMD) nó le modh ilsruthanna treoracha ilsruthanna sonraí (MIMD).

=== An Chuimhne ===

An t-aonad sa ríomhaire ar a dtugtar cuimhne, níl ann, go bunúsach, ach liosta de chealla ar féidir uimhir ar leith a chur i dtaisce i ngach ceann acu agus an uimhir sin a aithint is a léamh, nuair is gá. Tá &quot;seoladh&quot; uimhriúil ar gach cill, agus spás ann d'aon uimhir amháin. Is féidir an treoir a thabhairt don ríomhaire ná, mar shampla, &quot;an uimhir úd 123 a chur i dtaisce i gcill uimhir 4567&quot; nó &quot;an uimhir atá i gcill a 4567 a chur leis an uimhir i gcill a 8901 agus an tsuim a gheofar a chur i dtaisce i gcill a 2345&quot;. Na sonraí a chuirtear i dtaisce sa chuimhne, níl srianta leis na cialla is féidir a bhaint astu, nó is féidir litreacha agus, fiú, treoracha ríomhaireachta a thiontú i bhfoirm uimhriúil agus a sparáil sa chuimhne. Ní aithníonn an láraonad próiseála an chiall a chuirtear leis na huimhreacha seo, agus mar sin, is é an bogearra a mhíníonn iad. 

Sa chuid is mó de na ríomhairí nua-aimseartha, tá gach cill in ann uimhreacha dénártha a shábháil i ngrúpaí ocht n[[giotán]] - [[Beart (ríomhaireacht)|beart]] a thugtar ar a leithéid de ghrúpa. Tá gach beart in ann 256 uimhir éagsúla a chur in iúl, ó 0 go 255 nó ó -128 go +127. Le huimhreacha níos airde a stóráil, is féidir níos mó ná aon bheart amháin a úsáid: go tipiciúil, bíonn dhá, ceithre nó ocht gcinn ann. Is féidir leis an ríomhaire gach sórt eolais a stóráil sa chuimhne, ar acht gur féidir é a iompú ina uimhreacha. Tá na billiúin nó fiú na trilliúin beart cuimhne ag na ríomhairí nua-aimseartha.

Sa láraonad próiseála, tá foireann speisialta de chealla cuimhne ar a dtugtar [[Tabhall (ríomhaireacht)|tabhaill]], agus is féidir iad a léamh agus eolas a scríobh isteach iontu i bhfad níos gasta ná i bpríomhlimistéar na cuimhne. Go tipiciúil, tá céad nó cúpla céad tabhall ann, ach braitheann sé ar an gcineál láraonad próiseála atá agat. Úsáidtear na tabhaill le haghaidh na sonraí is minicí a mbíonn riachtanas leo, le nach gcaithfí dul i dtuilleamaí na príomhchuimhne gach uair dá dteastaíonn siad. Ós rud é go bhfuiltear ag oibriú na sonraí an t-am ar fad, cuireann sé go mór mór le luas na próiseála gan a bheith ag rochtain na príomhchuimhne go rómhinic, nó bíonn an phríomhchuimhne sách mall ag obair, i gcomparáid leis an láraonad próiseála agus leis na haonaid rialúcháin.

Tá dhá chineál príomhchuimhne sa ríomhaire, mar atá, an chuimhne randamrochtana (RAM) agus an chuimhne inléite amháin (ROM). Is féidir sonraí a shábháil sa chuimhne randamrochtana agus a léamh aisti &quot;ar do randam féin&quot;, is é sin, gach uair dá dteastaíonn sé ón láraonad próiseála. An chuimhne inléite amháin, áfach, tá sonraí agus bogearra ansin nach n-athraíonn, ionas nach féidir ach sonraí a léamh aisti. Go tipiciúil, is é an t-ábhar a bhíonn ar taifead ansin ná na treoracha leis an ríomhaire a thosú. Go bunúsach, scriosfar na sonraí sa chuimhne randamrochtana má chuirtear an ríomhaire as. An chuimhne inléite amháin, áfach, tá sí díonta ar an gcineál sin scrios, ós rud é go mbeidh na sonraí ansin ag teastáil a fhad is a bheidh an ríomhaire féin á úsáid ina chumraíocht bhunaidh. I ríomhairí pearsanta (PC), tá clár speisialta, BIOS nó Bunchóras Ionchurtha/Aschurtha, ar stóras sa chuimhne inléite amháin a fhéachann chuige go luchtaítear córas oibriúcháin an ríomhaire ón [[tiomántán cruadhiosca]] isteach sa chuimhne randamrochtana gach uair dá gcuirtear an ríomhaire ag obair nó dá n-athshocraítear é. Na bogearraí a choinnítear ar stóras sa chuimhne inléite amháin, is gnách dochtearraí a thabhairt orthu, nó go praiticiúil tá siad níos cosúla le crua-earraí (innealra) ná le bogearraí - is é sin, is cuid do-athraithe den ríomhaire iad. An cineál cuimhne ar a dtugtar laomchuimhne, tá sé idir eatarthu, nó is cuimhne randamrochtana é, ach má chuirtear an ríomhaire as, ní scriosfar na sonraí sa laomchuimhne, ach oiread leis na sonraí sa chuimhne inléite amháin. Tá an laomchuimhne i bhfad níos moille ag obair ná an dá ghnáthchineál cuimhne, agus mar sin, ní úsáidtear í ach le haghaidh feidhmiúcháin nach bhfuil i gcall luathphróiseála sonraí.

I ríomhairí níos sofaisticiúla, is féidir go bhfuil cuimhne taisce randamrochtana iontu, agus iad ag obair níos moille ná na tabhaill, ach níos luaithe ná an phríomhchuimhne. Na ríomhairí le cuimhne taisce, bíonn siad ríomhchláraithe leis na sonraí is minicí a theastaíonn a chur i gcuimhne taisce go huathoibríoch, ionas nach gcaithfidh an t-úsáideoirí aon ordú faoi sin a thabhairt don ríomhaire.

=== An tIonchur agus an tAschur ===

Is é is brí leis an ionchur agus leis an aschur ná an dóigh a mbíonn an ríomhaire ag glacadh isteach eolas nó sonraí ón taobh amuigh agus ag cur torthaí a oibre in iúl don taobh amuigh. Na gléis a úsáidtear le haghaidh ionchuir agus aschuir, tugtar gléis fhorimeallacha orthu. Is iad na gléis fhorimeallacha a théann leis an ríomhaire pearsanta tipiciúil ná an méarchlár agus an [[luchóg]], ar gléis ionchuir iad, agus an taispeáint is an printéir, ar gléis aschuir iad. Is féidir úsáid a bhaint as na cruadhioscaí, na dioscaí flapacha agus na dioscaí optúla le haghaidh ionchuir agus aschuir araon. Cuid den ionchur agus den aschur is ea líonrú na ríomhairí freisin, is é sin, an dóigh a gceanglaítear na ríomhairí dá chéile ina ngréasáin, ar nós an Idirlín.

Is féidir úsáid a bhaint san ionchur agus san aschur as gach cineál gléas, beagnach, a bhfuil comhéadan digiteach aige. An ríomhaire atá leabaithe in aonad rialúcháin innill ar bhord gluaisteáin, is féidir leis suíomh na dtroitheán agus an rotha stiúrtha a aithint, chomh maith le haschur na mbraiteoirí ocsaigine agus na ngléas a dhéanann monatóireacht ar luas gach roth. I measc na ngléas aschuir, tá na soilse agus na táscairí a fheiceann an tiománaí, chomh maith leis na gléis rialúcháin innill, cosúil leis na ciorcaid splancadhainte agus na córais ionsteallta breosla.

Is minic is ríomhairí iad na gléis ionchuir agus aschuir féin, agus láraonad próiseála is cuimhne dá gcuid féin acu. Mar shampla, in aonad próiseála graificí, is féidir go bhfuil caoga ríomhaire beaga ann agus iad ag cuntas na bhfigiúirí riachtanacha le híomhánna tríthoiseacha a thaispeáint. Na deascríomhairí nua-aimseartha féin, tá go leor ríomhairí beaga istigh iontu le cuidiú leis an bpríomh-láraonad próiseála in oibreacha ionchuir agus aschuir.

=== An Iltascáil ===

Cé gur féidir a rá go bhfuil an ríomhaire ag rith aon ríomhchlár millteanach amháin agus é ar stóras sa phríomhchuimhne, tá sé riachtanach, i gcórais áirithe ríomhaireachta, an chuma a chur ar an scéal go bhfuil sé ag rith ríomhchláir éagsúla go comhuaineach. Ansin, bíonn an ríomhaire ag déanamh sealaíocht ar na ríomhchláir atá á rith aige. Úsáidtear comhartha speisialta, ar a dtugtar idirbhriseadh, leis an tsealaíocht seo a rialú. Tugann an t-idirbhriseadh ar an ríomhaire éirí as a bhfuil idir lámhaibh aige agus cromadh ar thasc eile. Má choinníonn an ríomhaire cuimhne ar an chéad tasc acu, beidh sé in ann filleadh ar ais air ina dhiaidh sin. Nuair a bhíonn ríomhchláir dhifriúla á rith san am céanna, bíonn na céadta idirbhristeacha ag teacht ó ghineadóir na n-idirbhristeacha sa soicind, agus an ríomhaire ag malartú tascanna dá réir sin. Ó tá an ríomhaire nua-aimseartha ag obair i bhfad níos gasta ná aireachtáil an duine, is é an chiall a bhainimidne as an malartú seo go bhfuil an ríomhaire ag rith tuilleadh ríomhchlár go comhuaineach, cé nach bhfuil ach gach ceann acu á rith ar feadh a sheala féin. An cineál seo iltascála, tugtar &quot;comhroinnt ama&quot; air.

Roimh theacht na ríomhairí beaga pearsanta, bhí an iltascáil tábhachtach le go bhféadfadh foireann iomlán de dhaoine úsáid a bhaint as an ríomhaire mórfhráma céanna.

Shílfeá go mbeadh an iltascáil ag moilliú ar rith na ríomhchlár go suntasach. Ní mar sin a bhíonn, áfach, nó is iad na gléis ionchuir agus aschuir is minicí a chuireann rith an ríomhchláir ar fionraí, chomh mall is a bhíonn siad ag obair i gcomparáid leis an ríomhaire féin. Má bhíonn an ríomhaire ag fanacht le gliogáil na luchóige nó le brú na cnaipe ón úsáideoir, ní thógfaidh sé seal nua den am comhroinnte sula bhfaighfidh sé an rud a bhfuil sé ag fanacht leis. Mar sin, faigheann na ríomhchláir eile tuilleadh ama reatha, agus is é is toradh don chleachtas seo gur féidir a lán ríomhchlár a choinneáil á rith go comhuaineach gan an iomarca luais a chailleadh.

=== An Ilphróiseáil ===

Tá ríomhairí ann ar féidir leo a gcuid oibre a roinnt ar aon láraonad próiseála nó tuilleadh acu, i gcruth is go gcruthaítear cumraíocht ilphróiseála. Go traidisiúnta, ní bhaintí úsáid as an teicníocht seo ach amháin i ríomhairí móra millteanacha, cosúil leis na sár-ríomhairí, na ríomhairí mórfhráma agus na freastalaithe gréasáin. Ar na saoltaí seo, áfach, tá ríomhairí pearsanta agus ríomhairí glúine ilphróiseálaithe nó ilchroíláir (is é sin, níos mó ná aon láraonad próiseála ar aon chiorcad comhtháite amháin) ar fáil go fairsing, agus iad ag éirí níos coitianta ag na gnáthúsáideoirí féin.

Is minic a bhíonn ailtireacht ar leith ag na sár-ríomhairí atá thar a bheith difriúil le gnáthailtireacht na gclár stóráilte agus leis na ríomhairí gnáthúsáide. Is minic a bhíonn na mílte láraonaid phróiseála acu, chomh maith le hidirnaisc shaincheaptha ardluais agus ríomhinnealra sainúsáide. Ní bhíonn an cineál sin dearadh úsáideach ach amháin le freastal ar chuspóirí agus riachtanaisí ar leith, ós rud é go bhfuil eagrú mórscála ríomhchlár de dhíth le leas ceart a bhaint as na hacmhainní go léir san am céanna. Feictear sár-ríomhairí á n-úsáid in ionsamhlóireacht, i rindreáil graificí, agus i gcripteagrafaíocht, mar shampla.

=== Líonrú na Ríomhairí agus an tIdirlíon ===

Baintear úsáid as ríomhairí le heolas nó faisnéis in áiteanna éagsúla a chomhordnú ó na 1950idí anuas. B'é SAGE (&quot;Semi-Automatic Ground Environment&quot; nó an Timpeallacht Talaimh Leath-Uathoibríoch) an chéad chóras mórscála den chineál sin. Córas de chuid fhórsaí armtha na Stát Aontaithe a bhí ann, agus é in úsáid i Láraonad Aerchosanta Mheiriceá Thuaidh (NORAD). I ndiaidh SAGE, tháinig feidhmiúcháin trádálacha in úsáid, cosúil le Sabre. Is é is Sabre ann ná córas domhanda le taisteal nó lóistín a chur in áirithe. 

Sna 1970idí, thosaigh ríomhinnealtóirí na bhforas taighde ar fud na Stát Aontaithe ag ceangal a gcuid ríomhairí dá chéile tríd na naisc theileachumarsáide. B'é ARPA (inniu, DARPA - áisínteacht ardtaighde na bhfórsaí cosanta) a sholáthair maoiniú don scéim seo, agus mar sin, tugadh ARPANET ar an chéad &quot;Idirlíon&quot; seo. An teicneolaíocht a chuir ar cumas na n-innealtóirí an tARPANET a bhunú, chuaigh sí chun leitheadúlachta, agus de réir a chéile, d'fhorbair an tARPANET féin, go dtí gur shroich an gréasán an domhan taobh amuigh de na hollscoileanna agus na fórsaí cosanta. Mar sin, d'iompaigh an tARPANET ina Idirlíon, mar is aithin dúinn inniu é.

== Eile ==

=== Na &quot;Crua-earraí&quot; (an Ríomhghléasra, an Ríomhinnealra) ===

=== Na &quot;Bogearraí&quot; (an Ríomhoideasra, na Ríomhchláir) ===

=== Na Teangacha Ríomhchlárúcháin ===
Tugtar [[teanga ríomhchlárúcháin]] ar theanga shaorga ar bith a úsáidtear chun meaisín, ach go háirithe ríomhaire, a stiúradh. Cosúil le teangacha daonna, tá rialacha na comhréire is na séimeantaice ag baint le teangacha ríomhchlárúcháin.
&lt;!---Idirvicí---&gt;

==Tagairtí==
{{reflist}}


[[Catagóir:Ríomhaireacht]]</text>
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    <title>Ríomhaire pearsanta</title>
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[[Íomhá:Personal computer, exploded 2.svg|thumb|deas|300px|Comhchodanna an ríomhaire phearsanta]]
Is [[ríomhaire]] d’aon úsáideoir amháin é an '''ríomhaire pearsanta'''. Go ginearálta bíonn an ríomhaire pearsanta comhdhéanta as na páirteanna seo a leanas:
# Monatóir
# [[Máthairchlár]]
# [[Láraonad próiseála]], CPU (LAP)
# [[Cuimhne randamrochtana|Príomhchuimhne]] (RAM, cuimhne randamrochtana)
# Cárta forlíontach
# Soláthar cumhachta
# Tiomántán diosca optúil
# Tiomántán crua
# [[Luchóg|Luch]]
# Méarchlár 

Is féidir na codanna seo a choinneáil scartha ó chéile go fisiceach (i gcás [[ríomhaire deisce]]) nó a chur in aon bhosca amháin (i gcás [[ríomhaire glúine]]). Gléas an-chumhachtach é an ríomhaire pearsanta ann féin, ach ó tháinig na gréasáin ríomhaireachta ar an bhfód, is mó is gnách ríomhairí den chineál seo a nascadh dá chéile i [[Líonra ríomhaireachta|líonraí]] áitiúla nó san [[Idirlíon]] féin.

== Stair an Ríomhaire Phearsanta ==

[[Íomhá:Apple-II.jpg|right|thumb|Ríomhaire den chineál ''Apple II'' (1977)]]

Ba é an [[micreaphróiseálaí]] a chuir an ríomhaire in aice láimhe ag an duine aonair an chéad uair riamh. Is féidir úsáid a bhaint as san obair - mar a dhéanann daoine féinfhostaithe an lae inniu, ach go háirithe - nó mar chaitheamh aimsire ann féin. B'é an comhlacht úd [[Intel]] ach go háirithe a spreag forbairt na teicneolaíochta seo. 

Ba é an ''[[Altair (ríomhaire)|Altair]]'' an chéad ríomhaire pearsanta riamh, ach ba é an ''[[Apple II]]'' (1977) an chéad cheann a raibh tóir mhór air. Bhí gal as an ngnáth air mar gheall ar an gcineál [[Bogearraí|bogearra]] a cruthaíodh le huimhreacha gnó a phróiseáil, is é sin, an chéad [[scarbhileog]], ar ar tugadh ''Visicalc''. 

Spreag an spéis mhór seo sna ríomhairí pearsanta [[International Business Machines|IBM]] chun a ríomhaire féin a chur ar an margadh, is é sin, [[ríomhaire pearsanta IBM]] (1981). D'éirigh le comhlacht beag darbh ainm [[Microsoft]] conradh a shíniú le hIBM faoi sholáthar an [[Córas oibriúcháin|chóras oibriúchán]] don ríomhaire seo. [[DOS]] a bhí ar an gcóras oibriúcháin sin. Nuair a thosaigh comhlachtaí eile ag táirgeadh ríomhairí a bhí comhoiriúnach le ríomhaire pearsanta IBM (ar nós [[Compaq]], [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Dell]], [[Gateway]], srl.), bhí Microsoft in ann ceadúnas a éileamh ar na ríomhairí seo. De bharr an chonartha seo, tá Microsoft ar an gcomhlacht bogearraí is mó sa domhan i gcónaí.

Bhí tionchar mór ag an ''[[Apple Macintosh]]'' (1984) ar dhearcadh a lán daoine i leith na ríomhairí, nó ba é an chéad ríomhaire a bhain leas as comhéadan úsáideora grafach ([[GUI]]). Ba é an ríomhaire áirithe sin a d'oscail margadh na ríomhaireachta don ghnáthdhuine, nó bhí sé i bhfad níos so-úsáidte ná na ríomhairí a bhí ann roimhe. Ní chaithfeá bheith i d'innealtóir le héirí eolach ar bhealaí an ríomhaire seo. I dtús na nóchaidí, tháinig na chéad ríomhairí pearsanta [[Ilmheáin|ilmheán]] ar an bhfód.

[[Catagóir:Ríomhaireacht]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cogadh na Rósanna</title>
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[[Íomhá:Tudor Rose.svg|mion|clé|110px|Rós dearg-is-bán - Siombail na dTúdarach]]

Ba shraith [[Cogadh|cogaí]] cathartha i [[Sasana]] na [[An Mheánaois|meánaois]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;eanna é '''Cogadh na Rósanna''' (1455–1489). Bhí coimhlint idir Teaghlach [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]] agus Teaghlach [[Eabhrac]] le haghaidh [[Coróin|choróin]] Shasana. Shíolraigh an dá dhream ó [[Éadbhard III Shasana]] agus ó [[teaghlach na bPlantaigíneach|theaghlach na bPlantaigíneach]]. Tháinig deireadh leis nuair a tháinig [[Anraí VII Shasana|Anraí Túdar]] i gcoróin. 

==Ainm==
Baisteadh an t-ainm úd Cogadh (nó Cogaí) na Rósanna ar an gcoimhlint na céadta blianta ina dhiaidh, bunaithe ar shiombailí an dá thaobh, mar dhea, mar atá, rós dearg Lancaster agus rós bán Eabhrac. Déanta na fírinne, is ar éigean a úsáideadh rós dearg chun Teaghlach Lancaster a shiombalú ar chor ar bith ach go dtí deireadh an chogaidh, tar éis do [[Teaghlach na dTúdarach|Theaghlach na dTúdarach]] (craobh de Theaghlach Lancaster) an cogadh a bhuachan ag [[Cath Pháirc Bosworth]]. Thosaigh Anraí VII Túdar, a phós [[Eilís Eabhrac]] i 1486, ag baint úsáid as rós dearg-is-bán mar a shuaitheantas chun aontacht an dá theaghlach a léiriú.

==Tús na Coimhlinte==
Bhí [[Anraí VI Shasana|Anraí VI Lancaster]] ina rí ar Shasana agus ar chuid den [[an Fhrainc|Fhrainc]] (bhí [[Cogadh na gCéad mBliana]] ar siúl ag an am, ina raibh ríthe Shasana sa tóir ar choróin na Fraince) agus ina [[Tiarnas na hÉireann|thiarna ar Éirinn]] ó fuair a athair [[Anraí V Shasana]] bás i 1422 agus Anraí óg ina leanbh. Le 1453, chaill Sasana an talamh ar fad a bhí acu sa Fhrainc seachas [[Calais]], agus theip ar na néaróga ag Anraí Rí. Le linn éagruas Anraí, ceapadh [[Risteard, 2ú Diúc Eabhrac]] ina Thiarna Cosantóra, ar mhac garmhac le h[[Éadbhard III Shasana|Éadbhard III]] agus mac gariníon mac Éadbhard III é. Ghabh Risteard a namhad an Diúc Somerset, gaol eile leis an teaghlach ríoga agus príomhchomhairleoir an rí, agus chuir i d[[Túr Londan]] é. 

I 1454, áfach, tháinig Anraí VI chuige féin arís, agus scaoileadh saor Somerset. Ar eagla go mbeadh air íoc as a rinne sé, thóg Risteard Eabhrac arm agus mháirseáil sé i dtreo Londan. Bhuail sé le harm an rí, a raibh an Diúc Buckingham i gceannas air, in [[St Albans]] i 1455. Cheap an rí Buckingham mar cheannasaí an airm in ionad Somerset ag an nóiméad deiridh, agus bhuaigh arm Eabhrac i g[[Céad Chath St Albans]] ar aon nós. Maraíodh Somerset, agus gabhadh an rí agus tógadh ar ais chuig Londain é. Buaileadh Anraí le meabhairghalar arís, agus arís eile ceapadh Risteard mar Thiarna Cosantóra. Tháinig an rí chuige féin arís an bhliain dár gcionn agus as sin amach, ba í an Bhanríon Margaret Anjou an duine is cumhachtaí i gcomhairle an rí, ach shuigh Risteard ann fós. I 1459, thosaigh Eabhrac agus a chomhghuaillí, an Diúc Warwick, ag tógáil airm arís agus bhris cogadh amach idir iad agus fórsaí Lancaster óir bhí Risteard Eabhrac ag iarraidh na corónach. Níor bhuaigh sé riamh í, ach tar éis a bháis, tháinig a mhac [[Éadbhard IV Shasana|Éadbhard IV]] i gcoróin níos déanaí sa choimhlint.

== Féach freisin ==
{{Catcómhaoin|Wars of the Roses|Cogadh na Rósanna}}

* [[Cogadh Cathartha Shasana]] (1642-1651)

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cogadh na Rósanna}}
[[Catagóir:15ú haois]]
[[Catagóir:Cogaí a bhaineann le hÉirinn]]
[[Catagóir:Cogaí cathartha]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na Breataine Bige]]
[[Catagóir:Stair Shasana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stobhach Gaelach</title>
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      <comment>Replaced content with &quot;{{WD Bosca Sonraí Bia}}  [[Íomhá:Irish-stew.jpg|deas|250px|thumb|Stobhach Gaelach]] Is stobhach traidisiúnta [[Éire]]annach é '''Stobhach Gaelach'''.   == Féach freisin == * [[Cadal]]  == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}}  {{Síol-bia}}  [[Catagóir:Bia na hÉireann]] [[Catagóir:Prátaí]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Íomhá:Irish-stew.jpg|deas|250px|thumb|Stobhach Gaelach]]
Is stobhach traidisiúnta [[Éire]]annach é '''Stobhach Gaelach'''. 

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Cadal]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Síol-bia}}

[[Catagóir:Bia na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Prátaí]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ríomhaire táibléid</title>
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        <id>78137</id>
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      <comment>Replaced content with &quot;{{WD Bosca Sonraí Trealamh Ríomhaireachta}} [[Íomhá:Tablet.jpeg|thumb|upright|An ríomhaire táibléid [[Google]] [[Nexus 9]]]] [[Íomhá:IPad Air.png|thumb|upright|An ríomhaire táibléid [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[iPad]]]] Is éard is '''ríomhaire táibléid''', nó go simplí &quot;'''táibléad'''&quot;, ann ná [[ríomhaire]] atá go hiomlán i scáileán tadhaill a úsáideann stíleas, peann digiteach, nó barr méire mar phríomh-ghléas ionchurtha in ionad Méarch...&quot;</comment>
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[[Íomhá:Tablet.jpeg|thumb|upright|An ríomhaire táibléid [[Google]] [[Nexus 9]]]]
[[Íomhá:IPad Air.png|thumb|upright|An ríomhaire táibléid [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[iPad]]]]
Is éard is '''ríomhaire táibléid''', nó go simplí &quot;'''táibléad'''&quot;, ann ná [[ríomhaire]] atá go hiomlán i scáileán tadhaill a úsáideann stíleas, peann digiteach, nó barr méire mar phríomh-ghléas ionchurtha in ionad [[Méarchlár (ríomhaire)|méarchláir]] nó [[luchóg|luiche]] a d'fhéadfadh nó nach bhféadfadh a bheith san áireamh leis. Tagann an t-ainm ó tháibléid scríbhneoireachta mar go bhfuil cosúlachtí eatarthu, agus bíonn an comhéadan úsáideora níos nádúrthaí nuair a bhíonn an scáileán tadhaill comhtháthaithe leis an scáileán taispeánata, mar atá sé i gcás an táibléid.

[[Catagóir:Ríomhaireacht]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Algartam</title>
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        <username>Sanduíche de Presunto</username>
        <id>78137</id>
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      <comment>Replaced content with &quot;[[Íomhá:Euclid_flowchart.svg|deas|150px|thumb|Algartam]] Modh oibre nó liosta treoracha léire críochta socraithe go beacht, ionas go bhfaighfear réiteach nó toradh barrmhaith ar fhadhb choimpléascach má fheidhmítear iad céim ar chéim.   Sampla is ea an [[Tacar treoracha|tacar rialacha]] chun iolrú simplí a dhéanamh. Saghas oidis bheacht a bhíonn ann, agus úsáidtear an téarma i dtaca le cláir [[ríomhaire]] go hiondúil. I gclár mar seo, leagtar a...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1019" sha1="s3uflfk6r6s9qyvxixrzt2p5wce9svf" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Euclid_flowchart.svg|deas|150px|thumb|Algartam]]
Modh oibre nó liosta treoracha léire críochta socraithe go beacht, ionas go bhfaighfear réiteach nó toradh barrmhaith ar fhadhb choimpléascach má fheidhmítear iad céim ar chéim. 

Sampla is ea an [[Tacar treoracha|tacar rialacha]] chun iolrú simplí a dhéanamh. Saghas oidis bheacht a bhíonn ann, agus úsáidtear an téarma i dtaca le cláir [[ríomhaire]] go hiondúil. I gclár mar seo, leagtar amach gach treoir san ord cuí. Má bhíonn fiú treoir amháin in easnamh, treoir breise ann, nó treoir san eagar mícheart, ní fiú tráithnín an clár.&lt;ref name=&quot;FreamhanEolais&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hussey|first=Matt|author-link=Matthew Hussey|title=Algartam|encyclopedia=[[Fréamh an Eolais]]|language=ga|date=2011|publisher=[[Coiscéim]]|page=32}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Tacar treoracha]]
* [[Córás moltaí]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Fréamh an Eolais}}
{{síol}}

[[Catagóir:Ríomheolaíocht]]
[[Catagóir:Algartaim]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alan Rickman</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Seachránaí</username>
        <id>53315</id>
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      <comment>Catagóirí</comment>
      <origin>1330881</origin>
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[[Íomhá:Alan Rickman at BAM -03.jpg|clé|mion|2011]]
B'[[aisteoir]] [[Sasana]]ch é '''Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman''' (a rugadh ar an [[21 Feabhra]] [[1946]] agus a fuair bás ar an [[14 Eanáir]] [[2016]]). 

Bhain Alan Rickman cáil amach mar aisteoir ar an stáitse agus ar an teilifís. Is aige a bhí páirt [[Éamon de Valera|Eamon de Valera]] i scannán [[Neil Jordan]] 'Michael Collins'.
[[Íomhá:Seminar stage door 10 November 2011 n4.jpg|clé|mion|2011]]
Is aige a bhí an phríomhpháirt freisin i léiriú den dráma 'John Gabriel Borkman' in [[Amharclann na Mainistreach]] sa bhliain 2010. 

Bhí sé 69 bliain d'aois nuair a d'éag sé ar an [[14 Eanáir]] [[2016]]. [[Ailse]] ba thrúig bháis dó.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Alan Rickman tar éis bháis|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2016/0114/760191-alan-rickman-tar-eis-bhais/|date=2016-01-14|language=ga|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Amharclann na Mainistreach]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
{{Síol-aisteoir}}
{{Síol-beath-en}}
{{Síol-scríbhneoir}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rickman, Alan}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1960]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna in 2016]]
[[Catagóir:Aisteoirí Sasanacha]]
[[Catagóir:Aisteoirí teilifíse Sasanach]]
[[Catagóir:Básanna de bharr ailse]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine a d'fhreastail Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Londain]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine de bhunadh na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine faoi mhíchumas]]
[[Catagóir:Fir Eorpacha]]
[[Catagóir:Páirtí an Lucht Oibre (an Ríocht Aontaithe)]]
[[Catagóir:Scríbhneoirí Sasanacha]]
[[Catagóir:Sóisialaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Stiúrthóirí scannán Sasanacha]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ciara Ní É</title>
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        <username>Taghdtaighde</username>
        <id>60452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Catagóirí curtha leis agus beagán eile</comment>
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Is file, drámadóir, scriptscríbhneoir, stiúrthóir, láithreoir teilifíse, gníomhaí agus blagálaí Éireannach í '''Ciara Ní É'''. Is minic a phléann a cuid saothar le taithí na mban, daoine aiteacha agus pobal na Gaeilge.

== Cúlra ==
Rugadh i g[[Cluain Tarbh]], [[Baile Átha Cliath]] í.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.logainm.ie/ga/898?s=clontarf|teideal=Cluain Tarbh/Clontarf|work=[[Logainm.ie]]|dátarochtana=2019-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhain sí céim sa Ghaeilge amach sa bhliain 2013 ó [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath|Choláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/education/i-was-brought-up-speaking-english-and-i-never-went-to-a-gaelscoil-1.3416645|teideal=‘I was brought up speaking English and I never went to a Gaelscoil’|údar=Aine McMahon|language=as Béarla|work=[[The Irish Times]]]|dátarochtana=2019-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ina dhiaidh sin, chaith sí bliain i [[Londain]] ag obair mar chúntóir eagarthóireachta le Dorling Kindersley.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Sa bhliain 2015, bronnadh céim mháistreachta uirthi san ábhar 'Scríobh agus Cumarsáid' ón g[[An Coláiste Ollscoile, Baile Átha Cliath|Coláiste Ollscoile, Baile Átha Cliath]] agus bhunaigh sí oíche fhilíochta darb ainm [[REIC]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Thuill sí scoláireacht [[Fulbright]], agus le linn 2017 agus 2018 d'oibrigh sí mar mhúinteoir Gaeilge in [[Villanova University]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]]. 

==Ainm==
Ní Éineacháin an sloinne atá uirthi ó cheart ach baineann sí úsáid as an leagan stílithe stáitse ''Ní É''. Ba é an leagan galldaithe a bhíodh in úsáid &quot;oifigiúil&quot; aici roimh [[2020]], tráth a d'athraigh sí a hainm go ''Ní Éineacháin'' go hoifigiúil.

== Gairm ==
Bhí sí ar an liosta ‘100 Women Changing Ireland in 2022’ de chuid an [[Irish Examiner|''Irish Examiner'']].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/people/arid-40821549.html|teideal=International Women's Day: 100 women changing Ireland in 2022|dáta=2022-03-05|language=as Béarla|work=[[Irish Examiner]]|dátarochtana=2022-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí sí ina healaíontóir cónaithe leis an Dublin Fringe Festival in 2022,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.fringefest.com/news/resident-artists-new-faces-for-2022|teideal=Resident Artists: New faces for 2022! {{!}} Fringe Festival|work=[[Féile Imill Bhaile Átha Cliath|www.fringefest.com]]|dátarochtana=2022-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; bhí sí mar Scríbhneoir Cónaithe ag [[Ollscoil Chathair Bhaile Átha Cliath|Ollscoil Chathair BÁC]] 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.molsceal.ie/trendail/alt/?CID=6112911453001|teideal=Ciara Ní É ainmnithe mar Scríbhneoir Cónaithe Gaeilge DCU|work=[[Molscéal]]|dátarochtana=2022-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus is ambasadóir í le h[[Áras Scríbhneoirí na hÉireann]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/ciara-ni-e-ceaptha-ina-hambasadoir-le-haras-scribhneoiri-na-heireann/|teideal=Ciara Ní É ceaptha ina hambasadóir le hÁras Scríbhneoirí na hÉireann|údar=[[Maitiú Ó Coimín]]|work=[[NÓS]]|dátarochtana=2022-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá cainéal [[Youtube]] aici áit a roinneann sí a cuid dánta, físeáin faoin nGaeilge agus ábhar eile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpHQt7ikZvjCOexULmqDarg|teideal=Ciara Ní É - YouTube|work=www.youtube.com|dátarochtana=2022-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bhí sí mar láithreoir ar an gclár ‘Ciara Ní É: Saol trí Ghaeilge’ le Aniar TV, a ainmníodh ar ghearrliosta [[Féile na Meán Ceilteach|Fhéile na Meán Ceilteach]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.celticmediafestival.co.uk/view-entry/5896|teideal=Ciara Ní É - Saol trí Ghaeilge|language=en-GB|work=[[Féile na Meán Ceilteach]]|dátarochtana=2022-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus [[Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|Ghradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.tg4.ie/ga/eolas/gradaim/2021-2/|teideal=2021|language=ga|work=[[TG4]]|dátarochtana=2022-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ise a bhunaigh an oíche filíochta [[REIC]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.cuirt.ie/whats-on/reic-le-ciara-ni-e/|teideal=Reic le Ciara Ní É|language=en-GB|work=[[Cúirt (féile)|Cúirt International Festival of Literature]]|dátarochtana=2022-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; agus tá a cuid filíochta léite aici i [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua-Eabhrac]], i [[Londain]], sa [[An Bhruiséil|Bhruiséil]], sa t[[An tSualainn|Sualainn]], agus timpeall na tíre.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.bitesize.irish/blog/ciara-ni-e/|teideal=Ciara Ní É: Gaeilge, Creativity and Self-Expression|dáta=2021-05-17|language=en-GB|dátarochtana=2022-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Léiríodh a céad ghearrscannán Claonadh ag Fleadh Scannán na Gaillimhe 2025 agus faoi láthair tá sí ag obair ar a dara gearrscannán, Ar Strae, le maoiniú €100,000 ón scéim [https://www.tg4.ie/en/information/press/press-releases/2026-2/tus-and-ceim-eile-short-film-funding-recipients-announced/ Céim Eile de chuid TG4] agus Fís Éireann.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.tg4.ie/ga/eolas/preas/nuacht-raitis/2026-2/fogra-faoi-sceimeanna-maoinithe-gearrscannanaiochta-tus-agus-ceim-eile/|teideal=Tús and Céim Eile Short Film Funding Recipients Announced {{!}} Press Release|work=[[TG4]]|dátarochtana=2026-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Foilsíodh saothar dá cuid sa díolaim ''Marrow/Cnámh agus Smior, Washing Windows Too, Queering the Green'', agus irisí fearacht ''[[Aneas]], Icarus'' agus ''[[Comhar]]''. Comhbhunaitheoir an chomharghrúpa [[AerachAiteachGaelach]] í,&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.aerachaiteachgaelach.net/ciaranie|teideal=Ciara Ní É|work=[[AerachAiteachGaelach]]|dátarochtana=2022-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; lena comhbhádóir [[Eoin Mc Evoy]]. Roghnaíodh togra leo don Abbey 5×5 2020, agus chuir siad dráma chun stáitse mar chuid d'[[Féile Imill Bhaile Átha Cliath|Fhéile Imill Bhaile Átha Cliath]] 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://fingalpoetryfestival.com/the-2022-festival/ceardlann-le-ciara-ni-e-2022/|teideal=An Dán ar an Ardán: Ceardlann Filíochta le Ciara Ní É – Irish Language Poetry Workshop at the Fingal Poetry Festival 2022|dáta=2022-08-03|language=en-GB|work=Fingal Poetry Festival|dátarochtana=2022-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá sí ag obair le foilsitheoir ar a céad chnuasach filíochta faoi láthair.

Bhuaigh Ní É duais ag [[Slam Filíochta Liú Lúnasa]] in 2020 lena dán ''Smaointe faoi Chíocha'' agus dá éis sin bhí sí ina moltóir ar an gcomórtas in 2021 agus in 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-liu-lunasa-buaite-ag-sinead-ni-thuamain/|teideal=Slam Filíochta Liú Lúnasa buaite ag Sinéad Ní Thuamáin|údar=|dáta=29 Lúnasa 2020|language=|work=[[Nós (iris)|NÓS]]|dátarochtana=01 Meán Fómhair 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303062616/https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-liu-lunasa-buaite-ag-sinead-ni-thuamain/|archivedate=03 Márta 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-liu-lunasa-buaite-ag-sinead-ni-thuamain/|teideal=Slam Filíochta Liú Lúnasa buaite ag Sinéad Ní Thuamáin|údar=|dáta=29 Lúnasa 2020|language=|work=[[Nós (iris)|NÓS]]|dátarochtana=01 Meán Fómhair 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303062616/https://nos.ie/cultur/slam-filiochta-liu-lunasa-buaite-ag-sinead-ni-thuamain/|archivedate=03 Márta 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chuaigh sí san iomaíocht arís sa Slam in 2024 agus tháinig an chéad áit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.instagram.com/liulunasa/p/C_VTr2DMKA0/|teideal=Slam Filíochta 2024|údar=[[Liú Lúnasa]]|work=www.instagram.com|dátarochtana=31 Lúnasa 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Pléitear a saothair in ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' agus [[Business Post|''The Sunday Business Post'']].

Léiríodh drámaí dá cuid ag [[Féile Imill Bhaile Átha Cliath]], GIAF, Outburst Arts agus eile.    

Ealaíontóir Cónaithe [[An Coláiste Ollscoile, Baile Átha Cliath|COBÁC]] a bhí inti sa bhliain 2023, Dublin Fringe sa bhliain 2022, agus [[Ollscoil Chathair Bhaile Átha Cliath|OCBÁC]] sa bhliain 2020. Chaith sí mí san LCB Berlin sa bhliain 2024 le Litríocht Éireann is sa [[Centre Culturel Irlandais]] sa bhliain 2025.

== Pearsanta ==
Is duine [[Déghnéasacht|déghnéasach]] í.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Ci2W1WGsslC/|teideal=Instagram|work=www.instagram.com|dátarochtana=2025-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Físdánta ==
Úsáideann Ciara físeáin chun a saothar a léiriú agus aon cheann déag déanta aici go dtí seo:

# Phenomenal Woman&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title='Phenomenal Woman' - 'Seó Beo Pheil na mBan le Lidl'|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YLvhuUkrRU&amp;t=1s|date=2018-09-12|author=LadiesFootballTV}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# My Docs&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://miseciara.wordpress.com/2018/02/02/my-docs-spoken-word-video/|teideal=My Docs – Spoken word video|údar=miseciara|dáta=2018-02-02|language=en|work='s mise Ciara, seo mo bhlag!|dátarochtana=2019-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Dán Crá&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=FÍSDÁN: Dán Crá {{!}} Ciara Ní É {{!}} REIC|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lt3Jvy2-BXk|date=2018-12-17|author=Irish WritersCtr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Six Harcourt Street (An Conradh)&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title='Six Harcourt Street (An Conradh)' by Ciara Ní É|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ygqUVD_dDFY&amp;index=4&amp;list=PLY7rlV7E68LhQ54zpO3qFoViNqTyBLIo2|date=2017-03-28|author=DublinCityLiterature}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# He’s Just Not That Into You&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=He's Just Not That Into You {{!}} Ciara Ní É {{!}} Irish poetry|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PSKMyPH8z0&amp;index=5&amp;list=PLY7rlV7E68LhQ54zpO3qFoViNqTyBLIo2|date=2017-10-23|author=Ciara Ní É}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# An Chéad Nóta&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=An Chéad Nóta {{!}} Ciara Ní É {{!}} Dán as Gaeilge (Poem in Irish)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kGF3ueoUyLc&amp;index=6&amp;list=PLY7rlV7E68LhQ54zpO3qFoViNqTyBLIo2|date=2017-02-27|author=Ciara Ní É}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Ualach&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Ualach {{!}} Ciara Ní É {{!}} Dán as Gaeilge (Poem in Irish with English translation)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0zr7RjC_3Tc&amp;list=PLY7rlV7E68LhQ54zpO3qFoViNqTyBLIo2&amp;index=7|date=2017-04-09|author=Ciara Ní É}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Geallta&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Geallta {{!}} Ciara Ní É {{!}} Dán i nGaeilge (Poem in Irish)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FKLO7SgPmc&amp;list=PLY7rlV7E68LhQ54zpO3qFoViNqTyBLIo2&amp;index=8|date=2015-05-18|author=Ciara Ní É}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Taos Fiacla&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Ciara Ní É - Taos Fiacla (Toothpaste) - with English Subtitles|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eew_mOKtjdY&amp;index=9&amp;list=PLY7rlV7E68LhQ54zpO3qFoViNqTyBLIo2|date=2018-07-10|author=Ó Bhéal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Death and Taxes&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Death and Taxes {{!}} Ciara Ní É {{!}} Dán as Gaeilge (Poem in Irish)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_En22Z4IwKo&amp;list=PLY7rlV7E68LhQ54zpO3qFoViNqTyBLIo2&amp;index=10|date=2016-12-04|author=Ciara Ní É}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Club an Chonartha&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Dán 'Club an Chonartha' ar Róisín {{!}}  TG4|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqNWJBJTYc8&amp;list=PLY7rlV7E68LhQ54zpO3qFoViNqTyBLIo2&amp;index=12|date=2017-01-19|author=TG4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sampla dá saothar ==

=== Dán Crá&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; ===

:Seo dán crá
:Seo dán do na mná a shuíonn ina n-aonar go poiblí
:Seo an dán a phreabann i mo chroí do gach fear gan
:iarraidh
:Fir a fheiceann bean is a fheiceann folús, poll le líonadh
:cuireadh oscailte, beag beann ar a mianta
:Fir nach dtuigeann an difríocht
:Idir cairdiúil agus leithleasach
:Idir ciapadh agus radaireacht
:Idir spraíúil agus bagarthach
:Seo dán crá
:Níl uaim hello a rá
:Níl uaim comhrá
:Níl uaim ligint orm go bhfuil mé ag gáire
:Níl uaim do bhod - Glac an nod - Uaitse níl uaim aon rud
:Níl uaim suí leat
:Níl uaim luí leat
:Níl uaim aon bhaint in aon slí leat
:Níl uaim do bhod - Glac an nod - Uaitse níl uaim aon rud


:Níl uaim deoch
:Níl uaim bheith buíoch
:Níl uaim go gceapfá go bhfuilimid le foc

== Féach freisin ==
* [[REIC]]
* [[AerachAiteachGaelach]]
* [[Claonadh (gearrscannán)|''Claonadh'' (gearrscannán)]]

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

* Blag: [https://miseciara.wordpress.com/ Mise Ciara]
* Próifíl ar Eolaire [[ASG]]: [https://www.aontasnascribhneoiri.ie/ga-IE/eolaire/scribhneoiri/635/ciara-ni-e/ Ciara Ní É]
* Próifíl [[AerachAiteachGaelach|AAG]]: [https://www.aerachaiteachgaelach.net/ciaranie Ciara Ní É]
* A bhfuil foilsithe aici in [[Comhar]]''[[Comhar]]'': [https://comhar.ie/iris/scribhneoiri/ciara-ni-e/ Ciara Ní É]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:É, Ciara Ní}}
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Lucht Ollscoil Chathair Bhaile Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Alumni Choláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Alumni Ollscoil Chathair Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Craoltóirí Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Baile Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Filí Béarla]]
[[Catagóir:Filí Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Filí na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Filíocht ó bhéal i nGaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Mná déghnéasacha]]
[[Catagóir:Muintir Ros na Rún]]
[[Catagóir:Tionchairí ar líne]]</text>
      <sha1>p4tfbskchic32hgxxy2xh8gzmvn42b1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>90902</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330826</id>
      <parentid>1330473</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T12:23:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>1330826</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3445" sha1="p3814sf2lwhent08dv21guez0ohd6cd" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]
* [[Speisialta:Statistics]] (23/10/25 -&gt; 23/10/26 -&gt; reatha)
** 134 -&gt; 109 -&gt; {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} duine ar bhonn rialta
** 62,524 -&gt; 64,522 -&gt; {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} alt
* [[:Catagóir:Leathanaigh le luas-scrios]]


* [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Teimpléid|Teimpléid]] atá ar fáil
* [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Wikidata list|Wikidata list]]s


* Miotais agus stair na hÉireann 
** -[[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Scéalta|Scéalta]]-
** -[[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/An Féineachas|An Féineachas]]-
** -[[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Lochanna|Lochanna]]-
** -[[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Tuamaí|Tuamaí]]-
* -[[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Réigiúin|Réigiúin]]- an tAontas Eorpach, NUTS, Conarthaí, Forais, Gníomhaireachtaí srl.
* Timpeallacht
** [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Comhshaol|Comhshaol]]
** [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Téamh Domhanda|Téamh Domhanda]] / Athrú Aeráide 


{| class=wikitable
|-
! Dream !! Ríocht !! Ríthe
|-
| [[Laighin]] || [[Ríocht na Laighean]] || [[Ríthe na Laighean]]
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Connachta]] || [[Ríthe na gConnacht]]
|-
| [[Dáirine]] || [[Ríocht na Mumhan]] || [[Ríthe na Mumhan]]
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Ulaid]] || [[Ríthe na nUladh]]
|}


# ''[[:en:Eochu Buadach|Eochu Buadach]]'' - [[Eochu Buadach]]
#* [[Lughnasadh]], [[Máire MacNeill]]=[[Máire Mac Néill]], [[Crom Dubh]], [[Marvin Leonard Colker]]

== Eochu Buadach ==


Dar le hathleaganacha ar leith de [[Leabhar Gabhála na hÉireann]] (LGÉ), bhí '''Eochaidh Buach''' (Sean-Ghaeilge: '''Eochu Buadach''') mac  ''[[Dui Ladrach]]'' ina [[Ard-Ríthe na hÉireann|Ardrí na hÉireann]]. '' However, he is not included as a High King in other versions of the story. He was the father of two High Kings of Ireland, [[Úgaine Mór]] and [[Bodbchad]].

== Athleagan
'' According to the [[R. A. Stewart Macalister]] translation of Lebor Gabála Érenn, in part 5, page 265, it says:&lt;ref name=lge265 /&gt;

{| class=wikitable
! Sean-Ghaeilge !! NuaGhaeilge
|-
| valign=top | Iarom roscascladh flaithius Ulad ó Themur, conrogabsat flaithius Eochu Buadach mac Duach—athair Ugaine Móir, dia raba altram [[Cimbáeth|Cimbáeda meic Fintain]].
| Ina dhiaidh sin, scaradh Ulaidh ó Theamhraigh, agus thóg Eochaidh Buach mac Duach flaitheas [Éireann] - athair Úgaine Mhóir, a bhí féin ina athair altrama Chiombaoith mhic Fhiontain.
|}

'' Macalister says that it is an abstract from the Roll of the Kings from [[Óengus Olmucaid|Oengus Olmucach]] to Cimbáeth, appended to the '''Second Redaction (R²)'''. Macalister describes the text as an ''Emain Macha interpolation''.&lt;ref name=lge264 /&gt;  However, Macalister does not include Eochu Buadach as a High King in his main Ardríthe na hÉireann.

'' If Eochu Buadach was a High King of Ireland for any period of time, his reign would have been near the end of the reign of [[Cimbáeth]], and his reign ended in 661 BC, according to the [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] timeline.

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=lge265&gt;[[Lebor Gabála Érenn]], Cuid V, lch. 265; le [[R. A. Stewart Macalister|Robert Macalister]].&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=lge264&gt;LGÉ, Cuid V, lch. 264.&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{Laigin}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buadach, Eochu}}
[[Catagóir:Ard-Ríthe na hÉireann]]

== Buntásc==

__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>p3814sf2lwhent08dv21guez0ohd6cd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ABAIR</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>92184</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330892</id>
      <parentid>1330513</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T03:12:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sanduíche de Presunto</username>
        <id>78137</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1330892</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3843" sha1="rt3vyifa3gyii6jgydf35pzlfsukap2" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Cartoon Woman Working At A Call Centre.svg|mion|Pictúir de [[sintéis urlabhra|shintéis urlabhra]]]]
Tionscadal sintéise urlabhra [[An Ghaeilge|Gaeilge]] is ea '''ABAIR''', atá ar bun ag [[An tSaotharlann Foghraíochta agus Urlabhra, Coláiste na Tríonóide|Saotharlann Foghraíochta agus Urlabhra]] i g[[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath|Coláiste na Tríonóide]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.abair.tcd.ie/ga/culra/|teideal=Cúlra|údar=An tSaotharlann Foghraíochta agus Urlabhra|dáta=|dátarochtana=24/03/2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324144418/https://www.abair.tcd.ie/ga/culra/|archivedate=24/03/2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá torthaí na hoibre (agus oibre na dtionscadal as a d'eascair sé) ar fáil mar &quot;ríomhchainteoir&quot; ar a suíomh idirlín '''abair.ie''' ó 2008 i leith.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://beo.ie/alt-caboigin-cainteach.aspx|teideal=Cabóigín cainteach|údar=Caoimhe Ní Laighin|dáta=Iúil 2008|foilsitheoir=Beo!|dátarochtana=24/03/2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215194736/http://beo.ie/alt-caboigin-cainteach.aspx|archivedate=2017-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá na guthanna ar fáil mar bhreiseán don léitheoir scáileáin NVDA freisin, agus is féidir iad a leabú i suíomhanna idirlín eile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.abair.tcd.ie/ga/rochtain/|teideal=Rochtain|údar=An tSaotharlann Foghraíochta agus Urlabhra|dáta=|dátarochtana=24/03/2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324143408/https://www.abair.tcd.ie/ga/rochtain/|archivedate=24/03/2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Feidhmeanna ==
Córas [[Sintéis Téacs-go-hUrlabhra|téacs-go-hurlabhra]] atá mar thoradh ag ABAIR, .i. córas a aistríonn téacs scríofa go fuaimeanna mar a bheadh duine daonna á léamh os ard. 

Is féidir leis an úsáideoir an guth a chur in oiriúint de réir mar is mian leo—chomh maith le canúint agus modh sintéise (féach thíos), is féidir luas agus tuinairde an léimh amach a athrú, agus guth baineann nó fireann a roghnú. 

== Cúlra ==
Tá ABAIR ina chomharba mar thionscadal ar WISPR (tionscadal a bhí taighdeoirí ó roinnt ollscoileanna in [[Éire|Éirinn]] agus i m[[Bangor]] na [[An Bhreatain Bheag|Breataine Bige]] páirteach ann), agus ar Chabóigín I ⁊ II.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Canúintí ==
Tá a rogha [[Canúint|canúna]] ag úsáideoir an tsuímh freisin:&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.abair.tcd.ie/ga/|teideal=Na Canúintí|údar=An tSaotharlann Foghraíochta agus Urlabhra|dáta=|dátarochtana=24/03/2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324140303/https://www.abair.tcd.ie/ga/|archivedate=24/03/2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Canúint Ghaeilge Uladh|Canúint Uladh]] ([[Gaoth Dobhair]])
* [[Gaeilge na Mumhan|Canúint na Mumhan]] ([[Corca Dhuibhne]])
* [[Gaeilge Laighean|Canúint Laighean]]/[[Gaeilge Chonnacht|Chonnacht]] ([[Ráth Cairn|Ráth Chairn]])

== Modhanna Sintéise ==
Baineadh úsáid as trí mhodh sintéise chun na guthanna a chruthú:&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.abair.tcd.ie/ga/|teideal=Glórtha|údar=An tSaotharlann Foghraíochta agus Urlabhra|dáta=|dátarochtana=24/03/2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324140303/https://www.abair.tcd.ie/ga/|archivedate=24/03/2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* HTS
* [[Líonraí Néaracha Domhaine]] (DNN)
* [[Roghnúchán Aonaid]]

== Féach Freisin ==

* [[An tSaotharlann Foghraíochta agus Urlabhra, Coláiste na Tríonóide]]
* [[CabairE|C''abair''E]]
* [[Intleacht shaorga|Intleacht Shaorga]]

== Naisc Sheachtracha ==

* [http://www.abair.ie www.abair.ie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103205122/https://abair.ie/ |date=2022-11-03 }}

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Teicneolaíocht Teanga]]
[[Catagóir:Teicneolaíocht na Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Tionscadail Choláiste na Tríonóide]]
[[Catagóir:Láithreáin gréasáin na Gaeilge]]</text>
      <sha1>rt3vyifa3gyii6jgydf35pzlfsukap2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vicipéid:Mná gan leathanach ar Vicipéid</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>95192</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330922</id>
      <parentid>1330754</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T04:19:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>25319</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>1330922</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="219536" sha1="lknv1xai6akmnxv3agezhpdnmgv74yj" xml:space="preserve">Seo a leanas liosta mná Éireannacha gan leathanach ar Vicipéid:
{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item ?linkcount WHERE {
  ?item wdt:P27|wdt:P17|wdt:P495|wdt:P1532 wd:Q27 . 
  FILTER NOT EXISTS {                              # has no en.wikipedia sitelink
    ?wen schema:about ?item .
    ?wen schema:isPartOf &lt;https://ga.wikipedia.org/&gt; .
  }
  ?item wdt:P21 wd:Q6581072 .                      # gender: female
  ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 .                            # human
  OPTIONAL {?item wikibase:sitelinks ?linkcount .} # count of sitelinks  
} limit 1000
|sort=P569
|columns=label:name,P18,description,P106,P569,P570,P19,P20,item:nasc wikidata,?linkcount:méid naisc
|thumb=40
|autolist=fallback
|links=red
|summary=itemnumber
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! name
! íomhá
! description
! gairm
! dáta breithe
! dáta báis
! áit bhreithe
! áit bháis
! nasc wikidata
! méid naisc
|-
| [[Margaret FitzGerald, Cuntaois Urumhan]]
| [[Íomhá:Unknown early 15th century lady on palimpsest chest tomb of Piers Butler, 8th Earl of Ormond (1467-1539), St Canice's Cathedral, Kilkenny, supposed to represent his wife Margaret Fitzgerald.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] person (1401–1542) ♀; child of [[Gearóid Mór Mac Gearailt]] agus Alison Eustace; spouse of Piers Butler, 8ú hIarla Urumhan
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1401&quot; | 15th century
| data-sort-value=&quot;1542&quot; | 1542-08-09
| 
| [[Cill Chainnigh]]
| [[:d:Q208901|Q208901]]
| 4
|-
| [[Elizabeth Stanhope]]
| [[Íomhá:Elizabeth Countess of Chesterfield.png|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] person (1640–1665) ♀; child of James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde agus Elizabeth Butler; spouse of Philip Stanhope
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1640&quot; | 1640-06-29
| data-sort-value=&quot;1665&quot; | 1665-07
| [[Caisleán Chill Chainnigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q245681|Q245681]]
| 4
|-
| [[Grizel Steevens]]
| [[Íomhá:Grizell Steevens.png|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Ríocht na Breataine Móire|ríocht na breataine móire]] benefactor (1653–1746) ♀
| [[benefactor]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1653&quot; | 1653
| data-sort-value=&quot;1746&quot; | 1746
| [[Sasana]]
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[:d:Q1124291|Q1124291]]
| 3
|-
| [[Elizabeth Aldworth]]
| [[Íomhá:MrsAldworth.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] uasal (1692–1773) ♀; child of Arthur St Leger, 1st Viscount Doneraile agus Elizabeth Hayes; spouse of Richard Aldworth
| [[uasal]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1692&quot; | 1692&lt;br/&gt;1695
| data-sort-value=&quot;1773&quot; | 1773&lt;br/&gt;1772-05-11
| [[Dún ar Aill]]
| [[Contae Chorcaí]]
| [[:d:Q1773537|Q1773537]]
| 11
|-
| [[Elizabeth Griffith]]
| [[Íomhá:Elizabeth griffith.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[An Bhreatain Bheag|breatnach]] aisteoir stáitse, [[Scríbhneoir|scríbhneoir]], scríbhneoir aistí, drámadóir agus [[Aisteoir|aisteoir]] (1727–1793) ♀
| [[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir aistí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[drámadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1727&quot; | 1727-10-11
| data-sort-value=&quot;1793&quot; | 1793-01-05
| [[Sir Forgannwg]]
| [[Cill Dara]]
| [[:d:Q1331217|Q1331217]]
| 8
|-
| [[Nano Nagle]]
| [[Íomhá:Nano Nagle.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] bean rialta Chríostaí, ban-ab (1728–1784) ♀
| [[bean rialta Chríostaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1728&quot; | 1728
| data-sort-value=&quot;1784&quot; | 1784-04-20
| [[Contae Chorcaí]]
| [[Corcaigh]]
| [[:d:Q596669|Q596669]]
| 11
|-
| [[Amelia Curran]]
| 
| péintéir Éireannach (1775–1847)
| [[péintéir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1775&quot; | 1775
| data-sort-value=&quot;1847&quot; | 1847
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[an Róimh]]
| [[:d:Q2842660|Q2842660]]
| 10
|-
| [[Catherine McAuley]]
| [[Íomhá:Photo mcauley.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] duine rialta, [[Bean rialta|bean rialta]] agus [[Altra|altra]] (1778–1841) ♀
| [[duine rialta]]&lt;br/&gt;[[bean rialta]]&lt;br/&gt;[[altra]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1778&quot; | 1778-09-29
| data-sort-value=&quot;1841&quot; | 1841-11-11
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[:d:Q2736460|Q2736460]]
| 15
|-
| [[Anna Doyle Wheeler]]
| [[Íomhá:Anna Doyle Wheeler.jpg|center|40px]]
| ceoltóir agus gníomhaí ar son cearta na mban
| [[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[gníomhaí ar son chearta na mban]]&lt;br/&gt;[[sufraigéid]]&lt;br/&gt;[[salonnière]]&lt;br/&gt;[[fealsamh]]&lt;br/&gt;[[feimineach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1785&quot; | 1785
| data-sort-value=&quot;1848&quot; | 1848-05-07
| [[Contae Thiobraid Árann]]
| [[Camden Town]]
| [[:d:Q4766969|Q4766969]]
| 12
|-
| [[Anna Maria Hall]]
| [[Íomhá:Forlorn-hope-amhall.png|center|40px]]
| úrscéalaí Éireannach
| [[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[úrscéalaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iriseoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir litríocht pháistí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[eagarthóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[daonchara]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1800&quot; | 1800-01-06
| data-sort-value=&quot;1881&quot; | 1881-01-30
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Molesey]]
| [[:d:Q562000|Q562000]]
| 16
|-
| [[Barbara Arbuthnott]]
| [[Íomhá:Barbara Arbuthnott og Lars Olsen Hoås SU-L01.0296 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| scríbhneoir
| [[feirmeoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1822&quot; | 1822-09-05
| data-sort-value=&quot;1904&quot; | 1904-08-28
| [[An Teampall Mór]]
| [[Sunndal]]
| [[:d:Q4858720|Q4858720]]
| 4
|-
| [[Joanna Hiffernan]]
| [[Íomhá:Courbe Portrait de Jo.jpg|center|40px]]
| mainicín Éireannach
| [[mainicín ealaíne]]&lt;br/&gt;[[péintéir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1843&quot; | 1843
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century&lt;br/&gt;1903
| [[Luimneach]]
| [[Holborn]]
| [[:d:Q457483|Q457483]]
| 16
|-
| [[Ellen (Nellie) Cashman]]
| [[Íomhá:Ellen Cashman.gif|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] taiscéalaí, bialannaí agus prospector (1845–1925) ♀; Alaska Women's Hall of Fame, Arizona Women's Hall of Fame, National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame agus Alaska Mining Hall of Fame
| [[taiscéalaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[bialannaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[prospector]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1845&quot; | 1845-08-25
| data-sort-value=&quot;1925&quot; | 1925-01-04
| [[An Cóbh]]
| [[Victoria, an Cholóim Bhriotanach|Victoria]]
| [[:d:Q602294|Q602294]]
| 9
|-
| [[Annie Jessy Curwen]]
| 
| múinteoir ceoil Éireannach
| [[pianódóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[múinteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir litríocht pháistí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1845&quot; | 1845
| data-sort-value=&quot;1932&quot; | 1932
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[:d:Q4769321|Q4769321]]
| 1
|-
| [[Alice Stopford Green]]
| [[Íomhá:Alicestopfordgreen.jpg|center|40px]]
| polaiteoir Éireannach
| [[staraí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[polaiteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1847&quot; | 1847-05-30
| data-sort-value=&quot;1929&quot; | 1929-05-28
| [[Ceanannas]]
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[:d:Q4726110|Q4726110]]
| 8
|-
| [[Fanny Parnell]]
| [[Íomhá:Miss Fanny Parnell 1882.jpg|center|40px]]
| file Éireannach (1848 – 1882)
| [[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[file]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1848&quot; | 1848-09-04
| data-sort-value=&quot;1882&quot; | 1882-07-20
| [[Contae Chill Mhantáin]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3066476|Q3066476]]
| 5
|-
| [[George Egerton]]
| [[Íomhá:George Egerton in the 1930s.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]]-[[An Astráil|astrálach]] [[Scríbhneoir|scríbhneoir]], drámadóir, [[Úrscéalaí|úrscéalaí]] agus aistritheoir (1859–1945) ♀; child of John Joseph Dunne agus Elizabeth George; spouse of Reginald Edward Golding Bright, Henry Peter Higginson agus Egerton Clairmonte
| [[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[drámadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[úrscéalaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aistritheoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1859&quot; | 1859-12-14&lt;br/&gt;1860
| data-sort-value=&quot;1945&quot; | 1945-08-12
| [[an Astráil]]
| [[Londain]]
| [[:d:Q273207|Q273207]]
| 10
|-
| [[Amanda McKittrick Ros]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[File|file]], [[Scríbhneoir|scríbhneoir]] agus [[Úrscéalaí|úrscéalaí]] (1860–1939) ♀; notable work Irene Iddesleigh
| [[file]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[úrscéalaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1860&quot; | 1860-12-08
| data-sort-value=&quot;1939&quot; | 1939-02-02
| [[Baile na hInse, Contae an Dúin]]
| [[Béal Feirste]]
| [[:d:Q4739696|Q4739696]]
| 4
|-
| [[May Langrishe]]
| 
| imreoir leadóige Éireannach
| [[imreoir leadóige]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1864&quot; | 1864-12-31
| data-sort-value=&quot;1939&quot; | 1939-01-24
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éire]]
| [[Charmouth]]
| [[:d:Q1727762|Q1727762]]
| 4
|-
| [[Louisa Martin]]
| [[Íomhá:Mollie martin.jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir leadóige Éireannach
| [[imreoir leadóige]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1865&quot; | 1865-09-03
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-24
| [[An Dúcharraig]]
| [[Port Rois]]
| [[:d:Q1395948|Q1395948]]
| 13
|-
| [[Lena Rice]]
| [[Íomhá:Lena rice.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann|Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann]] imreoir leadóige (1866–1907) ♀
| [[imreoir leadóige]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1866&quot; | 1866-06-21
| data-sort-value=&quot;1907&quot; | 1907-06-21
| [[Loch Ceann]]
| [[Loch Ceann]]
| [[:d:Q267303|Q267303]]
| 22
|-
| [[Aleen Cust]]
| [[Íomhá:Aleen Cust portrait.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[Tréidlia|tréidlia]] (1868–1937) ♀; child of Sir Leopold Cust, 2nd Baronet agus Charlotte Sobieske Isabel Bridgeman
| [[tréidlia]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1868&quot; | 1868
| data-sort-value=&quot;1937&quot; | 1937
| [[Tiobraid Árann (baile)|Tiobraid Árann]]
| [[Iamáice]]
| [[:d:Q4714359|Q4714359]]
| 7
|-
| [[Annie Patterson]]
| 
| orgánaí agus cumadóir ceoil
| [[ceoleolaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cumadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[múinteoir ceoil]]&lt;br/&gt;[[orgánaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iriseoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[léachtóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1868&quot; | 1868-10-27
| data-sort-value=&quot;1934&quot; | 1934-01-16
| [[An Lorgain]]
| [[Corcaigh]]
| [[:d:Q4769404|Q4769404]]
| 7
|-
| [[M. Obré]]
| [[Íomhá:Ireland England 1903.jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1870&quot; | 1870s
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q55739841|Q55739841]]
| 1
|-
| [[Annie M. P. Smithson]]
| 
| scríbhneoir Éireannach
| [[cnáimhseach]]&lt;br/&gt;[[údar]]&lt;br/&gt;[[altra]]&lt;br/&gt;[[gníomhaí polaitiúil]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1873&quot; | 1873-09-26
| data-sort-value=&quot;1948&quot; | 1948-02-21
| [[Dumhach Thrá]]
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[:d:Q4769366|Q4769366]]
| 3
|-
| [[Annie Moore]]
| [[Íomhá:Annie Moore.png|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] person (1874–1924) ♀
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1874&quot; | 1874-04-24
| data-sort-value=&quot;1924&quot; | 1924-12-06
| [[Corcaigh]]
| [[Manhattan]]
| [[:d:Q529195|Q529195]]
| 6
|-
| [[Hilda Chater]]
| 
| [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann|Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann]]-[[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|briotanach]] imreoir fichille (1874–1968) ♀
| [[imreoir fichille]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1874&quot; | 1874-08-28
| data-sort-value=&quot;1968&quot; | 1968-11-27
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q105722375|Q105722375]]
| 4
|-
| [[Eilís Ní Phartholáin]]
| 
| scríbhneoir agus gníomhaí Éireannach
| [[file]]&lt;br/&gt;[[gearrscéalaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[gníomhaí polaitiúil]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1875&quot; | 1875-11-26
| data-sort-value=&quot;1946&quot; | 1946-10-20
| [[Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[:d:Q4725870|Q4725870]]
| 4
|-
| [[Bickford]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1875&quot; | 1875
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q55739807|Q55739807]]
| 0
|-
| [[T. D. Good-Carroll]]
| [[Íomhá:Ireland England 1903.jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1879&quot; | 1879-11-01
| data-sort-value=&quot;1958&quot; | 1958-02-21
| [[An Charraig Dhubh]]
| [[Droichead na Dothra]]
| [[:d:Q27044123|Q27044123]]
| 3
|-
| [[Sara Allgood]]
| [[Íomhá:Sara Allgood 1939.JPG|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1880&quot; | 1880-10-30&lt;br/&gt;1883
| data-sort-value=&quot;1950&quot; | 1950-09-13
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Woodland Hills]]
| [[:d:Q238070|Q238070]]
| 30
|-
| [[Mary Dickenson-Auner]]
| 
| cumadóir Éireannach
| [[cumadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[veidhleadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1880&quot; | 1880-10-24
| data-sort-value=&quot;1965&quot; | 1965-05-25
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Vín]]
| [[:d:Q1719083|Q1719083]]
| 4
|-
| [[Irene Hamilton]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1880&quot; | 1880s
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q55739833|Q55739833]]
| 0
|-
| [[Manders]]
| [[Íomhá:Mrs Manders.jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1880&quot; | 1880s
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q55739843|Q55739843]]
| 1
|-
| [[Hazlett]]
| [[Íomhá:Irish International Badminton team 1909.jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1880&quot; | 1880s
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q84044654|Q84044654]]
| 1
|-
| [[Louisa Plews]]
| [[Íomhá:Irish International Badminton team 1912.jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1881&quot; | 1881
| data-sort-value=&quot;1969&quot; | 1969-12-10
| 
| [[Baile na Lobhar]]
| [[:d:Q55739855|Q55739855]]
| 1
|-
| [[Beatrice Elvery]]
| [[Íomhá:William Orpen Bridgit.JPG|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] péintéir, ealaíontóir gloine daite, dealbhóir agus maisitheoir (fl. 1904–1970) (1881–1970) ♀
| [[péintéir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ealaíontóir gloine daite]]&lt;br/&gt;[[dealbhóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[maisitheoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1883&quot; | 1883-04-30
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970-05-21
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4877145|Q4877145]]
| 4
|-
| [[Storey]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1885&quot; | 1885
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q55739860|Q55739860]]
| 0
|-
| [[H. Pigot]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1887&quot; | 1887
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554314|Q65554314]]
| 0
|-
| [[C. Johnstone]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1888&quot; | 1888
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q27574560|Q27574560]]
| 0
|-
| [[Nora Lambert]]
| [[Íomhá:Miss Lambert.jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1888&quot; | 1888
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554502|Q65554502]]
| 1
|-
| [[F. O. D. Trench]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1889&quot; | 1889
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q27574551|Q27574551]]
| 0
|-
| [[E. F. Stewart]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1890&quot; | 1890s
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q55739822|Q55739822]]
| 0
|-
| [[Bridget Dowling]]
| [[Íomhá:Bridget Dowling Hitler NYWTS.jpg|center|40px]]
| céilí Alois Hitler
| [[scríbhneoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1891&quot; | 1891-07-03
| data-sort-value=&quot;1969&quot; | 1969-11-18
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Long Island]]
| [[:d:Q454576|Q454576]]
| 16
|-
| [[Patricia Collinge]]
| [[Íomhá:Patricia-collinge-trailer.jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Meiriceánach
| [[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir teilifíse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir scripte]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1892&quot; | 1892-09-20
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974&quot; | 1974-04-10
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua-Eabhrac]]
| [[:d:Q177208|Q177208]]
| 20
|-
| [[Kitty Kiernan]]
| [[Íomhá:Kitty Kiernan.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] réabhlóidí agus gníomhaí (1892–1945) ♀
| [[réabhlóidí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[gníomhaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1892&quot; | 1892-01-26
| data-sort-value=&quot;1945&quot; | 1945-07-24
| [[Gránard]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4581421|Q4581421]]
| 10
|-
| [[Dorothy Colpoys]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1894&quot; | 1894-11-26
| data-sort-value=&quot;1980&quot; | 1980
| [[Surrey]]
| [[Devon]]
| [[:d:Q27783241|Q27783241]]
| 2
|-
| [[A. M. Head]]
| [[Íomhá:Mrs A.M. Head.jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1895&quot; | 1895
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q15290937|Q15290937]]
| 4
|-
| [[Enid Starkie]]
| 
| léirmheastóir liteartha Éireannach
| [[múinteoir ollscoile]]&lt;br/&gt;[[beathaisnéisí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[focleolaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1897&quot; | 1897-08-18
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970-04-21
| [[Cill Iníon Léinín]]
| [[Oxford]]
| [[:d:Q1343100|Q1343100]]
| 3
|-
| [[Ninette de Valois]]
| [[Íomhá:Ninette de Valois (1974).jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|briotanach]] damhsóir bailé, cóiréagrafaí, leabhrógaí, máistir bailé, [[Scríbhneoir|scríbhneoir]], múinteoir bailé, [[Stiúrthóir scannán|stiúrthóir scannán]], ballet director agus damhsóir (1898–2001) ♀; Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur‎, Gradam Laurence Olivier, Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Duais Erasmus, Companion of Honour, Ord Fiúntais, Bonn Albert, Society of London Theatre Special Award, Critics' Circle Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts agus Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Award; member of Acadamh Ealaíona agus Eolaíochtaí Mheiriceá; child of Thomas Robert Alexander Stannus agus Elizabeth Graydon Smith; spouse of Arthur Blackall Connell
| [[damhsóir bailé]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cóiréagrafaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[leabhrógaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[máistir bailé]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[múinteoir bailé]]&lt;br/&gt;[[stiúrthóir scannán]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ballet director]]&lt;br/&gt;[[damhsóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1898&quot; | 1898-06-06
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-03-08
| [[Baile Coimín]]
| [[Londain]]
| [[:d:Q234436|Q234436]]
| 34
|-
| [[Elizabeth Bowen]]
| [[Íomhá:Elizabeth Bowen (cropped).png|center|40px]]
| scríbhneoir Éireannach
| [[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[úrscéalaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[gearrscéalaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1899&quot; | 1899-06-07
| data-sort-value=&quot;1973&quot; | 1973-02-22
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Londain]]
| [[:d:Q235308|Q235308]]
| 46
|-
| [[Eileen Percy]]
| [[Íomhá:Eileen Percy - Aug 14 1920 EH.jpg|center|40px]]
| aisteoir Gael-Mheiriceánach (1900-1973)
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1900&quot; | 1900-08-21
| data-sort-value=&quot;1973&quot; | 1973-07-29
| [[Béal Feirste]]
| [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]
| [[:d:Q2070491|Q2070491]]
| 12
|-
| [[D. Anderson]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1900&quot; | 1900s
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q55739817|Q55739817]]
| 0
|-
| [[D. Pilkington]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1900&quot; | 1900s
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q55739819|Q55739819]]
| 0
|-
| [[Muriel Homan]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1900&quot; | 1900s
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q55739840|Q55739840]]
| 0
|-
| [[Iris Origo]]
| [[Íomhá:Iris Origo Donata.jpg|center|40px]]
| scríbhneoir Briotanach
| [[staraí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[feirmeoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[beathaisnéisí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[dialannaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1902&quot; | 1902-08-15
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-06-28
| [[Gloucestershire]]
| [[Siena]]
| [[:d:Q518613|Q518613]]
| 8
|-
| [[Mary Katherine Herbert]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] spiaire agus gníomhaire SOE (1903–1983) ♀; spouse of Claude de Baissac
| [[spiaire]]&lt;br/&gt;[[gníomhaire SOE]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1903&quot; | 1903-10-01
| data-sort-value=&quot;1983&quot; | 1983-01-23
| [[Cas-gwent]]
| [[Frant]]
| [[:d:Q3296186|Q3296186]]
| 6
|-
| [[Ellen Organ]]
| [[Íomhá:Little Nellie of Holy God.gif|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] misteach agus visionary (1903–1908) ♀
| [[misteach]]&lt;br/&gt;[[visionary]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1903&quot; | 1903-08-24
| data-sort-value=&quot;1908&quot; | 1908-02-02
| [[Port Láirge]]
| [[Corcaigh]]
| [[:d:Q3337916|Q3337916]]
| 5
|-
| [[Derreen Good]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1904&quot; | 1904-08-15
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q55739818|Q55739818]]
| 1
|-
| [[Norma Stoker]]
| [[Íomhá:Norma Stoker.jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir leadóige]]&lt;br/&gt;[[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1905&quot; | 1905-03-26
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-08-21
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath]]
| [[:d:Q1999289|Q1999289]]
| 5
|-
| [[Olive Wilson]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1905&quot; | 1905
| data-sort-value=&quot;1948&quot; | 1948
| [[Doire]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2019968|Q2019968]]
| 2
|-
| [[Edel Quinn]]
| [[Íomhá:Edel Quinn.png|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] misinéir (1907–1944) ♀
| [[misinéir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1907&quot; | 1907-09-14
| data-sort-value=&quot;1944&quot; | 1944-05-12
| [[Ceann Toirc]]
| [[Nairobi]]
| [[:d:Q443996|Q443996]]
| 15
|-
| [[G. Good]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1908&quot; | 1908
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554295|Q65554295]]
| 0
|-
| [[Christabel Bielenberg]]
| 
| [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]]-[[An Ghearmáin|gearmánach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] [[Scríbhneoir|scríbhneoir]] agus trodaí frithbheartaíochta (1909–2003) ♀; Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany; child of Percy Collingwood Burton agus Christabel Rose Harmsworth; spouse of Peter Bielenberg
| [[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[trodaí frithbheartaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1909&quot; | 1909-06-18
| data-sort-value=&quot;2003&quot; | 2003-11-02
| [[Londain]]
| [[An Tulach]]
| [[:d:Q97287|Q97287]]
| 7
|-
| [[Margaret Kelly]]
| [[Íomhá:MargaretKellyYoung.JPG|center|40px]]
| damhsóir Éireannach
| [[bainisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cóiréagrafaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[damhsóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1910&quot; | 1910-06-24
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-09-11
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[16ú arrondissement Pháras]]
| [[:d:Q1747577|Q1747577]]
| 8
|-
| [[Eileen Goulding]]
| [[Íomhá:Irish Leinster Interprovincial Badminton team 1936.jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1910&quot; | 1910s
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q84044350|Q84044350]]
| 1
|-
| [[Billy Kelly]]
| [[Íomhá:Billie Kelly.jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1910&quot; | 1910s
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q84044367|Q84044367]]
| 1
|-
| [[Mavis Macnaughton]]
| [[Íomhá:Mavis Hamilton.jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1911&quot; | 1911-09-14
| data-sort-value=&quot;1958&quot; | 1958-11
| [[Ráth Domhnaigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1647577|Q1647577]]
| 5
|-
| [[G. Carty]]
| [[Íomhá:Badminton 1939.JPG|center|40px]]
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1911&quot; | 1911
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554294|Q65554294]]
| 1
|-
| [[Marguerite Dockrell]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (1912–1983) ♀; child of [[Henry Morgan Dockrell]]
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1912&quot; | 1912-03-10
| data-sort-value=&quot;1983&quot; | 1983-09
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Northampton]]
| [[:d:Q23936583|Q23936583]]
| 4
|-
| [[Geraldine Fitzgerald]]
| [[Íomhá:Geraldine-Fitzgerald-August-1944.jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Gael-Mheiriceánach
| [[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir teilifíse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[stiúrthóir drámaíochta]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1913&quot; | 1913-11-24
| data-sort-value=&quot;2005&quot; | 2005-07-17
| [[Na Clocha Liatha]]
| [[Upper East Side]]
| [[:d:Q236396|Q236396]]
| 38
|-
| [[Joan Frances Plews]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1913&quot; | 1913-11-11
| 
| [[An Charraig Dhubh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q140067864|Q140067864]]
| 0
|-
| [[Anita Leslie]]
| 
| beathaisnéisí Éireannach
| [[beathaisnéisí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1914&quot; | 1914-11-21
| data-sort-value=&quot;1985&quot; | 1985-11-05
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q4765648|Q4765648]]
| 2
|-
| [[Joyce Redman]]
| 
| aisteoir Angla-Éireannach
| [[aisteoir teilifíse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amharclannóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1915&quot; | 1915-12-09
| data-sort-value=&quot;2012&quot; | 2012-05-10
| [[Gosforth]]
| [[Pembury]]
| [[:d:Q442956|Q442956]]
| 17
|-
| [[Dorothy Donaldson]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]&lt;br/&gt;[[imreoir haca]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1915&quot; | 1915
| data-sort-value=&quot;2011&quot; | 2011-09-04
| [[Port Láirge]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1250293|Q1250293]]
| 4
|-
| [[E. Hall]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1915&quot; | 1915
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q134423755|Q134423755]]
| 0
|-
| [[Bridie O'Flaherty]]
| 
| polaiteoir Éireannach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1917&quot; | 1917-10-27
| data-sort-value=&quot;2006&quot; | 2006-01-12
| 
| [[Gaillimh]]
| [[:d:Q914007|Q914007]]
| 2
|-
| [[Maeve Brennan]]
| 
| scríbhneoir Éireannach
| [[iriseoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[léirmheastóir liteartha]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[úrscéalaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[colúnaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1917&quot; | 1917-01-06
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-11-01
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua-Eabhrac]]
| [[:d:Q1883652|Q1883652]]
| 9
|-
| [[Margaret Barry]]
| 
| ceoltóir Éireannach
| [[bainseóí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ceoltóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1917&quot; | 1917
| data-sort-value=&quot;1989&quot; | 1989
| [[Corcaigh]]
| [[Baile Labhráis]]
| [[:d:Q2073268|Q2073268]]
| 4
|-
| [[Marie Kean]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1918&quot; | 1918-06-27
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-12-29
| [[An Ros, Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath|An Ros]]
| [[Domhnach Broc]]
| [[:d:Q3292619|Q3292619]]
| 7
|-
| [[Josie MacAvin]]
| 
| dearthóir seit
| [[dearthóir léiriúchán]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1919&quot; | 1919-04-23
| data-sort-value=&quot;2005&quot; | 2005-01-26
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Baile na Manach]]
| [[:d:Q178716|Q178716]]
| 9
|-
| [[Barbara Good]]
| [[Íomhá:Barbara J. Good.jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1920&quot; | 1920
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q807442|Q807442]]
| 3
|-
| [[Elizabeth Shaw]]
| [[Íomhá:Elizabeth Shaw (1989) by Guenter Prust.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] scigealaíontóir, maisitheoir, cartúnaí, maisitheoir, ealaíontóir grafach, [[Grianghrafadóir|grianghrafadóir]], [[Scríbhneoir|scríbhneoir]] agus scríbhneoir litríocht pháistí (1920–1992) ♀; Gutenberg Prize
| [[scigealaíontóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[maisitheoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cartúnaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ealaíontóir grafach]]&lt;br/&gt;[[grianghrafadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir litríocht pháistí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1920&quot; | 1920-05-04
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992-06-27
| [[Béal Feirste]]
| [[Beirlín]]
| [[:d:Q1331314|Q1331314]]
| 3
|-
| [[Eilís Dillon]]
| 
| scríbhneoir Éireannach
| [[file]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir litríocht pháistí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1920&quot; | 1920-03-07
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-07-19
| [[Gaillimh]]
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[:d:Q1567235|Q1567235]]
| 9
|-
| [[Nora Conway]]
| [[Íomhá:Badminton 1939.JPG|center|40px]]
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1920&quot; | 1920s
| data-sort-value=&quot;2010&quot; | 2010s
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q6457791|Q6457791]]
| 3
|-
| [[B. Potter]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain Éireannach
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1920&quot; | 1920s
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q55739806|Q55739806]]
| 0
|-
| [[Leland Bardwell]]
| 
| scríbhneoir Éireannach
| [[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[file]]&lt;br/&gt;[[drámadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1922&quot; | 1922-02-25
| data-sort-value=&quot;2016&quot; | 2016-06-28
| [[Chennai]]
| [[Sligeach]]
| [[:d:Q1816611|Q1816611]]
| 4
|-
| [[Kathleen Ryan]]
| [[Íomhá:Kathleen Ryan (in &quot;Odd Man Out&quot;).png|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1922&quot; | 1922-09-08
| data-sort-value=&quot;1985&quot; | 1985-12-11&lt;br/&gt;1985-11-11
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[:d:Q3194084|Q3194084]]
| 7
|-
| [[V. H. Gillespie]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1923&quot; | 1923
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554623|Q65554623]]
| 0
|-
| [[Mary Catherine Tinney]]
| 
| taidhleoir Éireannach
| [[taidhleoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1924&quot; | 1924-02-15
| data-sort-value=&quot;2006&quot; | 2006-11-22
| [[Albain]]
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[:d:Q1410325|Q1410325]]
| 3
|-
| [[Sheila Manahan]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1924&quot; | 1924-01-01
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-03-29
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Londain]]
| [[:d:Q1414336|Q1414336]]
| 4
|-
| [[Anna Manahan]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1924&quot; | 1924-10-18
| data-sort-value=&quot;2009&quot; | 2009-03-08
| [[Contae Phort Láirge]]
| [[Port Láirge]]
| [[:d:Q2358194|Q2358194]]
| 7
|-
| [[Peggy Cummins]]
| [[Íomhá:Peggy Cummins. Promotion 1950.jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach a rugadh sa Bhreatain Bheag
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1925&quot; | 1925-12-18
| data-sort-value=&quot;2017&quot; | 2017-12-29
| [[Prestatyn]]
| [[Londain]]
| [[:d:Q441467|Q441467]]
| 20
|-
| [[Doreen Keogh]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1925&quot; | 1925-05-02&lt;br/&gt;1924-04-10
| data-sort-value=&quot;2017&quot; | 2017-12-31
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Baile Mhic Andáin]]
| [[:d:Q2018740|Q2018740]]
| 5
|-
| [[B. Curran]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1925&quot; | 1925
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554200|Q65554200]]
| 0
|-
| [[W. Swann]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1925&quot; | 1925
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q134573262|Q134573262]]
| 0
|-
| [[Anne McCaffrey]]
| [[Íomhá:Anne McCaffrey 2005.JPG|center|40px]]
| úrscéalaí Gael-Mheiriceánach
| [[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[úrscéalaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir ficsean eolaíochta]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir litríocht pháistí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1926&quot; | 1926-04-01
| data-sort-value=&quot;2011&quot; | 2011-11-21
| [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
| [[An Caisleán Nua, Contae Chill Mhantáin|An Caisleán Nua]]
| [[:d:Q233046|Q233046]]
| 41
|-
| [[Alice Glenn]]
| 
| polaiteoir Éireannach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1927&quot; | 1927-12-17
| data-sort-value=&quot;2011&quot; | 2011-12-16
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Deilginis]]
| [[:d:Q2646906|Q2646906]]
| 2
|-
| [[Jean Kennedy Smith]]
| [[Íomhá:Jean Kennedy c1953.jpg|center|40px]]
| taidhleoir Gael-Mheiriceánach
| [[taidhleoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1928&quot; | 1928-02-20
| data-sort-value=&quot;2020&quot; | 2020-06-17
| [[Bostún, Massachusetts|Bostún]]
| [[Nua-Eabhrac (cathair)|Nua-Eabhrac]]
| [[:d:Q272401|Q272401]]
| 30
|-
| [[Mona Baptiste]]
| 
| [[Oileán na Tríonóide agus Tobága|Oileán na Tríonóide agus Tobága]]-[[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|briotanach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] [[Aisteoir|aisteoir]], [[Amhránaí|amhránaí]] agus [[Ceoltóir|ceoltóir]] (fl. 1949–) (1928–1993) ♀; spouse of William Morrison
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ceoltóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1928&quot; | 1928-06-21
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-06-25
| [[Oileán na Tríonóide]]
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[:d:Q1662382|Q1662382]]
| 6
|-
| [[Kitty Hayes]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[Ceoltóir|ceoltóir]] (1928–2008) ♀
| [[ceoltóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1928&quot; | 1928
| data-sort-value=&quot;2008&quot; | 2008-05-17
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q1949254|Q1949254]]
| 3
|-
| [[Maeve Kyle]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|briotanach]] imreoir haca, rábálaí agus reathaí meánfhaid (1928–2025) ♀; Oifigeach Ord Impireacht na Breataine
| [[imreoir haca]]&lt;br/&gt;[[rábálaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[reathaí meánfhaid]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1928&quot; | 1928-10-06
| data-sort-value=&quot;2025&quot; | 2025-07-23
| [[Cill Chainnigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q6729406|Q6729406]]
| 6
|-
| [[Sheila Smyth]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1928&quot; | 1928
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q27793294|Q27793294]]
| 0
|-
| [[Catherine Gaskin]]
| 
| úrscéalaí Gael-Astráileach
| [[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[úrscéalaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1929&quot; | 1929-04-02
| data-sort-value=&quot;2009&quot; | 2009-09-06
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éire]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Dundalk Bay]]
| [[Sydney]]
| [[:d:Q513055|Q513055]]
| 7
|-
| [[Esme Mercer]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1929&quot; | 1929
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q27672134|Q27672134]]
| 0
|-
| [[R. Gibson]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1929&quot; | 1929
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554544|Q65554544]]
| 0
|-
| [[Jennifer Johnston]]
| [[Íomhá:Jennifer Johnston (novelist).png|center|40px]]
| scríbhneoir Éireannach
| [[úrscéalaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1930&quot; | 1930-01-12
| data-sort-value=&quot;2025&quot; | 2025-02-25
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Dún Laoghaire]]
| [[:d:Q526219|Q526219]]
| 16
|-
| [[Yvonne Kelly]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1930&quot; | 1930s
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q1547285|Q1547285]]
| 2
|-
| [[Susan Devlin]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1931&quot; | 1931
| 
| [[Winnipeg]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2363393|Q2363393]]
| 4
|-
| [[Yvonne Barr]]
| 
| víreolaí Éireannach
| [[vireolaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1932&quot; | 1932-03-11
| data-sort-value=&quot;2016&quot; | 2016-02-13
| [[Ceatharlach]]
| [[Melbourne]]
| [[:d:Q456705|Q456705]]
| 13
|-
| [[Anne Donnelly]]
| 
| péintéir Éireannach
| [[péintéir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1932&quot; | 1932
| 
| [[Béal Feirste]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1117247|Q1117247]]
| 3
|-
| [[J. Duncan]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1932&quot; | 1932
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554344|Q65554344]]
| 0
|-
| [[Jean Lawless]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1933&quot; | 1933
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q13481865|Q13481865]]
| 2
|-
| [[Audrey Dalton]]
| [[Íomhá:Audrey Dalton Wagon Train 1959.jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1934&quot; | 1934-01-21
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q439915|Q439915]]
| 19
|-
| [[Ann Ormonde]]
| 
| polaiteoir Éireannach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1935&quot; | 1935-01-20
| 
| [[Coill Mhic Thomáisín]]
| 
| [[:d:Q263468|Q263468]]
| 2
|-
| [[Nuala Fennell]]
| [[Íomhá:Nuala Fennell, April 1983 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| polaiteoir Éireannach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1935&quot; | 1935-11-25
| data-sort-value=&quot;2009&quot; | 2009-08-11
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Bóthar Mhuirfean]]
| [[:d:Q526634|Q526634]]
| 5
|-
| [[Mary Bryan]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1936&quot; | 1936
| data-sort-value=&quot;2017&quot; | 2017-10-26
| [[Trá Lí]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1906224|Q1906224]]
| 2
|-
| [[Elizabeth Shaughnessy]]
| 
| [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]] imreoir fichille (*1937) ♀
| [[imreoir fichille]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1937&quot; | 1937
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q5363498|Q5363498]]
| 2
|-
| [[Carmencita Hederman]]
| 
| polaiteoir Éireannach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1939&quot; | 1939-10-23
| data-sort-value=&quot;2025&quot; | 2025-05-31
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[:d:Q1043753|Q1043753]]
| 4
|-
| [[Deirdre O'Connell]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir agus amhránaí Gael-Mheiriceánach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amhránaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1939&quot; | 1939-06-16
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-06-09
| [[South Bronx]]
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[:d:Q2916434|Q2916434]]
| 5
|-
| [[Alice Hanratty]]
| 
| ealaíontóir Éireannach
| [[péintéir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ealaíontóir grafach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1939&quot; | 1939
| data-sort-value=&quot;2025&quot; | 2025-05-13
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4725899|Q4725899]]
| 2
|-
| [[Gemma O'Connor]]
| 
| scríbhneoir Éireannach
| [[athchóiritheoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1940&quot; | 1940
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1501154|Q1501154]]
| 4
|-
| [[Lena Rea]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1940&quot; | 1940
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q1817335|Q1817335]]
| 2
|-
| [[Aideen O'Kelly]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1940&quot; | 1940-09-05
| data-sort-value=&quot;2015&quot; | 2015-04-22
| [[Deilginis]]
| [[Englewood]]
| [[:d:Q4696760|Q4696760]]
| 2
|-
| [[Alice O'Sullivan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] person (*1940) ♀
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1940&quot; | 1940
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4726040|Q4726040]]
| 1
|-
| [[Joan McCloy]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1940&quot; | 1940
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q6519433|Q6519433]]
| 2
|-
| [[Fidelma Macken]]
| 
| breitheamh Éireannach
| [[breitheamh]]&lt;br/&gt;[[múinteoir ollscoile]]&lt;br/&gt;[[abhcóide]]&lt;br/&gt;[[saineolaí dlí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-02-28
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1411301|Q1411301]]
| 4
|-
| [[Maureen Mockford]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-27
| data-sort-value=&quot;2008&quot; | 2008-01-12
| [[Béal Feirste]]
| 
| [[:d:Q13481867|Q13481867]]
| 3
|-
| [[Claire Walsh]]
| 
| reathaí meánraoin Éireannach
| [[reathaí meánfhaid]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-05-27&lt;br/&gt;1942-07-27
| data-sort-value=&quot;2023&quot; | 2023-06-23
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q42294660|Q42294660]]
| 2
|-
| [[Jane Leslie]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554348|Q65554348]]
| 0
|-
| [[Mary Dinan]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1943&quot; | 1943
| data-sort-value=&quot;2024&quot; | 2024-11-02
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q6780729|Q6780729]]
| 1
|-
| [[Mary White]]
| 
| polaiteoir Éireannach (Fianna Fáil)
| [[polaiteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[duine den lucht gnó]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1944&quot; | 1944-10-07
| data-sort-value=&quot;2026&quot; | 2026-01-04
| [[Dún Dealgan]]
| [[Dún Droma]]
| [[:d:Q530899|Q530899]]
| 5
|-
| [[Margaret Murphy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cliathreathaí (*1944) ♀
| [[cliathreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1944&quot; | 1944-09-21
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q41446936|Q41446936]]
| 1
|-
| [[Mary Upton]]
| 
| polaiteoir Éireannach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1946&quot; | 1946-05-30
| 
| [[Cill Rois]]
| 
| [[:d:Q540353|Q540353]]
| 4
|-
| [[Mary Freehill]]
| [[Íomhá:Mary Freehill PES Group meeting 2019.jpg|center|40px]]
| méara Éireannach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1946&quot; | 1946-07-22
| 
| [[Béal Átha Conaill]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1906258|Q1906258]]
| 3
|-
| [[Kate Walsh]]
| 
| polaiteoir Éireannach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1947&quot; | 1947-03-01
| data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot; | 2007-04-24
| [[Cill Droichid]]
| [[Contae Chill Dara]]
| [[:d:Q2463581|Q2463581]]
| 3
|-
| [[Anne Harris]]
| 
| iriseoir Éireannach
| [[iriseoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1947&quot; | 1947-08-25
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q4768421|Q4768421]]
| 2
|-
| [[Sinéad Cusack]]
| [[Íomhá:Sinead cusack 2021 1.jpg|center|40px]]
| aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1948&quot; | 1948-02-18
| 
| [[Deilginis]]
| 
| [[:d:Q224782|Q224782]]
| 18
|-
| [[Ann Murray]]
| [[Íomhá:Curtain Call (6766562451).jpg|center|40px]]
| amhránaí ceoldrámaíochta Éireannach
| [[amhránaí ceoldrámaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1949&quot; | 1949-08-27
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q462570|Q462570]]
| 10
|-
| [[Mary Bergin]]
| 
| ceoltóir Éireannach
| [[ceoltóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1949&quot; | 1949-09-13
| 
| [[Seanchill]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1627129|Q1627129]]
| 5
|-
| [[Sorcha Cusack]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1949&quot; | 1949-04-09
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3491160|Q3491160]]
| 20
|-
| [[Mary Tracey-Purcell]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] reathaí meánfhaid (*1949) ♀
| [[reathaí meánfhaid]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1949&quot; | 1949-05-22
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q42293853|Q42293853]]
| 4
|-
| [[Maxi]]
| 
| DJ, aisteoir agus ceoltóir Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1950&quot; | 1950-02-23
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q510649|Q510649]]
| 10
|-
| [[Wendy Donnelly]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain Éireannach
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1950&quot; | 1950s
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q2559274|Q2559274]]
| 1
|-
| [[Pádraigín Ní Uallacháin]]
| [[Íomhá:Pádraigín Ní Uallacháin.jpg|center|40px]]
| amhránaí agus ceoltóir Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amhránaí is scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[acadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[múinteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1950&quot; | 1950-08-23
| 
| [[Contae Lú]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2729382|Q2729382]]
| 4
|-
| [[Dorothy Cunningham]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1950&quot; | 1950
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q26955634|Q26955634]]
| 1
|-
| [[F. Cunningham]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1950&quot; | 1950
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554280|Q65554280]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aileen Noonan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir fichille (*1950) ♀
| [[imreoir fichille]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1950&quot; | 1950
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q110160815|Q110160815]]
| 2
|-
| [[Sarah Ludford, Baroness Ludford]]
| [[Íomhá:Official portrait of Baroness Ludford crop 2, 2024.jpg|center|40px]]
| polaiteoir Briotanach (rugadh 1951)
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1951&quot; | 1951-03-14
| 
| [[Halesworth]]
| 
| [[:d:Q336425|Q336425]]
| 11
|-
| [[Adele King]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1951&quot; | 1951-04-04
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q4681892|Q4681892]]
| 1
|-
| [[Ann McQuaid]]
| 
| curachóir Éireannach
| [[canúálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1951&quot; | 1951-08-26
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q4766565|Q4766565]]
| 1
|-
| [[Anne Anderson]]
| [[Íomhá:Anne Anderson (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| taidhleoir Éireannach
| [[taidhleoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952-07
| 
| [[Cluain Meala]]
| 
| [[:d:Q564938|Q564938]]
| 6
|-
| [[Barbara Beckett]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952-03
| 
| [[Tuaisceart Éireann]]
| 
| [[:d:Q807346|Q807346]]
| 3
|-
| [[Alison O'Donnell]]
| [[Íomhá:Alison O'Donnell by Niall Reddy at WW.jpg|center|40px]]
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952-10-05
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4727154|Q4727154]]
| 4
|-
| [[Antoinette McKenna]]
| 
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952-04-25
| data-sort-value=&quot;2012&quot; | 2012
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q4775594|Q4775594]]
| 1
|-
| [[Diane Underwood]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q26958541|Q26958541]]
| 1
|-
| [[Ann O'Connor]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1952) ♀
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952-06-03
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q27881115|Q27881115]]
| 2
|-
| [[Vivienne Smith]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1952) ♀
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1952&quot; | 1952-11-10
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q27886476|Q27886476]]
| 2
|-
| [[Nollaig Casey]]
| 
| ceoltóir Éireannach
| [[fidléir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ceoltóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1953&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q2469858|Q2469858]]
| 3
|-
| [[Bairbre Dowling]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir scannáin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1953&quot; | 1953-03-27
| data-sort-value=&quot;2016&quot; | 2016-01-20
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Manhattan]]
| [[:d:Q2879967|Q2879967]]
| 3
|-
| [[Cornelia Hayes O'Herlihy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[Aisteoir|aisteoir]] agus [[Stiúrthóir scannán|stiúrthóir scannán]] (*1953) ♀; spouse of Lorcan O'Herlihy
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[stiúrthóir scannán]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1953&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q2997473|Q2997473]]
| 1
|-
| [[Ann Buckley]]
| 
| scoláire Éireannach
| [[údar]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ceoleolaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[staraí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1953&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q4766291|Q4766291]]
| 3
|-
| [[Áine Brady]]
| 
| polaiteoir Éireannach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954&quot; | 1954-09-08
| 
| [[Contae na Gaillimhe]]
| 
| [[:d:Q249955|Q249955]]
| 3
|-
| [[Síle de Valera]]
| [[Íomhá:Síle de Valera 1981 01.jpg|center|40px]]
| polaiteoir Éireannach de chuid Fianna Fáil
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954&quot; | 1954-12-17
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q436181|Q436181]]
| 8
|-
| [[Bairbre de Brún]]
| [[Íomhá:Bairbre de Brún 2008-10-19 Strasbourg (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| polaiteoir Éireannach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954&quot; | 1954-01-10
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q450673|Q450673]]
| 10
|-
| [[Geraldine Brannigan]]
| 
| iomaitheoir Eurovision 1975
| [[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ceoltóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954&quot; | 1954
| 
| [[Cluain Tarbh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q451689|Q451689]]
| 8
|-
| [[Rynagh O'Grady]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[stiúrthóir scannán]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954&quot; | 1954
| data-sort-value=&quot;2021&quot; | 2021-02-08
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[:d:Q3453946|Q3453946]]
| 7
|-
| [[Catherine Dunne]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[Scríbhneoir|scríbhneoir]] (*1954) ♀
| [[scríbhneoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954&quot; | 1954
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3663581|Q3663581]]
| 5
|-
| [[Mary Geaney]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir haca, camogie player agus imreoir peile Gaelaí (*1954) ♀
| [[imreoir haca]]&lt;br/&gt;[[camogie player]]&lt;br/&gt;[[imreoir peile Gaelaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954&quot; | 1954-04-06
| 
| [[Oileán Ciarraí]]
| 
| [[:d:Q6779624|Q6779624]]
| 1
|-
| [[Christine Fulcher]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1954) ♀
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954&quot; | 1954-12-20
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q27922118|Q27922118]]
| 2
|-
| [[Bríd Brennan]]
| [[Íomhá:Brid Brennan - Day 3 diff 2025.png|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1955&quot; | 1955
| 
| [[Béal Feirste]]
| 
| [[:d:Q913526|Q913526]]
| 9
|-
| [[Alexandra Colen]]
| [[Íomhá:AlexandraColen1996.jpg|center|40px]]
| polaiteoir Éireannach-Beilgeach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1955&quot; | 1955-07-09
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2833256|Q2833256]]
| 4
|-
| [[Adi Roche]]
| [[Íomhá:Adi Roche 2024.jpg|center|40px]]
| polaiteoir Éireannach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1955&quot; | 1955-07-11
| 
| [[Cluain Meala]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4682618|Q4682618]]
| 16
|-
| [[Anna Livia Julian Brawn]]
| [[Íomhá:Anna Livia in Nedlands (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] aistritheoir, [[Úrscéalaí|úrscéalaí]] agus teangeolaí (1955–2007) ♀; child of Patrick St. John Pavier Brawn agus Dympna Monica Porter; notable work Minimax
| [[aistritheoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[úrscéalaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[teangeolaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1955&quot; | 1955-11-13
| data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot; | 2007-08-07
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[California]]
| [[:d:Q4767237|Q4767237]]
| 5
|-
| [[Mary Coughlan]]
| [[Íomhá:Marycoughlan.JPG|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[Aisteoir|aisteoir]], [[Amhránaí|amhránaí]], [[Cumadóir amhrán|cumadóir amhrán]], ceoltóir snagcheoil, ealaíontóir taifeadta agus [[Ceoltóir|ceoltóir]] (fl. 1984–) (*1956) ♀; spouse of Frank Bonadio
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cumadóir amhrán]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ceoltóir snagcheoil]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ealaíontóir taifeadta]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ceoltóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1956&quot; | 1956-05-05
| 
| [[Contae na Gaillimhe]]
| 
| [[:d:Q369823|Q369823]]
| 9
|-
| [[Máire Ní Chathasaigh]]
| [[Íomhá:Máire Ní Chathasaigh 2026-10-08-07.jpg|center|40px]]
| ceoltóir Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[craoltóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cláirseoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cumadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[múinteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1956&quot; | 1956
| 
| [[Droichead na Bandan]]
| 
| [[:d:Q975053|Q975053]]
| 3
|-
| [[Kathleen O'Beirne]]
| 
| scríbhneoir Éireannach
| [[scríbhneoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1956&quot; | 1956-10-18
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1736283|Q1736283]]
| 2
|-
| [[Máire Breatnach]]
| 
| fidléir Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[fidléir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pianódóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[giotáraí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[méarchláraí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1956&quot; | 1956
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3331954|Q3331954]]
| 4
|-
| [[Anne O'Brien]]
| 
| peileadóir
| [[imreoir sacair]]&lt;br/&gt;[[bainisteoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1956&quot; | 1956-01-25
| data-sort-value=&quot;2016&quot; | 2016-08-29
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[an Róimh]]
| [[:d:Q4768690|Q4768690]]
| 6
|-
| [[Linda Andrews]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1956&quot; | 1956
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q27036227|Q27036227]]
| 1
|-
| [[Brenda McGrory]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1956) ♀
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1956&quot; | 1956-04-29
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q27927243|Q27927243]]
| 2
|-
| [[Lynn McCrave]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1956&quot; | 1956
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554433|Q65554433]]
| 0
|-
| [[Geraldine Feeney]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] polaiteoir, Seanadóir na hÉireann (*1957) ♀
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957-09-09
| 
| [[Contae Uíbh Fhailí]]
| 
| [[:d:Q304576|Q304576]]
| 2
|-
| [[Siobhán McCarthy]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957-11-06
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q969376|Q969376]]
| 2
|-
| [[Alison Browner]]
| 
| amhránaí agus amhránaí ceoldrámaíochta Éireannach
| [[amhránaí ceoldrámaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957-09-22
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1490059|Q1490059]]
| 4
|-
| [[Angela Downey]]
| 
| imreoir camógaíochta Éireannach
| [[lúthchleasaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957
| 
| [[Cill Chainnigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4762431|Q4762431]]
| 1
|-
| [[Ann Downey]]
| 
| imreoir camógaíochta
| [[lúthchleasaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957
| 
| [[Cill Chainnigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4766370|Q4766370]]
| 1
|-
| [[Regina Joyce]]
| 
| cianreathaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957-02-07
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q7308488|Q7308488]]
| 3
|-
| [[Ann Crossan]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q26958736|Q26958736]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aisling O'Leary]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1957) ♀
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957-07-07
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q27922111|Q27922111]]
| 2
|-
| [[Deirdre Sheehan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1957) ♀
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1957&quot; | 1957-09-25
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q27995560|Q27995560]]
| 2
|-
| [[Louise Richardson]]
| [[Íomhá:Louise Richardson.jpg|center|40px]]
| eolaí polaitíochta Éireannach
| [[ollamh]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1958&quot; | 1958-06-08
| 
| [[Trá Mhór]]
| 
| [[:d:Q440934|Q440934]]
| 12
|-
| [[Maura O'Connell]]
| 
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1958&quot; | 1958-09-16
| 
| [[Inis (baile)|Inis]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2285213|Q2285213]]
| 5
|-
| [[Aisling Walsh]]
| [[Íomhá:Aisling Walsh.jpg|center|40px]]
| scríbhneoir agus stiúrthóir scannán Éireannach
| [[stiúrthóir scannán]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir scripte]]&lt;br/&gt;[[stiúrthóir teilifíse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[stiúrthóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1958&quot; | 1958-09
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2443145|Q2443145]]
| 12
|-
| [[Niamh Parsons]]
| [[Íomhá:Niamh-Parsons-08.jpg|center|40px]]
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1958&quot; | 1958
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2502492|Q2502492]]
| 4
|-
| [[Ailish Smyth]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1958) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1958&quot; | 1958-09-18
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q29997026|Q29997026]]
| 1
|-
| [[Michèle Burke]]
| 
| [[Ceanada|Ceanadach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] smideoir agus [[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]] (fl. 1980–) (1959–2025) ♀; Duais Emmy agus Duais an Acadaimh don smideadh agus gruagaireacht is fearr
| [[smideoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1959&quot; | 1959
| data-sort-value=&quot;2025&quot; | 2025-09-26
| [[Cill Dara]]
| [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]
| [[:d:Q518417|Q518417]]
| 10
|-
| [[Kate Thompson]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[Aisteoir|aisteoir]], [[Scríbhneoir|scríbhneoir]], aisteoir stáitse agus [[Úrscéalaí|úrscéalaí]] (*1959) ♀
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[úrscéalaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1959&quot; | 1959
| 
| [[Béal Feirste]]
| 
| [[:d:Q960202|Q960202]]
| 4
|-
| [[Carey May Edge]]
| 
| [[Ceanada|Ceanadach]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1959) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1959&quot; | 1959-07-19
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1035934|Q1035934]]
| 5
|-
| [[Margaret M. Murnane]]
| 
| fisiceoir Éireannach
| [[fisiceoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[múinteoir ollscoile]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1959&quot; | 1959-01-23
| 
| [[Luimneach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1894870|Q1894870]]
| 10
|-
| [[Marie Murphy-Rollins]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1959) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1959&quot; | 1959-03-23
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q29996726|Q29996726]]
| 1
|-
| [[Debbie Freeman]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1959&quot; | 1959
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554233|Q65554233]]
| 0
|-
| [[Roma Downey]]
| [[Íomhá:Roma Downey 2015.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] [[Aisteoir|aisteoir]], [[Léiritheoir scannáin|léiritheoir scannáin]], aisteoir scannáin agus [[Stiúrthóir scannán|stiúrthóir scannán]] (fl. 1988–) (*1960) ♀; réalta ar Hollywood Walk of Fame, Oifigeach Ord Impireacht na Breataine, TV Land Award agus Gradaim Acadamh Scannán agus Teilifíse na hÉireann; spouse of Mark Burnett, Leland Orser agus David Anspaugh; notable work Touched by an Angel agus A Woman Named Jackie
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[léiritheoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[stiúrthóir scannán]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1960&quot; | 1960-05-06
| 
| [[Doire]]
| 
| [[:d:Q258989|Q258989]]
| 23
|-
| [[Patricia Walsh]]
| 
| caiteoir teisce Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1960&quot; | 1960-03-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q16224342|Q16224342]]
| 4
|-
| [[Caroline O'Shea]]
| 
| lúthchleasaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1960&quot; | 1960-12-30
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q21936525|Q21936525]]
| 2
|-
| [[Miriam Hopkins]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1960) ♀
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1960&quot; | 1960-10-28
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q28037353|Q28037353]]
| 3
|-
| [[Ann O'Sullivan]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1960&quot; | 1960s
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q55739805|Q55739805]]
| 0
|-
| [[Nikki Lane]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1960&quot; | 1960s
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q55739848|Q55739848]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ann Hawkshaw]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1960&quot; | 1960s
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554176|Q65554176]]
| 0
|-
| [[Michelle Rocca]]
| [[Íomhá:Michelle Rocca in Belfast (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| péiceallán Éireannach
| [[láithreoir teilifíse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[péiceallán]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iomaitheoir i gcomórtas áilleachta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1961&quot; | 1961
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q372148|Q372148]]
| 8
|-
| [[Orla Brady]]
| [[Íomhá:Orla Brady 2020 1 cropped.jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1961&quot; | 1961-03-28
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q444292|Q444292]]
| 21
|-
| [[Ali Hewson]]
| [[Íomhá:Alison Hewson portrait.jpg|center|40px]]
| gníomhaí agus bean ghnó Éireannach
| [[duine den lucht gnó]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1961&quot; | 1961-03-23
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q777287|Q777287]]
| 12
|-
| [[Anne Heraty]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] baincéir (*1961) ♀
| [[baincéir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1961&quot; | 1961
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q2651939|Q2651939]]
| 2
|-
| [[Mary-Pat Moore]]
| 
| cruicéadaí
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1961&quot; | 1961-04-24
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q6778731|Q6778731]]
| 4
|-
| [[Mary Parr]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cliathreathaí (*1961) ♀
| [[cliathreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1961&quot; | 1961-10-01
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q21936533|Q21936533]]
| 3
|-
| [[Janice Walsh]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*1961) ♀
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1961&quot; | 1961-12-17
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q27562837|Q27562837]]
| 4
|-
| [[Elaine Doyle]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1961&quot; | 1961
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554263|Q65554263]]
| 0
|-
| [[Emer Costello]]
| [[Íomhá:Costello, Emer-2148.jpg|center|40px]]
| polaiteoir Éireannach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-09-03
| 
| [[Droichead Átha]]
| 
| [[:d:Q525437|Q525437]]
| 8
|-
| [[Hilary Mooney]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] múinteoir ollscoile, diagaire Caitliceach agus diagaire (*1962) ♀
| [[múinteoir ollscoile]]&lt;br/&gt;[[diagaire Caitliceach]]&lt;br/&gt;[[diagaire]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1618120|Q1618120]]
| 1
|-
| [[Fionnuala Sherry]]
| [[Íomhá:Fionnuala Sherry.jpg|center|40px]]
| ceoltóir Éireannach
| [[ceoltóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-09-20
| 
| [[An Nás]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1868188|Q1868188]]
| 17
|-
| [[Sian Doody]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]&lt;br/&gt;[[badminton coach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-05-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q2280741|Q2280741]]
| 1
|-
| [[Pauline McLynn]]
| [[Íomhá:Pauline McLynn.png|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-07-11
| 
| [[Sligeach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3372751|Q3372751]]
| 12
|-
| [[Ann Power]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[Breitheamh|breitheamh]] agus [[Abhcóide|abhcóide]] (*1962) ♀
| [[breitheamh]]&lt;br/&gt;[[abhcóide]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-11-23
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4766624|Q4766624]]
| 4
|-
| [[Anna Merveldt]]
| 
| marcach Éireannach
| [[marcach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-09-20
| 
| [[Maple Ridge]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4767347|Q4767347]]
| 2
|-
| [[Anne Jarvis]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] leabharlannaí (*1962) ♀
| [[leabharlannaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-07-31
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q4768472|Q4768472]]
| 2
|-
| [[Audrey Fagan]]
| 
| garda Astrálach
| [[garda]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-06-23
| data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot; | 2007-04-20
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| [[Hayman Island]]
| [[:d:Q4820114|Q4820114]]
| 2
|-
| [[Caitríona Ruane]]
| [[Íomhá:Caitríona Ruane 2014 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir leadóige, an Ríocht Aontaithe
| [[imreoir leadóige]]&lt;br/&gt;[[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-07-19
| 
| [[Béal Átha na Muice]]
| 
| [[:d:Q5017940|Q5017940]]
| 2
|-
| [[Anne Keenan-Buckley]]
| 
| cianreathaí Éireannach
| [[cianreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-01-07
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q11851668|Q11851668]]
| 2
|-
| [[Sonia Reamsbottom]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*1962) ♀
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-03-28
| 
| [[Cill Dara]]
| 
| [[:d:Q24007862|Q24007862]]
| 4
|-
| [[Barbara Johnson]]
| 
| lúthchleasaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-12-05&lt;br/&gt;1962-12-23
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q42287970|Q42287970]]
| 1
|-
| [[Ita Marron]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554342|Q65554342]]
| 0
|-
| [[Pamela Peard]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962-06-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65965095|Q65965095]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ann Teresa Delaney]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir fichille (*1962) ♀
| [[imreoir fichille]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1962&quot; | 1962
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q141842744|Q141842744]]
| 1
|-
| [[Kathy Ann Kelly]]
| [[Íomhá:Kathy Kelly 2707.jpg|center|40px]]
| ceoltóir
| [[amhránaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1963&quot; | 1963-03-06
| 
| [[Leominster]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1736556|Q1736556]]
| 5
|-
| [[Roisin Smyth]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1963) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1963&quot; | 1963-10-26
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q21936554|Q21936554]]
| 3
|-
| [[Catherine Walsh]]
| 
| file Éireannach
| [[file]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1964&quot; | 1964
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q338265|Q338265]]
| 3
|-
| [[Maeve Quinlan]]
| [[Íomhá:Maeve Quinlan at Camp As Sayliyah, Qatar.jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Gael-Mheiriceánach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[imreoir leadóige]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir teilifíse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir scripte]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1964&quot; | 1964-11-16
| 
| [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]]
| 
| [[:d:Q433284|Q433284]]
| 16
|-
| [[Carrie Crowley]]
| [[Íomhá:Carrie Crowley - Day 3 diff 2025.png|center|40px]]
| aisteoir agus craoltóir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[láithreoir teilifíse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pearsa raidió]]&lt;br/&gt;[[stiúrthóir scannán]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1964&quot; | 1964-05-23
| 
| [[Port Láirge]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1045015|Q1045015]]
| 11
|-
| [[Susan Ronan]]
| 
| imreoir sacair
| [[imreoir sacair]]&lt;br/&gt;[[bainisteoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1964&quot; | 1964-02-21
| 
| [[Éire]]
| 
| [[:d:Q7648333|Q7648333]]
| 4
|-
| [[Aisling Molloy]]
| 
| reathaí meánraoin Éireannach
| [[reathaí meánfhaid]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1964&quot; | 1964-06-12
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q23043629|Q23043629]]
| 2
|-
| [[Ciara Doheny]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1964&quot; | 1964-08-04
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q27893278|Q27893278]]
| 0
|-
| [[Catherine Bohan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1964) ♀
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1964&quot; | 1964-04-18
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q28822774|Q28822774]]
| 2
|-
| [[Rebecca Best]]
| 
| imreoir scuaise Éireannach
| [[imreoir scuaise]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1964&quot; | 1964-01-18
| 
| [[Sheffield]]
| 
| [[:d:Q50839606|Q50839606]]
| 4
|-
| [[Gearoidin Ui Laighleis]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir fichille (*1964) ♀
| [[imreoir fichille]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1964&quot; | 1964
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q105358147|Q105358147]]
| 0
|-
| [[Kim Jackson]]
| 
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1965&quot; | 1965-08-22
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q286695|Q286695]]
| 11
|-
| [[Maria Christian]]
| [[Íomhá:Maria Doyle-Cuche 2019-08-28.jpg|center|40px]]
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1965&quot; | 1965-05-06
| 
| [[Dún Dealgan]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1895757|Q1895757]]
| 9
|-
| [[Anne Cleary]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] person (*1965) ♀
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1965&quot; | 1965
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q2851037|Q2851037]]
| 3
|-
| [[Barbara Griffin]]
| 
| aisteoir
| [[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1965&quot; | 1965-01-01
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2883953|Q2883953]]
| 3
|-
| [[Miriam Grealey]]
| 
| cruicéadaí
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1965&quot; | 1965-12-27
| 
| [[Dún na nGall (baile)|Dún na nGall]]
| 
| [[:d:Q6873329|Q6873329]]
| 4
|-
| [[Holly Lane]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1965&quot; | 1965
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q27043986|Q27043986]]
| 1
|-
| [[Ann Stephens]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1965&quot; | 1965
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q27043991|Q27043991]]
| 1
|-
| [[Julie Parkes]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1965) ♀
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1965&quot; | 1965-04-17
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q28911826|Q28911826]]
| 2
|-
| [[Maeve Moynihan]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1965&quot; | 1965
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554435|Q65554435]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ursula Noctor]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (1965–1993) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1965&quot; | 1965-01-21
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-04-04
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éire]]
| 
| [[:d:Q106527955|Q106527955]]
| 1
|-
| [[Marguerite Donlon]]
| 
| damhsóir agus cóiréagrafaí Éireannach
| [[cóiréagrafaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[damhsóir bailé]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ballet director]]&lt;br/&gt;[[damhsóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1966&quot; | 1966-05-31
| 
| [[An Longfort]]
| 
| [[:d:Q524761|Q524761]]
| 5
|-
| [[Perri Williams]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] siúlóir rása (*1966) ♀
| [[siúlóir rása]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1966&quot; | 1966-06-21&lt;br/&gt;1966-06-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q44503461|Q44503461]]
| 1
|-
| [[Siobhán Nicholson]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir leadóige (*1966) ♀
| [[imreoir leadóige]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1966&quot; | 1966-06-11
| 
| [[Wimbledon, Londain|Wimbledon]]
| 
| [[:d:Q97918916|Q97918916]]
| 2
|-
| [[Valerie Vaughan]]
| 
| Cianreathaí (*1966) ♀
| [[cianreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1966&quot; | 1966-11-01
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q141541872|Q141541872]]
| 0
|-
| [[Geraldine Somerville]]
| 
| aisteoir
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1967&quot; | 1967-05-19
| 
| [[Contae na Mí]]
| 
| [[:d:Q235572|Q235572]]
| 23
|-
| [[Ann Gallagher]]
| 
| polaiteoir Éireannach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1967&quot; | 1967-03-01
| 
| [[Dún na nGall (baile)|Dún na nGall]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4766407|Q4766407]]
| 2
|-
| [[Anne Marie Forrest]]
| 
| úrscéalaí Éireannach
| [[úrscéalaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1967&quot; | 1967
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q4768599|Q4768599]]
| 2
|-
| [[Carol Munster]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1967&quot; | 1967
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q27503288|Q27503288]]
| 1
|-
| [[Aisling Byrne-Bowman]]
| 
| Mairnéalach (*1967) ♀
| [[mairnéalach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1967&quot; | 1967-08-26
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q96484359|Q96484359]]
| 1
|-
| [[Maureen Harrington]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cianreathaí agus iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1967) ♀
| [[cianreathaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1967&quot; | 1967-05-18
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q141545528|Q141545528]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aisling O'Sullivan]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1968&quot; | 1968
| 
| [[Trá Lí]]
| 
| [[:d:Q174315|Q174315]]
| 6
|-
| [[Sharon Shannon]]
| [[Íomhá:Sharon Shannon smiling.jpg|center|40px]]
| ceoltóir Éireannach
| [[fidléir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cairdíneoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1968&quot; | 1968-11-12
| 
| [[Cora Finne]]
| 
| [[:d:Q457684|Q457684]]
| 17
|-
| [[Cecilia Keaveney]]
| 
| polaiteoir Éireannach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1968&quot; | 1968-11-27
| 
| [[Doire]]
| 
| [[:d:Q540369|Q540369]]
| 4
|-
| [[Emer Martin]]
| [[Íomhá:Emerfinalbook copy.jpg|center|40px]]
| scríbhneoir Éireannach
| [[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[péintéir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1968&quot; | 1968-02-29
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1258694|Q1258694]]
| 4
|-
| [[Fiona O'Malley]]
| 
| polaiteoir Éireannach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1968&quot; | 1968-01-19
| 
| [[Luimneach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1418534|Q1418534]]
| 2
|-
| [[Karole McDowell]]
| 
| scríbhneoir Éireannach
| [[scríbhneoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1968&quot; | 1968-07-04
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3193549|Q3193549]]
| 0
|-
| [[Emma Donoghue]]
| [[Íomhá:Irish-Canadian author Emma Donoghue.JPG|center|40px]]
| úrscéali, staraí, scríbhneoir agus drámadóir Éireannach
| [[staraí liteartha]]&lt;br/&gt;[[úrscéalaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[drámadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir scripte]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir scripte scannáin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1969&quot; | 1969-10-24
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q52255|Q52255]]
| 30
|-
| [[Karan Casey]]
| [[Íomhá:Karan Casey.JPG|center|40px]]
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pianódóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ceoltóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1969&quot; | 1969
| 
| [[Cill Mhíodáin]]
| 
| [[:d:Q274052|Q274052]]
| 9
|-
| [[Catherina McKiernan]]
| 
| cianreathaí Éireannach
| [[reathaí maratóin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1969&quot; | 1969-11-30
| 
| [[Contae an Chabháin]]
| 
| [[:d:Q274541|Q274541]]
| 6
|-
| [[Angeline Ball]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1969&quot; | 1969-06-28
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q530292|Q530292]]
| 8
|-
| [[Patricia Kelly]]
| [[Íomhá:Patricia-Kelly-(MS1411200026).jpg|center|40px]]
| ceoltóir Gael-Mheiriceánach
| [[cumadóir amhrán]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ceoltóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Léiritheoir ceoil|léiritheoir ceirníní]]&lt;br/&gt;[[údar]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1969&quot; | 1969-11-22
| 
| [[Gamonal]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1544206|Q1544206]]
| 7
|-
| [[Naomi Geraghty]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] eagarthóir scannán, eagarthóir teilifíse agus stiúrthóir teilifíse (*1969) ♀
| [[eagarthóir scannán]]&lt;br/&gt;[[eagarthóir teilifíse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[stiúrthóir teilifíse]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1969&quot; | 1969-05
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1964826|Q1964826]]
| 2
|-
| [[Ann Leonard]]
| 
| polaiteoir Éireannach de chuid Fianna Fáil
| [[cnáimhseach]]&lt;br/&gt;[[altra]]&lt;br/&gt;[[polaiteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[obstatraí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1969&quot; | 1969-01-02
| 
| [[Contae Mhuineacháin]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4766503|Q4766503]]
| 4
|-
| [[Pauline Curley]]
| [[Íomhá:Pauline Curley - Rotterdam Marathon 2008 (2411527348) (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| reathaí maratóin Éireannach
| [[reathaí maratóin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1969&quot; | 1969-03-10
| 
| [[Biorra]]
| 
| [[:d:Q7155002|Q7155002]]
| 2
|-
| [[Aileen Convery]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1969) ♀
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1969&quot; | 1969-07-10
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q29059727|Q29059727]]
| 2
|-
| [[Maria Coleman]]
| 
| [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]] mairnéalach (*1969) ♀
| [[mairnéalach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1969&quot; | 1969-07-21
| 
| [[Birmingham]]
| 
| [[:d:Q56065668|Q56065668]]
| 1
|-
| [[Teresa Duffy]]
| 
| Cianreathaí (*1969) ♀
| [[cianreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1969&quot; | 1969-07-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q97670856|Q97670856]]
| 1
|-
| [[Catherine Walsh]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] aisteoir stáitse agus aisteoir scannáin (*1970) ♀
| [[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970
| 
| [[Corcaigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1051060|Q1051060]]
| 2
|-
| [[Deirdre Shannon]]
| 
| ceoltóir Ghaeilge Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970-07-19
| 
| [[Contae na Mí]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2554305|Q2554305]]
| 8
|-
| [[Anna Nolan]]
| 
| cispheileadóir Éireannach
| [[cispheileadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[léiritheoir teilifíse]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970-10-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q4767381|Q4767381]]
| 1
|-
| [[Siobhán Hoey]]
| 
| bean spóirt Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970-07-17
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q7525309|Q7525309]]
| 2
|-
| [[Keelin Fox]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970s
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q15729982|Q15729982]]
| 2
|-
| [[Tanya Cooke]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q27503287|Q27503287]]
| 1
|-
| [[Claire Russell]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q27503304|Q27503304]]
| 0
|-
| [[Katy McCandless]]
| 
| cianreathaí Éireannach
| [[cianreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970-06-22
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q42954570|Q42954570]]
| 2
|-
| [[Breda Dennehy-Willis]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cianreathaí (*1970) ♀
| [[cianreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q43016830|Q43016830]]
| 1
|-
| [[Elaine Kiely]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970s
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65027970|Q65027970]]
| 0
|-
| [[Angela Carr]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970s
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554172|Q65554172]]
| 0
|-
| [[Annette Taylor]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970s
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554187|Q65554187]]
| 0
|-
| [[Amy Mallon]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cóitseálaí cispheile agus cispheileadóir (*1970) ♀
| [[cóitseálaí cispheile]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970-04-21
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q104093537|Q104093537]]
| 1
|-
| [[Geraldine Hendricken]]
| 
| lúthchleasaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970-04-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q137723688|Q137723688]]
| 0
|-
| [[Una English]]
| 
| Cianreathaí (*1970) ♀
| [[cianreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1970&quot; | 1970-08-14
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q141541873|Q141541873]]
| 0
|-
| [[Amira Casar]]
| [[Íomhá:Amira Casar Call Me By Your Name Photo Call Berlinale 2017.jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Francach
| [[aisteoir teilifíse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1971&quot; | 1971-05-01
| 
| [[Londain]]
| 
| [[:d:Q271553|Q271553]]
| 28
|-
| [[Claire Henderson]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1971&quot; | 1971-10-08
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q1094805|Q1094805]]
| 2
|-
| [[Jayne Plunkett]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1971&quot; | 1971-08-10
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q1636158|Q1636158]]
| 2
|-
| [[Amanda Coogan]]
| 
| ealaíontóir Éireannach
| [[ealaíontóir suiteáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[taibhealaíontóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[grianghrafadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[físealaíontóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1971&quot; | 1971
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4739597|Q4739597]]
| 1
|-
| [[Susan Smith-Walsh]]
| [[Íomhá:Susan Smith-Walsh in 1996.jpg|center|40px]]
| cliathreathaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1971&quot; | 1971-09-14
| 
| [[Port Láirge]]
| 
| [[:d:Q7648401|Q7648401]]
| 2
|-
| [[Sinéad Delahunty]]
| 
| reathaí meánraoin Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1971&quot; | 1971-02-12
| 
| [[Contae Chill Chainnigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q16209027|Q16209027]]
| 2
|-
| [[Anna McPartlin]]
| 
| úrscéalaí Éireannach
| [[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir scripte]]&lt;br/&gt;[[úrscéalaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1972&quot; | 1972
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q562441|Q562441]]
| 4
|-
| [[Alexandria Sharpe]]
| [[Íomhá:Alex Sharpe.jpg|center|40px]]
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1972&quot; | 1972-05-04
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éire]]
| 
| [[:d:Q636386|Q636386]]
| 11
|-
| [[Bronagh Gallagher]]
| [[Íomhá:Bronagh Gallagher.jpg|center|40px]]
| aisteoir agus ceoltóir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cumadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1972&quot; | 1972-04-26
| 
| [[Doire]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2926038|Q2926038]]
| 12
|-
| [[Arlene Hunt]]
| 
| úrscéalaí Éireannach
| [[úrscéalaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir coirscéalta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1972&quot; | 1972
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q4792156|Q4792156]]
| 3
|-
| [[Sharon Foley]]
| 
| léimneoir ard Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1972&quot; | 1972-05-20
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q7490056|Q7490056]]
| 2
|-
| [[Sonya McGinn]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iomaitheoir Oilimpeach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1973&quot; | 1973-12-17
| 
| [[Binn Éadair]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1603815|Q1603815]]
| 5
|-
| [[Catherine Walsh]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rothaí spóirt agus iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1973) ♀
| [[rothaí spóirt]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1973&quot; | 1973-08-23
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q16224339|Q16224339]]
| 1
|-
| [[Sarah Reilly]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1973) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1973&quot; | 1973-07-03
| 
| [[Leeds]]
| 
| [[:d:Q32375569|Q32375569]]
| 3
|-
| [[Victoria Smurfit]]
| [[Íomhá:Victoria Smurfit 2016.jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974&quot; | 1974-03-31
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q127333|Q127333]]
| 19
|-
| [[Lorraine Pilkington]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974&quot; | 1974-04-18
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q467567|Q467567]]
| 11
|-
| [[Alex Barclay]]
| [[Íomhá:Alex Barclay 2010.jpg|center|40px]]
| scríbhneoir Éireannach
| [[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir litríocht pháistí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir coirscéalta]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iriseoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[údar]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974&quot; | 1974
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q517660|Q517660]]
| 10
|-
| [[Lisa McDonald]]
| 
| polaiteoir Éireannach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974&quot; | 1974-07-09
| 
| [[Contae Loch Garman]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1827764|Q1827764]]
| 2
|-
| [[Jennifer Walshe]]
| [[Íomhá:Jennifer Walshe MX IL.jpg|center|40px]]
| cumadóir Éireannach
| [[cumadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[leabhrógaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ceoltóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974&quot; | 1974-06-01
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2313131|Q2313131]]
| 10
|-
| [[Órlagh Fallon]]
| 
| amhránaí agus cumadóir Éireannach
| [[cumadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amhránaí ceoldrámaíochta]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ealaíontóir taifeadta]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ceoltóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974&quot; | 1974-08-24
| 
| [[Cnoc an Eanaigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2447901|Q2447901]]
| 12
|-
| [[Camille O'Sullivan]]
| 
| aisteoir agus ceoltóir Éireannach
| [[péintéir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ailtire]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974&quot; | 1974-12-30
| 
| [[Londain]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2935027|Q2935027]]
| 6
|-
| [[Eva Birthistle]]
| [[Íomhá:Eva Birthistle 02 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[stiúrthóir scannán]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974&quot; | 1974
| 
| [[Bré]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3061229|Q3061229]]
| 17
|-
| [[Amanda Brunker]]
| 
| scríbhneoir Éireannach
| [[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iomaitheoir i gcomórtas áilleachta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974&quot; | 1974-06-12
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4739579|Q4739579]]
| 2
|-
| [[Deirdre Gallagher]]
| 
| lúthchleasaí
| [[siúlóir rása]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974&quot; | 1974-07-13
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q5252565|Q5252565]]
| 2
|-
| [[Jenny McCauley]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] mountain biker (*1974) ♀
| [[mountain biker]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974&quot; | 1974-07-18
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q17104427|Q17104427]]
| 3
|-
| [[Tara Blaise]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir agus amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1975&quot; | 1975-03-01
| 
| [[Londain]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2091210|Q2091210]]
| 5
|-
| [[Marie Davenport]]
| 
| lúthchleasaí
| [[cianreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1975&quot; | 1975-01-24
| 
| [[Inis Díomáin]]
| 
| [[:d:Q6762820|Q6762820]]
| 1
|-
| [[Maria McCambridge]]
| [[Íomhá:Maria McCambridge Berlin 2015.jpg|center|40px]]
| cianreathaí Éireannach
| [[reathaí maratóin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1975&quot; | 1975-07-10
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q16210935|Q16210935]]
| 2
|-
| [[Rosemary Ryan]]
| 
| cianreathaí Éireannach
| [[cianreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1975&quot; | 1975-11-08
| 
| [[Luimneach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q22415175|Q22415175]]
| 2
|-
| [[Catherine O'Neill]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1975) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1975&quot; | 1975-12-04
| 
| [[Ros Mhic Thriúin]]
| 
| [[:d:Q27464978|Q27464978]]
| 1
|-
| [[Sarah Ennis]]
| [[Íomhá:2025 European Eventing Championships 20250920 114320.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] marcach (*1975) ♀
| [[marcach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1975&quot; | 1975-03-13
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q56697421|Q56697421]]
| 4
|-
| [[Olive Loughnane]]
| 
| lúthchleasaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1976&quot; | 1976-01-14
| 
| [[Corcaigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q270214|Q270214]]
| 17
|-
| [[Gillian O'Sullivan]]
| 
| lúthchleasaí Éireannach
| [[siúlóir rása]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1976&quot; | 1976-08-21
| 
| [[Cill Airne]]
| 
| [[:d:Q447794|Q447794]]
| 14
|-
| [[Natalia O'Shea]]
| [[Íomhá:Helavisa5.jpg|center|40px]]
| ceoltóir agus teangeolaí Rúiseach
| [[teangeolaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cumadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cumadóir amhrán]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cláirseoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cóiritheoir ceoil]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1976&quot; | 1976-09-03
| 
| [[Moscó]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2378234|Q2378234]]
| 10
|-
| [[Sinéad Lynch]]
| 
| iomróir Éireannach
| [[iomróir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[rothaí spóirt]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1976&quot; | 1976-09-30
| 
| [[Leitir Ceanainn]]
| 
| [[:d:Q7522382|Q7522382]]
| 6
|-
| [[Karen Shinkins]]
| 
| rábálaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1976&quot; | 1976-10-15
| 
| [[Droichead Nua]]
| 
| [[:d:Q11735683|Q11735683]]
| 4
|-
| [[Claire McCarthy]]
| 
| reathaí fadraoin Éireannach
| [[cianreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1976&quot; | 1976-06-29
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q39073573|Q39073573]]
| 1
|-
| [[Giada Gray]]
| [[Íomhá:Moritz A. Sachs und Giada Gray (1997).jpg|center|40px]]
| aisteoir
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[déantóir scannán]]&lt;br/&gt;[[stiúrthóir scannán]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1977&quot; | 1977-06-23
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q62318|Q62318]]
| 2
|-
| [[Gemma Hayes]]
| [[Íomhá:Gemma Hayes.png|center|40px]]
| amhránaí agus cumadóir Éireannach
| [[amhránaí is scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ealaíontóir taifeadta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1977&quot; | 1977-08-11
| 
| [[Béal Átha Póirín]]
| 
| [[:d:Q273220|Q273220]]
| 12
|-
| [[Genevieve O'Reilly]]
| [[Íomhá:Genevieve O'Reilly at a panel at the 2025 Star Wars Celebration in Japan (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1977&quot; | 1977-01-06
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q438161|Q438161]]
| 22
|-
| [[Eileen Walsh]]
| [[Íomhá:Eileen Walsh at Berlinale 2024-1.jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1977&quot; | 1977-04-16
| 
| [[Corcaigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q517868|Q517868]]
| 14
|-
| [[Lisa Dwan]]
| [[Íomhá:Lisa dwan 2022 1.jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1977&quot; | 1977-11-25
| 
| [[Coosan]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1827725|Q1827725]]
| 5
|-
| [[Melanie Clark Pullen]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[stiúrthóir scannán]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1977&quot; | 1977-07-02
| data-sort-value=&quot;2022&quot; | 2022-03-29
| [[Bré]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1918954|Q1918954]]
| 7
|-
| [[Laoise Ní Cheallaigh]]
| 
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pianódóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1977&quot; | 1977-05-07
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2619994|Q2619994]]
| 11
|-
| [[Brídín Ní Bhraonáin]]
| 
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1977&quot; | 1977-01-20
| 
| [[Gaoth Dobhair]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3247179|Q3247179]]
| 6
|-
| [[Sinead Keenan]]
| [[Íomhá:SineadKeenanMem2011.jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1977&quot; | 1977-12-27
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3484904|Q3484904]]
| 10
|-
| [[Andrea Roche]]
| 
| mainicín Éireannach
| [[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iomaitheoir i gcomórtas áilleachta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1977&quot; | 1977-11-11
| 
| [[An Chathair, Contae Thiobraid Árann|An Chathair]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4755254|Q4755254]]
| 4
|-
| [[Caitriona Beggs]]
| 
| cruicéadaí
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1977&quot; | 1977-07-15
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q5017933|Q5017933]]
| 3
|-
| [[Tarja Owens]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] mountain biker agus oistéapat (*1977) ♀
| [[mountain biker]]&lt;br/&gt;[[oistéapat]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1977&quot; | 1977-05-25
| 
| [[Cill Mhantáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Deilgne]]
| 
| [[:d:Q17106405|Q17106405]]
| 4
|-
| [[Lindsay Armaou]]
| [[Íomhá:Lindsay Armaou in Manchester.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[Amhránaí|amhránaí]], [[Aisteoir|aisteoir]] agus [[Ceoltóir|ceoltóir]] (fl. 1997–) (*1978) ♀; member of [[B*Witched]]; spouse of Lee Brennan agus Pahl
| [[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ceoltóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1978&quot; | 1978-12-18
| 
| [[an Aithin]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2096443|Q2096443]]
| 6
|-
| [[Cathy Davey]]
| [[Íomhá:Cathy Davey.jpg|center|40px]]
| ceoltóir Éireannach
| [[amhránaí is scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cumadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[giotáraí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1978&quot; | 1978
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2942190|Q2942190]]
| 4
|-
| [[Gillian Norris]]
| [[Íomhá:Gillian Norris.jpg|center|40px]]
| damhsóir Éireannach
| [[damhsóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1978&quot; | 1978-12-29
| 
| [[Coill Mhic Thomáisín]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3106618|Q3106618]]
| 6
|-
| [[Rosie Fellner]]
| [[Íomhá:RoomNextDoorBFILFFRFH191024 (10 of 159) (54080060222) (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| aisteoir agus léiritheoir scannán
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[léiritheoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1978&quot; | 1978
| 
| [[Tiobraid Árann (baile)|Tiobraid Árann]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3442638|Q3442638]]
| 7
|-
| [[Aisling O'Loughlin]]
| 
| iriseoir teilifíse
| [[iriseoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[léitheoir nuachta]]&lt;br/&gt;[[láithreoir teilifíse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[láithreoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1978&quot; | 1978
| 
| [[Sionainn (baile)|Sionainn]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4699208|Q4699208]]
| 3
|-
| [[Aoife Mulholland]]
| [[Íomhá:Aoife Mulholland.jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1978&quot; | 1978-05-29
| 
| [[Gaillimh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4778632|Q4778632]]
| 3
|-
| [[Aoife O'Connor]]
| 
| imreoir camógaíochta
| [[camogie player]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1978&quot; | 1978-11-27
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q4778638|Q4778638]]
| 1
|-
| [[Grainne Kierans]]
| 
| imreoir sacair
| [[imreoir sacair]]&lt;br/&gt;[[bainisteoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1978&quot; | 1978-09-20
| 
| [[Droichead Átha]]
| 
| [[:d:Q5593528|Q5593528]]
| 3
|-
| [[Stephanie Reilly]]
| 
| lúthchleasaí
| [[cianreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1978&quot; | 1978-02-23
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q7608378|Q7608378]]
| 4
|-
| [[Breege Connelly]]
| [[Íomhá:Breege Connolly Rio2016.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1978) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1978&quot; | 1978-02-01
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q26218407|Q26218407]]
| 3
|-
| [[Fiona Glennon]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1978&quot; | 1978
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554285|Q65554285]]
| 0
|-
| [[Pauline Glennon]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1978&quot; | 1978
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554524|Q65554524]]
| 0
|-
| [[Bernadette Flynn]]
| [[Íomhá:Bernadette Flynn.jpg|center|40px]]
| damhsóir Éireannach
| [[damhsóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1979&quot; | 1979-08-01
| 
| [[An tAonach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q445819|Q445819]]
| 8
|-
| [[Caroline Ryan]]
| [[Íomhá:2015 UEC Track Elite European Championships 58.JPG|center|40px]]
| rothaí Éireannach
| [[iomróir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[rothaí spóirt]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1979&quot; | 1979-10-10
| 
| [[Baile Mhic Andáin]]
| 
| [[:d:Q511066|Q511066]]
| 10
|-
| [[Emma Byrne]]
| [[Íomhá:Emma Byrne 2014 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir sacair
| [[imreoir sacair]]&lt;br/&gt;[[bainisteoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1979&quot; | 1979-06-14
| 
| [[Léim an Bhradáin]]
| 
| [[:d:Q533443|Q533443]]
| 13
|-
| [[Maite Kelly]]
| [[Íomhá:Zimmer frei - der Abschied-2099.jpg|center|40px]]
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ceoltóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[giotáraí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir ceolamharclannaíochta]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir litríocht pháistí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[oideoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1979&quot; | 1979-12-04
| 
| [[Beirlín Thiar]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Beirlín]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1885940|Q1885940]]
| 6
|-
| [[Kelly Liggan]]
| 
| imreoir leadóige Éireannach
| [[imreoir leadóige]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1979&quot; | 1979-02-05
| 
| [[an Spáinn]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3194905|Q3194905]]
| 10
|-
| [[Máiréad Nesbitt]]
| [[Íomhá:Mairead Nesbitt at MacQuarie Centre 02.jpg|center|40px]]
| veidhleadóir Éireannach
| [[veidhleadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cumadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[classical violinist]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ceoltóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1979&quot; | 1979-04-18
| 
| [[Luachma]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3300102|Q3300102]]
| 14
|-
| [[Aideen Barry]]
| [[Íomhá:Aideen Barry &amp; H.Romero 2017.jpg|center|40px]]
| ealaíontóir Éireannach
| [[ealaíontóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1979&quot; | 1979
| 
| [[Corcaigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4696757|Q4696757]]
| 2
|-
| [[Ciara McCormack]]
| 
| imreoir sacair
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1979&quot; | 1979-09-29
| 
| [[North Vancouver]]
| 
| [[:d:Q5119123|Q5119123]]
| 5
|-
| [[Denise Thomas]]
| 
| peileadóir
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1979&quot; | 1979-12-22
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q5257778|Q5257778]]
| 2
|-
| [[Ruth Kilkenny]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1979&quot; | 1979
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554558|Q65554558]]
| 0
|-
| [[Clare Flood]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1980&quot; | 1980s
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q518775|Q518775]]
| 1
|-
| [[Amy-Joyce Hastings]]
| [[Íomhá:Amy-Joyce Hastings (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[stiúrthóir scannán]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1980&quot; | 1980-09-24
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4749054|Q4749054]]
| 6
|-
| [[Aoife Lynskey]]
| 
| imreoir camógaíochta
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1980&quot; | 1980
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q4778630|Q4778630]]
| 1
|-
| [[Roisin McGettigan]]
| 
| lúthchleasaí
| [[reathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1980&quot; | 1980-08-23
| 
| [[Cill Mhantáin]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4966678|Q4966678]]
| 5
|-
| [[Ronnie Gibbons]]
| 
| imreoir sacair
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1980&quot; | 1980-01-16
| 
| [[Wandsworth]]
| 
| [[:d:Q7365872|Q7365872]]
| 4
|-
| [[Ciara Sheehy]]
| 
| rábálaí Éireannach
| [[rábálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1980&quot; | 1980-08-12
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q22002462|Q22002462]]
| 1
|-
| [[Lizzie Lee]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1980) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1980&quot; | 1980-05-22
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q26267482|Q26267482]]
| 3
|-
| [[Caitriona Farrell]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1980&quot; | 1980
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q27763839|Q27763839]]
| 0
|-
| [[Jean Carroll]]
| 
| cruicéadaí
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1980&quot; | 1980-06-19
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q28233007|Q28233007]]
| 4
|-
| [[Lindsay Peat]]
| 
| imreoir rugbaí Éireannach
| [[imreoir rugbaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[imreoir sacair]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1980&quot; | 1980-11-05
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q42666501|Q42666501]]
| 1
|-
| [[Ann Marie McGlynn]]
| 
| Cianreathaí (*1980) ♀
| [[cianreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1980&quot; | 1980-02-22
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q102401300|Q102401300]]
| 1
|-
| [[Siobhan Kilkenny]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1980) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1980&quot; | 1980-06-17
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119539359|Q119539359]]
| 0
|-
| [[Susan Moran]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir agus cóitseálaí cispheile (*1980) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cóitseálaí cispheile]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1980&quot; | 1980-01-17
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119548345|Q119548345]]
| 1
|-
| [[Derval O'Rourke]]
| [[Íomhá:Derval O'Rourke Barcelona2010.jpg|center|40px]]
| lúthchleasaí Éireannach
| [[cliathreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981-05-28
| 
| [[Corcaigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q269905|Q269905]]
| 20
|-
| [[Roberta Howett]]
| 
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cumadóir amhrán]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981-09-26
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1249563|Q1249563]]
| 3
|-
| [[Bing Huang]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain Éireannach
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981
| 
| [[Shenyang]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1408084|Q1408084]]
| 2
|-
| [[Rebecca Codd]]
| [[Íomhá:Rebecca Codd.JPG|center|40px]]
| galfaire Éireannach
| [[galfaire]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981-04-25
| 
| [[Adelaide]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1871491|Q1871491]]
| 3
|-
| [[Eileen O'Keeffe]]
| 
| caiteoir oird Éireannach
| [[caiteoir oird]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981-05-31
| 
| [[Cill Chainnigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2741358|Q2741358]]
| 5
|-
| [[Yvonne Tracy]]
| [[Íomhá:Yvonne Tracy at the Emirates Stadium, London - 20090524.jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir sacair
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981-02-27
| 
| [[Luimneach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3574236|Q3574236]]
| 8
|-
| [[Ailis McSweeney]]
| 
| rábálaí
| [[rábálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981&lt;br/&gt;1983-10-04
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q4697077|Q4697077]]
| 1
|-
| [[Aisling Blake]]
| [[Íomhá:Aisling Blake.jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir scuaise Éireannach
| [[imreoir scuaise]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981-07-23
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4699198|Q4699198]]
| 5
|-
| [[Aoife Clark]]
| [[Íomhá:Aoife Clark, 2012 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| marcach Éireannach
| [[marcach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981-08-06
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q4778629|Q4778629]]
| 4
|-
| [[Jenny McDonough]]
| [[Íomhá:Jenny McDonough.JPG|center|40px]]
| imreoir haca Éireannach
| [[imreoir haca]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981-04-23
| 
| [[Béal Feirste]]
| 
| [[:d:Q6179391|Q6179391]]
| 2
|-
| [[Michelle Carey]]
| [[Íomhá:Michelle Carey (athlete) (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| lúthchleasaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981-03-20&lt;br/&gt;1981-02-20
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q6836951|Q6836951]]
| 6
|-
| [[Jennifer O'Sullivan]]
| 
| lúthchleasaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981-02-09
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q11724189|Q11724189]]
| 1
|-
| [[Judy Reynolds]]
| [[Íomhá:Judy Reynolds, 2014 (cropped).JPG|center|40px]]
| marcach eachraíochta
| [[dressage rider]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981-06-11
| 
| [[Cill Dara]]
| 
| [[:d:Q19518281|Q19518281]]
| 4
|-
| [[Kerry O'Flaherty]]
| [[Íomhá:10068 Kerry O'Flaherty.jpg|center|40px]]
| lúthchleasaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981-07-15
| 
| [[Baile Nua na hArda]]
| 
| [[:d:Q20967858|Q20967858]]
| 7
|-
| [[Melanie Späth]]
| [[Íomhá:2015 UEC Track Elite European Championships 60.JPG|center|40px]]
| rothaí
| [[rothaí spóirt]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981-06-16
| 
| [[Flensburg]]
| 
| [[:d:Q21197651|Q21197651]]
| 5
|-
| [[Emily Maher]]
| 
| rábálaí Éireannach
| [[rábálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981-05-02
| 
| [[Cill Chainnigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q22002445|Q22002445]]
| 2
|-
| [[Lisa Lynas]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981-11-03
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q27267562|Q27267562]]
| 1
|-
| [[Martina McCarthy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rábálaí (*1981) ♀
| [[rábálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981-10-27
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q39270831|Q39270831]]
| 1
|-
| [[Suzanne Kenealy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*1981) ♀
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1981&quot; | 1981-11-27
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q43289629|Q43289629]]
| 3
|-
| [[Wallis Bird]]
| [[Íomhá:Wallisbird2007.jpg|center|40px]]
| ceoltóir Éireannach
| [[ceoltóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cumadóir amhrán]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[giotáraí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cumadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot; | 1982-01-29
| 
| [[Loch Garman]]
| 
| [[:d:Q444966|Q444966]]
| 10
|-
| [[Deirdre Ryan]]
| [[Íomhá:RyanDeirdre 2012.jpg|center|40px]]
| léimneoir ard Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot; | 1982-06-01
| 
| [[Dún Droma]]
| 
| [[:d:Q518463|Q518463]]
| 7
|-
| [[Eimear Mullan]]
| [[Íomhá:Eimear Mullan Ironman 70.3 Austria 2012.jpg|center|40px]]
| trí-atlanaí Éireannach
| [[trí-atlanaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot; | 1982-05-21
| 
| [[Port Stíobhaird]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1279348|Q1279348]]
| 5
|-
| [[Rachel Neylan]]
| [[Íomhá:Women's road race - Rio 2016 (28783792620).jpg|center|40px]]
| rothaí Astrálach
| [[rothaí spóirt]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot; | 1982-03-09
| 
| [[Sydney]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2125227|Q2125227]]
| 14
|-
| [[Lynn Hilary]]
| 
| amhránaí agus ceoltóir Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[giotáraí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cumadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot; | 1982-04-21
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2420865|Q2420865]]
| 12
|-
| [[Sarah Flannery]]
| 
| matamaiticeoir Éireannach
| [[matamaiticeoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot; | 1982
| 
| [[Contae Chorcaí]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3672830|Q3672830]]
| 8
|-
| [[Aoife Murray]]
| 
| imreoir camógaíochta
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot; | 1982
| 
| [[Dún Mánmhaí]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4778636|Q4778636]]
| 1
|-
| [[Mary Cullen]]
| 
| reathaí meánraoin agus fadraoin Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot; | 1982-08-17
| 
| [[Sligeach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4943747|Q4943747]]
| 6
|-
| [[Marian Heffernan]]
| 
| lúthchleasaí Éireannach
| [[rábálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot; | 1982-04-16
| 
| [[Corcaigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q6761898|Q6761898]]
| 5
|-
| [[Michelle Walsh]]
| 
| imreoir sacair
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot; | 1982-08-02
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q6837287|Q6837287]]
| 3
|-
| [[Deirdre Byrne]]
| 
| cianreathaí Éireannach
| [[reathaí meánfhaid]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cianreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot; | 1982-09-21
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q25936076|Q25936076]]
| 2
|-
| [[Michelle Fahy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1982) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot; | 1982-03-26
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119544512|Q119544512]]
| 0
|-
| [[Niamh Dwyer]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1982) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot; | 1982-07-08
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119547098|Q119547098]]
| 0
|-
| [[Kate Maher]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1982) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1982&quot; | 1982-06-21
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119553910|Q119553910]]
| 0
|-
| [[Katie McGrath]]
| [[Íomhá:Heroes Assemble IMG 9226 (42762338021).jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir teilifíse]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1983&quot; | 1983-01-03
| 
| [[Áth na Fuinseoige]]
| 
| [[:d:Q253440|Q253440]]
| 44
|-
| [[Carly Smithson]]
| [[Íomhá:Carly Smithson in parade.jpg|center|40px]]
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[ceoltóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cumadóir amhrán]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amhránaí is scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1983&quot; | 1983-09-12
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q292301|Q292301]]
| 16
|-
| [[Lisa Lambe]]
| [[Íomhá:Lisa Lambe.jpg|center|40px]]
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1983&quot; | 1983-08-01
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1704246|Q1704246]]
| 13
|-
| [[Joanne King]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1983&quot; | 1983-04-20
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3179676|Q3179676]]
| 7
|-
| [[Ava Hutchinson]]
| [[Íomhá:Ava Hutchinson - 2012 Olympics marathon.jpg|center|40px]]
| lúthchleasaí
| [[cianreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1983&quot; | 1983-03-30
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4827385|Q4827385]]
| 4
|-
| [[Hannah Craig]]
| [[Íomhá:Slalom canoeing 2012 Olympics W K1 IRL Hannah Craig.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] canúálaí (*1983) ♀
| [[canúálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1983&quot; | 1983-02-10
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q5648813|Q5648813]]
| 2
|-
| [[Stef Curtis]]
| 
| imreoir sacair
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1983&quot; | 1983-12-05
| 
| [[Briostó]]
| 
| [[:d:Q7605993|Q7605993]]
| 4
|-
| [[Aoife Hoey]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta agus bobshleamhnóir (*1983) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]&lt;br/&gt;[[bobshleamhnóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1983&quot; | 1983-09-06
| 
| [[Cúil an tSúdaire]]
| 
| [[:d:Q7905573|Q7905573]]
| 5
|-
| [[Zoë Brown]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1983) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1983&quot; | 1983-09-15
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q9392042|Q9392042]]
| 1
|-
| [[Cecelia Joyce]]
| 
| cruicéadaí
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1983&quot; | 1983-07-25
| 
| [[Cill Mhantáin]]
| 
| [[:d:Q12978229|Q12978229]]
| 7
|-
| [[Kim Fitzpatrick]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1983) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1983&quot; | 1983-02-24
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119537533|Q119537533]]
| 0
|-
| [[Mary Fox]]
| 
| [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1983) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1983&quot; | 1983-05-08
| 
| [[Fairview Park]]
| 
| [[:d:Q119562828|Q119562828]]
| 0
|-
| [[Nora-Jane Noone]]
| [[Íomhá:Nora-Jane Noone at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir scannáin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1984&quot; | 1984-03-08
| 
| [[Gaillimh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q292107|Q292107]]
| 14
|-
| [[Joanne Cuddihy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1984) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1984&quot; | 1984-05-11
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q458353|Q458353]]
| 7
|-
| [[Leanne Moore]]
| 
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1984&quot; | 1984-07-24
| 
| [[Luimneach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q945587|Q945587]]
| 4
|-
| [[Ruth Kearney]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir teilifíse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1984&quot; | 1984-11-11
| 
| [[Lambeth]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1535775|Q1535775]]
| 12
|-
| [[Charlene McKenna]]
| [[Íomhá:Charlene McKenna (2008).jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1984&quot; | 1984-03-26
| 
| [[Glasloch]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2957880|Q2957880]]
| 12
|-
| [[Fionnuala McCormack]]
| [[Íomhá:Fionnuala Britton Velenje 2011.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta agus cianreathaí (*1984) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cianreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1984&quot; | 1984-09-24
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3072729|Q3072729]]
| 11
|-
| [[Niamh Briggs]]
| 
| imreoir rugbaí Éireannach
| [[imreoir rugbaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1984&quot; | 1984-09-30
| 
| [[Dún na Mainistreach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3339465|Q3339465]]
| 2
|-
| [[Rosie Foley]]
| [[Íomhá:Rosie foley limbo pic.jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir rugbaí Éireannach
| [[imreoir rugbaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1984&quot; | 1984
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q3442640|Q3442640]]
| 1
|-
| [[Shannon McDonnell]]
| 
| imreoir sacair
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1984&quot; | 1984-09-28
| 
| [[Orland Park]]
| 
| [[:d:Q7488908|Q7488908]]
| 3
|-
| [[Siobhan Byrne]]
| 
| pionsóir Oilimpeach
| [[pionsóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir scripte]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1984&quot; | 1984-08-13
| 
| [[Ostfildern]]
| 
| [[:d:Q7525288|Q7525288]]
| 2
|-
| [[Gillian Búrc]]
| 
| imreoir rugbaí Éireannach
| [[imreoir rugbaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1984&quot; | 1984-08-28
| 
| [[Luimneach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q17859745|Q17859745]]
| 1
|-
| [[Lydia Gurley]]
| [[Íomhá:2016 2017 UCI Track World Cup Apeldoorn 226.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] raonrothaí (*1984) ♀
| [[raonrothaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1984&quot; | 1984-09-09
| 
| [[Baile Átha an Rí]]
| 
| [[:d:Q27517415|Q27517415]]
| 9
|-
| [[Monika Gedvilaite]]
| 
| Imreoir fichille (*1984) ♀
| [[imreoir fichille]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1984&quot; | 1984-11-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q28479153|Q28479153]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sandra Lynch]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1984&quot; | 1984
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554564|Q65554564]]
| 0
|-
| [[Rachel Wyse]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] láithreoir teilifíse agus marcach (*1985) ♀; spouse of Tim Gredley
| [[láithreoir teilifíse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[marcach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1985&quot; | 1985-01-22
| 
| [[Cill Dara]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1568896|Q1568896]]
| 3
|-
| [[Natalie Britton]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[stiúrthóir scannán]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1985&quot; | 1985-02-21
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2165668|Q2165668]]
| 0
|-
| [[Georgia Salpa]]
| [[Íomhá:Georgia salpa.jpg|center|40px]]
| mainicín Gréagach-Éireannach
| [[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1985&quot; | 1985-05-14
| 
| [[an Aithin]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2586982|Q2586982]]
| 16
|-
| [[Gemma-Leah Devereux]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir
| [[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1985&quot; | 1985&lt;br/&gt;1990-08-09
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2688973|Q2688973]]
| 6
|-
| [[Kirsten McGarry]]
| 
| sciálaí Alpach Éireannach
| [[sciálaí Alpach]]&lt;br/&gt;[[sciálaí saorstíle]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1985&quot; | 1985-07-25
| 
| [[Deilginis]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2780652|Q2780652]]
| 6
|-
| [[Aoife Neary]]
| 
| imreoir camógaíochta
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1985&quot; | 1985
| 
| [[Cill Chainnigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4778637|Q4778637]]
| 1
|-
| [[Claire Bergin]]
| 
| bobshleamhnóir Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1985&quot; | 1985-02-01&lt;br/&gt;1985-02-02
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q5125145|Q5125145]]
| 5
|-
| [[Marie Curtin]]
| 
| imreoir sacair
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1985&quot; | 1985-08-07
| 
| [[Luimneach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q6762814|Q6762814]]
| 3
|-
| [[Caroline O'Sullivan]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1985&quot; | 1985
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554212|Q65554212]]
| 0
|-
| [[Emer Foley]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1985) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1985&quot; | 1985-12-14
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119567267|Q119567267]]
| 0
|-
| [[Mischa Barton]]
| [[Íomhá:Mischa Barton 2017.png|center|40px]]
| aisteoir Briotanach-Meireacánach
| [[aisteoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir linbh]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir teilifíse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1986&quot; | 1986-01-24
| 
| [[Hammersmith]]
| 
| [[:d:Q207458|Q207458]]
| 52
|-
| [[Dominique McElligott]]
| [[Íomhá:Dominique McElligott - Cannes.jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1986&quot; | 1986-03-05
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q456651|Q456651]]
| 29
|-
| [[Angela Walsh]]
| 
| imreoir peil Ghaelach
| [[imreoir peile Gaelaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1986&quot; | 1986
| 
| [[Corcaigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4762581|Q4762581]]
| 2
|-
| [[Fiona O'Sullivan]]
| [[Íomhá:Fiona O'Sullivan in San Jose.jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir sacair gairmiúil
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1986&quot; | 1986-09-17
| 
| [[San Geronimo]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4970710|Q4970710]]
| 12
|-
| [[Catriona Cuddihy]]
| 
| lúthchleasaí
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1986&quot; | 1986-12-05
| 
| [[Cill Chainnigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q5053959|Q5053959]]
| 2
|-
| [[Sophie Perry]]
| [[Íomhá:Sophie Perry.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair (*1986) ♀
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1986&quot; | 1986-11-11
| 
| [[Brighton]]
| 
| [[:d:Q7563050|Q7563050]]
| 7
|-
| [[Linda Byrne]]
| [[Íomhá:Linda Byrne.jpg|center|40px]]
| lúthchleasaí
| [[cianreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1986&quot; | 1986-05-13
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q11756918|Q11756918]]
| 7
|-
| [[Rebecca Rolfe]]
| 
| cruicéadaí
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1986&quot; | 1986-11-27
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q16225377|Q16225377]]
| 3
|-
| [[Jennie King]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1986&quot; | 1986-02-28
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q26804583|Q26804583]]
| 3
|-
| [[Jill Whelan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*1986) ♀
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1986&quot; | 1986-12-28
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q27567873|Q27567873]]
| 3
|-
| [[Sarah McCormack]]
| [[Íomhá:20120310-UK-Inter-County-Cross-Country-03555 (6826896314).jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1986) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1986&quot; | 1986-08-19
| 
| [[Michigan]]
| 
| [[:d:Q70926851|Q70926851]]
| 2
|-
| [[Sinead Kavanagh]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] ealaíontóir comhraic measctha (*1986) ♀
| [[ealaíontóir comhraic measctha]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1986&quot; | 1986-02-01
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q86340580|Q86340580]]
| 3
|-
| [[Jayne Wisener]]
| [[Íomhá:Jayne Wisener.jpg|center|40px]]
| ban-aisteoir
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir stáitse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ceoltóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1987&quot; | 1987-05-19
| 
| [[Baile Monaidh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q387132|Q387132]]
| 15
|-
| [[Laura Izibor]]
| [[Íomhá:Laura Izibor, 2008 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| ceoltóir Éireannach
| [[ceoltóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pianódóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amhránaí is scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Léiritheoir ceoil|léiritheoir ceirníní]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ealaíontóir taifeadta]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cumadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cumadóir amhrán]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1987&quot; | 1987-05-13
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q437622|Q437622]]
| 7
|-
| [[Jenna O'Hea]]
| [[Íomhá:Jenna O'Hea at day three of the Opals camp.jpg|center|40px]]
| cispheileadóir Astrálach
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1987&quot; | 1987-06-06
| 
| [[Melbourne]]
| 
| [[:d:Q622730|Q622730]]
| 17
|-
| [[Claire Brady]]
| 
| cianreathaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1987&quot; | 1987-01-20&lt;br/&gt;1987-01-29
| 
| [[Cill Dara]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1094778|Q1094778]]
| 3
|-
| [[Danielle Fox-Clarke]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1987&quot; | 1987-08-22
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3014994|Q3014994]]
| 2
|-
| [[Aisling Daly]]
| 
| ealaíontóir comhraic Éireannach
| [[ealaíontóir comhraic measctha]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1987&quot; | 1987-12-24
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4699200|Q4699200]]
| 6
|-
| [[Tori Pena]]
| [[Íomhá:Tori Pena.jpg|center|40px]]
| léimneoir cuaille Meiriceánach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1987&quot; | 1987-07-30
| 
| [[Los Alamitos]]
| 
| [[:d:Q7825761|Q7825761]]
| 7
|-
| [[Nicola Twohig]]
| 
| imreoir sacair
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1987&quot; | 1987-04-28
| 
| [[Manchain]]
| 
| [[:d:Q10484148|Q10484148]]
| 1
|-
| [[Roseanne Galligan]]
| [[Íomhá:Roseanne Galligan 2013.jpg|center|40px]]
| lúthchleasaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1987&quot; | 1987-12-09
| 
| [[Droichead Nua]]
| 
| [[:d:Q16209460|Q16209460]]
| 2
|-
| [[Nicola Sinnott]]
| [[Íomhá:Nicola Sinnott.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair (*1987) ♀
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1987&quot; | 1987-08-08
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q22280384|Q22280384]]
| 2
|-
| [[Emma Beckett]]
| [[Íomhá:Emma Beckett, 2021 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair (*1987) ♀
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1987&quot; | 1987-05-29
| 
| [[Northampton]]
| 
| [[:d:Q61827370|Q61827370]]
| 4
|-
| [[Louise Galvin]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir rugbaí, cispheileadóir agus fisiteiripeoir (*1987) ♀
| [[imreoir rugbaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cispheileadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[fisiteiripeoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1987&quot; | 1987-04-03
| 
| [[Fionnúig]]
| 
| [[:d:Q78056158|Q78056158]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sinéad Mulvey]]
| [[Íomhá:Sinéad Mulvay.jpg|center|40px]]
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aeróstach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-01-22
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q255095|Q255095]]
| 20
|-
| [[Chloe Magee]]
| [[Íomhá:Chloe Magee Irish Open Mixed Double Champions 2018 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iomaitheoir Oilimpeach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-11-29
| 
| [[Ráth Bhoth]]
| 
| [[:d:Q468589|Q468589]]
| 13
|-
| [[Méabh de Búrca]]
| [[Íomhá:Meabh De Burca.jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir sacair Éireannach
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-08-11
| 
| [[Gaillimh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q509493|Q509493]]
| 5
|-
| [[Erin Keery]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-02-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q1354600|Q1354600]]
| 2
|-
| [[Janet Grogan]]
| [[Íomhá:Janet Grogan (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[Amhránaí is scríbhneoir|amhránaí is scríbhneoir]], [[Cumadóir amhrán|cumadóir amhrán]] agus [[Amhránaí|amhránaí]] (fl. 2009–) (*1988) ♀
| [[amhránaí is scríbhneoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cumadóir amhrán]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amhránaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1424238|Q1424238]]
| 4
|-
| [[Lynn Styles]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-12-29
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2708041|Q2708041]]
| 7
|-
| [[Ann Dalton]]
| 
| imreoir camógaíochta
| [[camogie player]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-06-22
| 
| [[Cill Chainnigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4766351|Q4766351]]
| 1
|-
| [[Julia Moriarty]]
| 
| imreoir leadóige Éireannach
| [[imreoir leadóige]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-12-03
| 
| [[Adelaide]]
| 
| [[:d:Q6306589|Q6306589]]
| 4
|-
| [[Melanie Nocher]]
| 
| snámhóir Éireannach
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-06-18
| 
| [[Contae an Dúin]]
| 
| [[:d:Q6811327|Q6811327]]
| 5
|-
| [[Kelly Proper]]
| 
| lúthchleasaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-05-01
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q11738678|Q11738678]]
| 3
|-
| [[Claire Tarplee]]
| 
| reathaí meánraoin Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-09-22
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q15925883|Q15925883]]
| 1
|-
| [[Amy Kenealy]]
| 
| cruicéadaí
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-04-06
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q16224552|Q16224552]]
| 4
|-
| [[Amy Foster]]
| 
| rábálaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-10-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q19560506|Q19560506]]
| 2
|-
| [[Hannah Lowry-O'Reilly]]
| 
| Imreoir fichille (*1988) ♀
| [[imreoir fichille]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-12-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q28479756|Q28479756]]
| 0
|-
| [[Jo Patterson]]
| 
| [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta agus rothaí spóirt (*1988) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]&lt;br/&gt;[[rothaí spóirt]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-07-27
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q113302372|Q113302372]]
| 2
|-
| [[Rachel Clancy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1988) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-06-23
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119554958|Q119554958]]
| 0
|-
| [[Mairead Mcnally]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1988) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-11-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119554997|Q119554997]]
| 0
|-
| [[Leah Westbrooks]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1988) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-10-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119557456|Q119557456]]
| 0
|-
| [[Chloë Agnew]]
| [[Íomhá:Chloë Agnew at Macquarie Shopping Centre, Sydney.jpg|center|40px]]
| ceoltóir agus amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí ceoldrámaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1989&quot; | 1989-06-09
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2228268|Q2228268]]
| 17
|-
| [[Lisa Kearney]]
| [[Íomhá:Lisa Kearney on WIMPS TV.jpg|center|40px]]
| cleachtóir júdó Éireannach
| [[cleachtóir júdó]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1989&quot; | 1989-05-27
| 
| [[Béal Feirste]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2260724|Q2260724]]
| 5
|-
| [[Ciara Horne]]
| [[Íomhá:2015 UEC Track Elite European Championships 333.JPG|center|40px]]
| rothaí
| [[rothaí spóirt]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1989&quot; | 1989-09-07
| 
| [[Harrow, Londain|Harrow]]
| 
| [[:d:Q5119121|Q5119121]]
| 16
|-
| [[Jessie Barr]]
| 
| lúthchleasaí
| [[rábálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1989&quot; | 1989-07-24
| 
| [[Port Láirge]]
| 
| [[:d:Q6187612|Q6187612]]
| 5
|-
| [[Laura Reynolds]]
| 
| lúthchleasaí
| [[siúlóir rása]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1989&quot; | 1989-01-21&lt;br/&gt;1989-01-20
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q6499354|Q6499354]]
| 3
|-
| [[Orla Barry]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1989) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1989&quot; | 1989-09-21
| 
| [[Droichead na Scuab]]
| 
| [[:d:Q7102982|Q7102982]]
| 2
|-
| [[Kate McKenna]]
| 
| cruicéadaí
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1989&quot; | 1989-09-27
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q16224853|Q16224853]]
| 3
|-
| [[Jenny Murphy]]
| 
| imreoir rugbaí Éireannach
| [[imreoir rugbaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[rugby sevens player]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1989&quot; | 1989-05-30
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q18126994|Q18126994]]
| 2
|-
| [[Michelle Finn]]
| [[Íomhá:2019-09-01 ISTAF 2019 2000 m steeplechase (Martin Rulsch) 43 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| lúthchleasaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1989&quot; | 1989-11-16&lt;br/&gt;1989-12-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q20967861|Q20967861]]
| 6
|-
| [[Sara Louise Treacy]]
| 
| lúthchleasaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1989&quot; | 1989-06-22
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q20967862|Q20967862]]
| 5
|-
| [[Kelly Murphy]]
| [[Íomhá:2024 UEC Track Elite European Championships 130.jpg|center|40px]]
| rothaí Éireannach
| [[rothaí spóirt]]&lt;br/&gt;[[eolaí néarchórais]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1989&quot; | 1989-11-03
| 
| [[Birmingham]]
| 
| [[:d:Q33083846|Q33083846]]
| 8
|-
| [[Lauren Delany]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir rugbaí agus cispheileadóir (*1989) ♀
| [[imreoir rugbaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1989&quot; | 1989-07-17
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q78081373|Q78081373]]
| 2
|-
| [[Jessica Scannell]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1989) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1989&quot; | 1989-10-26
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119567488|Q119567488]]
| 0
|-
| [[Megan Tice]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] lúthchleasaí agus iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1989) ♀
| [[lúthchleasaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1989&quot; | 1989-12-06
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q120221286|Q120221286]]
| 0
|-
| [[Rozanna Purcell]]
| 
| mainicín Éireannach
| [[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iomaitheoir i gcomórtas áilleachta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-09-03
| 
| [[Cluain Meala]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1046271|Q1046271]]
| 6
|-
| [[Adrienne Murphy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir i gcomórtas áilleachta (*1990) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir i gcomórtas áilleachta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-10-11
| 
| [[Cluain Dolcáin]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4685714|Q4685714]]
| 4
|-
| [[Aisling Cooney]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1990) ♀
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-07-27
| 
| [[Dumhach Thrá]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4699199|Q4699199]]
| 3
|-
| [[Ruesha Littlejohn]]
| [[Íomhá:Ruesha Littlejohn in San Jose.jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir sacair
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-07-03
| 
| [[Glaschú]]
| 
| [[:d:Q7377860|Q7377860]]
| 11
|-
| [[Ciara Everard]]
| [[Íomhá:09277 Ciara Everard.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] reathaí meánfhaid (*1990) ♀
| [[reathaí meánfhaid]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-07-10
| 
| [[Cill Chainnigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q9192214|Q9192214]]
| 6
|-
| [[Claire Lambe]]
| 
| iomróir Éireannach
| [[iomróir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-05-16
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q11690739|Q11690739]]
| 5
|-
| [[Melissa Scott-Hayward]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*1990) ♀
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-08-10
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q16225439|Q16225439]]
| 2
|-
| [[Robyn Stewart]]
| [[Íomhá:2017 UEC Track Elite European Championships 412.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rothaí spóirt (*1990) ♀
| [[rothaí spóirt]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-04-10
| 
| [[Béal Feirste]]
| 
| [[:d:Q27517186|Q27517186]]
| 4
|-
| [[Niamh Whelan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rábálaí (*1990) ♀
| [[rábálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-07-26
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q39814817|Q39814817]]
| 1
|-
| [[Fionnuala Ross]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1990) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-11-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q69863936|Q69863936]]
| 0
|-
| [[Orla O'Reilly]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1990) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-02-28
| 
| [[Corcaigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q74239854|Q74239854]]
| 1
|-
| [[Laura Shaughnessy]]
| 
| Cianreathaí (*1990) ♀
| [[cianreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-06-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q98550189|Q98550189]]
| 1
|-
| [[Sinead O'Reilly]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1990) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-02-28
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119553438|Q119553438]]
| 0
|-
| [[Alexandra Troy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1990) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-03-23
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119568422|Q119568422]]
| 0
|-
| [[Claire Rockall]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1990) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-09-07
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119568822|Q119568822]]
| 0
|-
| [[Danielle O'Leary]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1990) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-02-26
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135367014|Q135367014]]
| 0
|-
| [[Rhiannon Bernadette McNulty]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1990) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-03-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135378320|Q135378320]]
| 0
|-
| [[Emma Marron]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1990) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-11-21
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135378321|Q135378321]]
| 0
|-
| [[Méabh Malone]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1990) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-11-01
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135378322|Q135378322]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ciara Louise Flaherty]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1990) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-08-28
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135378323|Q135378323]]
| 0
|-
| [[Shelly Behan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1990) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-11-27
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135378324|Q135378324]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sorcha Nic Dhomhnaill]]
| 
| lúthchleasaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-02-27
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q137648437|Q137648437]]
| 0
|-
| [[Clara Peters]]
| [[Íomhá:European 2011 Clara PETERS.jpg|center|40px]]
| scátálaí fíorach Éireannach
| [[scátálaí fíorach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1991&quot; | 1991-07-19
| 
| [[Essen]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4360258|Q4360258]]
| 5
|-
| [[Lynsey McCullough]]
| 
| imreoir leadóige Éireannach
| [[imreoir leadóige]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1991&quot; | 1991-03-01
| 
| [[Aontroim (baile)]]
| 
| [[:d:Q6709499|Q6709499]]
| 1
|-
| [[Emma Flanagan]]
| 
| cruicéadaí
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1991&quot; | 1991-01-07
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q16211337|Q16211337]]
| 4
|-
| [[Cherelle Khassal]]
| [[Íomhá:Cherelle Khassal (23697437213).jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir sacair Éireannach
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1991&quot; | 1991-01-09
| 
| [[Sasana]]
| 
| [[:d:Q22087349|Q22087349]]
| 4
|-
| [[Alice Kunek]]
| [[Íomhá:Alice Kunek - Perth Lynx.jpg|center|40px]]
| cispheileadóir Astrálach (1991-)
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1991&quot; | 1991-01-06
| 
| [[Box Hill]]
| 
| [[:d:Q24452204|Q24452204]]
| 10
|-
| [[Laura Boylan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*1991) ♀
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1991&quot; | 1991-12-16
| 
| [[Contae Lú]]
| 
| [[:d:Q29981448|Q29981448]]
| 3
|-
| [[Sinéad Denny]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1991) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1991&quot; | 1991-03-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q69863080|Q69863080]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aoife McDermott]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir rugbaí agus cispheileadóir (*1991) ♀
| [[imreoir rugbaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1991&quot; | 1991-01-04
| 
| [[Sligeach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q78047998|Q78047998]]
| 1
|-
| [[Hannah Thornton]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1991) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1991&quot; | 1991-07-29
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119564024|Q119564024]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aine O'Connor]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1991) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1991&quot; | 1991-11-28
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135367015|Q135367015]]
| 0
|-
| [[Fiona O'Dwyer]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*1991) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1991&quot; | 1991-06-27
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370906|Q135370906]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sophie Vavasseur]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir scannáin]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992-05-10
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2628135|Q2628135]]
| 15
|-
| [[Aoife Hannon]]
| 
| mainicín Éireannach
| [[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]]&lt;br/&gt;[[fisiteiripeoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992
| 
| [[Luimneach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3620544|Q3620544]]
| 2
|-
| [[Aisling Dunphy]]
| 
| imreoir camógaíochta
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992
| 
| [[Cill Chainnigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4699203|Q4699203]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ann Marie Starr]]
| 
| imreoir camógaíochta
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q4766551|Q4766551]]
| 1
|-
| [[Sinead Chambers]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992-02-01
| 
| [[Béal Feirste]]
| 
| [[:d:Q15712412|Q15712412]]
| 4
|-
| [[Christine McMahon]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cliathreathaí agus rábálaí (*1992) ♀
| [[cliathreathaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[rábálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992-07-06
| 
| [[Béal Feirste]]
| 
| [[:d:Q25939025|Q25939025]]
| 2
|-
| [[Poornima Menon Jayadev]]
| 
| Imreoir fichille (*1992) ♀
| [[imreoir fichille]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q28479758|Q28479758]]
| 0
|-
| [[Naomi Carroll]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair, imreoir haca, imreoir peile Gaelaí agus camogie player (*1992) ♀
| [[imreoir sacair]]&lt;br/&gt;[[imreoir haca]]&lt;br/&gt;[[imreoir peile Gaelaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[camogie player]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992-09-13
| 
| [[Contae an Chláir]]
| 
| [[:d:Q57313561|Q57313561]]
| 3
|-
| [[Claire Mooney]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1992) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992-06-21
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q69812429|Q69812429]]
| 0
|-
| [[Joan Healy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1992) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992-09-30
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q69814488|Q69814488]]
| 1
|-
| [[Catherine McManus]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1992) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992-05-09
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q69819917|Q69819917]]
| 0
|-
| [[Casey Grace]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1992) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992-05-14
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119554596|Q119554596]]
| 0
|-
| [[Tessa Josephine Solan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1992) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992-09-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135378015|Q135378015]]
| 0
|-
| [[Lorraine Scanlon]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1992) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992-11-24
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135378016|Q135378016]]
| 0
|-
| [[Nichola Rafferty]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1992) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992-07-04
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135378017|Q135378017]]
| 0
|-
| [[Louise Mary O'Connor]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1992) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992-07-24
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135378019|Q135378019]]
| 0
|-
| [[Rebecca Teresa Nagle]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1992) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992-07-04
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135378020|Q135378020]]
| 0
|-
| [[Kate Mary McDaid]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1992) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992-05-18
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135378021|Q135378021]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sanura Eley-O'Reilly]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rábálaí agus iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1992) ♀
| [[rábálaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1992&quot; | 1992-03-09
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q141689240|Q141689240]]
| 0
|-
| [[Amy Bowtell]]
| 
| imreoir leadóige
| [[imreoir leadóige]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-09-16
| 
| [[Na Clocha Liatha]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4749116|Q4749116]]
| 7
|-
| [[Katie Kirk]]
| 
| [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]] rábálaí (*1993) ♀
| [[rábálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-11-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q11737414|Q11737414]]
| 1
|-
| [[Ciara Grant]]
| [[Íomhá:Ciara Grant WUG.jpg|center|40px]]
| peileadóir
| [[imreoir sacair]]&lt;br/&gt;[[imreoir futsal]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-06-11
| 
| [[Leitir Ceanainn]]
| 
| [[:d:Q15960851|Q15960851]]
| 8
|-
| [[Michaela Walsh]]
| 
| dornálaí as Béal Feirste
| [[dornálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-06-05
| 
| [[Béal Feirste]]
| 
| [[:d:Q18218166|Q18218166]]
| 9
|-
| [[Siobhán Killeen]]
| 
| imreoir sacair Éireannach
| [[imreoir sacair]]&lt;br/&gt;[[imreoir peile Gaelaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[imreoir futsal]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-03-15
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q22278600|Q22278600]]
| 1
|-
| [[Lois Roche]]
| [[Íomhá:Lois Roche Lewes FC Women 2 Charlton Ath Women 0 17 10 2021-82 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir sacair
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-06-18
| 
| [[Londain]]
| 
| [[:d:Q24150945|Q24150945]]
| 5
|-
| [[Clare Cryan]]
| [[Íomhá:Clare Cryan Kyiv 2019.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] tumadóir iomaíoachta (*1993) ♀
| [[tumadóir iomaíoachta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-12-03
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65553526|Q65553526]]
| 3
|-
| [[Emma Mitchell]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1993) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-09-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q69812822|Q69812822]]
| 0
|-
| [[Mary Mulhare]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1993) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-02-14
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q115739743|Q115739743]]
| 1
|-
| [[Clodagh Scannell]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1993) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-03-06
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119542677|Q119542677]]
| 0
|-
| [[Éabhnait Deborah Scanlon]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1993) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-01-08
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135376728|Q135376728]]
| 0
|-
| [[Rheanne Marie O'Shea]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1993) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-05-24
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135376730|Q135376730]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ciara Patricia Newell]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1993) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-06-17
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135376733|Q135376733]]
| 0
|-
| [[Lauren Marie Murray]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1993) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-05-06
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135376734|Q135376734]]
| 0
|-
| [[Laoise Maria Murphy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1993) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-03-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135376735|Q135376735]]
| 0
|-
| [[Laura Catriona Moloney]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1993) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-11-24
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135376736|Q135376736]]
| 0
|-
| [[Karen Meany]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1993) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-08-23
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135376737|Q135376737]]
| 0
|-
| [[Méabh Barry]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1993) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-12-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135376739|Q135376739]]
| 0
|-
| [[Marrianna Patricia C. Troy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1993) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-03-09
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135378014|Q135378014]]
| 0
|-
| [[Erika Emma O'Keeffe]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1993) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1993&quot; | 1993-04-06
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135378018|Q135378018]]
| 0
|-
| [[Chelsea Jones]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q2377423|Q2377423]]
| 0
|-
| [[Phoebe Prince]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] scoláire (1994–2010) ♀
| [[scoláire]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-11-24
| data-sort-value=&quot;2010&quot; | 2010-01-14
| [[Bedford]]
| [[South Hadley]]
| [[:d:Q3304893|Q3304893]]
| 6
|-
| [[Kate Veale]]
| 
| lúthchleasaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-01-05
| 
| [[Tulach Mhór]]
| 
| [[:d:Q11737264|Q11737264]]
| 2
|-
| [[Caroline Black]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-03-04
| 
| [[Lios na gCearrbhach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q15971927|Q15971927]]
| 5
|-
| [[Phil Healy]]
| [[Íomhá:Womens 400m (46526965474) (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| rábálaí Éireannach
| [[rábálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-11-19
| 
| [[Béal Átha Fhínín]]
| 
| [[:d:Q25999744|Q25999744]]
| 7
|-
| [[Niamh McCarthy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] lúthchleasaí (*1994) ♀
| [[lúthchleasaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-01-04
| 
| [[Contae Chorcaí]]
| 
| [[:d:Q26905471|Q26905471]]
| 2
|-
| [[Karina Campbell]]
| 
| Imreoir fichille (*1994) ♀
| [[imreoir fichille]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-05-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q28470777|Q28470777]]
| 0
|-
| [[Victoria Bell]]
| 
| lúthchleasaí Éireannach
| [[sciálaí Alpach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-06-22
| 
| [[Sutton Coldfield]]
| 
| [[:d:Q48618566|Q48618566]]
| 4
|-
| [[Alice Sharpe]]
| [[Íomhá:2019 UEC Track Elite European Championships 132.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rothaí spóirt (*1994) ♀
| [[rothaí spóirt]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-05-03
| 
| [[München]]
| 
| [[:d:Q55361867|Q55361867]]
| 10
|-
| [[Alli Palisch]]
| [[Íomhá:Alli Murphy Lewes FC Women 2 London City 3 14 02 2021-528 (50943521133) (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair (*1994) ♀
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-05-13
| 
| [[Plano, Texas|Plano]]
| 
| [[:d:Q56285209|Q56285209]]
| 4
|-
| [[Shona Heaslip]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1994) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-09-18
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q69820877|Q69820877]]
| 0
|-
| [[Philippa Rogan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1994) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-02-04
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q69861835|Q69861835]]
| 0
|-
| [[Leah Lyons]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir rugbaí (*1994) ♀
| [[imreoir rugbaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-11-27
| 
| [[Corcaigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q78051289|Q78051289]]
| 1
|-
| [[Eimear Twomey]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1994) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-11-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135375110|Q135375110]]
| 0
|-
| [[Amy Louise Russell]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1994) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-02-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135375111|Q135375111]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ciara Milroy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1994) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-09-18
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135375114|Q135375114]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sorcha Maire McNulty]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1994) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-09-04
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135375115|Q135375115]]
| 0
|-
| [[Leanne McDonnell]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1994) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-05-29
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135375116|Q135375116]]
| 0
|-
| [[Laura Hoffman]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1994) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-04-29
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135375118|Q135375118]]
| 0
|-
| [[Deirdre Ann Geaney]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1994) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-09-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135375120|Q135375120]]
| 0
|-
| [[Michelle Clarke]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir agus cóitseálaí cispheile (*1994) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cóitseálaí cispheile]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-09-03
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135375123|Q135375123]]
| 0
|-
| [[Rebecca Barker]]
| 
| [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1994) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-08-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135375124|Q135375124]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ailish O'Reilly]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1994) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-01-01
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135376732|Q135376732]]
| 0
|-
| [[Cliona Niamh Máirtín]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1994) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1994&quot; | 1994-06-26
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135376738|Q135376738]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sycerika McMahon]]
| 
| snámhóir Éireannach
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-04-11
| 
| [[Contae an Dúin]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3979013|Q3979013]]
| 7
|-
| [[Carolane Soucisse]]
| [[Íomhá:2018 Autumn Classic International - Soucisse &amp; Firus (cropped) - Soucisse.jpg|center|40px]]
| damhsóir oighir Ceanadach
| [[ice dancer]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-02-10
| 
| [[Châteauguay]]
| 
| [[:d:Q24860514|Q24860514]]
| 5
|-
| [[Aoife Mannion]]
| [[Íomhá:Aoife Mannion BCLFC 2015 (22147891741) (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair (*1995) ♀
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-09-24
| 
| [[Solihull]]
| 
| [[:d:Q25714012|Q25714012]]
| 12
|-
| [[Ellen Keane]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1995) ♀
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-04-06
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q26899011|Q26899011]]
| 3
|-
| [[Síofra Cléirigh Büttner]]
| [[Íomhá:Síofra Cléirigh Büttner 2017.jpg|center|40px]]
| reathaí meánraoin Éireannach
| [[reathaí meánfhaid]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-07-21
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q35349110|Q35349110]]
| 5
|-
| [[Gráinne Walsh]]
| 
| dornálaí Éireannach
| [[dornálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-10-13
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éire]]
| 
| [[:d:Q65091953|Q65091953]]
| 5
|-
| [[Greta Streimikyte]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] lúthchleasaí parailimpeach (*1995) ♀
| [[lúthchleasaí parailimpeach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-08-24
| 
| [[Vilnias]]
| 
| [[:d:Q89343978|Q89343978]]
| 3
|-
| [[Sarah Jane Hearne]]
| 
| Imreoir fichille (*1995) ♀
| [[imreoir fichille]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q104843000|Q104843000]]
| 0
|-
| [[Fiona Murtagh]]
| [[Íomhá:Rowing at the 2020 Summer Olympics (Ireland).jpeg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomróir (*1995) ♀
| [[iomróir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-07-11
| 
| [[Gaillimh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q105925700|Q105925700]]
| 11
|-
| [[Ioana Gelip]]
| 
| Imreoir fichille (*1995) ♀
| [[imreoir fichille]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-01-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q109418259|Q109418259]]
| 1
|-
| [[Rachel Boyle]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-03-27
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q110991850|Q110991850]]
| 0
|-
| [[Cliodhna Manning]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1995) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-04-26
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q117007428|Q117007428]]
| 1
|-
| [[Emily Haggard-Kearney]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta, reathaí maratóin agus cianreathaí (*1995) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]&lt;br/&gt;[[reathaí maratóin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cianreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-11-10
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q126883212|Q126883212]]
| 0
|-
| [[Amy Waters]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1995) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-08-13
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135367016|Q135367016]]
| 0
|-
| [[Jennifer Sheehan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1995) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-06-10
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135373959|Q135373959]]
| 0
|-
| [[Jessica Blue O Sullivan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1995) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-06-11
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135373960|Q135373960]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aedin O Donnell]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1995) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-04-27
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135373961|Q135373961]]
| 0
|-
| [[Lorna McNamee]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1995) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-02-01
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135373963|Q135373963]]
| 0
|-
| [[Orla Keoghegan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1995) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-07-21
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135373964|Q135373964]]
| 0
|-
| [[Shannon Farrell]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1995) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-10-09
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135373965|Q135373965]]
| 0
|-
| [[Erin Leigh Bracken]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1995) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-06-30
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135373966|Q135373966]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aileen Verona Crowley]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1995) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-05-04
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135373968|Q135373968]]
| 0
|-
| [[Katie Ann Moloney]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1995) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-01-14
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135375112|Q135375112]]
| 0
|-
| [[Samantha Massey]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1995) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-02-28
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135375117|Q135375117]]
| 0
|-
| [[Lauren Kelly Falvey]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1995) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-03-27
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135375122|Q135375122]]
| 0
|-
| [[Niamh Allen]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1995) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-04-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q137368508|Q137368508]]
| 1
|-
| [[Emma Bolger]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-01-05
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q520262|Q520262]]
| 11
|-
| [[Mary C. Cain]]
| 
| reathaí meánraoin Meiriceánach
| [[reathaí meánfhaid]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-05-03
| 
| [[Bronxville]]
| 
| [[:d:Q6779145|Q6779145]]
| 10
|-
| [[Florence Bell]]
| 
| sciálaí Éireannach
| [[sciálaí Alpach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-03-05
| 
| [[Sutton Coldfield]]
| 
| [[:d:Q15910753|Q15910753]]
| 4
|-
| [[Alannah Stephenson]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-12-04
| 
| [[Lios na gCearrbhach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q17457943|Q17457943]]
| 3
|-
| [[Tham Nguyen]]
| [[Íomhá:Tham Nguyen at the 2023 World Weightlifting Championships training hall.webp|center|40px]]
| Tógálaí meáchain (*1996) ♀
| [[tógálaí meáchain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-09-15
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q26132016|Q26132016]]
| 4
|-
| [[Alanna Lally]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1996) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-12-30
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q69860533|Q69860533]]
| 1
|-
| [[Fiona Mangan]]
| [[Íomhá:Fiona Mangan - Présentation TCFIA 2025.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rothaí spóirt (*1996) ♀
| [[rothaí spóirt]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-05-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q106575388|Q106575388]]
| 5
|-
| [[Megan Armitage]]
| [[Íomhá:Grand Prix de Chambéry (Megan Armitage - Montagne).JPG|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rothaí spóirt (*1996) ♀
| [[rothaí spóirt]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-08-12
| 
| [[Suí an Róin]]
| 
| [[:d:Q108532712|Q108532712]]
| 6
|-
| [[Linda Djougang]]
| [[Íomhá:Linda Djougang 15Apr2023.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Camarún|Camarúnach]] imreoir rugbaí (*1996) ♀
| [[imreoir rugbaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-05-17
| 
| [[Camarún]]
| 
| [[:d:Q108540653|Q108540653]]
| 3
|-
| [[Georgie Hartigan]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1996) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-03-01
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q115674773|Q115674773]]
| 1
|-
| [[Allison McGrath]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-10-10
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119547267|Q119547267]]
| 0
|-
| [[Edel Thornton]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-11-22
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119560495|Q119560495]]
| 0
|-
| [[Kelly McGrory]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1996) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-12-24
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q121879328|Q121879328]]
| 3
|-
| [[Róisín Harrison]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1996) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-10-10
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q121879839|Q121879839]]
| 2
|-
| [[Susie Berry]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] marcach (*1996) ♀
| [[marcach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-01-01
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q130313509|Q130313509]]
| 2
|-
| [[Megan Connolly]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-03-06
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135366913|Q135366913]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ciara Mary McCarthy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-09-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135366914|Q135366914]]
| 0
|-
| [[Caoimhe Rita Moore]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-06-23
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135366915|Q135366915]]
| 0
|-
| [[Nadine Cheryl Rice]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-07-29
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135366916|Q135366916]]
| 0
|-
| [[Holli Anna Dunne]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-10-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135366917|Q135366917]]
| 0
|-
| [[Meadhbh Helen Campbell]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-04-26
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370468|Q135370468]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ruth Mary Leavey]]
| 
| [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-12-25
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370469|Q135370469]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aoibheann Ann Byrne]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-11-24
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370470|Q135370470]]
| 0
|-
| [[Hannah Eileen McCarthy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-09-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370471|Q135370471]]
| 0
|-
| [[Lauren Jane Flynn]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-11-12
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370472|Q135370472]]
| 0
|-
| [[Kate Emma O'Flaherty]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-02-08
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370473|Q135370473]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aoife Catherine Whelan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-01-04
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370474|Q135370474]]
| 0
|-
| [[Eve Ellen M. O'Mahoney]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-03-29
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370475|Q135370475]]
| 0
|-
| [[Lesley Ann Wilkinson]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-02-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370476|Q135370476]]
| 0
|-
| [[Lisa Teresa Mullins]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1996) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996&quot; | 1996-09-22
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135373962|Q135373962]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aebh Kelly]]
| [[Íomhá:AK WikiP.jpg|center|40px]]
| soprán Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-06
| 
| [[Na Sceirí]]
| 
| [[:d:Q4687014|Q4687014]]
| 2
|-
| [[Megan Connolly]]
| [[Íomhá:Megan Connolly 2015 (cropped).jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir sacair Éireannach
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-03-07
| 
| [[Corcaigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q21708017|Q21708017]]
| 12
|-
| [[Rachael Darragh]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iomaitheoir Oilimpeach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-09-24
| 
| [[Leitir Ceanainn]]
| 
| [[:d:Q26786740|Q26786740]]
| 6
|-
| [[Sophie MacMahon]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*1997) ♀
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-01-29
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q29947005|Q29947005]]
| 8
|-
| [[Sara Boyle]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain Éireannach
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-08-31
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q30230598|Q30230598]]
| 1
|-
| [[Amy Broadhurst]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] dornálaí (*1997) ♀
| [[dornálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-03-17
| 
| [[Dún Dealgan]]
| 
| [[:d:Q60182060|Q60182060]]
| 3
|-
| [[Aoife O'Rourke]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] dornálaí (*1997) ♀
| [[dornálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-07-02
| 
| [[An Caisleán Riabhach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q66934867|Q66934867]]
| 8
|-
| [[Marissa Sheva]]
| [[Íomhá:Marissa Sheva.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair agus iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1997) ♀
| [[imreoir sacair]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-04-22
| 
| [[Sellersville]]
| 
| [[:d:Q98093517|Q98093517]]
| 8
|-
| [[Elsa Desmond]]
| [[Íomhá:2018-11-21 Rennrodel-Weltcup Innsbruck-Igls StP 5311 LR10 by Stepro.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] luger agus medical student (*1997) ♀
| [[luger]]&lt;br/&gt;[[medical student]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-08-06
| 
| [[Buckingham]]
| 
| [[:d:Q103259948|Q103259948]]
| 5
|-
| [[Sophie Becker]]
| [[Íomhá:Womens 400m (47247595181).jpg|center|40px]]
| Rábálaí (*1997) ♀
| [[rábálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-05-16
| 
| [[Loch Garman]]
| 
| [[:d:Q105782960|Q105782960]]
| 7
|-
| [[Kate Doherty]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1997) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-01-27
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q106712794|Q106712794]]
| 1
|-
| [[Eilish Flanagan]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1997) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997&lt;br/&gt;1997-05-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q107472430|Q107472430]]
| 5
|-
| [[Roisin Flanagan]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1997) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-05-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q115739741|Q115739741]]
| 2
|-
| [[Bridget Herlihy]]
| 
| [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-01-31
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119539970|Q119539970]]
| 0
|-
| [[Maura Fitzpatrick]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-02-27
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119541214|Q119541214]]
| 0
|-
| [[Anna Kelly]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-06-18
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119551659|Q119551659]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aoife Anne O'Halloran]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-07-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135365106|Q135365106]]
| 0
|-
| [[Princess Elizabeth Adeogun]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-04-10
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135367093|Q135367093]]
| 0
|-
| [[Tia Kelly]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-12-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135368530|Q135368530]]
| 0
|-
| [[Hayley Nicole Lenihan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-12-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135368531|Q135368531]]
| 0
|-
| [[Julie Milroy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-07-10
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135368532|Q135368532]]
| 0
|-
| [[Liadan Tobin-Schnittger]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-01-10
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135371775|Q135371775]]
| 0
|-
| [[Courtney Anne Ryan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-06-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135371776|Q135371776]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aoife Mary Tiernan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-05-30
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135371777|Q135371777]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sarah Marie Phelan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-10-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135371778|Q135371778]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aislinn Finola O'Connell]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-10-24
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135371779|Q135371779]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aisling Catriona McCann]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-02-01
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135371780|Q135371780]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sarah Kenny]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-01-24
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135371781|Q135371781]]
| 0
|-
| [[Hollie Herlihy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-12-30
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135371782|Q135371782]]
| 0
|-
| [[Shannen Sandra Holbrook]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-02-24
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135371783|Q135371783]]
| 0
|-
| [[Olivia Margaret Dupuy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-03-27
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135371784|Q135371784]]
| 0
|-
| [[Kelly Sarah Diggin]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-03-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135371785|Q135371785]]
| 0
|-
| [[Caoimhe Ann Blennerhassett]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1997) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1997&quot; | 1997-12-15
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135371786|Q135371786]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ellis O'Reilly]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|briotanach]] gleacaí ealaíonta (*1998) ♀
| [[gleacaí ealaíonta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-02-23
| 
| [[Kent]]
| 
| [[:d:Q23887651|Q23887651]]
| 3
|-
| [[Michaela Walsh]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1998) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-12-17
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q51098390|Q51098390]]
| 2
|-
| [[Anna Kerrison]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*1998) ♀
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-09-10
| 
| [[Sasana]]
| 
| [[:d:Q64148448|Q64148448]]
| 3
|-
| [[Elizabeth Morland]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1998) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-03-03
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q69815287|Q69815287]]
| 0
|-
| [[Mia Griffin]]
| [[Íomhá:2019 UEC Track Elite European Championships 135.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rothaí spóirt (*1998) ♀
| [[rothaí spóirt]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-12-30
| 
| [[Glenmore]]
| 
| [[:d:Q86458131|Q86458131]]
| 9
|-
| [[Nadia Power]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1998) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-01-11
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q92433328|Q92433328]]
| 4
|-
| [[Eleanor Ryan-Doyle]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair (*1998) ♀
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-05-14
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q97654611|Q97654611]]
| 1
|-
| [[Sarah Quinn]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1998) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-04-08&lt;br/&gt;1998-08-04
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q106712933|Q106712933]]
| 1
|-
| [[Anna Maguire]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-01-21
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119543104|Q119543104]]
| 0
|-
| [[Saoirse Power-Cassidy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-06-30
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119553574|Q119553574]]
| 0
|-
| [[Fiona Everard]]
| 
| Cianreathaí (*1998) ♀
| [[cianreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998&lt;br/&gt;1998-09-30
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q123502237|Q123502237]]
| 2
|-
| [[Jennifer Lehane]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] dornálaí (*1998) ♀
| [[dornálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-08-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q126487392|Q126487392]]
| 2
|-
| [[Kathy Baker]]
| 
| Imreoir rugbaí (*1998) ♀
| [[imreoir rugbaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-01-23
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q128765068|Q128765068]]
| 3
|-
| [[Alison Jane Cleary]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-01-13
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135365098|Q135365098]]
| 0
|-
| [[Laura Anne Fortune]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-04-23
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135365099|Q135365099]]
| 0
|-
| [[Katie Joanna Whelan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-09-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135365102|Q135365102]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ciara Catherine Wheeler]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-04-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135365103|Q135365103]]
| 0
|-
| [[Chloe Gina Mullins]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-12-21
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135365105|Q135365105]]
| 0
|-
| [[Anna Marie Brennan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-02-06
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135365107|Q135365107]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aleksandra Joanna Macheta]]
| 
| [[An Pholainn|Polannach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-03-13
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135366449|Q135366449]]
| 0
|-
| [[Verity Jade Gunn O'Connor]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-09-07
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370232|Q135370232]]
| 0
|-
| [[Rachel Alexandra Leavy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-03-13
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370235|Q135370235]]
| 0
|-
| [[Olivia Ann Reid]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-03-27
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370236|Q135370236]]
| 0
|-
| [[Jenny Rachael Morrison]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-11-12
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370238|Q135370238]]
| 0
|-
| [[Annie Fanning]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-10-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370239|Q135370239]]
| 0
|-
| [[Billie Jean Byrne]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-10-23
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370241|Q135370241]]
| 0
|-
| [[Catherine Maria Connaire]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-12-30
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370242|Q135370242]]
| 0
|-
| [[Áine McDonagh]]
| 
| [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir agus imreoir peile Astrálaí (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[imreoir peile Astrálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-08-28
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370247|Q135370247]]
| 1
|-
| [[Elizabeth Mary McGonnell]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-02-12
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370249|Q135370249]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aoife Maguire]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-03-10
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370251|Q135370251]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aisling Kindle]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1998) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1998&quot; | 1998-01-09
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135370252|Q135370252]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aoife Beggs]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*1999) ♀
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-10-23
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q29841599|Q29841599]]
| 5
|-
| [[Gina Akpe-Moses]]
| [[Íomhá:Gina Akpe-Moses at the 2018 European Athletics Championships.jpg|center|40px]]
| rábálaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-02-25
| 
| [[Lagos]]
| 
| [[:d:Q33133524|Q33133524]]
| 7
|-
| [[Ciara Neville]]
| [[Íomhá:Ciara Neville 2016.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rábálaí (*1999) ♀
| [[rábálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-10-14
| 
| [[Luimneach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q50295760|Q50295760]]
| 4
|-
| [[Molly Scott]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] lúthchleasaí agus iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1999) ♀
| [[lúthchleasaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-03-30
| 
| [[Ceatharlach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q55587528|Q55587528]]
| 2
|-
| [[Niamh Fogarty]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1999) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-05-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q94578252|Q94578252]]
| 2
|-
| [[Aoife Lynch]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1999) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-05-14
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q106712793|Q106712793]]
| 1
|-
| [[Michelle Carey]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir haca (*1999) ♀
| [[imreoir haca]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-05-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q108106507|Q108106507]]
| 3
|-
| [[Stephanie Cotter]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1999) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999
| 
| [[Corcaigh]]
| 
| [[:d:Q108143260|Q108143260]]
| 2
|-
| [[Grace Casey]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] caiteoir sleá (*1999) ♀
| [[caiteoir sleá]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-01-16&lt;br/&gt;1999-06-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q109932829|Q109932829]]
| 0
|-
| [[Cathal Crosbie]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1999) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-12-09
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q112131519|Q112131519]]
| 1
|-
| [[Sarah Leahy]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1999) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-08-01
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q113864305|Q113864305]]
| 2
|-
| [[Claire Melia]]
| [[Íomhá:Baxi Ferrol - LDLC ASVEL Féminin 59.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1999) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-07-12
| 
| [[Mainistir Eimhín]]
| 
| [[:d:Q119564054|Q119564054]]
| 0
|-
| [[Erin Riordan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*1999) ♀
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-09-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q128803241|Q128803241]]
| 2
|-
| [[Rachel Huijsdens]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1999) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-06-23
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135367962|Q135367962]]
| 0
|-
| [[Maggie Byrne]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*1999) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-08-10
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135367963|Q135367963]]
| 0
|-
| [[Mae-Therese Creane]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1999) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-01-29
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135367964|Q135367964]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sorcha Tiernan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1999) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-09-18
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135367966|Q135367966]]
| 0
|-
| [[Amy Dooley]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1999) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-06-09
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135367967|Q135367967]]
| 0
|-
| [[Louise Scannell]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1999) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-09-10
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135367968|Q135367968]]
| 0
|-
| [[Amy Murphy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*1999) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-04-03
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135367970|Q135367970]]
| 0
|-
| [[Arlene Crossan]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*1999) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1999&quot; | 1999-03-13
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q139666357|Q139666357]]
| 1
|-
| [[Anne Condon]]
| 
| [[Ceanada|Ceanadach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] eolaí ríomhaireachta agus múinteoir ollscoile (*2000) ♀; Comhalta de chuid an ACM, Tulip Award in DNA Computing, Anita Borg Institute Women of Vision Awards agus Comhalta de Chumann Ríoga Cheanada; member of Cumann Ríoga Cheanada agus Association for Computing Machinery
| [[eolaí ríomhaireachta]]&lt;br/&gt;[[múinteoir ollscoile]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q11489|Q11489]]
| 3
|-
| [[Tina Reynolds]]
| 
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| [[Na Clocha Liatha]]
| 
| [[:d:Q514752|Q514752]]
| 9
|-
| [[Bernadette Ní Ghallchóir]]
| [[Íomhá:Bernadette Ní Ghallchóir PBS 1971.jpg|center|40px]]
| láithreoir teilifíse Éireannach
| [[láithreoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| [[Muineachán]]
| 
| [[:d:Q822164|Q822164]]
| 7
|-
| [[Eibhlin Byrne]]
| 
| méara Éireannach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q1301175|Q1301175]]
| 3
|-
| [[Sophie Merry]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[Stiúrthóir scannán|stiúrthóir scannán]], [[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]], beochantóir, [[Aisteoir|aisteoir]] agus damhsóir (*2000) ♀
| [[stiúrthóir scannán]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mainicín faisin|mainicín]]&lt;br/&gt;[[beochantóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[aisteoir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[damhsóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q1348496|Q1348496]]
| 3
|-
| [[Maria Corrigan]]
| 
| polaiteoir Éireannach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éire]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1669568|Q1669568]]
| 3
|-
| [[Terry O'Flaherty]]
| 
| méara Éireannach
| [[polaiteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q1720409|Q1720409]]
| 2
|-
| [[Lise Hearns]]
| 
| ban-aisteoir Éireannach
| [[aisteoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q1827914|Q1827914]]
| 1
|-
| [[Liz Weir]]
| 
| údar Éireannach
| [[scríbhneoir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| [[Béal Feirste]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1866600|Q1866600]]
| 4
|-
| [[Méav Ní Mhaolchatha]]
| 
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí ceoldrámaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 20th century
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q3268425|Q3268425]]
| 8
|-
| [[Rebecca Stokell]]
| 
| cruicéadaí Éireannach
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-03-13
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q29891153|Q29891153]]
| 6
|-
| [[Mona McSharry]]
| [[Íomhá:Mona McSharry (IRL) 2018.jpg|center|40px]]
| snámhóir Éireannach
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-08-21
| 
| [[An Ghráinseach, Contae Shligigh|An Ghráinseach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q33319799|Q33319799]]
| 19
|-
| [[Cara Murray]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cruicéadaí (*2000) ♀
| [[cruicéadaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-11-01
| 
| [[Béal Feirste]]
| 
| [[:d:Q54861582|Q54861582]]
| 6
|-
| [[Sommer Lecky]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2000) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-06-14&lt;br/&gt;2000-06-16
| 
| [[Inis Ceithleann]]
| 
| [[:d:Q69813606|Q69813606]]
| 2
|-
| [[Davicia Patterson]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2000) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-12-15
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q69820489|Q69820489]]
| 0
|-
| [[Diana Mirza]]
| 
| Imreoir fichille (*2000) ♀
| [[imreoir fichille]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-06-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q109383024|Q109383024]]
| 2
|-
| [[Lauren Roy]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2000) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-09-25
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q113864274|Q113864274]]
| 2
|-
| [[Bronagh Power-Cassidy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-09-15
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119543792|Q119543792]]
| 1
|-
| [[Enya Maguire]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-08-31
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119550072|Q119550072]]
| 0
|-
| [[Eibhia Ni Mhuireagain]]
| 
| Imreoir fichille (*2000) ♀
| [[imreoir fichille]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q124424504|Q124424504]]
| 0
|-
| [[Lauren Cadden]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] lúthchleasaí agus iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2000) ♀
| [[lúthchleasaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-06-07
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q126173619|Q126173619]]
| 2
|-
| [[Jodie McCann]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2000) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-02-03
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q126685911|Q126685911]]
| 4
|-
| [[Lynn Tunnah]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-06-14
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135363157|Q135363157]]
| 0
|-
| [[Annaliese Murphy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-02-08
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135366286|Q135366286]]
| 0
|-
| [[Maeve Aine O'Seaghdha]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-07-26
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135366287|Q135366287]]
| 0
|-
| [[Alison Blaney]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-04-22
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135366288|Q135366288]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ella McCloskey]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-07-20
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135366289|Q135366289]]
| 0
|-
| [[Maeve Patricia Cannon]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-03-15
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135366291|Q135366291]]
| 0
|-
| [[Nicole Patrice Clancy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-06-13
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135366294|Q135366294]]
| 0
|-
| [[Niamh Christine Masterson]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-02-26
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135367965|Q135367965]]
| 0
|-
| [[Maeve Phelan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2000) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-05-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135367969|Q135367969]]
| 0
|-
| [[Dayna Finn]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir agus imreoir peile Astrálaí (*2000) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]&lt;br/&gt;[[imreoir peile Astrálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2000&quot; | 2000-02-09
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135367973|Q135367973]]
| 1
|-
| [[Tyler Toland]]
| 
| imreoir sacair
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-08-08
| 
| [[Baile Suingean]]
| 
| [[:d:Q42666544|Q42666544]]
| 6
|-
| [[Lara Gillespie]]
| [[Íomhá:2019 UCI Juniors Track World Championships 007.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] rothaí spóirt (*2001) ♀
| [[rothaí spóirt]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-04-21
| 
| [[Cill Mhantáin]]
| 
| [[:d:Q52153640|Q52153640]]
| 14
|-
| [[Sophie O'Sullivan]]
| [[Íomhá:Sophie O'Sullivan.jpg|center|40px]]
| lúthchleasaí Éireannach
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-12-23
| 
| [[Melbourne]]
| 
| [[:d:Q55425594|Q55425594]]
| 7
|-
| [[Alex Chan-Taylor]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-02-21
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q55739862|Q55739862]]
| 0
|-
| [[Tanya Watson]]
| [[Íomhá:2018-10-13 Jump 3 (Diving Girls 10m platform) at 2018 Summer Youth Olympics by Sandro Halank–039.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] tumadóir iomaíoachta (*2001) ♀
| [[tumadóir iomaíoachta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-12-24
| 
| [[Southampton]]
| 
| [[:d:Q65675690|Q65675690]]
| 5
|-
| [[Niamh Coyne]]
| [[Íomhá:2018-10-10 Swimming Girls' 100m Breaststroke Final at 2018 Summer Youth Olympics by Sandro Halank–034.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*2001) ♀
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-06-22
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65952719|Q65952719]]
| 4
|-
| [[Ciara Bracken]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-04-20
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119554443|Q119554443]]
| 0
|-
| [[Deborah Ogayemi]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-10-12
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119561035|Q119561035]]
| 0
|-
| [[Danielle Donegan]]
| 
| Cianreathaí (*2001) ♀
| [[cianreathaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-04-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q125188525|Q125188525]]
| 1
|-
| [[Daina Moorehouse]]
| [[Íomhá:2025 World Boxing Championships 20250906 102037 Daina Moorehouse (IRL).jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] dornálaí (*2001) ♀
| [[dornálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-09-16
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q126709567|Q126709567]]
| 3
|-
| [[Rachel McCann]]
| 
| Rábálaí (*2001) ♀
| [[rábálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-09-26
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q127785359|Q127785359]]
| 2
|-
| [[Ciara McGing]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*2001) ♀
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-03-03
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q128693679|Q128693679]]
| 2
|-
| [[Victoria Catterson]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*2001) ♀
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-03-25
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q128803156|Q128803156]]
| 2
|-
| [[Erin Healy]]
| 
| [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair (*2001) ♀
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-04-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135106443|Q135106443]]
| 2
|-
| [[Ciara Tolan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-11-30
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135360972|Q135360972]]
| 0
|-
| [[Eve Nealon]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-06-25
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135363158|Q135363158]]
| 0
|-
| [[Katie Williamson]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-05-11
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135364030|Q135364030]]
| 0
|-
| [[Alexandra Mary Mulligan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-12-14
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135364031|Q135364031]]
| 0
|-
| [[Katie Niamh Walshe]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-07-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135364032|Q135364032]]
| 0
|-
| [[Lainey Nolan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-09-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135364033|Q135364033]]
| 0
|-
| [[Mia Furlong]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-12-21
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135364034|Q135364034]]
| 0
|-
| [[Niamh Kenny]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-04-28
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135364035|Q135364035]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ciara Veronica White]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-01-15
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135364036|Q135364036]]
| 0
|-
| [[Anna Lynch]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-01-10
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135364037|Q135364037]]
| 0
|-
| [[Lauren Darcy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-06-01
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135364038|Q135364038]]
| 0
|-
| [[Abby Flynn]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2001) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-07-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135366295|Q135366295]]
| 0
|-
| [[Patience Jumbo Gula]]
| 
| Rábálaí (*2001) ♀
| [[rábálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2001&quot; | 2001-07-21
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q141698208|Q141698208]]
| 0
|-
| [[Mavie Österreicher]]
| 
| [[An Ostair|Ostarach]] imreoir leadóige (*2002) ♀
| [[imreoir leadóige]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-04-05
| 
| [[Vín]]
| 
| [[:d:Q57242668|Q57242668]]
| 4
|-
| [[Emily Kraft]]
| [[Íomhá:Emily Kraft Lewes FC Women (52384339143).jpg|center|40px]]
| imreoir sacair Éireannach (2002-)
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-02-18
| 
| [[Frankfurt]]
| 
| [[:d:Q60713591|Q60713591]]
| 6
|-
| [[Alexandra Troy]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-03-07
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554597|Q65554597]]
| 0
|-
| [[Emma Austin]]
| [[Íomhá:2020-01-14 Alpine skiing at the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics – Women's Slalom (Martin Rulsch) 335.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] sciálaí Alpach (*2002) ♀
| [[sciálaí Alpach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-08-31
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q81901202|Q81901202]]
| 2
|-
| [[Melisa Filis]]
| [[Íomhá:Melisa Filis 2019.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair (*2002) ♀
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-07-30
| 
| [[Essex]]
| 
| [[:d:Q83196933|Q83196933]]
| 7
|-
| [[Michaela Corcoran]]
| 
| [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Meiriceánach]] lúthchleasaí (*2002) ♀
| [[lúthchleasaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-08-07
| 
| [[Houston, Texas|Houston]]
| 
| [[:d:Q90898291|Q90898291]]
| 3
|-
| [[Adeyemi Talabi]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2002) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-12-25
| 
| [[An Longfort]]
| 
| [[:d:Q113864217|Q113864217]]
| 1
|-
| [[Sabhbh Edwards Murphy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-07-17
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119549084|Q119549084]]
| 0
|-
| [[Erin Maguire]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-12-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119550959|Q119550959]]
| 0
|-
| [[Maria Godden]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*2002) ♀
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-08-31
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q124671917|Q124671917]]
| 1
|-
| [[Laura Mooney]]
| [[Íomhá:Laura Mooney 01.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2002) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002&lt;br/&gt;2002-01-25
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q126623596|Q126623596]]
| 2
|-
| [[Madison Corcoran]]
| [[Íomhá:2022 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships - Madison Corcoran - Ireland - by 2eight - 9SC6114.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] canúálaí (*2002) ♀
| [[canúálaí]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-08-07
| 
| [[Houston, Texas|Houston]]
| 
| [[:d:Q127784722|Q127784722]]
| 5
|-
| [[Lauryn Homan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-05-20
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135356265|Q135356265]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sarah Flemming]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-02-06
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135358786|Q135358786]]
| 0
|-
| [[Jasmine Burke]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-03-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135358788|Q135358788]]
| 0
|-
| [[Fatimah Akorede]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-08-03
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135362059|Q135362059]]
| 0
|-
| [[Gillian Wheeler]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-01-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135362060|Q135362060]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sinead Boyle]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-06-01
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135362061|Q135362061]]
| 0
|-
| [[Siofra O'Shea]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-01-10
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135362062|Q135362062]]
| 0
|-
| [[Abigail Rafferty]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-05-28
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135362063|Q135362063]]
| 0
|-
| [[Kate Hickey]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-10-15
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135362064|Q135362064]]
| 0
|-
| [[Lisa Blaney]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-05-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135362170|Q135362170]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ciara Byrne]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-07-26
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135362171|Q135362171]]
| 0
|-
| [[Shauna Dooley]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2002) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-02-17
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135362172|Q135362172]]
| 0
|-
| [[Abbie Sheridan]]
| 
| Lúthchleasaí agus iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2002) ♀
| [[lúthchleasaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2002&quot; | 2002-03-20
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q141053116|Q141053116]]
| 0
|-
| [[Fiona McAdams]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2003&quot; | 2003-12-12
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q65554282|Q65554282]]
| 0
|-
| [[Nicola Tuthill]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta agus caiteoir oird (*2003) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]&lt;br/&gt;[[caiteoir oird]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2003&quot; | 2003-12-22
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q115651644|Q115651644]]
| 6
|-
| [[Molly Moffitt]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2003&quot; | 2003-03-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119536967|Q119536967]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ella O'Donnell]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2003&quot; | 2003-09-29
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119554886|Q119554886]]
| 0
|-
| [[Paris McCarthy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2003&quot; | 2003-12-13
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119564680|Q119564680]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ava O'Connor]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2003) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2003&quot; | 2003-09-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q125188526|Q125188526]]
| 1
|-
| [[Ellie Glavin]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2003&quot; | 2003-12-30
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135358579|Q135358579]]
| 0
|-
| [[Shannon Cunningham]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2003&quot; | 2003-06-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135359457|Q135359457]]
| 0
|-
| [[Rebecca Anne Hynes]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2003&quot; | 2003-08-21
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135359458|Q135359458]]
| 0
|-
| [[Emma Glavin]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2003&quot; | 2003-12-30
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135359460|Q135359460]]
| 0
|-
| [[Casey Mulvey]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2003&quot; | 2003-04-06
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135360144|Q135360144]]
| 0
|-
| [[Miah Ryan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2003&quot; | 2003-04-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135360147|Q135360147]]
| 0
|-
| [[Kara McCleane]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2003&quot; | 2003-05-23
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135360148|Q135360148]]
| 0
|-
| [[Kate Kelly]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2003&quot; | 2003-07-09
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135360149|Q135360149]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sinead Keane]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2003&quot; | 2003-05-13
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135360151|Q135360151]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sophie Moore]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2003&quot; | 2003-03-25
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135360152|Q135360152]]
| 0
|-
| [[Hazel Finn]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2003) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2003&quot; | 2003-05-22
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135362040|Q135362040]]
| 0
|-
| [[Elizabeth Golding]]
| 
| Scátálaí fíorach (*2004) ♀
| [[scátálaí fíorach]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-09-28
| 
| [[Moscó]]
| 
| [[:d:Q56395775|Q56395775]]
| 0
|-
| [[Jenna Slattery]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir sacair (*2004) ♀
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-03-17
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q98090913|Q98090913]]
| 1
|-
| [[Emma Jeffers]]
| [[Íomhá:Emma Jeffers - Présentation TCFIA 2024.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|Briotanach]]-[[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|éireannaigh]] rothaí spóirt (*2004) ♀
| [[rothaí spóirt]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-11-11
| 
| [[Eccleston]]
| 
| [[:d:Q119104466|Q119104466]]
| 2
|-
| [[Amy Duggan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-08-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q119540104|Q119540104]]
| 0
|-
| [[Maeve O'Neill]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2004) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-03-09
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q122806335|Q122806335]]
| 2
|-
| [[Kate O'Connell]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2004) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-08-11
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q122808599|Q122808599]]
| 1
|-
| [[Orla Dullaghan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-12-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135352415|Q135352415]]
| 0
|-
| [[Leilani Turner]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-11-11
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135352416|Q135352416]]
| 0
|-
| [[Katie Flanagan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-06-28
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135353433|Q135353433]]
| 0
|-
| [[Emily Smyth]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-05-01
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135353434|Q135353434]]
| 0
|-
| [[Rachel Callery]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-02-04
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135356074|Q135356074]]
| 0
|-
| [[Niamh Tolan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-06-04
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135356077|Q135356077]]
| 0
|-
| [[Niamh O'Leary]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-02-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135356078|Q135356078]]
| 0
|-
| [[Erica Egan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-01-09
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135356079|Q135356079]]
| 0
|-
| [[Micaiah Fubara]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-10-10
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135356080|Q135356080]]
| 0
|-
| [[Lucy Coogan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-04-12
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135358581|Q135358581]]
| 0
|-
| [[Maria Kealy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-07-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135359459|Q135359459]]
| 0
|-
| [[Tania Salvado-McCormack]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-03-18
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135360141|Q135360141]]
| 0
|-
| [[Michelle Ugwah]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-12-07
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135360142|Q135360142]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sarah Hickey]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2004) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-04-12
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135360150|Q135360150]]
| 0
|-
| [[Lucy-May Sleeman]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2004) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-05-24
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q141084974|Q141084974]]
| 1
|-
| [[Jenna Breen]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2004) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2004&quot; | 2004-04-21
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q141105240|Q141105240]]
| 0
|-
| [[Trisha Kanyamarala]]
| [[Íomhá:TrishaKanyamarala23.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[An India|Indiach]] imreoir fichille (*2005) ♀
| [[imreoir fichille]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2005&quot; | 2005
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q81826781|Q81826781]]
| 5
|-
| [[Ava Rochford]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2005) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2005&quot; | 2005-12-31
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q113302787|Q113302787]]
| 1
|-
| [[Elizabeth Ndudi]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2005) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2005&quot; | 2005-03-21
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q121338851|Q121338851]]
| 4
|-
| [[Gandy Malou-Mamel]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2005&quot; | 2005-12-31
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135352417|Q135352417]]
| 1
|-
| [[Emer Dunne]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2005&quot; | 2005-10-29
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135354136|Q135354136]]
| 0
|-
| [[Katie O'Sullivan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2005&quot; | 2005-11-26
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135354521|Q135354521]]
| 0
|-
| [[Rachel Lynch]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2005&quot; | 2005-12-21
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135358213|Q135358213]]
| 0
|-
| [[Alannah O'Connell]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2005&quot; | 2005-07-17
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135358214|Q135358214]]
| 0
|-
| [[Priya Doyle]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2005&quot; | 2005-12-28
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135358215|Q135358215]]
| 0
|-
| [[Bree Shelley]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2005&quot; | 2005-06-18
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135358239|Q135358239]]
| 0
|-
| [[Rebecca Sexton]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2005&quot; | 2005-08-17
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135358240|Q135358240]]
| 0
|-
| [[Isabelle McSweeney]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2005&quot; | 2005-07-18
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135358245|Q135358245]]
| 0
|-
| [[Emma Gribben]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2005&quot; | 2005-04-08
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135358246|Q135358246]]
| 0
|-
| [[Caitlin Gloeckner]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2005&quot; | 2005-10-03
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135358247|Q135358247]]
| 0
|-
| [[Lucy Devoy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2005&quot; | 2005-03-09
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135358248|Q135358248]]
| 0
|-
| [[Izzy Sullivan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*2005) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2005&quot; | 2005-05-26
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q136380575|Q136380575]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sarah Courtney]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2006&quot; | 2006-12-18
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135351864|Q135351864]]
| 0
|-
| [[Laura McFarland]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2006&quot; | 2006-05-31
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135351865|Q135351865]]
| 0
|-
| [[Karolina Gierszal]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[An Pholainn|polannach]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2006&quot; | 2006-04-24
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135355491|Q135355491]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ava Walshe]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2006&quot; | 2006-07-21
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135355954|Q135355954]]
| 0
|-
| [[Clara Boyce]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2006&quot; | 2006-03-03
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135355996|Q135355996]]
| 0
|-
| [[Shannon Quigley]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2006&quot; | 2006-10-25
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135356011|Q135356011]]
| 0
|-
| [[Kelly Bracken]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2006&quot; | 2006-03-31
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135356012|Q135356012]]
| 0
|-
| [[Grace Prenter]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2006&quot; | 2006-12-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135356014|Q135356014]]
| 0
|-
| [[Emma Tolan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2006&quot; | 2006-03-23
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135356015|Q135356015]]
| 0
|-
| [[Caoimhe Gilligan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2006&quot; | 2006-10-07
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135356017|Q135356017]]
| 0
|-
| [[Leah McMahon]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2006&quot; | 2006-06-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135358238|Q135358238]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aisling Moran]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2006&quot; | 2006-11-23
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135358244|Q135358244]]
| 0
|-
| [[Shauna Curran]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2006&quot; | 2006-02-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135358249|Q135358249]]
| 0
|-
| [[Rachel Bowdren]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2006&quot; | 2006-02-01
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135358250|Q135358250]]
| 0
|-
| [[Lucy Hynes]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*2006) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2006&quot; | 2006-12-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q136380942|Q136380942]]
| 0
|-
| [[Grace Davison]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] snámhóir (*2007) ♀
| [[snámhóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot; | 2007-08-26
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q130220494|Q130220494]]
| 2
|-
| [[Lara Putar]]
| 
| Imreoir fichille (*2007) ♀
| [[imreoir fichille]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot; | 2007-02-12
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q131767687|Q131767687]]
| 0
|-
| [[Una O'Brien]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot; | 2007-12-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135353330|Q135353330]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sophie Staunton]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot; | 2007-02-03
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135353331|Q135353331]]
| 0
|-
| [[Riodhna McGrath]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot; | 2007-03-11
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135353332|Q135353332]]
| 0
|-
| [[Kira Lynch]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot; | 2007-09-21
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135353333|Q135353333]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sidney Quinn]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀; child of Kieran Quinn agus Jen Critchley
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot; | 2007-04-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135353335|Q135353335]]
| 0
|-
| [[Faye McDonnell]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot; | 2007-05-08
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135353337|Q135353337]]
| 0
|-
| [[Andrea Jude]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[An India|indiach]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot; | 2007-02-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135353338|Q135353338]]
| 0
|-
| [[Helena Keane]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot; | 2007-12-18
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135356013|Q135356013]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ciara Brogan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot; | 2007-10-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135356016|Q135356016]]
| 0
|-
| [[Stephanie Nnabuihe]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[An Nigéir|nigéarach]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot; | 2007-03-22
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q136381435|Q136381435]]
| 0
|-
| [[Siofra Flynn]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot; | 2007-02-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q136793711|Q136793711]]
| 0
|-
| [[Eve O'Carroll]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|briotanach]] imreoir sacair (*2007) ♀
| [[imreoir sacair]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot; | 2007-01-17
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q138107884|Q138107884]]
| 2
|-
| [[Mia McEntee]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2007) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot; | 2007-09-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q140468897|Q140468897]]
| 0
|-
| [[Michelle Shochan]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2007&quot; | 2007-12-17
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q140664853|Q140664853]]
| 0
|-
| [[Amber Buchanan]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2008&quot; | 2008-05-21
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q62393479|Q62393479]]
| 0
|-
| [[Naomi Farrington]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2008&quot; | 2008-04-23
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135352455|Q135352455]]
| 0
|-
| [[Muireann Teahan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2008&quot; | 2008-10-24
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135352456|Q135352456]]
| 0
|-
| [[Maebh Purtill]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2008&quot; | 2008-06-10
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135352459|Q135352459]]
| 0
|-
| [[Lucy Walsh]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2008&quot; | 2008-12-19
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135352460|Q135352460]]
| 0
|-
| [[Katie Behan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2008&quot; | 2008-05-25
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135352464|Q135352464]]
| 0
|-
| [[Eabha Booth]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2008&quot; | 2008-02-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135352465|Q135352465]]
| 0
|-
| [[Caoimhe Timmons]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2008&quot; | 2008-02-14
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135352518|Q135352518]]
| 0
|-
| [[Abbie Lyons]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2008&quot; | 2008-10-23
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135352519|Q135352519]]
| 0
|-
| [[Kaitlyn Summers]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2008&quot; | 2008-10-18
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135353334|Q135353334]]
| 0
|-
| [[Francesca Kyamagero]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Uganda|ugandach]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2008&quot; | 2008-08-11
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135353336|Q135353336]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aoibheann Donnelly]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2008&quot; | 2008-08-01
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135353339|Q135353339]]
| 0
|-
| [[Erin Friel]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta (*2008) ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2008&quot; | 2008-02-15
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135987798|Q135987798]]
| 1
|-
| [[Nicole Joy]]
| 
| imreoir badmantain
| [[imreoir badmantain]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2008&quot; | 2008-05-06
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q140658372|Q140658372]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aimee O'Reilly]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2008&quot; | 2008-06-04
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q140672252|Q140672252]]
| 0
|-
| [[Madelyn Burke]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*2008) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2008&quot; | 2008-12-27
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q141157370|Q141157370]]
| 0
|-
| [[Madelyn Hartigan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2009) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2009&quot; | 2009-08-18
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q135352457|Q135352457]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sofia Lopez O'Sullivan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|briotanach]]-[[An Spáinn|spáinneach]] cispheileadóir (*2009) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2009&quot; | 2009-08-25
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q136381554|Q136381554]]
| 0
|-
| [[Shekinah Djoussa]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2009) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2009&quot; | 2009-12-09
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q136381556|Q136381556]]
| 0
|-
| [[Laura Buckley]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2009) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2009&quot; | 2009-07-29
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q136381558|Q136381558]]
| 0
|-
| [[Julie Mai O'Connor]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2009) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2009&quot; | 2009-08-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q136381679|Q136381679]]
| 0
|-
| [[Jean Aherne]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2009) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2009&quot; | 2009-08-25
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q136381680|Q136381680]]
| 0
|-
| [[Hannah Cassin]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann|briotanach]] cispheileadóir (*2009) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2009&quot; | 2009-05-11
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q136381681|Q136381681]]
| 0
|-
| [[Amy Elliott]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2009) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2009&quot; | 2009-03-28
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q136381682|Q136381682]]
| 0
|-
| [[Maryna Petrenko]]
| 
| Imreoir fichille (*2009) ♀
| [[imreoir fichille]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2009&quot; | 2009-02-11
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q139276715|Q139276715]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ayotade Ademokun]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2010) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2010&quot; | 2010-01-11
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q136381552|Q136381552]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sorcha Kelly]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2010) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2010&quot; | 2010-03-02
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q136381553|Q136381553]]
| 0
|-
| [[Robyn Walsh]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2010) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2010&quot; | 2010-02-23
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q136381557|Q136381557]]
| 0
|-
| [[Katie Rose Harrison]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2010) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2010&quot; | 2010-02-04
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q136381678|Q136381678]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ciara Zurawska]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2010) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2010&quot; | 2010-01-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q141157465|Q141157465]]
| 0
|-
| [[Siun Kelly]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2010) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2010&quot; | 2010-02-22
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q141157499|Q141157499]]
| 0
|-
| [[Jessica Bree]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2010) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2010&quot; | 2010-12-09
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q141157501|Q141157501]]
| 0
|-
| [[Naiya Turner]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]]-[[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|meiriceánach]] cispheileadóir (*2010) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2010&quot; | 2010-12-06
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q141157518|Q141157518]]
| 0
|-
| [[Aoife Courtney]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2010) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2010&quot; | 2010-02-05
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q141157519|Q141157519]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sarah Horkan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2010) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2010&quot; | 2010-02-09
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q141157524|Q141157524]]
| 0
|-
| [[Avie-Leigh McGonagle]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2010) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2010&quot; | 2010-01-01
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q141157526|Q141157526]]
| 0
|-
| [[Mia Dunne]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cispheileadóir (*2011) ♀
| [[cispheileadóir]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;2011&quot; | 2011-01-16
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q141157525|Q141157525]]
| 0
|-
| [[Carmel Gunning]]
| 
| ceoltóir Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ceoleolaí]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cumadóir amhrán]]&lt;br/&gt;[[fliúiteadóir]]
| 
| 
| [[An Ghaobhach]]
| 
| [[:d:Q951887|Q951887]]
| 2
|-
| [[Rita Connolly]]
| 
| amhránaí
| [[amhránaí]]
| 
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q956109|Q956109]]
| 4
|-
| [[Samthann]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[File|file]] agus [[Scríbhneoir|scríbhneoir]] (†739) ♀
| [[file]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir]]
| 
| data-sort-value=&quot;739&quot; | 739-12-19
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q1278739|Q1278739]]
| 4
|-
| [[Juanita Wilson]]
| 
| stiúrthóir scannán
| [[stiúrthóir scannán]]&lt;br/&gt;[[léiritheoir scannáin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scríbhneoir scripte]]
| 
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q1710722|Q1710722]]
| 7
|-
| [[Mairéad Phelan]]
| 
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q1941074|Q1941074]]
| 1
|-
| [[Vyvienne Long]]
| 
| ceoltóir Éireannach
| [[ceoltóir]]
| 
| 
| [[Baile Átha Cliath]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2069395|Q2069395]]
| 4
|-
| [[Teresa Kidd]]
| 
| Iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta ♀
| [[iomaitheoir lúthchleasaíochta]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q2311088|Q2311088]]
| 1
|-
| [[Eleanor Shanley]]
| [[Íomhá:Eleanor Shanly Paul Kelly Frankie Lane Dublin 2011.png|center|40px]]
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q2390709|Q2390709]]
| 3
|-
| [[Áine Furey]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[Amhránaí|amhránaí]] ♀; child of Finbar Furey
| [[amhránaí]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q2528271|Q2528271]]
| 2
|-
| [[Maeve Donnelly]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] veidhleadóir ♀
| [[veidhleadóir]]
| 
| 
| [[Contae na Gaillimhe]]
| 
| [[:d:Q2541341|Q2541341]]
| 2
|-
| [[Rosena Horan]]
| [[Íomhá:Rosena Horan.jpg|center|40px]]
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] cumadóir ♀
| [[cumadóir]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q3442530|Q3442530]]
| 1
|-
| [[Ainna Fawcett-Henesy]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] [[Altra|altra]] ♀; Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing
| [[altra]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q4697453|Q4697453]]
| 3
|-
| [[Ann Breen]]
| 
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q4766282|Q4766282]]
| 1
|-
| [[Ann Scott]]
| 
| amhránaí Éireannach
| [[amhránaí]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q4766666|Q4766666]]
| 1
|-
| [[Mary Brannagan]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir fichille ♀
| [[imreoir fichille]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q110161410|Q110161410]]
| 2
|-
| [[Tanya O'Neill]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir snúcair ♀
| [[imreoir snúcair]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q137163054|Q137163054]]
| 0
|-
| [[Paula Judge]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir snúcair ♀
| [[imreoir snúcair]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q137163055|Q137163055]]
| 0
|-
| [[Margaret O'Driscoll]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir snúcair ♀
| [[imreoir snúcair]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q137163056|Q137163056]]
| 0
|-
| [[Ella O'Connor]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir snúcair ♀
| [[imreoir snúcair]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q137163057|Q137163057]]
| 0
|-
| [[Michelle Sherwin]]
| 
| [[Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)|Éireannaigh]] imreoir snúcair ♀
| [[imreoir snúcair]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[:d:Q137163058|Q137163058]]
| 0
|}
----
&amp;sum; 969 items.
{{wikidata list end}}

[[Catagóir:Mná Éireannacha|*]]</text>
      <sha1>lknv1xai6akmnxv3agezhpdnmgv74yj</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Caipiteal fiontair</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>97532</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330865</id>
      <parentid>1001347</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T21:33:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1330865</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2005" sha1="cu5yt2a4c6y9iovirk5j3r6ggfousbl" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Startup Financing Cycle.png|mion]]
Gníomhaíocht nó beartas gnó a mbeadh riosca coibheasach nó substaintiúil ag baint leis is ea '''caipiteal fiontair'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/fiontar/ga/|teideal=&quot;fiontar&quot;|work=téarma.ie|dátarochtana=2021-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:Venture Capital Fund Diagram.png|mion]]

== Tacaíocht ==
Tá tacaíocht ar leith ag roinnt Ballstát san [[An tAontas Eorpach|Aontas Eorpach]] don chaipiteal fiontair, scéimeanna a bhfuil rialacha ag gabháil leo maidir le comhdhéanamh punainne, teicnící infheistíochta agus spriocanna infheistíochta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/1ad0dac4-3b8a-4826-9e79-5ad0b651e9d5.0018.02/DOC_1|teideal=EUR-Lex - 52011PC0860 - GA|údar=Togra le haghaidh RIALACHÁIN Ó PHARLAIMINT NA hEORPA AGUS ÓN gCOMHAIRLE maidir le Cistí Caipitil Fiontair Eorpacha /* COIM/2011/0860 leagan deireanach - 2011/0417 (COD) */|dáta=2011|language=GA|work=publications.europa.eu|dátarochtana=2021-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Íomhá:Venture capital by state.png|mion|infheistíocht timpeall an domhain]]
Níl córais ar leith den chineál sin ag formhór na mBallstát, áfach, agus is é an chaoi a ndéanann siad rialacha ginearálta a bhaineann le dlí na gcuideachtaí agus oibleagáidí i leith réamheolairí a chur i bhfeidhm maidir le gníomhaíochtaí gach bainisteora ciste ar mian leis 'láithrithe príobháideacha' caipitil fiontair a thairiscint ar dhlínse na mBallstát sin.

I gcomparáid le lárionaid ardteicneolaíochta agus nuálaíochta atá in iomaíocht leis, go háirithe na Stáit Aontaithe, tá tionscal caipitil fiontair na hEorpa ilroinnte agus scaipthe. Fágann an ilroinnt agus an scaipeadh sin go mbíonn drogall, drogall a bhfuil tábhacht staidrimh ag baint leis, ar infheisteoirí infheistiú a dhéanamh i gciste caipitil fiontair.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Gnó]]
[[Catagóir:Riosca]]
[[Catagóir:Infheistíocht]]</text>
      <sha1>cu5yt2a4c6y9iovirk5j3r6ggfousbl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Catagóir:Infheistiú</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>97533</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330867</id>
      <parentid>1001348</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T21:34:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Blanked the page</comment>
      <origin>1330867</origin>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cothromóid iltéarmach</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>109230</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330915</id>
      <parentid>1330586</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T03:31:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sanduíche de Presunto</username>
        <id>78137</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1330915</origin>
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      <text bytes="2318" sha1="s2ty08vgklsu4frcrv1q9n0yer0wghw" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Algebraic equation notation.svg|mion|Nótaíocht cothromóidí ailgéabracha bunúsacha: (1)cumhacht (2)comhéifeacht (3)athróg (4)oibritheoir (5)téarma neamhspleách]]

Sa [[Matamaitic|mhatamaitic]], is [[cothromóid]] den fhoirm : &lt;math&gt;P = 0&lt;/math&gt; í '''cothromóid iltéarmach''' nó '''cothromóid ailgéabrach''', nuair is [[iltéarmach]] é ''P'', le [[Comhéifeacht|comhéifeachtaí]] i réimse éigin, go minic réimse na n[[Uimhir chóimheasta|-uimhreacha cóimheasta]]. I gcás go leor údar, ní thagraíonn an téarma ''cothromóid iltéarmach'' ach do ''chothromóidí aonathráideacha'', is iad sin cothromóidí iltéarmacha nach mbaineann ach le [[Athróg (anailís uimhriúil)|hathróg]] amháin. Ar an láimh eile, d’fhéadfadh roinnt athróg a bheith i gceist le cothromóid iltéarmach. I gcás roinnt athróg (ilathráideach), de ghnáth is fearr an téarma ''cothromóid iltéarmach'' ná ''cothromóid ailgéabrach''.

Mar shampla, is cothromóid ailgéabrach le comhéifeachtaí [[slánuimhir|slánuimhreacha]] í;
:&lt;math&gt;x^5-3x+1=0&lt;/math&gt;
agus is cothromóid ilathráideach iltéarmach thar na cóimheasa í
:&lt;math&gt;y^4 + \frac{xy}{2} - \frac{x^3}{3} + xy^2 + y^2 + \frac{1}{7} = 0&lt;/math&gt;

I gcuid de na cothromóidí iltéarmacha a bhfuil comhéifeachtaí [[Uimhir chóimheasta|cóimheasta]] acu, ach ní hiad go léir, tá réiteach ar shlonn ailgéabrach é, atá ar fáil trí úsáid a bhaint as líon críochta d'oibríochtaí nach mbaineann ach leis na comhéifeachtaí céanna sin amháin (sé sin, is féidir iad a réiteach go hailgéabrach). Is féidir é seo a dhéanamh do gach cothromóid den sórt sin de chéim a haon, a dó, a trí, nó a ceathair; ach le haghaidh céim a cúig nó níos mó ní féidir é a dhéanamh ach le haghaidh roinnt cothromóidí, ní hiad go léir. Tá cuid mhór taighde curtha i gcrích chun neastacháin chruinne éifeachtacha a ríomh ar réitigh [[Réaduimhir|réadacha]] nó [[Uimhir choimpléascach|choimpléascacha]] chothromóid ailgéabrach aonathráideach (féach 'algartam fréamh-aimsithe') agus ar réitigh choiteanna roinnt cothromóidí aonathráideacha ilathraitheacha (féach Córas na gcothromóidí ilathraitheacha)

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Síol-mata}}

[[Catagóir:Iltéarmaigh]]
[[Catagóir:Cothromóidí]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Meaisín Turing</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>111572</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330920</id>
      <parentid>1330584</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T03:54:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sanduíche de Presunto</username>
        <id>78137</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replaced content with &quot;Is samhail mhatamaiticiúil den ríomhaireacht é '''Meaisín Turing''', i bhfoirm meaisín teibí a ionramhálann siombailí ar théip éigríochta de réir tábla rialacha a thugtar don mheaisín. In ainneoin shimplíocht na samhla, tá sé ábalta [[algartam]] ar bith a chur i bhfeidhm.  Chruthaigh [[Alan Turing]] an Meaisín Turing i bpáipéar a d'fhoilsigh sé in 1936. Thug sé “a-machine” (meaisín uathoibríoch) air.  == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}}  Catag...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>1330920</origin>
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      <text bytes="493" sha1="tn0ghumj2xf7is7m63g1egz1z5ulo3i" xml:space="preserve">Is samhail mhatamaiticiúil den ríomhaireacht é '''Meaisín Turing''', i bhfoirm meaisín teibí a ionramhálann siombailí ar théip éigríochta de réir tábla rialacha a thugtar don mheaisín. In ainneoin shimplíocht na samhla, tá sé ábalta [[algartam]] ar bith a chur i bhfeidhm.

Chruthaigh [[Alan Turing]] an Meaisín Turing i bpáipéar a d'fhoilsigh sé in 1936. Thug sé “a-machine” (meaisín uathoibríoch) air.

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Ríomheolaíocht]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Buaic-Ghradam Cumarsáide an Oireachtais</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>111617</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330854</id>
      <parentid>1198991</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T20:35:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Taghdtaighde</username>
        <id>60452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Catagóirí curtha leis agus beagán eile</comment>
      <origin>1330854</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2463" sha1="520cumvri8mdlj6yc1p629bubm55smx" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

Is éard is '''Buaic-Ghradam Cumarsáide an Oireachtais''' ann ná gradam a thugann aitheantas do shaothar saoil in earnáil na meán cumarsáide Gaeilge a bhronntar gach bliain ag [[Oireachtas na Gaeilge]], mar chuid de [[Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|Ghradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]].

== Buaiteoirí ==
* 1999 — [[Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh]]
* 2000 — [[Proinsias Mac Aonghusa]]
* 2001 — [[Ciarán Mac Mathúna]]
* 2002 — [[Pádraic Ó Gaora]]
* 2003 — Foireann [[Lá Nua|''Lá'']]
* 2004 — [[Éamon de Buitléar]]
* 2005 — [[Diarmuid Mac an Adhastair]]
* 2006 — [[Liam Mac Con Iomaire]]
* 2007 — [[TG4]]
* 2008 — [[Nollaig Ó Gadhra]]
* 2009 — [[Seán Bán Breathnach]]
* 2010 — Foireann ''[[Foinse]]''
* 2012 — [[Cathal Póirtéir]]
* 2013 — [[Pat Butler]]
* 2015 — [[Tomás Mac Con Iomaire]]
* 2016 — [[TG4]]
* 2017 — [[Séamus Mac Géidigh]]
* 2018 — [[Pádhraic Ó Ciardha]]
* 2019 — [[Mícheál Mac Donnchadha]]
* 2020 — [[Áine Ní Chuirreáin]]
* 2021 — [[Póilín Ní Chiaráin]]
* 2022 — [[Mártan Ó Ciardha]]
* 2023 — [[Eoghan Ó Néill]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/|teideal=Gradaim Chumarsáide|dátarochtana=2024-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2024 — [[Alan Esslemont]], [[TG4]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=Buaiteoirí 2024|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/buaiteoiri-2024.html|work=[[Oireachtas na Samhna|www.antoireachtas.ie]]|dátarochtana=2026-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2025 — [[An Ciste Craoltóireachta Gaeilge]], [[Scáileán Thuaisceart Éireann]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=Buaiteoirí 2025|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/buaiteoiri-2025.html|work=[[Oireachtas na Samhna|www.antoireachtas.ie]]|dátarochtana=2026-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Féach freisin==
* [[Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]]
** [[Iriseoir na Bliana]]
** [[Pearsa Theilifíse na Bliana]]
** [[Pearsa Raidió na Bliana]]

==Nascanna amach==
* [https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/ antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:BuaicGhradam Cumarsáide an Oireachtais}}
[[Catagóir:Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|*]]
[[Catagóir:Gradaim na Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Tionscal na meán]]
[[Catagóir:Tionscal na teilifíse|*]]
[[Catagóir:Meáin na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Duaiseanna Idirnáisiúnta]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sa bhliain 2000]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sna 2000í]]</text>
      <sha1>520cumvri8mdlj6yc1p629bubm55smx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pearsa Theilifíse na Bliana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>111618</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330852</id>
      <parentid>1330818</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T20:34:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Taghdtaighde</username>
        <id>60452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Catagóirí curtha leis agus beagán eile</comment>
      <origin>1330852</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2328" sha1="7mskn7acz1c2wako9lppctlpabh8wd6" xml:space="preserve">Gradam a bhronntar gach bliain ag [[Oireachtas na Gaeilge]] is ea '''Pearsa Theilifíse na Bliana''', atá mar chuid de [[Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|Ghradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]]. Sna luathbhlianta, thugtaí '''Craoltóir Teilifíse na Bliana''' air.

== Buaiteoirí ==
* 1999 — [[Seán Ó Tuairisg]]
* 2000 — [[Pat Butler]]
* 2001 — [[Macdara Ó Fátharta]]
* 2002 — [[Hector Ó hEochagáin]]
* 2003 — [[Páidí Ó Lionáird]]
* 2004 — [[Hiúdaí]]
* 2005 — [[Brian Tyers]]
* 2006 — [[Aoife Ní Thuairisg]]
* 2007 — [[Dáithí Ó Sé]]
* 2008 — [[Síle Ní Bhraonáin]]
* 2009 — [[Dáithí Ó Sé]]
* 2010 — [[Eimear Ní Chonaola]]
* 2011 — [[Eimear Ní Chonaola]]
* 2012 — [[Páidí Ó Lionáird]]
* 2013 — [[Dara Ó Cinnéide]]
* 2014 — [[Róisín Ní Eadhra]]
* 2015 — [[Seán Mac an tSíthigh]]
* 2016 — [[Síle Nic Chonaonaigh]]
* 2017 — [[Eoin Warner]]
* 2018 — [[Caitlín Nic Aoidh]]
* 2019 — [[Síle Nic Chonaonaigh]]
* 2020 — [[Eoghan Mac Diarmada]]
* 2021 — [[Máire Bhreathnach]]
* 2022 — [[Niamh Ní Chróinín]]
* 2023 — [[Sinéad Ní Uallacháin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/|teideal=Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|dátarochtana=2024-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2024 — [[Aoife Ní Thuairisg]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=Buaiteoirí 2024|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/buaiteoiri-2024.html|work=[[Oireachtas na Samhna|www.antoireachtas.ie]]|dátarochtana=2026-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2025 — [[Síomha Ní Ruairc]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=Buaiteoirí 2025|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/buaiteoiri-2025.html|work=[[Oireachtas na Samhna|www.antoireachtas.ie]]|dátarochtana=2026-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Féach freisin==
* [[Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]]
** [[Buaic-Ghradam Cumarsáide an Oireachtais]]
** [[Iriseoir na Bliana]]
** [[Pearsa Raidió na Bliana]]

==Nascanna amach==
* [https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/ antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|Teilifis]]
[[Catagóir:Láithreoirí teilifíse Éireannacha|*]]
[[Catagóir:Láithreoirí teilifíse|*]]
[[Catagóir:Tionscal na teilifíse|*]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sa bhliain 1999]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sna 1990í]]</text>
      <sha1>7mskn7acz1c2wako9lppctlpabh8wd6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1330853</id>
      <parentid>1330852</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T20:35:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Taghdtaighde</username>
        <id>60452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bosca sonraí</comment>
      <origin>1330853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2358" sha1="gwcvy6bvarp93atgkvadhwph9zpcev5" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

Gradam a bhronntar gach bliain ag [[Oireachtas na Gaeilge]] is ea '''Pearsa Theilifíse na Bliana''', atá mar chuid de [[Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|Ghradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]]. Sna luathbhlianta, thugtaí '''Craoltóir Teilifíse na Bliana''' air.

== Buaiteoirí ==
* 1999 — [[Seán Ó Tuairisg]]
* 2000 — [[Pat Butler]]
* 2001 — [[Macdara Ó Fátharta]]
* 2002 — [[Hector Ó hEochagáin]]
* 2003 — [[Páidí Ó Lionáird]]
* 2004 — [[Hiúdaí]]
* 2005 — [[Brian Tyers]]
* 2006 — [[Aoife Ní Thuairisg]]
* 2007 — [[Dáithí Ó Sé]]
* 2008 — [[Síle Ní Bhraonáin]]
* 2009 — [[Dáithí Ó Sé]]
* 2010 — [[Eimear Ní Chonaola]]
* 2011 — [[Eimear Ní Chonaola]]
* 2012 — [[Páidí Ó Lionáird]]
* 2013 — [[Dara Ó Cinnéide]]
* 2014 — [[Róisín Ní Eadhra]]
* 2015 — [[Seán Mac an tSíthigh]]
* 2016 — [[Síle Nic Chonaonaigh]]
* 2017 — [[Eoin Warner]]
* 2018 — [[Caitlín Nic Aoidh]]
* 2019 — [[Síle Nic Chonaonaigh]]
* 2020 — [[Eoghan Mac Diarmada]]
* 2021 — [[Máire Bhreathnach]]
* 2022 — [[Niamh Ní Chróinín]]
* 2023 — [[Sinéad Ní Uallacháin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/|teideal=Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|dátarochtana=2024-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2024 — [[Aoife Ní Thuairisg]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=Buaiteoirí 2024|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/buaiteoiri-2024.html|work=[[Oireachtas na Samhna|www.antoireachtas.ie]]|dátarochtana=2026-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2025 — [[Síomha Ní Ruairc]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=Buaiteoirí 2025|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/buaiteoiri-2025.html|work=[[Oireachtas na Samhna|www.antoireachtas.ie]]|dátarochtana=2026-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Féach freisin==
* [[Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]]
** [[Buaic-Ghradam Cumarsáide an Oireachtais]]
** [[Iriseoir na Bliana]]
** [[Pearsa Raidió na Bliana]]

==Nascanna amach==
* [https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/ antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|Teilifis]]
[[Catagóir:Láithreoirí teilifíse Éireannacha|*]]
[[Catagóir:Láithreoirí teilifíse|*]]
[[Catagóir:Tionscal na teilifíse|*]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sa bhliain 1999]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sna 1990í]]</text>
      <sha1>gwcvy6bvarp93atgkvadhwph9zpcev5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pearsa Raidió na Bliana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>111621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330851</id>
      <parentid>1330819</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T20:34:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Taghdtaighde</username>
        <id>60452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Catagóirí curtha leis agus beagán eile</comment>
      <origin>1330851</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2458" sha1="18fbjvkmxagf3g7fd4i4x9940o7zxc0" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

Gradam a bhronntar gach bliain ag [[Oireachtas na Gaeilge]] is ea '''Pearsa Raidió na Bliana''', atá mar chuid de [[Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|Ghradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]]. Sna luathbhlianta, thugtaí '''Craoltóir Raidió na Bliana''' air.

== Buaiteoirí ==
* 2000 — [[Máirtín Mac Donnchadha]]
* 2001 — [[Máirtín Tom Sheáinín Mac Donnacha]]
* 2002 — [[Rónán Mac Aodha Bhuí]]
* 2003 — [[Neasa Ní Chualáin]] agus [[Seán Bán Breathnach]]
* 2004 — [[Séamus Mac Géidigh]]
* 2005 — [[Áine Ní Chuirreáin]]
* 2006 — [[Gemma Ní Chionnaith]]
* 2007 — [[Rónán Mac Aodha Bhuí]]
* 2008 — [[Mícheál Ó Sé]]
* 2009 — [[Rónán Mac Aodha Bhuí]]
* 2010 — [[Rónán Mac Aodha Bhuí]]
* 2011 — [[Eibhlín Ní Chonghaile]]
* 2012 — [[Gearóid Mac Donncha]]
* 2013 — [[Cormac Ó hEadhra]]
* 2014 — [[Helen Ní Shé]]
* 2015 — [[Máirín Ní Ghadhra]]
* 2016 — [[Rónán Mac Aodha Bhuí]]
* 2017 — [[Cormac Ó hEadhra]]
* 2018 — [[Helen Ní Shé]]
* 2019 — [[Gormfhlaith Ní Thuairisg]]
* 2020 — [[Áine Ní Bhreisleáin]]
* 2021 — [[Dáithí Murray]]
* 2022 — [[Seán Ó Dubhchon]]
* 2023 — [[Neansaí Ní Choisdealbha]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/|teideal=Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|dátarochtana=2024-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2024 — [[Micheál Ó Tuathail]], [[RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=Buaiteoirí 2024|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/buaiteoiri-2024.html|work=[[Oireachtas na Samhna|www.antoireachtas.ie]]|dátarochtana=2026-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2025 — [[Dónall Mac Ruairí]], [[Cóisir Ceoil]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|teideal=Buaiteoirí 2025|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/buaiteoiri-2025.html|work=[[Oireachtas na Samhna|www.antoireachtas.ie]]|dátarochtana=2026-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Féach freisin==
* [[Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]]
** [[Buaic-Ghradam Cumarsáide an Oireachtais]]
** [[Iriseoir na Bliana]]
** [[Pearsa Theilifíse na Bliana]]

==Nascanna amach==
* [https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/ antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|Raidio]]
[[Catagóir:Láithreoirí raidió Éireannacha|*]]
[[Catagóir:Láithreoirí raidió|*]]
[[Catagóir:Raidió|*]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sa bhliain 1999]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sna 1990í]]</text>
      <sha1>18fbjvkmxagf3g7fd4i4x9940o7zxc0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iriseoir na Bliana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>111624</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330848</id>
      <parentid>1330817</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T20:14:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Taghdtaighde</username>
        <id>60452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Catagóirí curtha leis agus beagán eile</comment>
      <origin>1330848</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2004" sha1="5c28bxxrhwxjd2fjrvxzmc1pnk33p0z" xml:space="preserve">Gradam a bhronntar gach bliain ag [[Oireachtas na Gaeilge]] is ea '''Iriseoir na Bliana''', atá mar chuid de [[Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|Ghradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]]. Idir 2013 agus 2016, cuireadh an gradam seo agus [[Colúnaí na Bliana]] le chéile mar ghradam amháin. Rinne athbheochan ar Colúnaí na Bliana mar chatagóir neamhspleách in 2021.

== Buaiteoirí ==
* 1999 — [[Liam Ó Muirthile]]
* 2000 — [[Eoghan Ó Néill]]
* 2001 — Foireann [[Foinse]]
* 2002 — [[Cathal Mac Coille]]
* 2003 — [[Timlín Ó Cearnaigh]]
* 2004 — [[Máirín Ní Ghadhra]]
* 2005 — [[Tomás Ó Mainnín]]
* 2006 — [[Rónán Mac Con Iomaire]]
* 2007 — [[Seán Tadhg Ó Gairbhí]]
* 2008 — [[Seán Tadhg Ó Gairbhí]]
* 2009 — [[Eoghan Ó Néill]]
* 2010 — [[Breandán Delap]]
* 2011 — [[Eoghan Ó Néill]]
* 2012 — [[Orla Bradshaw]]
* 2013 — [[Seán Tadhg Ó Gairbhí]]
* 2014 — [[Alan Titley]]
* 2015 — [[Seán Tadhg Ó Gairbhí]]
* 2016 — [[Alan Titley]]
* 2017 — [[Maitiú Ó Coimín]]
* 2018 — [[Seán Mac an tSíthigh]]
* 2019 — [[Tomás Ó Mainnín]]
* 2020 — [[Seán Mac an tSíthigh]]
* 2021 — [[Peadar Mac Gaoithín]]
* 2022 — [[Cóilín Ó Neachtain]]
* 2023 — [[Méabh Ní Thuathaláin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/|teideal=Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|dátarochtana=2024-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Féach freisin==
* [[Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]]
** [[Buaic-Ghradam Cumarsáide an Oireachtais]]
** [[Pearsa Theilifíse na Bliana]]
** [[Pearsa Raidió na Bliana]]

==Nascanna amach==
* [https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/ antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]]
[[Catagóir:Iriseoirí Gaeilge|*]]
[[Catagóir:Iriseoirí Éireannacha|*]]
[[Catagóir:Iriseoirí|*]]
[[Catagóir:Iriseoireacht|*]]
[[Catagóir:Colúnaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sa bhliain 1999]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sna 1990í]]</text>
      <sha1>5c28bxxrhwxjd2fjrvxzmc1pnk33p0z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1330849</id>
      <parentid>1330848</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T20:19:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Taghdtaighde</username>
        <id>60452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bosca sonraí</comment>
      <origin>1330849</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2034" sha1="ozay0sdbt3syfpq83cep1qvsh278w75" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

Gradam a bhronntar gach bliain ag [[Oireachtas na Gaeilge]] is ea '''Iriseoir na Bliana''', atá mar chuid de [[Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|Ghradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]]. Idir 2013 agus 2016, cuireadh an gradam seo agus [[Colúnaí na Bliana]] le chéile mar ghradam amháin. Rinne athbheochan ar Colúnaí na Bliana mar chatagóir neamhspleách in 2021.

== Buaiteoirí ==
* 1999 — [[Liam Ó Muirthile]]
* 2000 — [[Eoghan Ó Néill]]
* 2001 — Foireann [[Foinse]]
* 2002 — [[Cathal Mac Coille]]
* 2003 — [[Timlín Ó Cearnaigh]]
* 2004 — [[Máirín Ní Ghadhra]]
* 2005 — [[Tomás Ó Mainnín]]
* 2006 — [[Rónán Mac Con Iomaire]]
* 2007 — [[Seán Tadhg Ó Gairbhí]]
* 2008 — [[Seán Tadhg Ó Gairbhí]]
* 2009 — [[Eoghan Ó Néill]]
* 2010 — [[Breandán Delap]]
* 2011 — [[Eoghan Ó Néill]]
* 2012 — [[Orla Bradshaw]]
* 2013 — [[Seán Tadhg Ó Gairbhí]]
* 2014 — [[Alan Titley]]
* 2015 — [[Seán Tadhg Ó Gairbhí]]
* 2016 — [[Alan Titley]]
* 2017 — [[Maitiú Ó Coimín]]
* 2018 — [[Seán Mac an tSíthigh]]
* 2019 — [[Tomás Ó Mainnín]]
* 2020 — [[Seán Mac an tSíthigh]]
* 2021 — [[Peadar Mac Gaoithín]]
* 2022 — [[Cóilín Ó Neachtain]]
* 2023 — [[Méabh Ní Thuathaláin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/|teideal=Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|dátarochtana=2024-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Féach freisin==
* [[Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]]
** [[Buaic-Ghradam Cumarsáide an Oireachtais]]
** [[Pearsa Theilifíse na Bliana]]
** [[Pearsa Raidió na Bliana]]

==Nascanna amach==
* [https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/ antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]]
[[Catagóir:Iriseoirí Gaeilge|*]]
[[Catagóir:Iriseoirí Éireannacha|*]]
[[Catagóir:Iriseoirí|*]]
[[Catagóir:Iriseoireacht|*]]
[[Catagóir:Colúnaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sa bhliain 1999]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sna 1990í]]</text>
      <sha1>ozay0sdbt3syfpq83cep1qvsh278w75</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1330850</id>
      <parentid>1330849</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T20:34:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Taghdtaighde</username>
        <id>60452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sonraí curtha leis</comment>
      <origin>1330850</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2557" sha1="cxkd6i1rtegrg88tujed1irmldpu25t" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

Gradam a bhronntar gach bliain ag [[Oireachtas na Gaeilge]] is ea '''Iriseoir na Bliana''', atá mar chuid de [[Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|Ghradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]]. Idir 2013 agus 2016, cuireadh an gradam seo agus [[Colúnaí na Bliana]] le chéile mar ghradam amháin. Rinne athbheochan ar Colúnaí na Bliana mar chatagóir neamhspleách in 2021.

== Buaiteoirí ==
* 1999 — [[Liam Ó Muirthile]]
* 2000 — [[Eoghan Ó Néill]]
* 2001 — Foireann [[Foinse]]
* 2002 — [[Cathal Mac Coille]]
* 2003 — [[Timlín Ó Cearnaigh]]
* 2004 — [[Máirín Ní Ghadhra]]
* 2005 — [[Tomás Ó Mainnín]]
* 2006 — [[Rónán Mac Con Iomaire]]
* 2007 — [[Seán Tadhg Ó Gairbhí]]
* 2008 — [[Seán Tadhg Ó Gairbhí]]
* 2009 — [[Eoghan Ó Néill]]
* 2010 — [[Breandán Delap]]
* 2011 — [[Eoghan Ó Néill]]
* 2012 — [[Orla Bradshaw]]
* 2013 — [[Seán Tadhg Ó Gairbhí]]
* 2014 — [[Alan Titley]]
* 2015 — [[Seán Tadhg Ó Gairbhí]]
* 2016 — [[Alan Titley]]
* 2017 — [[Maitiú Ó Coimín]]
* 2018 — [[Seán Mac an tSíthigh]]
* 2019 — [[Tomás Ó Mainnín]]
* 2020 — [[Seán Mac an tSíthigh]]
* 2021 — [[Peadar Mac Gaoithín]]
* 2022 — [[Cóilín Ó Neachtain]]
* 2023 — [[Méabh Ní Thuathaláin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/|teideal=Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|dátarochtana=2024-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2024 — [[Pádraic Ó Ciardha]], [[Tuairisc.ie]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/buaiteoiri-2024.html|teideal=Buaiteoirí 2024|work=[[Oireachtas na Samhna|www.antoireachtas.ie]]|dátarochtana=2026-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2025 — [[Cuan Ó Seireadáin]], [[RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/buaiteoiri-2025.html|teideal=Buaiteoirí 2025|work=[[Oireachtas na Samhna|www.antoireachtas.ie]]|dátarochtana=2026-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Féach freisin==
* [[Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]]
** [[Buaic-Ghradam Cumarsáide an Oireachtais]]
** [[Pearsa Theilifíse na Bliana]]
** [[Pearsa Raidió na Bliana]]

==Nascanna amach==
* [https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/ antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide]

== Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]]
[[Catagóir:Iriseoirí Gaeilge|*]]
[[Catagóir:Iriseoirí Éireannacha|*]]
[[Catagóir:Iriseoirí|*]]
[[Catagóir:Iriseoireacht|*]]
[[Catagóir:Colúnaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sa bhliain 1999]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sna 1990í]]</text>
      <sha1>cxkd6i1rtegrg88tujed1irmldpu25t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Plé:An Páipéar (nuachtán)</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>116455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330827</id>
      <parentid>1330823</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T12:24:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pdeburca</username>
        <id>77501</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* comhairle preas */ Freagra</comment>
      <origin>1330827</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="858" sha1="9grpfjoya1gu3krrnlwug3hct7f6gvv" xml:space="preserve">== Cathal Ó Murchú ==

Sloinne coitianta go leor é Ó Murchú. An é an t-iriseoir an fear céanna a luaitear anseo? [[Úsáideoir:Taghdtaighde|Taghdtaighde]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Taghdtaighde|plé]]) 19:54, 10 Samhain 2024 (UTC)

== comhairle preas ==
is ball den chomhairle í An Páipéar anois (Deireadh Fómhair 2026)

Member Publications | Press Council https://pressombudsman.ie/member-publications/

ba chóir an alt a thógáil suas chun dáta. [[Úsáideoir:Pdeburca|Pdeburca]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Pdeburca|plé]]) 12:54, 23 Deireadh Fómhair 2026 (UTC)

:Déanta [[Úsáideoir:Taghdtaighde|Taghdtaighde]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Taghdtaighde|plé]]) 01:04, 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026 (UTC)
::@[[Úsáideoir:Taghdtaighde|Taghdtaighde]] grmma [[Úsáideoir:Pdeburca|Pdeburca]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Pdeburca|plé]]) 12:24, 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>9grpfjoya1gu3krrnlwug3hct7f6gvv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Scéal (nuachtán)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>119490</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330856</id>
      <parentid>1328004</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T20:52:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Taghdtaighde</username>
        <id>60452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Mionathruithe</comment>
      <origin>1330856</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11836" sha1="rxsr26x7irzl1v35agokb67aak4yct7" xml:space="preserve">{{Teideal iodálach}}
{{Le haghaidh|an tsuímh gréasáin de chuid [[Conradh na Gaeilge|ChnaG]]|Scéal.ie}}
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Nuachtán
|editor=[[Éanna Ó Caollaí]]
&lt;!--|propietari=Úinéir--&gt;
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&lt;!--|fundador=bunaitheoir--&gt;
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|fundacio=15/04/2025
&lt;!--|tancament=Am deiridh--&gt;
|seu=[[Éire]]
&lt;!--|preu=Saor in aisce--&gt;
&lt;!--|website=--&gt;
|digital=mailto:sceal@irishtimes.com
|dia_publicacio=Dé Máirt
|pagines=16
}}

Nuachtán nó iris seachtainiúil [[An Ghaeilge|Gaeilge]] is ea '''[[Scéal (nuachtán)|''Scéal'']]'''. Clúdaíonn sé cúrsaí reatha taobh le colúin tuairimíochta, léirmheasanna cultúrtha, próifílí, agallaimh, clúdach ar imeachtaí Gaeilge, gné oideachasúil san áireamh le ceacht seachtainiúil dírithe ar léitheoirí le gach leibhéal líofachta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=[[Éanna Ó Caollaí]]|date=2025-04-15|title=Scéal|journal=[[Scéal (nuachtán)|Scéal]]|issue=1|pages=lch 2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/podcasts/22508576-aine-ni-dhonnaile-iriseoir/|teideal=Áine Ní Dhonnaile, iriseoir.|údar=[[Pé Scéal É]]|dáta=2025-04-25|work=[[RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta|Raidió na Gaeltachta]]|dátarochtana=2025-06-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601194727/https://www.rte.ie/radio/podcasts/22508576-aine-ni-dhonnaile-iriseoir/|archivedate=2025-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=[[Áine Ní Dhonnaile]]|date=13 Eanáir 2026|title=Ar chuala tú an Scéal.ie?|journal=[[Scéal (nuachtán)|Scéal]]|pages=lch 2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Foilsítear é gach maidin Dé Máirt leis an ''[[The Irish Times|Irish Times]]'' agus leis an ''[[Irish Examiner]]''. Seoladh ar an 15ú Aibreán 2025 é.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/gaeilge/tuarascail/2025/04/15/gearcheim-theangeolaiochta-bhrisfeadh-se-do-chroi/|teideal=Géarchéim theangeolaíochta: ‘Bhrisfeadh sé do chroí’|údar=[[Michelle Nic Pháidín]]|dáta=2025-04-15|work=[[The Irish Times]]|dátarochtana=2025-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22505509/|teideal=Éanna Ó Caollaí, Irish Times.|údar=[[Adhmhaidin]]|dáta=2025-04-15|work=[[RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta|Raidió na Gaeltachta]]|dátarochtana=2025-06-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601210820/https://podcast.rasset.ie/podcasts/audio/2025/0415/20250415_rteraidion-adhmhaidin-annacaolla_c22505509_22505539_232_.mp3|archivedate=2025-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Foireann ==
Is é [[Éanna Ó Caollaí]] eagarthóir ''Scéal''. Luaite mar scríbhneoirí tá:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Michelle Nic Pháidín]] (scríbhneoir agus iriseoir)
* [[Una Mullally]] (colúnaí agus scríbhneoir)
* [[Dónall P. Ó Baoill]] (saineolaí Gaeilge agus teangeolaíochta)
* [[Concubhar Ó Liatháin]] (iriseoir)
* [[Catherine Foley]] (iriseoir)
* [[Alan Titley]] (colúnaí agus scríbhneoir)
* Máire Ní Bhraonáin (láithreoir, tráchtaire agus colúnaí spóirt)
* [[Harry McGee]]
* [[Ursula Savage]]
Tá daoine ag obair go neamhspleách air freisin, m.sh. an colúnaí nósanna maireachtála [[Áine Ní Dhonnaile]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Chuir an t-eagarthóir béim ar thaithí an fhoireann scríbhneoirí ar chúrsaí &quot;Gaeilge, cúrsaí na Gaeltachta, cúrsaí na tíre freisin, cúrsaí na polaitíochta, na litríochta is 'chuile sheort.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Fuair [[Conchubhar Ó Liatháin]] ainmniúchán sa chatagóir &quot;Iriseoir na Bliana&quot; ag [[Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|Gradaim Chumarsáid an Oireachtais]] sa bhliain 2025 i ngeall ar a chuid scríbhneoireachta le ''Scéal'' agus le [[The Echo|''The Echo'']].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/gearrliosta-2025.html|teideal=Gearrliosta 2025 {{!}} Gradaim Chumarsáide|work=[[Oireachtas na Gaeilge|An tOireachtas]]|dátarochtana=13 Samhain 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|date=19 Meán Fómhair 2025|url=https://anpáipéar.ie/2025/09/gearrliosta-ghradaim-chumarsaide-an-oireachtais-2025-fogartha/|title=Gearrliosta ghradaim chumarsáide an Oireachtais 2025 fógartha|journal=[[An Páipéar (nuachtán)|An Páipéar]]|issue=Eagrán 47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/gearrliostai-ghradaim-chumarsaide-an-oireachtais-2025-fogartha/|teideal=Gearrliostaí Ghradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais 2025 fógartha|dáta=2025-09-19|work=[[Tuairisc.ie]]|dátarochtana=2025-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ábhar ==
{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; style=&quot;float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | &quot;Tarraingíonn scéal scéal eile&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; |—[[Seanfhocal]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|}
In eagarfhocal an chéad eagráin, scríobh Ó Caollaí go bhfuil &quot;stair phobal agus ghluaiseacht na Gaeilge bunaithe ar ghníomhaíocht&quot;, é ag lua roinnt torthaí atá an fheachtasaíocht phobail tar éis baint amach go dtí seo ó bhunú [[RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta|RnaG]] i leith agus á rá go mbeidh ''Scéal'' ag déanamh iriseoireachta ar fhadhbanna atá ag bagairt ar an bpobal fós. Chuir sé fáilte roimh thuairimí lucht léite an fhoilseacháin nua, á rá go bhfuil an foireann ag súil le nuachtán a chruthú &quot;a fhreastalaíonn ar phobal ilchineálach na Gaeilge.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Chomh maith le scéalta nuaíochta agus cúrsaí reatha, tá colúin nósanna maireachtála agus spóirt ann, eolas ar imeachtaí na seachtaine, cluichí beaga agus cúpla puzal d'fhoghlaimeoirí. Dar leis an gcolúnaí nósanna maireachtála Áine Ní Dhonnaile, cuireann ''Scéal'' roimhe &quot;ní áis foghlamtha, ach go díreach áis Ghaeilig a chur ar fáil do dhaoine.&quot; Is ar phobal leathan léitheoirí atá sé dírithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Tá &quot;an-éagsúlacht ann&quot; dar leis an láithreoir raidió [[Gráinne Uí Chaomhánaigh]], agus tá sé &quot;tráthúil&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22506093/|teideal=Tús Áite: Mír na Meán|dáta=2025-04-16|work=[[Raidió na Gaeltachta]]|dátarochtana=2025-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.phoenixfm.ie/show/d15-today-tuesday/|teideal=D15 Today Tuesday|work=[[Phoenix 92.5FM|92.5 Phoenix FM]]|dátarochtana=2025-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imeachtaí ==
Chuir ''Scéal'' painéal plé i láthair ag [[An Phicnic Leictreach|Picnic Leictreach]] 2025 idir [[Catherine Connolly|Chatherine Connolly]], [[Alan Titley]], [[Eoghan Ó Ceannabháin]] agus [[John Prendergast]], agus [[Emma Ferrari]] a bhí mar bhean an tí. Chuir [[Róisín El Cherif]] clabhsúr leis le leagan trítheangach den amhrán &quot;[[Siúil A Rún|Siúil a Rún]]&quot; agus cuireadh amach mar phodchraoladh é ní ba dhéanaí.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.raidionalife.ie/ep25-beidh-leictreachas-san-aer-agus-ar-an-aer-agus-raidio-na-life-sa-phuball-gaeilge-ag-ep-2025/|teideal=#EP25: Beidh leictreachas san aer agus ar an aer agus Raidió na Life sa Phuball Gaeilge ag EP 2025!|údar=[[Róisín Ní Mhaoláin]]|dáta=27 Lúnasa 2025|work=[[Raidió na Life]]|dátarochtana=2025-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|date=29 Lúnasa 2025|url=https://anpáipéar.ie/2025/08/beidh-leictreachas-san-aer-agus-ar-an-aer-agus-raidio-na-life-sa-phuball-gaeilge/|title=Beidh leictreachas san aer agus ar an aer agus Raidió na Life sa Phuball Gaeilge|journal=[[An Páipéar (nuachtán)|An Páipéar]]|issue=Eagrán 44}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=[[Éanna Ó Caollaí]]|date=2 Meán Fómhair 2025|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/gaeilge/sceal/2025/09/02/taimid-i-bhfad-nios-treise-le-cheile/|title=“Táimid i bhfad níos treise le chéile”|journal=[[Scéal (nuachtán)|Scéal]]|pages=lch 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=[[Éanna Ó Caollaí]]|date=8 Meán Fómhair 2025|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/gaeilge/tuarascail/2025/09/08/borradh-na-gaeilge-ar-taispeaint-i-sraidbhaile-laoise/|title=Borradh na Gaeilge ar taispeáint i Sráidbhaile Laoise|journal=[[The Irish Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;nóta&quot;&gt;Painéal plé: {{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.podbean.com/ew/dir-72dyc-28aeffed|teideal=Scéal|údar=[[Raidió na Life]]|dáta=11 Samhain 2025|work=[[Podbean]]|dátarochtana=12 Samhain 2025}}{{Dead link|date=Nollaig 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;br/&gt;Agallamh: {{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.podbean.com/ew/dir-syvqq-28aeffec|teideal=Catherine Connolly - Picnic Leictreach 2025|údar=[[Raidió na Life]]|dáta=11 Samhain 2025|work=[[Podbean]]|dátarochtana=12 Samhain 2025}}{{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rinne ''Scéal'' amhlaidh sa [[An Puball Gaeilge|Phuball Gaeilge]] i bPicnic na bliana 2026, mar a phlé [[Síobhra Aiken]], [[Ciarán Mac Giolla Bhéin]], [[Páidí Ó Lionáird|Páidí Lionáird]], agus [[Bláthnaid Ní Ghréacháin]] cás na Gaeilge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/gaeilge/tuarascail/2026/09/07/macallai-na-staire/|teideal=Macallaí na staire|údar=[[Éanna Ó Caollaí]]|dáta=7 Meán Fómhair 2026|work=[[The Irish Times]]|dátarochtana=2026-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Dáileadh agus maoiniú ==
Is le ceannach mar fhorlíonadh san ''Irish Times'' agus san ''Irish Examiner'' araon atá fáil ar ''Scéal''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Tá sé faoi úinéireacht an ''Irish Times''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=[[An Coimisinéir Teanga|Oifig an Choimisinéara Teanga]]|url=https://www.languagecommissioner.ie/userfiles/files/OCT_Me%C3%A1inGhaeilge_N%C3%B3taTreorach_GA_EN_040225.pdf|year=2025|month=Aibreán|title=Na Meáin Ghaeilge|pages=lch 3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nuachtán 16 leathanach a bhí ann an chéad lá.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ní bhíonn gach alt le feiceáil ar shuíomh an ''Irish Times'' ná an ''Irish Examiner''. Is mar leagan clóite agus san '''ePaper''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' amháin a fhoilsítear é ina iomláine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;nóta&quot;&gt;Seiceáilte 01/07/2025&lt;/ref&gt;

Thug an t-eagarthóir le fios go raibh méadú ar fhógraíocht i nGaeilge ó chomhlachtaí poiblí le deireanas i measc na dtosca a spreag bunú an fhoilseacháin seo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Naisc sheachtracha ==
* Suíomh (rogha alt): ''[https://www.irishtimes.com/gaeilge/sceal/ Scéal]'' ⁊ [https://www.irishtimes.com/tags/sceal/ ''Scéal'']
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22505509/ Agallamh leis an eagarthóir Éanna Ó Caollaí ar ''Adhmhaidin'' (15/04/2025)]
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/podcasts/22508576-aine-ni-dhonnaile-iriseoir/ Agallamh leis an saoririseoir Áine Ní Dhonnaile ar ''Pé Scéal É'' (25/04/2025)]

== Féach freisin ==
* [[An Páipéar|''An Páipéar'']]
* ''[[Tuairisc.ie|Tuairisc]]''
* [[Seachtain (nuachtán)|''Seachtain'']]
* ''[[Comhar]]''
* [[Nós (iris)|''NÓS'']]
* ''[[ExtraG.ie|ExtraG]]''

==Tagairtí ==
{{Reflist}}

====Nótaí====
{{reflist|group=nóta}}

{{Nuachtáin in Éirinn}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sceal}}
[[Catagóir:Nuachtáin na Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Irisí nuachta i nGaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Soláthraithe nuachta i nGaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Soláthraithe Éireannacha nuachta]]
[[Catagóir:Meáin na Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Irish Times|*]]
[[Catagóir:Irish Examiner|*]]
[[Catagóir:Seachtanáin]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sa bhliain 2025]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sna 2020í]]
[[Catagóir:Irisí Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Irisí Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Irisí nuachta]]
[[Catagóir:Irisí liteartha i nGaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Irisí liteartha]]
[[Catagóir:Nuachtáin]]
[[Catagóir:Forlíonta tréimhseachán]]
[[Catagóir:Tréimhseacháin Ghaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Tréimhseacháin Éireannacha]]</text>
      <sha1>rxsr26x7irzl1v35agokb67aak4yct7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Clár Dubh/Téamh Domhanda</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>120000</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330828</id>
      <parentid>1330801</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T14:02:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Prótacal Nagoya */</comment>
      <origin>1330828</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37123" sha1="anacmv1bllecr2me9af1nl3v5ceyfks" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]]
# ''[[:en:Nagoya Protocol|Nagoya Protocol]]'' - [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Prótacal Nagoya ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}


[[Íomhá:NagoyaProtocol.svg | mion | Ballstáit Phrótacal Nagoya]]

'' The '''Prótacal Nagoya maidir le rochtain ar acmhainní géiniteacha agus na tairbhí a bhaineann leis na hacmhainní sin mar aon lena n-úsáid a roinnt go cóir agus go cothromasach'''&lt;ref name=iate /&gt; (Béarla: ''Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity'') is a 2010 supplementary agreement to the 1992 [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] (CBD).  Its aim is the implementation of one of the three objectives of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of [[genetic resources]], thereby contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of [[biodiversity]].  It sets out obligations for its contracting parties to take measures in relation to access to genetic resources, benefit-sharing and compliance.

'' The protocol was adopted on 29 October 2010 in [[Nagoya]], Japan, and entered into force on 12 October 2014. {{as of|2025|08}}, it has been ratified by 142 parties, which include 141 [[UN member states]] and the [[European Union]].&lt;ref name=signatories /&gt;

'' From a concrete perspective, it gives each country sovereign rights over its biological resources, making [[biopiracy]] illegal.&lt;ref name=dsmz1 /&gt;  Concerns have been expressed that the added [[bureaucracy]] and [[legislation]] could be damaging to the monitoring and collection of biodiversity, to conservation, to the international response to infectious diseases, and to research.&lt;ref name=:7 /&gt;&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3529241 | teideal = Téarma: Nagoya Protocol | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=signatories&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Parties to the Nagoya Protocol | foilsitheoir = Convention on Biological Diversity | url = https://www.cbd.int/abs/nagoya-protocol/signatories/ | dátarochtana = 26 Lúnasa 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=dsmz1&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Leibniz Institute DSMZ: Nagoya Protocol | url = https://www.dsmz.de/collection/nagoya-protocol | work = dsmz.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:1&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/05/05/biosci.biv056.short?rss=1 | teideal = The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing—International treaty poses challenges for biological collections |journal= BioScience| dáta = Meitheamh 2015 | volume = 65 | issue = 6 | pages= 543–550 | doi= 10.1093/biosci/biv056 | sloinne = Watanabe | ainm = Myrna E.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:7&gt;{{cite journal |url= https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aat9844 | title= When the cure kills—CBD limits biodiversity research|journal=Science|year= 2018 | doi= 10.1126/science.aat9844|access-date=2018-11-28 | last1= Prathapan | first1= K. Divakaran| last2= Pethiyagoda | first2= Rohan|last3= Bawa|first3= Kamaljit S.|last4= Raven|first4= Peter H.|last5= Rajan|first5= Priyadarsanan Dharma|volume= 360| issue= 6396| pages= 1405–1406|pmid= 29954970| bibcode= 2018Sci...360.1405P|s2cid= 206667464|hdl= 11336/84106| hdl-access= free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Buntásc ==
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        <id>33120</id>
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      <comment>/* Prótacal Nagoya */</comment>
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      <text bytes="36937" sha1="sbqsj0mshphk3c8ntpem78kdihczk8q" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]]
# ''[[:en:Nagoya Protocol|Nagoya Protocol]]'' - [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Prótacal Nagoya ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}


[[Íomhá:NagoyaProtocol.svg | mion | Ballstáit Phrótacal Nagoya]]

Is comhaontú a rinneadh sa bhliain 2010 é '''Prótacal Nagoya maidir le rochtain ar acmhainní géiniteacha agus na tairbhí a bhaineann leis na hacmhainní sin mar aon lena n-úsáid a roinnt go cóir agus go cothromasach'''&lt;ref name=iate /&gt; (Béarla: ''Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity'') de bhreis ar an 1992 [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] 1992 (CBD).  Tá sé mar aidhm aige ná aidhm amháin as trí cinn den CBD maidir le roinnt [[acmhainní géiniteacha]] a chur i bhfeidhm, chun caomhnú [[bithéagsúlacht]]a a chur chun cinn.

'' The protocol was adopted on 29 October 2010 in [[Nagoya]], Japan, and entered into force on 12 October 2014. {{as of|2025|08}}, it has been ratified by 142 parties, which include 141 [[UN member states]] and the [[European Union]].&lt;ref name=signatories /&gt;

'' From a concrete perspective, it gives each country sovereign rights over its biological resources, making [[biopiracy]] illegal.&lt;ref name=dsmz1 /&gt;  Concerns have been expressed that the added [[bureaucracy]] and [[legislation]] could be damaging to the monitoring and collection of biodiversity, to conservation, to the international response to infectious diseases, and to research.&lt;ref name=:7 /&gt;&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3529241 | teideal = Téarma: Nagoya Protocol | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=signatories&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Parties to the Nagoya Protocol | foilsitheoir = Convention on Biological Diversity | url = https://www.cbd.int/abs/nagoya-protocol/signatories/ | dátarochtana = 26 Lúnasa 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=dsmz1&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Leibniz Institute DSMZ: Nagoya Protocol | url = https://www.dsmz.de/collection/nagoya-protocol | work = dsmz.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:1&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/05/05/biosci.biv056.short?rss=1 | teideal = The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing—International treaty poses challenges for biological collections |journal= BioScience| dáta = Meitheamh 2015 | volume = 65 | issue = 6 | pages= 543–550 | doi= 10.1093/biosci/biv056 | sloinne = Watanabe | ainm = Myrna E.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:7&gt;{{cite journal |url= https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aat9844 | title= When the cure kills—CBD limits biodiversity research|journal=Science|year= 2018 | doi= 10.1126/science.aat9844|access-date=2018-11-28 | last1= Prathapan | first1= K. Divakaran| last2= Pethiyagoda | first2= Rohan|last3= Bawa|first3= Kamaljit S.|last4= Raven|first4= Peter H.|last5= Rajan|first5= Priyadarsanan Dharma|volume= 360| issue= 6396| pages= 1405–1406|pmid= 29954970| bibcode= 2018Sci...360.1405P|s2cid= 206667464|hdl= 11336/84106| hdl-access= free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Buntásc ==
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        <id>33120</id>
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      <comment>/* Prótacal Nagoya */</comment>
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      <text bytes="37192" sha1="kkj8dsyey51d7490ql2i1chg52vo8nq" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]]
# ''[[:en:Nagoya Protocol|Nagoya Protocol]]'' - [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Prótacal Nagoya ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}


[[Íomhá:NagoyaProtocol.svg | mion | Ballstáit Phrótacal Nagoya]]

Is comhaontú a rinneadh sa bhliain 2010 é '''Prótacal Nagoya maidir le rochtain agus comhroinnt acmhainní''' (Béarla: ''Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing'')&lt;ref group=n name=ainm /&gt;&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;  de bhreis ar an 1992 [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] 1992 (CBD).  Tá sé mar aidhm aige ná aidhm amháin as trí cinn den CBD maidir le roinnt [[acmhainní géiniteacha]] a chur i bhfeidhm, chun caomhnú [[bithéagsúlacht]]a a chur chun cinn.

Glacadh an prótacal ar an Deireadh Fómhair in [[Nagoya]] na Seapáine, agus tháinig i bhfeidhm ar an Deireadh Fómhair.  Add am mbliain 2025 i leith, it has been ratified by 141 [[ballstát UN member states]]  [[an taontas Eorpach]] sa bhreis.&lt;ref name=signatories /&gt;

'' From a concrete perspective, it gives each country sovereign rights over its biological resources, making [[biopiracy]] illegal.&lt;ref name=dsmz1 /&gt;  Concerns have been expressed that the added [[bureaucracy]] and [[legislation]] could be damaging to the monitoring and collection of biodiversity, to conservation, to the international response to infectious diseases, and to research.&lt;ref name=:7 /&gt;&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;

== Nótaí 
{{reflist | group = n | refs =
&lt;ref group=n name=ainm&gt;Lán ainm: '''Prótacal Nagoya maidir le rochtain ar acmhainní géiniteacha agus na tairbhí a bhaineann leis na hacmhainní sin mar aon lena n-úsáid a roinnt go cóir agus go cothromasach''' (Béarla: ''Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity'')&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3529241 | teideal = Téarma: Nagoya Protocol | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=signatories&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Parties to the Nagoya Protocol | foilsitheoir = Convention on Biological Diversity | url = https://www.cbd.int/abs/nagoya-protocol/signatories/ | dátarochtana = 26 Lúnasa 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=dsmz1&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Leibniz Institute DSMZ: Nagoya Protocol | url = https://www.dsmz.de/collection/nagoya-protocol | work = dsmz.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:1&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/05/05/biosci.biv056.short?rss=1 | teideal = The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing—International treaty poses challenges for biological collections |journal= BioScience| dáta = Meitheamh 2015 | volume = 65 | issue = 6 | pages= 543–550 | doi= 10.1093/biosci/biv056 | sloinne = Watanabe | ainm = Myrna E.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:7&gt;{{cite journal |url= https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aat9844 | title= When the cure kills—CBD limits biodiversity research|journal=Science|year= 2018 | doi= 10.1126/science.aat9844|access-date=2018-11-28 | last1= Prathapan | first1= K. Divakaran| last2= Pethiyagoda | first2= Rohan|last3= Bawa|first3= Kamaljit S.|last4= Raven|first4= Peter H.|last5= Rajan|first5= Priyadarsanan Dharma|volume= 360| issue= 6396| pages= 1405–1406|pmid= 29954970| bibcode= 2018Sci...360.1405P|s2cid= 206667464|hdl= 11336/84106| hdl-access= free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
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        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <comment>/* Prótacal Nagoya */</comment>
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      <text bytes="37194" sha1="4ym65luzwimua2ofc398o4lpur8t66m" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]]
# ''[[:en:Nagoya Protocol|Nagoya Protocol]]'' - [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Prótacal Nagoya ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}


[[Íomhá:NagoyaProtocol.svg | mion | Ballstáit Phrótacal Nagoya]]

Is comhaontú a rinneadh sa bhliain 2010 é '''Prótacal Nagoya maidir le rochtain agus comhroinnt acmhainní''' (Béarla: ''Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing'')&lt;ref group=n name=ainm /&gt;&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;  de bhreis ar an 1992 [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] 1992 (CBD).  Tá sé mar aidhm aige ná aidhm amháin as trí cinn den CBD maidir le roinnt [[acmhainní géiniteacha]] a chur i bhfeidhm, chun caomhnú [[bithéagsúlacht]]a a chur chun cinn.

Glacadh an prótacal ar an Deireadh Fómhair i [[Nagoya]] na Seapáine, agus tháinig i bhfeidhm ar an Deireadh Fómhair.  As an mbliain 2025 i leith, tá sé daingnithe ag 141 [[ballstáit na Náisiún Aontaithe|ballstáit na Náisiún Aontaithe]] agus ag an [[Aontas Eorpach]] sa bhreis.&lt;ref name=signatories /&gt;

Bronnann an prótacal cearta ardcheannasacha ar achmainní bitheolaíochta.&lt;ref name=dsmz1 /&gt;  Deirtear ámh go bhféadfadh é go ndéanfadh an [[maorlathas]] agus [[reachtaíocht]] a bhaineann leis dochar do bhailiúcháin sonraí maidir le bithéagsúlacht, do chaomhantas, do freagairt idirnáisiúnta ar galair thógálacha, agus do thaighde.&lt;ref name=:7 /&gt;&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;

== Nótaí 
{{reflist | group = n | refs =
&lt;ref group=n name=ainm&gt;Lánainm: '''Prótacal Nagoya maidir le rochtain ar acmhainní géiniteacha agus na tairbhí a bhaineann leis na hacmhainní sin mar aon lena n-úsáid a roinnt go cóir agus go cothromasach''' (Béarla: ''Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity'')&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3529241 | teideal = Téarma: Nagoya Protocol | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=signatories&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Parties to the Nagoya Protocol | foilsitheoir = Convention on Biological Diversity | url = https://www.cbd.int/abs/nagoya-protocol/signatories/ | dátarochtana = 26 Lúnasa 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=dsmz1&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Leibniz Institute DSMZ: Nagoya Protocol | url = https://www.dsmz.de/collection/nagoya-protocol | work = dsmz.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:1&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/05/05/biosci.biv056.short?rss=1 | teideal = The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing—International treaty poses challenges for biological collections |journal= BioScience| dáta = Meitheamh 2015 | volume = 65 | issue = 6 | pages= 543–550 | doi= 10.1093/biosci/biv056 | sloinne = Watanabe | ainm = Myrna E.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:7&gt;{{cite journal |url= https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aat9844 | title= When the cure kills—CBD limits biodiversity research|journal=Science|year= 2018 | doi= 10.1126/science.aat9844|access-date=2018-11-28 | last1= Prathapan | first1= K. Divakaran| last2= Pethiyagoda | first2= Rohan|last3= Bawa|first3= Kamaljit S.|last4= Raven|first4= Peter H.|last5= Rajan|first5= Priyadarsanan Dharma|volume= 360| issue= 6396| pages= 1405–1406|pmid= 29954970| bibcode= 2018Sci...360.1405P|s2cid= 206667464|hdl= 11336/84106| hdl-access= free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
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      <comment>/* Prótacal Nagoya */</comment>
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      <text bytes="37107" sha1="8xid175savt9dsah0vracvzs1drzj91" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]]
# ''[[:en:Nagoya Protocol|Nagoya Protocol]]'' - [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Prótacal Nagoya ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

[[Íomhá:NagoyaProtocol.svg | mion | Ballstáit Phrótacal Nagoya]]

Is comhaontú a rinneadh sa bhliain 2010 é '''Prótacal Nagoya maidir le rochtain agus comhroinnt acmhainní''' (Béarla: ''Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing'')&lt;ref group=n name=ainm /&gt;&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;  de bhreis ar an 1992 [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] 1992 (CBD).  Tá sé mar aidhm aige ná aidhm amháin as trí cinn den CBD maidir le roinnt [[acmhainní géiniteacha]] a chur i bhfeidhm, chun caomhnú [[bithéagsúlacht]]a a chur chun cinn.

Glacadh an prótacal ar an Deireadh Fómhair i [[Nagoya]] na Seapáine, agus tháinig i bhfeidhm ar an Deireadh Fómhair.  As an mbliain 2025 i leith, tá sé daingnithe ag 141 [[ballstáit na Náisiún Aontaithe|ballstáit na Náisiún Aontaithe]] agus ag an [[Aontas Eorpach]] sa bhreis.&lt;ref name=signatories /&gt;

Bronnann an prótacal cearta ardcheannasacha ar achmainní bitheolaíochta.&lt;ref name=dsmz1 /&gt;  Deirtear ámh go bhféadfadh é go ndéanfadh an [[maorlathas]] agus [[reachtaíocht]] a bhaineann leis dochar do bhailiúcháin sonraí maidir le bithéagsúlacht, do chaomhantas, do freagairt idirnáisiúnta ar galair thógálacha, agus do thaighde.&lt;ref name=:7 /&gt;&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;

== Nótaí 
{{reflist | group = n | refs =
&lt;ref group=n name=ainm&gt;Lánainm: '''Prótacal Nagoya maidir le rochtain ar acmhainní géiniteacha agus na tairbhí a bhaineann leis na hacmhainní sin mar aon lena n-úsáid a roinnt go cóir agus go cothromasach''' (Béarla: ''Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity'')&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3529241 | teideal = Téarma: Nagoya Protocol | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=signatories&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Parties to the Nagoya Protocol | foilsitheoir = Convention on Biological Diversity | url = https://www.cbd.int/abs/nagoya-protocol/signatories/ | dátarochtana = 26 Lúnasa 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=dsmz1&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Leibniz Institute DSMZ: Nagoya Protocol | url = https://www.dsmz.de/collection/nagoya-protocol | work = dsmz.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:1&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/05/05/biosci.biv056.short?rss=1 | teideal = The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing—International treaty poses challenges for biological collections |journal= BioScience| dáta = Meitheamh 2015 | volume = 65 | issue = 6 | pages= 543–550 | doi= 10.1093/biosci/biv056 | sloinne = Watanabe | ainm = Myrna E.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:7&gt;{{cite journal |url= https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aat9844 | title= When the cure kills—CBD limits biodiversity research|journal=Science|year= 2018 | doi= 10.1126/science.aat9844|access-date=2018-11-28 | last1= Prathapan | first1= K. Divakaran| last2= Pethiyagoda | first2= Rohan|last3= Bawa|first3= Kamaljit S.|last4= Raven|first4= Peter H.|last5= Rajan|first5= Priyadarsanan Dharma|volume= 360| issue= 6396| pages= 1405–1406|pmid= 29954970| bibcode= 2018Sci...360.1405P|s2cid= 206667464|hdl= 11336/84106| hdl-access= free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
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      <text bytes="33747" sha1="s43prnq79od4x1q7o9tbwofvoro2phw" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]]
# ''[[:en:Nagoya Protocol|Nagoya Protocol]]'' - [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Buntásc ==
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <text bytes="33700" sha1="tboq6dwxq5btx4zwjp0xuo9ww0197pu" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Buntásc ==
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      <text bytes="37529" sha1="8bde6k06re6jz800a1hdugcivu2x6dy" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Tá carbóin ==
A '''carbon tariff''' or '''border carbon adjustment (BCA)''' is an [[eco-tariff]] on [[embedded carbon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/#:~:text=A%20Carbon%20Border%20Adjustment%20Mechanism%20(CBAM)%20(also%20known%20as,gases%20emitted%20during%20their%20production. |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Böhringer |first1=Christoph |last2=Fischer |first2=Carolyn |last3=Rosendahl |first3=Knut Einar |last4=Rutherford |first4=Thomas Fox |date=January 2022 |title=Potential impacts and challenges of border carbon adjustments |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01250-z |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=22–29 |doi=10.1038/s41558-021-01250-z |issn=1758-6798|hdl=1871.1/ddd1baf4-e0ed-4921-953e-ba056e84b3ca |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; The aim is generally to prevent [[carbon leakage]] from states without a [[carbon price]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Examples of imports which are high-carbon and so may be subject to a carbon tariff are electricity generated by [[coal-fired power station]]s, iron and steel from [[blast furnace]]s, and fertilizer from the [[Haber process]].

Currently, only California applies a BCA for electricity, while the European Union and the United Kingdom will apply BCAs from 2026 and 2027, respectively. Several other countries and territories with emissions pricing are considering them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EU's CBAM to spur other countries to introduce carbon border levies: IETA |url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/041824-eus-cbam-to-spur-other-countries-to-introduce-carbon-border-levies-ieta}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Existing and forthcoming ==

=== European Union ===
{{Excerpt|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism}}

=== United Kingdom ===
{{Excerpt|UK CBAM}}

=== California ===
The [[California Cap-and-Trade Program]] has a carbon border adjustment mechanism for imported electricity since 2011,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=California ETS Border Carbon Adjustment |url=https://lpdd.org/resources/california-ets-border-carbon-adjustment/ |website=Model Laws for Deep Decarbonization in the United States |access-date=21 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is required to report to the Legislature in 2025 on a potential extension of border adjustment to physical products.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=California Air Resources Board (CARB) |date=April 9, 2024 |title=Regulation for the California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and MarketBased Compliance Mechanisms 2024 Amendments |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/nc-Cap-and-Trade_SRIA2024.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== WTO rule compatibility ==
Current WTO rules may prohibit some types of carbon border adjustment. In 2024, the United States Democrats (then in government) stated that carbon border adjustment does not amount to a [[carbon tax]] but instead to a fee that is permissible under [[World Trade Organization]](WTO) rules,.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) and what are some legislative proposals to make one? |url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/democrats/2024/2/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-and-what-are-some-legislative-proposals-to-make-one |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=[[United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The WTO itself has not come to a conclusion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Porterfield |first=Matthew C. |title=Carbon Import Fees and the WTO |url=https://clcouncil.org/reports/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Climate change mitigation]]
[[Category:Environmental tax]]

== Buntásc ==
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      <text bytes="37527" sha1="df8ybpfy8nfqu3cqis8poxvztlujj3b" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Tá carbóin ==
A '''carbon tariff''' or '''border carbon adjustment (BCA)''' is an [[eco-tariff]] on [[embedded carbon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/#:~:text=A%20Carbon%20Border%20Adjustment%20Mechanism%20(CBAM)%20(also%20known%20as,gases%20emitted%20during%20their%20production. |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Böhringer |first1=Christoph |last2=Fischer |first2=Carolyn |last3=Rosendahl |first3=Knut Einar |last4=Rutherford |first4=Thomas Fox |date=January 2022 |title=Potential impacts and challenges of border carbon adjustments |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01250-z |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=22–29 |doi=10.1038/s41558-021-01250-z |issn=1758-6798|hdl=1871.1/ddd1baf4-e0ed-4921-953e-ba056e84b3ca |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; The aim is generally to prevent [[carbon leakage]] from states without a [[carbon price]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Examples of imports which are high-carbon and so may be subject to a carbon tariff are electricity generated by [[coal-fired power station]]s, iron and steel from [[blast furnace]]s, and fertilizer from the [[Haber process]].

Currently, only California applies a BCA for electricity, while the European Union and the United Kingdom will apply BCAs from 2026 and 2027, respectively. Several other countries and territories with emissions pricing are considering them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EU's CBAM to spur other countries to introduce carbon border levies: IETA |url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/041824-eus-cbam-to-spur-other-countries-to-introduce-carbon-border-levies-ieta}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Existing and forthcoming 

=== European Union ===
{{Excerpt|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism}}

=== United Kingdom ===
{{Excerpt|UK CBAM}}

=== California ===
The [[California Cap-and-Trade Program]] has a carbon border adjustment mechanism for imported electricity since 2011,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=California ETS Border Carbon Adjustment |url=https://lpdd.org/resources/california-ets-border-carbon-adjustment/ |website=Model Laws for Deep Decarbonization in the United States |access-date=21 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is required to report to the Legislature in 2025 on a potential extension of border adjustment to physical products.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=California Air Resources Board (CARB) |date=April 9, 2024 |title=Regulation for the California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and MarketBased Compliance Mechanisms 2024 Amendments |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/nc-Cap-and-Trade_SRIA2024.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== WTO rule compatibility ==
Current WTO rules may prohibit some types of carbon border adjustment. In 2024, the United States Democrats (then in government) stated that carbon border adjustment does not amount to a [[carbon tax]] but instead to a fee that is permissible under [[World Trade Organization]](WTO) rules,.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) and what are some legislative proposals to make one? |url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/democrats/2024/2/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-and-what-are-some-legislative-proposals-to-make-one |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=[[United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The WTO itself has not come to a conclusion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Porterfield |first=Matthew C. |title=Carbon Import Fees and the WTO |url=https://clcouncil.org/reports/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Climate change mitigation]]
[[Category:Environmental tax]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>df8ybpfy8nfqu3cqis8poxvztlujj3b</sha1>
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        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <text bytes="37530" sha1="rjy28y8ory94urwzioygut0sd8wqnxt" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Tairif carbóin ==
A '''carbon tariff''' or '''border carbon adjustment (BCA)''' is an [[eco-tariff]] on [[embedded carbon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/#:~:text=A%20Carbon%20Border%20Adjustment%20Mechanism%20(CBAM)%20(also%20known%20as,gases%20emitted%20during%20their%20production. |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Böhringer |first1=Christoph |last2=Fischer |first2=Carolyn |last3=Rosendahl |first3=Knut Einar |last4=Rutherford |first4=Thomas Fox |date=January 2022 |title=Potential impacts and challenges of border carbon adjustments |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01250-z |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=22–29 |doi=10.1038/s41558-021-01250-z |issn=1758-6798|hdl=1871.1/ddd1baf4-e0ed-4921-953e-ba056e84b3ca |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; The aim is generally to prevent [[carbon leakage]] from states without a [[carbon price]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Examples of imports which are high-carbon and so may be subject to a carbon tariff are electricity generated by [[coal-fired power station]]s, iron and steel from [[blast furnace]]s, and fertilizer from the [[Haber process]].

Currently, only California applies a BCA for electricity, while the European Union and the United Kingdom will apply BCAs from 2026 and 2027, respectively. Several other countries and territories with emissions pricing are considering them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EU's CBAM to spur other countries to introduce carbon border levies: IETA |url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/041824-eus-cbam-to-spur-other-countries-to-introduce-carbon-border-levies-ieta}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Existing and forthcoming 

=== European Union ===
{{Excerpt|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism}}

=== United Kingdom ===
{{Excerpt|UK CBAM}}

=== California ===
The [[California Cap-and-Trade Program]] has a carbon border adjustment mechanism for imported electricity since 2011,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=California ETS Border Carbon Adjustment |url=https://lpdd.org/resources/california-ets-border-carbon-adjustment/ |website=Model Laws for Deep Decarbonization in the United States |access-date=21 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is required to report to the Legislature in 2025 on a potential extension of border adjustment to physical products.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=California Air Resources Board (CARB) |date=April 9, 2024 |title=Regulation for the California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and MarketBased Compliance Mechanisms 2024 Amendments |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/nc-Cap-and-Trade_SRIA2024.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== WTO rule compatibility ==
Current WTO rules may prohibit some types of carbon border adjustment. In 2024, the United States Democrats (then in government) stated that carbon border adjustment does not amount to a [[carbon tax]] but instead to a fee that is permissible under [[World Trade Organization]](WTO) rules,.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) and what are some legislative proposals to make one? |url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/democrats/2024/2/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-and-what-are-some-legislative-proposals-to-make-one |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=[[United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The WTO itself has not come to a conclusion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Porterfield |first=Matthew C. |title=Carbon Import Fees and the WTO |url=https://clcouncil.org/reports/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Climate change mitigation]]
[[Category:Environmental tax]]

== Buntásc ==
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      <text bytes="37544" sha1="4z2ctyzpu26f0zjp454z07uyituie6s" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Tairif carbóin ==
A '''carbon tariff''' or '''border carbon adjustment (BCA)''' is an [[eco-tariff]] on [[embedded carbon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/#:~:text=A%20Carbon%20Border%20Adjustment%20Mechanism%20(CBAM)%20(also%20known%20as,gases%20emitted%20during%20their%20production. |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Böhringer |first1=Christoph |last2=Fischer |first2=Carolyn |last3=Rosendahl |first3=Knut Einar |last4=Rutherford |first4=Thomas Fox |date=January 2022 |title=Potential impacts and challenges of border carbon adjustments |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01250-z |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=22–29 |doi=10.1038/s41558-021-01250-z |issn=1758-6798|hdl=1871.1/ddd1baf4-e0ed-4921-953e-ba056e84b3ca |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; The aim is generally to prevent [[carbon leakage]] from states without a [[carbon price]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Examples of imports which are high-carbon and so may be subject to a carbon tariff are electricity generated by [[coal-fired power station]]s, iron and steel from [[blast furnace]]s, and fertilizer from the [[Haber process]].

Currently, only California applies a BCA for electricity, while the European Union and the United Kingdom will apply BCAs from 2026 and 2027, respectively. Several other countries and territories with emissions pricing are considering them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EU's CBAM to spur other countries to introduce carbon border levies: IETA |url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/041824-eus-cbam-to-spur-other-countries-to-introduce-carbon-border-levies-ieta}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Existing and forthcoming 

=== European Union ===
{{Excerpt|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism}}

=== United Kingdom ===
{{Excerpt|UK CBAM}}

=== California ===
The [[California Cap-and-Trade Program]] has a carbon border adjustment mechanism for imported electricity since 2011,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=California ETS Border Carbon Adjustment |url=https://lpdd.org/resources/california-ets-border-carbon-adjustment/ |website=Model Laws for Deep Decarbonization in the United States |access-date=21 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is required to report to the Legislature in 2025 on a potential extension of border adjustment to physical products.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=California Air Resources Board (CARB) |date=April 9, 2024 |title=Regulation for the California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and MarketBased Compliance Mechanisms 2024 Amendments |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/nc-Cap-and-Trade_SRIA2024.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== WTO rule compatibility 
''Current WTO rules may prohibit some types of carbon border adjustment. In 2024, the United States Democrats (then in government) stated that carbon border adjustment does not amount to a [[carbon tax]] but instead to a fee that is permissible under [[World Trade Organization]](WTO) rules.
&lt;ref name=jec2024&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM)? | url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/democrats/2024/2/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-and-what-are-some-legislative-proposals-to-make-one | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | work = [[United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee]] | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  The WTO itself has not come to a conclusion.
&lt;ref name=Porterfield&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Porterfield | ainm = Matthew | teideal = Carbon Import Fees and the WTO | url = https://clcouncil.org/reports/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Climate change mitigation]]
[[Category:Environmental tax]]

== Buntásc ==
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      <text bytes="37552" sha1="b7e33c8ibq1agr6sc4g8gt83fltp1zq" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Tairif carbóin ==
A '''carbon tariff''' or '''border carbon adjustment (BCA)''' is an [[eco-tariff]] on [[embedded carbon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/#:~:text=A%20Carbon%20Border%20Adjustment%20Mechanism%20(CBAM)%20(also%20known%20as,gases%20emitted%20during%20their%20production. |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Böhringer |first1=Christoph |last2=Fischer |first2=Carolyn |last3=Rosendahl |first3=Knut Einar |last4=Rutherford |first4=Thomas Fox |date=January 2022 |title=Potential impacts and challenges of border carbon adjustments |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01250-z |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=22–29 |doi=10.1038/s41558-021-01250-z |issn=1758-6798|hdl=1871.1/ddd1baf4-e0ed-4921-953e-ba056e84b3ca |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; The aim is generally to prevent [[carbon leakage]] from states without a [[carbon price]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Examples of imports which are high-carbon and so may be subject to a carbon tariff are electricity generated by [[coal-fired power station]]s, iron and steel from [[blast furnace]]s, and fertilizer from the [[Haber process]].

Currently, only California applies a BCA for electricity, while the European Union and the United Kingdom will apply BCAs from 2026 and 2027, respectively. Several other countries and territories with emissions pricing are considering them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EU's CBAM to spur other countries to introduce carbon border levies: IETA |url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/041824-eus-cbam-to-spur-other-countries-to-introduce-carbon-border-levies-ieta}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Existing and forthcoming 

=== European Union ===
{{Excerpt|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism}}

=== United Kingdom ===
{{Excerpt|UK CBAM}}

=== California ===
The [[California Cap-and-Trade Program]] has a carbon border adjustment mechanism for imported electricity since 2011,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=California ETS Border Carbon Adjustment |url=https://lpdd.org/resources/california-ets-border-carbon-adjustment/ |website=Model Laws for Deep Decarbonization in the United States |access-date=21 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is required to report to the Legislature in 2025 on a potential extension of border adjustment to physical products.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=California Air Resources Board (CARB) |date=April 9, 2024 |title=Regulation for the California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and MarketBased Compliance Mechanisms 2024 Amendments |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/nc-Cap-and-Trade_SRIA2024.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== WTO rule compatibility 
''Current WTO rules may prohibit some types of carbon border adjustment. In 2024, the United States Democrats (then in government) stated that carbon border adjustment does not amount to a [[carbon tax]] but instead to a fee that is permissible under [[World Trade Organization]](WTO) rules.
&lt;ref name=jec2024&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM)? | url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/democrats/2024/2/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-and-what-are-some-legislative-proposals-to-make-one | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | work = [[United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee]] | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  The WTO itself has not come to a conclusion.
&lt;ref name=Porterfield&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Porterfield | ainm = Matthew | teideal = Carbon Import Fees and the WTO | url = https://clcouncil.org/reports/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}


[[Category:Climate change mitigation]]
[[Category:Environmental tax]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
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      <text bytes="37691" sha1="aneyk9tr1ykjdp464n9abhuqdsry3nr" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Tairif carbóin ==
'' A '''tairif carbóin''' nó '''border carbon adjustment (BCA)''' is an [[eco-tariff]] on [[embedded carbon]].
&lt;ref name=:0&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =What is a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/#:~:text=A%20Carbon%20Border%20Adjustment%20Mechanism%20(CBAM)%20(also%20known%20as,gases%20emitted%20during%20their%20production. |dátarochtana =2024-11-13 | foilsitheoir=Brookings |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Böhringer | first1=Christoph | last2=Fischer | first2=Carolyn | last3=Rosendahl | first3=Knut Einar | last4=Rutherford | first4=Thomas Fox | date=January 2022 | title=Potential impacts and challenges of border carbon adjustments |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01250-z | journal=Nature Climate Change | language=en | volume=12 | issue=1 | pages=22–29 | doi=10.1038/s41558-021-01250-z | issn=1758-6798 | hdl=1871.1/ddd1baf4-e0ed-4921-953e-ba056e84b3ca | hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  The aim is generally to prevent [[carbon leakage]] from states without a [[carbon price]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; Examples of imports which are high-carbon and so may be subject to a carbon tariff are electricity generated by [[coal-fired power station]]s, iron and steel from [[blast furnace]]s, and fertilizer from the [[Haber process]].

'' Currently, only California applies a BCA for electricity, while the European Union and the United Kingdom will apply BCAs from 2026 and 2027, respectively. Several other countries and territories with emissions pricing are considering them.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU's CBAM to spur other countries to introduce carbon border levies: IETA | url = https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/041824-eus-cbam-to-spur-other-countries-to-introduce-carbon-border-levies-ieta}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Existing and forthcoming 
=== European Union ===
{{Excerpt|EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism}}

=== United Kingdom ===
{{Excerpt|UK CBAM}}

=== California ===
'' The [[California Cap-and-Trade Program]] has a carbon border adjustment mechanism for imported electricity since 2011,
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = California ETS Border Carbon Adjustment | url = https://lpdd.org/resources/california-ets-border-carbon-adjustment/ | foilsitheoir = Model Laws for Deep Decarbonization in the United States | dátarochtana = 21 Bealtaine 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and is required to report to the Legislature in 2025 on a potential extension of border adjustment to physical products.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir =California Air Resources Board (CARB) | dáta = 9 Aibreán 2024 | teideal = Regulation for the California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and MarketBased Compliance Mechanisms 2024 Amendments | url = https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/nc-Cap-and-Trade_SRIA2024.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== WTO rule compatibility 
''Current WTO rules may prohibit some types of carbon border adjustment. In 2024, the United States Democrats (then in government) stated that carbon border adjustment does not amount to a [[carbon tax]] but instead to a fee that is permissible under [[World Trade Organization]](WTO) rules.
&lt;ref name=jec2024&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM)? | url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/democrats/2024/2/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-and-what-are-some-legislative-proposals-to-make-one | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | work = [[United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee]] | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  The WTO itself has not come to a conclusion.
&lt;ref name=Porterfield&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Porterfield | ainm = Matthew | teideal = Carbon Import Fees and the WTO | url = https://clcouncil.org/reports/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =
}}


[[Category:Climate change mitigation]]
[[Category:Environmental tax]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>aneyk9tr1ykjdp464n9abhuqdsry3nr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1330842</id>
      <parentid>1330841</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T18:16:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tairif carbóin */</comment>
      <origin>1330842</origin>
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      <text bytes="37241" sha1="2ncroztnslxixrjotlq0jqt2oqg5nb7" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Tairif carbóin ==
'' A '''tairif carbóin''' nó '''border carbon adjustment (BCA)''' is an [[eco-tariff]] on [[embedded carbon]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;  The aim is generally to prevent [[carbon leakage]] from states without a [[carbon price]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; Examples of imports which are high-carbon and so may be subject to a carbon tariff are electricity generated by [[coal-fired power station]]s, iron and steel from [[blast furnace]]s, and fertilizer from the [[Haber process]].

'' Currently, only California applies a BCA for electricity, while the European Union and the United Kingdom will apply BCAs from 2026 and 2027, respectively. Several other countries and territories with emissions pricing are considering them.&lt;ref name=eucram /&gt;

== Existing and forthcoming 
=== Aontas Eorpach ===
[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]

=== Ríocht Aontaithe ===
[[:en:UK CBAM]]

=== California ===
'' The [[California Cap-and-Trade Program]] has a carbon border adjustment mechanism for imported electricity since 2011,&lt;ref name=lpddbca /&gt; and is required to report to the Legislature in 2025 on a potential extension of border adjustment to physical products.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = California Air Resources Board (CARB) | dáta = 9 Aibreán 2024 | teideal = Regulation for the California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and MarketBased Compliance Mechanisms 2024 Amendments | url = https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/nc-Cap-and-Trade_SRIA2024.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== WTO rule compatibility 
''Current WTO rules may prohibit some types of carbon border adjustment. In 2024, the United States Democrats (then in government) stated that carbon border adjustment does not amount to a [[carbon tax]] but instead to a fee that is permissible under [[World Trade Organization]](WTO) rules.
&lt;ref name=jec2024&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM)? | url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/democrats/2024/2/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-and-what-are-some-legislative-proposals-to-make-one | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | work = [[United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee]] | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  The WTO itself has not come to a conclusion.
&lt;ref name=Porterfield&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Porterfield | ainm = Matthew | teideal = Carbon Import Fees and the WTO | url = https://clcouncil.org/reports/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=:0&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/#:~:text=A%20Carbon%20Border%20Adjustment%20Mechanism%20(CBAM)%20(also%20known%20as,gases%20emitted%20during%20their%20production. | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | foilsitheoir=Brookings | teanga = en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eucram&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU's CBAM to spur other countries to introduce carbon border levies: IETA | url = https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/041824-eus-cbam-to-spur-other-countries-to-introduce-carbon-border-levies-ieta}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=lpddbca&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = California ETS Border Carbon Adjustment | url = https://lpdd.org/resources/california-ets-border-carbon-adjustment/ | foilsitheoir = Model Laws for Deep Decarbonization in the United States | dátarochtana = 21 Bealtaine 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}


[[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]]
[[Catagóir:Cáin chomhshaoil]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>2ncroztnslxixrjotlq0jqt2oqg5nb7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1330843</id>
      <parentid>1330842</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T18:51:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tairif carbóin */</comment>
      <origin>1330843</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37271" sha1="nufdvqdqdov27gltw3g1r7c72oay92j" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Tairif carbóin ==
'' A '''tairif carbóin''' nó '''border carbon adjustment (BCA)''' is an [[eco-tariff]] on [[embedded carbon]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;  The aim is generally to prevent [[carbon leakage]] from states without a [[carbon price]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; Examples of imports which are high-carbon and so may be subject to a carbon tariff are electricity generated by [[coal-fired power station]]s, iron and steel from [[blast furnace]]s, and fertilizer from the [[Haber process]].

'' Currently, only California applies a BCA for electricity, while the European Union and the United Kingdom will apply BCAs from 2026 and 2027, respectively. Several other countries and territories with emissions pricing are considering them.&lt;ref name=eucram /&gt;

== Existing and forthcoming 
=== Aontas Eorpach ===
[[:en:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism]]

=== Ríocht Aontaithe ===
[[:en:UK CBAM]]

=== California ===
'' The [[California Cap-and-Trade Program]] has a carbon border adjustment mechanism for imported electricity since 2011,&lt;ref name=lpddbca /&gt; and is required to report to the Legislature in 2025 on a potential extension of border adjustment to physical products.&lt;ref name=carb2024 /&gt;

== WTO rule compatibility 
''Current WTO rules may prohibit some types of carbon border adjustment. In 2024, the United States Democrats (then in government) stated that carbon border adjustment does not amount to a [[carbon tax]] but instead to a fee that is permissible under [[World Trade Organization]](WTO) rules.
&lt;ref name=jec2024&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM)? | url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/democrats/2024/2/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-and-what-are-some-legislative-proposals-to-make-one | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | work = [[United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee]] | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  The WTO itself has not come to a conclusion.
&lt;ref name=Porterfield&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Porterfield | ainm = Matthew | teideal = Carbon Import Fees and the WTO | url = https://clcouncil.org/reports/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=:0&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/#:~:text=A%20Carbon%20Border%20Adjustment%20Mechanism%20(CBAM)%20(also%20known%20as,gases%20emitted%20during%20their%20production. | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | foilsitheoir=Brookings | teanga = en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eucram&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU's CBAM to spur other countries to introduce carbon border levies: IETA | url = https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/041824-eus-cbam-to-spur-other-countries-to-introduce-carbon-border-levies-ieta}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=lpddbca&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = California ETS Border Carbon Adjustment | url = https://lpdd.org/resources/california-ets-border-carbon-adjustment/ | foilsitheoir = Model Laws for Deep Decarbonization in the United States | dátarochtana = 21 Bealtaine 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=carb2024&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = California Air Resources Board (CARB) | dáta = 9 Aibreán 2024 | teideal = Regulation for the California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and MarketBased Compliance Mechanisms 2024 Amendments | url = https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/nc-Cap-and-Trade_SRIA2024.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}


[[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]]
[[Catagóir:Cáin chomhshaoil]]

== Buntásc ==
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        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <comment>/* Aontas Eorpach */</comment>
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      <text bytes="37283" sha1="b1cg7tm11rb5fngv14mrqm6ixag8iro" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Tairif carbóin ==
'' A '''tairif carbóin''' nó '''border carbon adjustment (BCA)''' is an [[eco-tariff]] on [[embedded carbon]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;  The aim is generally to prevent [[carbon leakage]] from states without a [[carbon price]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; Examples of imports which are high-carbon and so may be subject to a carbon tariff are electricity generated by [[coal-fired power station]]s, iron and steel from [[blast furnace]]s, and fertilizer from the [[Haber process]].

'' Currently, only California applies a BCA for electricity, while the European Union and the United Kingdom will apply BCAs from 2026 and 2027, respectively. Several other countries and territories with emissions pricing are considering them.&lt;ref name=eucram /&gt;

== Existing and forthcoming 
=== Aontas Eorpach ===
[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Ríocht Aontaithe ===
[[:en:UK CBAM]]

=== California ===
'' The [[California Cap-and-Trade Program]] has a carbon border adjustment mechanism for imported electricity since 2011,&lt;ref name=lpddbca /&gt; and is required to report to the Legislature in 2025 on a potential extension of border adjustment to physical products.&lt;ref name=carb2024 /&gt;

== WTO rule compatibility 
''Current WTO rules may prohibit some types of carbon border adjustment. In 2024, the United States Democrats (then in government) stated that carbon border adjustment does not amount to a [[carbon tax]] but instead to a fee that is permissible under [[World Trade Organization]](WTO) rules.
&lt;ref name=jec2024&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM)? | url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/democrats/2024/2/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-and-what-are-some-legislative-proposals-to-make-one | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | work = [[United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee]] | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  The WTO itself has not come to a conclusion.
&lt;ref name=Porterfield&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Porterfield | ainm = Matthew | teideal = Carbon Import Fees and the WTO | url = https://clcouncil.org/reports/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=:0&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/#:~:text=A%20Carbon%20Border%20Adjustment%20Mechanism%20(CBAM)%20(also%20known%20as,gases%20emitted%20during%20their%20production. | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | foilsitheoir=Brookings | teanga = en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eucram&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU's CBAM to spur other countries to introduce carbon border levies: IETA | url = https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/041824-eus-cbam-to-spur-other-countries-to-introduce-carbon-border-levies-ieta}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=lpddbca&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = California ETS Border Carbon Adjustment | url = https://lpdd.org/resources/california-ets-border-carbon-adjustment/ | foilsitheoir = Model Laws for Deep Decarbonization in the United States | dátarochtana = 21 Bealtaine 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=carb2024&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = California Air Resources Board (CARB) | dáta = 9 Aibreán 2024 | teideal = Regulation for the California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and MarketBased Compliance Mechanisms 2024 Amendments | url = https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/nc-Cap-and-Trade_SRIA2024.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}


[[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]]
[[Catagóir:Cáin chomhshaoil]]

== Buntásc ==
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      <text bytes="37323" sha1="flhknapx3yp9pdpuo94h269hlw57fli" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Tairif carbóin ==
'' A '''tairif carbóin''' nó '''border carbon adjustment (BCA)''' is an [[eco-tariff]] on [[embedded carbon]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;  The aim is generally to prevent [[carbon leakage]] from states without a [[carbon price]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; Examples of imports which are high-carbon and so may be subject to a carbon tariff are electricity generated by [[coal-fired power station]]s, iron and steel from [[blast furnace]]s, and fertilizer from the [[Haber process]].

'' Currently, only California applies a BCA for electricity, while the European Union and the United Kingdom will apply BCAs from 2026 and 2027, respectively. Several other countries and territories with emissions pricing are considering them.&lt;ref name=eucram /&gt;

== Existing and forthcoming 
=== Aontas Eorpach ===
[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Ríocht Aontaithe ===
[[Sásra RA um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha]]

=== California ===
'' The [[California Cap-and-Trade Program]] has a carbon border adjustment mechanism for imported electricity since 2011,&lt;ref name=lpddbca /&gt; and is required to report to the Legislature in 2025 on a potential extension of border adjustment to physical products.&lt;ref name=carb2024 /&gt;

== WTO rule compatibility 
''Current WTO rules may prohibit some types of carbon border adjustment. In 2024, the United States Democrats (then in government) stated that carbon border adjustment does not amount to a [[carbon tax]] but instead to a fee that is permissible under [[World Trade Organization]](WTO) rules.
&lt;ref name=jec2024&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM)? | url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/democrats/2024/2/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-and-what-are-some-legislative-proposals-to-make-one | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | work = [[United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee]] | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  The WTO itself has not come to a conclusion.
&lt;ref name=Porterfield&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Porterfield | ainm = Matthew | teideal = Carbon Import Fees and the WTO | url = https://clcouncil.org/reports/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=:0&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/#:~:text=A%20Carbon%20Border%20Adjustment%20Mechanism%20(CBAM)%20(also%20known%20as,gases%20emitted%20during%20their%20production. | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | foilsitheoir=Brookings | teanga = en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eucram&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU's CBAM to spur other countries to introduce carbon border levies: IETA | url = https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/041824-eus-cbam-to-spur-other-countries-to-introduce-carbon-border-levies-ieta}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=lpddbca&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = California ETS Border Carbon Adjustment | url = https://lpdd.org/resources/california-ets-border-carbon-adjustment/ | foilsitheoir = Model Laws for Deep Decarbonization in the United States | dátarochtana = 21 Bealtaine 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=carb2024&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = California Air Resources Board (CARB) | dáta = 9 Aibreán 2024 | teideal = Regulation for the California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and MarketBased Compliance Mechanisms 2024 Amendments | url = https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/nc-Cap-and-Trade_SRIA2024.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}


[[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]]
[[Catagóir:Cáin chomhshaoil]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1330846</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-28T19:40:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <comment>/* California */</comment>
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      <text bytes="37367" sha1="fpipgw9zzaxwh3gqe0i84l7fv9pw03r" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Tairif carbóin ==
'' A '''tairif carbóin''' nó '''border carbon adjustment (BCA)''' is an [[eco-tariff]] on [[embedded carbon]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;  The aim is generally to prevent [[carbon leakage]] from states without a [[carbon price]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; Examples of imports which are high-carbon and so may be subject to a carbon tariff are electricity generated by [[coal-fired power station]]s, iron and steel from [[blast furnace]]s, and fertilizer from the [[Haber process]].

'' Currently, only California applies a BCA for electricity, while the European Union and the United Kingdom will apply BCAs from 2026 and 2027, respectively. Several other countries and territories with emissions pricing are considering them.&lt;ref name=eucram /&gt;

== Existing and forthcoming 
=== Aontas Eorpach ===
[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Ríocht Aontaithe ===
[[Sásra RA um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha]]

=== California ===
'' The [[California Cap-and-Trade Program]] has a carbon border adjustment mechanism for imported electricity since 2011,&lt;ref name=lpddbca /&gt; and is required to report to the Legislature in 2025 on a potential extension of border adjustment to physical products.&lt;ref name=carb2024 /&gt;

== WTO rule compatibility 
''Current WTO rules may prohibit some types of carbon border adjustment. In 2024, the United States Democrats (then in government) stated that carbon border adjustment does not amount to a [[carbon tax]] but instead to a fee that is permissible under [[World Trade Organization]](WTO) rules.&lt;ref name=jec2024 /&gt;  The WTO itself has not come to a conclusion.&lt;ref name=Porterfield /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=:0&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/#:~:text=A%20Carbon%20Border%20Adjustment%20Mechanism%20(CBAM)%20(also%20known%20as,gases%20emitted%20during%20their%20production. | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | foilsitheoir=Brookings | teanga = en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eucram&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU's CBAM to spur other countries to introduce carbon border levies: IETA | url = https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/041824-eus-cbam-to-spur-other-countries-to-introduce-carbon-border-levies-ieta}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=lpddbca&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = California ETS Border Carbon Adjustment | url = https://lpdd.org/resources/california-ets-border-carbon-adjustment/ | foilsitheoir = Model Laws for Deep Decarbonization in the United States | dátarochtana = 21 Bealtaine 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=carb2024&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = California Air Resources Board (CARB) | dáta = 9 Aibreán 2024 | teideal = Regulation for the California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and MarketBased Compliance Mechanisms 2024 Amendments | url = https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/nc-Cap-and-Trade_SRIA2024.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=jec2024&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM)? | url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/democrats/2024/2/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-and-what-are-some-legislative-proposals-to-make-one | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | work = [[United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee]] | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Porterfield&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Porterfield | ainm = Matthew | teideal = Carbon Import Fees and the WTO | url = https://clcouncil.org/reports/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


[[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]]
[[Catagóir:Cáin chomhshaoil]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>fpipgw9zzaxwh3gqe0i84l7fv9pw03r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1330864</id>
      <parentid>1330846</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T21:09:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tairif carbóin */</comment>
      <origin>1330864</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37424" sha1="srklqvosa9l91ybrc1wcqhz407dn06y" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Tairif carbóin ==
'' A '''tairif carbóin''' nó '''border carbon adjustment (BCA)''' is an [[tairif|éiceo-tairif]] ar [[astaíochtaí leabaithe]] carbóin.&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;  The aim is generally to prevent [[sceitheadh carbóin]] from states without a [[praghsáil carbóin]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; Examples of imports which are high-carbon and so may be subject to a carbon tariff are electricity generated by [[gléasra cumhachta gualbhreoslaithe]], iarainn and cruach from [[foirnéis soinneáin]] agus fertilizer ón b[[próiseas Haber]].

'' Currently, only California applies a BCA for electricity, while the European Union and the United Kingdom will apply BCAs from 2026 and 2027, respectively. Several other countries and territories with emissions pricing are considering them.&lt;ref name=eucram /&gt;

== I réim agus le teacht 
* [[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE|Aontas Eorpach]]
* [[Sásra RA um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha|Ríocht Aontaithe]]
* California: '' The [[California Cap-and-Trade Program]] has a carbon border adjustment mechanism for imported electricity since 2011,&lt;ref name=lpddbca /&gt; and is required to report to the Legislature in 2025 on a potential extension of border adjustment to physical products.&lt;ref name=carb2024 /&gt;

== Comhoiriúnacht WTO  
'' Current WTO rules may prohibit some types of carbon border adjustment. In 2024, the United States Democrats (then in government) stated that carbon border adjustment does not amount to a [[cáin charbóin]] but instead to a fee that is permissible under [[an Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Trádála]] (EDT / WTO) rules.&lt;ref name=jec2024 /&gt;  The WTO itself has not come to a conclusion.&lt;ref name=Porterfield /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=:0&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/#:~:text=A%20Carbon%20Border%20Adjustment%20Mechanism%20(CBAM)%20(also%20known%20as,gases%20emitted%20during%20their%20production. | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | foilsitheoir=Brookings | teanga = en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eucram&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU's CBAM to spur other countries to introduce carbon border levies: IETA | url = https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/041824-eus-cbam-to-spur-other-countries-to-introduce-carbon-border-levies-ieta}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=lpddbca&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = California ETS Border Carbon Adjustment | url = https://lpdd.org/resources/california-ets-border-carbon-adjustment/ | foilsitheoir = Model Laws for Deep Decarbonization in the United States | dátarochtana = 21 Bealtaine 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=carb2024&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = California Air Resources Board (CARB) | dáta = 9 Aibreán 2024 | teideal = Regulation for the California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and MarketBased Compliance Mechanisms 2024 Amendments | url = https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/nc-Cap-and-Trade_SRIA2024.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=jec2024&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM)? | url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/democrats/2024/2/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-and-what-are-some-legislative-proposals-to-make-one | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | work = [[United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee]] | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Porterfield&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Porterfield | ainm = Matthew | teideal = Carbon Import Fees and the WTO | url = https://clcouncil.org/reports/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


[[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]]
[[Catagóir:Cáin chomhshaoil]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
      <sha1>srklqvosa9l91ybrc1wcqhz407dn06y</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1330926</id>
      <parentid>1330864</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T07:30:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tairif carbóin */</comment>
      <origin>1330926</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37696" sha1="jwfyschtc9938r6t0of5lvmzxqqhs3d" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Tairif carbóin ==
'' A '''tairif carbóin''' nó ''' coigeartú carbóin ar theorainneacha (CCT)'''&lt;ref name=iate /&gt; is an [[tairif|éiceo-tairif]] ar [[astaíochtaí leabaithe]] carbóin.&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;  The aim is generally to prevent [[sceitheadh carbóin]] from states without a [[praghsáil carbóin]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; Examples of imports which are high-carbon and so may be subject to a carbon tariff are electricity generated by [[gléasra cumhachta gualbhreoslaithe]], iarainn and cruach from [[foirnéis soinneáin]] agus fertilizer ón b[[próiseas Haber]].

'' Currently, only California applies a BCA for electricity, while the European Union and the United Kingdom will apply BCAs from 2026 and 2027, respectively. Several other countries and territories with emissions pricing are considering them.&lt;ref name=eucram /&gt;

== I réim agus le teacht 
* [[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE|Aontas Eorpach]]
* [[Sásra RA um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha|Ríocht Aontaithe]]
* California: '' Tá sásra um choigeartú carbóin ar theorainneacha ag an ''[[California Cap-and-Trade Program]]'' le haghaidh leictreachais ón mbliain 2011.&lt;ref name=lpddbca /&gt; '' is required to report to the Legislature in 2025 on a potential extension of border adjustment to physical products.&lt;ref name=carb2024 /&gt;

== Comhoiriúnacht WTO 
De réir rialacha reatha WTO, d'fhéadfadh é go bhfuil cosc ar roinnt coigeartuirhe carbóin.  Sa bhliain 2024, mhol na Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá (faoi Na Daonlathaithe) nár [[cáin charbóin]] atá i gceist anseo, ach ina ionad sin gur táille í ceadaithe faoin [[Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Trádála]] (EDT / WTO) rules.&lt;ref name=jec2024 /&gt;  Níl cinneadh déanta ag an WTO féin.&lt;ref name=Porterfield /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3579087 | teideal = Téarma: Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:0&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/#:~:text=A%20Carbon%20Border%20Adjustment%20Mechanism%20(CBAM)%20(also%20known%20as,gases%20emitted%20during%20their%20production. | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | foilsitheoir=Brookings | teanga = en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eucram&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU's CBAM to spur other countries to introduce carbon border levies: IETA | url = https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/041824-eus-cbam-to-spur-other-countries-to-introduce-carbon-border-levies-ieta}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=lpddbca&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = California ETS Border Carbon Adjustment | url = https://lpdd.org/resources/california-ets-border-carbon-adjustment/ | foilsitheoir = Model Laws for Deep Decarbonization in the United States | dátarochtana = 21 Bealtaine 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=carb2024&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = California Air Resources Board (CARB) | dáta = 9 Aibreán 2024 | teideal = Regulation for the California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and MarketBased Compliance Mechanisms 2024 Amendments | url = https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/nc-Cap-and-Trade_SRIA2024.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=jec2024&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM)? | url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/democrats/2024/2/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-and-what-are-some-legislative-proposals-to-make-one | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | work = [[United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee]] | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Porterfield&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Porterfield | ainm = Matthew | teideal = Carbon Import Fees and the WTO | url = https://clcouncil.org/reports/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


[[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]]
[[Catagóir:Cáin chomhshaoil]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
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      <parentid>1330926</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <text bytes="38656" sha1="a018rnkyu0pywfqwvaq2ryir74pqem1" xml:space="preserve">[ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ]

== Ceanntásc ==

••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir

* [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming 
* [[Aeráid]] '' Climate
* [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave
* [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire
* [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation
* [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy


* [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]]
** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]]

* [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]]
** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]]
*** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
**** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]


{| class= wikitable 
|+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s)

! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht
|-
| Grian
| [[Grianfhuinneamh]]
| [[Grianchumhacht]]
|-
| Gaoth
| [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]
| [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]]
|-
| Uisce
| [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]]
| [[Hidrileictreachas]]
|-
| Geo
| [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]]
| [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]]
|-
| Bith
| [[Bithbhreosla]]
| [[]]
|-
| Tonn
| [[Fuinneamh toinne]]
| [[Cumhacht toinne]]
|}

== Ábhair ==
=== Cúiseanna ===
* [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]
# [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]]
#* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]]
# ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]]
# Climate action
# Climate change denial


* [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]]

=== Aontas Eorpach ===
* [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &amp;#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], &lt;s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=&lt;/s&gt;an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]

=== Náisiúin Aontaithe ===
* [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]]
* [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]]
* [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]]

=== Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar ===
* [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]]
# ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]]
# ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]]
# ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]]
#* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]]
# ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]]
#* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]
# ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]]
# ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]]

== Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ==
&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;


== Role of climate change conferences 
'' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources.

'' The UN Climate Change Conferences&lt;ref name=uncc /&gt; serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts.

== Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
! Bliain
! Ainm
! Tír, cathair óstach 
! Uachtarán
! Tír uachtaránachta
! Grúpa réigiúnach
|-
| 1995
| [[#1995|COP&amp;nbsp;1]]
| [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}}
| [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]]
|-
|1996
|[[#1996|COP&amp;nbsp;2]]
|[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis
|[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]]
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Grúpa na hAfraice]]
|-
|1997
|[[#1997|COP&amp;nbsp;3]]
|[[Kyoto]], Japan
|[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]]
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|-
|1998
|[[#1998|COP&amp;nbsp;4]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[María Julia Alsogaray]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|1999
|[[#1999|COP&amp;nbsp;5]]
|[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin
|[[Jan Szyszko]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2000
|[[#2000|COP&amp;nbsp;6]]
|[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír
|[[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2001
|[[#2001|COP&amp;nbsp;6-2]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
| [[Jan Pronk]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]] 
|-
|2001
|[[#COP&amp;nbsp;7|COP&amp;nbsp;7]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2002
|[[#2002|COP&amp;nbsp;8]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|{{flag|India}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2003
|[[#2003|COP&amp;nbsp;9]]
|[[Milan]], Italy
|[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2004
|[[#2004|COP&amp;nbsp;10]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|[[Ginés González García]]
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2005
|[[#2005|COP&amp;nbsp;11]]
|[[Montréal]], Canada
|[[Stéphane Dion]]
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2006
|[[#2006|COP&amp;nbsp;12]]
|[[Nairobi]], Kenya
|[[Kivutha Kibwana]]
|{{flag|Kenya}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2007
|[[#2007|COP&amp;nbsp;13]]
|[[Bali]], Indonesia
|[[Rachmat Witoelar]]
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2008
|[[#2008|COP&amp;nbsp;14]]
|[[Poznań]], Poland
|[[Maciej Nowicki]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2009
|[[#2009|COP&amp;nbsp;15]]
|[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark
|[[Connie Hedegaard]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2010
|[[#2010|COP&amp;nbsp;16]]
|[[Cancún]], Mexico
|[[Patricia Espinosa]]
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2011
|[[#2011|COP&amp;nbsp;17]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]
|{{flag|South Africa}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2012
|[[#2012|COP&amp;nbsp;18]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]]
|{{flag|Qatar}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2013
|[[#2013|COP&amp;nbsp;19]]
|[[Warsaw]], Poland
|[[Marcin Korolec]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2014
|[[#2014|COP&amp;nbsp;20]]
|[[Líoma]], Peru
|[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]]
|{{flag|Peru}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|2015
|[[#2015|COP&amp;nbsp;21]]
|[[Páras]], France
|[[Laurent Fabius]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
|2016
|[[#2016|COP&amp;nbsp;22]]
|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco
|[[Salaheddine Mezouar]]
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
|2017
|[[#2017|COP&amp;nbsp;23]]
|[[Bonn]], Germany
|[[Frank Bainimarama]]&lt;ref name=unfccc2017 /&gt;
|{{flag|Fiji}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
|2018
|[[#2018|COP&amp;nbsp;24]]
|[[Katowice]], Poland
|[[Michał Kurtyka]]
|{{flag|Poland}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
|2019
|[[#2019|COP&amp;nbsp;25]]
|[[Maidrid]], Spain
|[[Carolina Schmidt]]
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
|&lt;s&gt;2020&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;COP 26&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Glasgow, United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|Postponed due to COVID
|&lt;s&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/s&gt;
|&lt;s&gt;Western Europe and Other Group&lt;/s&gt; 
|-
| 2021
|[[#2021|COP&amp;nbsp;26]]
|[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom
|[[Alok Sharma]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2022
|[[#2022|COP&amp;nbsp;27]]
|[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt
|[[Sameh Shoukry]]
|{{flag|Egypt}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2023
|[[#2023|COP&amp;nbsp;28]]
|[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
|[[Sultan Al Jaber]]
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin
|-
| 2024
|[[#2024|COP&amp;nbsp;29]]
|[[Baku]], Azerbaijan
|[[Mukhtar Babayev]],
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Eastern Europe Group]]
|-
| 2025
|[[#2025|COP&amp;nbsp;30]]
|[[Belém]], Brazil
| [[André Corrêa do Lago]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]]
|-
| 2026
|[[#2026|COP&amp;nbsp;31]]
|[[Antalya]], Turkey
|[[Murat Kurum]]
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Western Europe and Other Group]]
|-
| 2027
|[[#2027|COP&amp;nbsp;32]]
|[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
|[[Gedion Timothewos]]
&lt;ref name=ethiopia&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| Grúpa na hAfraice
|-
| 2028
| [[#2028|COP&amp;nbsp;33]]
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| ''le socrú''
| [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]]
|}


&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=uncc&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=unfccc2017&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

== Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh ==
{{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}}


'' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].&lt;ref name=UIA /&gt;  The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=Latvia /&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=:4 /&gt;

== Structure 
The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.&lt;ref name=:6 /&gt;

== Ballraíocht 
The 32 member countries and 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot;/&gt; association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ballstáit 
Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;  Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.95em;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:115px;&quot; | Tír
! Ballraíocht
! Nótaí
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Australia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Austria}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974
&lt;ref name=:5&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Belgium}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Canada}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Czech Republic}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5 February 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Denmark}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Estonia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9 May 2014
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Finland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|France}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Germany}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Greece}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1976&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Hungary}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |3 June 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Ireland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Italy}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Japan}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Latvia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Lithuania}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2022
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Luxembourg}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Mexico}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |2018
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Netherlands}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|New Zealand}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1977&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Norway}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member (under a special Agreement)&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1981&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Poland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |25 September 2008
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |30 November 2007
&lt;ref&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|South Korea}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |20 April 2001
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Spain}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Sweden}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Switzerland}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|Turkey}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{flag|United States}}
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18 November 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|Founding member&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Tíortha aontachais 
'' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries &amp; Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* {{Flag|Colombia}}
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Chile}}
* {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
* {{Flag|Israel}}
* {{Flag|Romania}}

=== Association countries 
'' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13&lt;ref name=&quot;kenya-and-senegal&quot; /&gt; country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
India officially declared its &quot;Association&quot; status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.
&lt;ref name=&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country.
&lt;ref name{&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessionAssociate&quot;/&gt;
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|China}}
* {{Flag|Egypt}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Morocco}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Senegal}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
* {{Flag|Thailand}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}
* {{Flag|Vietnam}}

== Areas of work 
'' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

=== Dáta 
=== Scenarios 
IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes:

* Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Net Zero Scenario (NZE)
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Key publications 
[[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]]

* '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO)
* '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector'''
* '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) 
* '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO)
* '''Oil Market Report'''
* '''Electricity Market Report'''
* '''Gas Market Report'''
* '''Energy Efficiency'''
* '''Renewable Energy Market Update'''
* '''World Energy Investment'''
* '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress'''
* '''Country Reviews'''

== Cáineadh 
=== Bias against renewable energy 
[[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]]

'' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Mertens /&gt;

=== Accuracy of forecasting 
'' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. &lt;ref name=guardian2 /&gt;

=== Restricting access to data 
'' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, &quot;[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it&quot;.&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021 /&gt;  The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that &quot;countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding&quot;.&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /&gt;

'' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024 /&gt;

'' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.&lt;ref name=ieadataset /&gt;

== Féach freisin 
* [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]]

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=UIA&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Latvia&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:4&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2&quot;&gt;{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Creutzig2017&gt;[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Hoekstra2017&gt;Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Mertens&gt;Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ambrose-2021&gt;{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ritchie-2021&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=schaefer-2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Ritchie2024&gt;{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ieadataset&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:6&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}

== Tairif carbóin ==


'' A '''tairif carbóin''' nó ''' coigeartú carbóin ar theorainneacha (CCT)'''&lt;ref name=iate /&gt; is an [[tairif|éiceo-tairif]] ar [[astaíochtaí leabaithe]] carbóin.&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt;  The aim is generally to prevent [[sceitheadh carbóin]] from states without a [[praghsáil carbóin]].&lt;ref name=:0 /&gt; Examples of imports which are high-carbon and so may be subject to a carbon tariff are electricity generated by [[gléasra cumhachta gualbhreoslaithe]], iarainn and cruach from [[foirnéis soinneáin]] agus fertilizer ón b[[próiseas Haber]].

Go dtí an bhliain 2026, níl dáta California applies a BCA for electricity, while the European Union and the United Kingdom will apply BCAs from 2026 and 2027, respectively. Several other countries and territories with emissions pricing are considering them.&lt;ref name=eucram /&gt;

== I réim agus le teacht 
* [[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE|Aontas Eorpach]]
* [[Sásra RA um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha|Ríocht Aontaithe]]
* California: Tá sásra um choigeartú carbóin ar theorainneacha ag an ''[[California Cap-and-Trade Program]]'' le haghaidh leictreachais ón mbliain 2011.&lt;ref name=lpddbca /&gt; '' I dteannta le Québec agus Washington, rinneadh leathadh ar an sásra sa bhliain 2026 chun aisíocaíochtaí a laghdú le 85% faoin mbliain 2045.&lt;ref name=jones2026 /&gt;. Níor chuir California táirgí fisiciúla (cosúil le cruach, stroighin nó alúmanam) lena sásra coigeartaithe carbóin ar theorainneacha go dtí seo.&lt;ref name=icap2021 /&gt;

== Comhoiriúnacht WTO 
De réir rialacha reatha WTO, d'fhéadfadh é go bhfuil cosc ar roinnt coigeartuirhe carbóin.  Sa bhliain 2024, mhol na Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá (faoi Na Daonlathaithe) nár [[cáin charbóin]] atá i gceist anseo, ach ina ionad sin gur táille í ceadaithe faoin [[Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Trádála]] (EDT / WTO) rules.&lt;ref name=jec2024 /&gt;  Níl cinneadh déanta ag an WTO féin.&lt;ref name=Porterfield /&gt;

== Tagairtí 
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3579087 | teideal = Téarma: Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:0&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/#:~:text=A%20Carbon%20Border%20Adjustment%20Mechanism%20(CBAM)%20(also%20known%20as,gases%20emitted%20during%20their%20production. | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | foilsitheoir=Brookings | teanga = en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=eucram&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU's CBAM to spur other countries to introduce carbon border levies: IETA | url = https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/041824-eus-cbam-to-spur-other-countries-to-introduce-carbon-border-levies-ieta}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=lpddbca&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = California ETS Border Carbon Adjustment | url = https://lpdd.org/resources/california-ets-border-carbon-adjustment/ | foilsitheoir = Model Laws for Deep Decarbonization in the United States | dátarochtana = 21 Bealtaine 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=carb2024&gt;{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = California Air Resources Board (CARB) | dáta = 9 Aibreán 2024 | teideal = Regulation for the California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and MarketBased Compliance Mechanisms 2024 Amendments | url = https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/nc-Cap-and-Trade_SRIA2024.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=jec2024&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM)? | url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/democrats/2024/2/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-and-what-are-some-legislative-proposals-to-make-one | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | work = [[United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee]] | teanga = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Porterfield&gt;{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Porterfield | ainm = Matthew | teideal = Carbon Import Fees and the WTO | url = https://clcouncil.org/reports/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=jones2026&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://clcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf | teideal = California's Cap-and-Invest Overhaul and the Expansion of North America's Largest Carbon Market | foilsitheoir = Jones Day | dátarochtana = 2026-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=icap2021&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://icapcarbonaction.com/system/files/document/canz-paper_v06_final.pdf | teideal = Carbon Leakage and Competitiveness: California’s 
Treatment of Imported Electricity and New Zealand’s 
Synthetic Greenhouse Gas Levy | foilsitheoir = International Carbon  Action Partnership | dátarochtana = 2026-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


[[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]]
[[Catagóir:Cáin chomhshaoil]]

== Buntásc ==
__NOINDEX__
__NOTOC__</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Conchubhar Ó Liatháin</title>
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      <id>1330855</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Taghdtaighde</username>
        <id>60452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nasc curtha leis</comment>
      <origin>1330855</origin>
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      <text bytes="2719" sha1="gyx2ehivie6ydkf9zp7yur2fno7ypfa" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}

Is iriseoir é '''Conchubhar Ó Liatháin''' a bhfuil na blianta caite aige i mbun tuairisceoireachta agus colúnaíochta sna meáin clóite [[An Ghaeilge|Gaeilge]] agus [[An Béarla|Béarla]]. Bhí sé ina eagarthóir ar ''[[Lá (nuachtán)|Lá]]'', an t-aon nuachtán laethúil Gaeilge dá raibh ann riamh. Ar na foilseacháin eile dar scríobh sé dóibh tá: ''[[Scéal (nuachtán)|Scéal]]'', ''[[Seachtain (nuachtán)|Seachtain]]'', ''[[The Corkman]]'', ''[[The Echo]]'' agus [[TheJournal.ie]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Is as [[Cúil Aodha]] i n[[Gaeltacht Mhúscraí|Gaeltacht Múscraí]] dó.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ceapadh Ó Liatháin ina Chomhfhreagraí [[An Ghaeltacht|Gaeltachta]] le [[TheJournal.ie]] sa bhliain 2025. Chuir sé roimhe &quot;scéal phobail na Gaeilge ar fud na tíre a insint, ag díriú ar na dúshláin atá rompu agus ar an dóigh a bhfuiltear ag réiteach na ndúshlán sin&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/irish-journal-concubhar-o-liathain-agus-conor-brummell-6801313-Aug2025/|teideal=Dia dhaoibh: Seo agaibh foireann nua Ghaeltachta The Journal|údar=|dáta=2025-08-28|work=[[TheJournal.ie]]|dátarochtana=2025-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuair sé ainmniúchán sa chatagóir &quot;Iriseoir na Bliana&quot; ag [[Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais|Gradaim Chumarsáid an Oireachtais]] 2025 i ngeall ar a chuid scríbhneoireachta le [[Scéal (nuachtán)|''Scéal'']] agus le [[The Echo|''The Echo'']].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/gearrliosta-2025.html|teideal=Gearrliosta 2025 {{!}} Gradaim Chumarsáide|work=[[Oireachtas na Gaeilge|An tOireachtas]]|dátarochtana=13 Samhain 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|date=19 Meán Fómhair 2025|url=https://anpáipéar.ie/2025/09/gearrliosta-ghradaim-chumarsaide-an-oireachtais-2025-fogartha/|title=Gearrliosta ghradaim chumarsáide an Oireachtais 2025 fógartha|journal=[[An Páipéar (nuachtán)|An Páipéar]]|issue=Eagrán 47}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/gearrliostai-ghradaim-chumarsaide-an-oireachtais-2025-fogartha/|teideal=Gearrliostaí Ghradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais 2025 fógartha|dáta=2025-09-19|work=[[Tuairisc.ie]]|dátarochtana=2025-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tagairtí==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT: Liathain, Concubhar O}}
[[Catagóir:Iriseoirí]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Gaeltacht Mhúscraí]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine as Contae Chorcaí]]
[[Catagóir:Iriseoirí The Irish Times]]
[[Catagóir:Colúnaithe Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Iar-eagarthóirí ar iar-nuachtáin Ghaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Eagarthóirí ar nuachtáin Ghaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Eagarthóirí Éireannacha]]

{{síol-beath-ie}}
[[Catagóir:Iriseoirí Gaeilge]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tubaiste traenach Adamuz 2026</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1330875</id>
      <parentid>1294369</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Bhog TGcoa an leathanach [[2026 Tubaiste traenach Adamuz]] go [[Tubaiste traenach Adamuz 2026]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3872" sha1="nmrqx25nzat1pl0cza8fmyhyuvsw2eu" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

Tharla '''tubaiste traenach Adamuz'''&lt;ref&gt;i mBéarla, ''2026 Adamuz train derailments''

&lt;/ref&gt; ar an 18 Eanáir 2026 nuair a bhuail dhá thraein faoina chéile i ndeisceart na Spáinne tráthnóna.   D'imigh ceann de na traenacha de na ráillí agus bhuail ceann ar aghaidh faoin traein eile gar do bhaile Adamuz i réigiún [[Córdoba (cúige)|Córdoba]], 360 ciliméadar ó dheas ó Mhaidrid.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=39 duine maraithe i dtubaiste traenach sa Spáinn|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2026/0119/1553850-39-duine-maraithe-i-dtubaiste-traenach-sa-spainn/|date=2026-01-19|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maraíodh 40 duine.
[[Íomhá:AVE S-102. Viaducto sobre el Arroyo de Pedro Gil (32308646046).jpg|clé|mion|220x220px|Viaducto sobre el Arroyo de Pedro Gil]]

== Cúlra ==
Is í seo an tubaiste traenach is measa sa Spáinn ó 2013.  I mí Iúil 2013, tharla tubaiste traenach gar le [[Santiago de Compostela]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://president.ie/index.php/ga/media-library/news-releases/president-higgins-pays-respects-to-the-victims-of-the-recent-rail-disaster|teideal=Media Library News Releases|údar=Office of the President of Ireland|language=ga|work=president.ie|dátarochtana=2026-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Maraíodh 79.   D'íoc Allianz Global agus comhlachtaí eile €25 milliún mar chúiteamh.... in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/train-driver,-safety-official-convicted-over-spain's-worst-train-crash-in-decades/85055244|teideal=Train driver, safety official convicted over Spain's worst train crash in decades|údar=S. W. I. swissinfo.ch|dáta=2024-07-26|language=en|work=SWI swissinfo.ch|dátarochtana=2026-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Santiago de Compostela derailment|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santiago_de_Compostela_derailment&amp;oldid=1333772472|journal=Wikipedia|date=2026-01-19|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá an líonra traenach ardluais is mó san Eoraip ag an Spáinn do thraenacha a théann os cionn 250 ciliméadar san uair, le níos mó ná 3,100 ciliméadar. Bhí níos mó ná 25 milliún paisinéir thraenacha ardluas ag Renfe in 2024, agus 40 milliún in iomlán.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.trenvista.net/en/news/flash/renfe-breaks-all-time-passenger-record-in-2024/|teideal=Renfe breaks all-time passenger record in 2024|údar=Miguel Bustos|dáta=2025-02-10|language=en-GB|dátarochtana=2026-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imeachtaí ==
Traein ardluais a bhí sa traein a d'imigh de na ráillí. Luas 200 ciliméadar san uair a bhí fúithi ag an am.

Tharla an tubaiste timpeall 7:45 pm am áitiúil (18:45 an na hEireann) ar 18 Eanáir. Bhí traein ardluais de chuid Iryo ag taisteal ó Málaga go Maidrid le 371 paisinéir ar bord. 

D'imigh trí charráiste deiridh na traenach de na ráillí gar do stáisiún Córdoba-Julio Anguita. Ansin bhuail traein Alvia de chuid Renfe iad,   traein a bhí ag taisteal ó Mhaidrid go [[Huelva]] le thart ar 200 paisinéir ar bord.   De bharr an imbhuailte, caitheadh an dá charráiste tosaigh den dara traein anuas. Rinneadh dochar ollmhór don agus maraíodh an tiománaí Renfe.

Bhí thart ar 570 paisinéir ar an dá thraein, Spáinnigh a bhformhór.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Fiosrúcháin ==
Dúirt Óscar Puente, Aire Iompair na Spáinne, go raibh sé &quot;an-aisteach go deo&quot; gur tharla an tubaiste ar chuid den iarnród a bhí athchóirithe i mí na Bealtaine 2025 mar chuid de thionscadal infheistíochta €700 milliún. Dúirt sé freisin go raibh na traenacha ag taisteal faoi bhun na teorann luais don chuid sin den líne agus go raibh córais sábháilteachta gníomhach i bhfeidhm.

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Tubaistí]]
[[Catagóir:2026]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na Spáinne]]
[[Catagóir:Eachtraí traenach]]
[[Catagóir:Córdoba (cúige sa Spáinn)]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1330878</id>
      <parentid>1330875</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T22:29:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1330878</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3994" sha1="c2wjgp2baqr0d4qqny0j6i3gs5xdqoe" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

Tharla '''tubaiste traenach Adamuz'''&lt;ref&gt;i mBéarla, ''2026 Adamuz train derailments''

&lt;/ref&gt; ar an 18 Eanáir 2026 nuair a bhuail dhá thraein faoina chéile i ndeisceart na Spáinne.   D'imigh ceann de na traenacha de na ráillí agus bhuail ceann ar aghaidh faoin traein eile gar do bhaile Adamuz i réigiún [[Córdoba (cúige)|Córdoba]], 360 ciliméadar ó dheas ó Mhaidrid.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=39 duine maraithe i dtubaiste traenach sa Spáinn|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2026/0119/1553850-39-duine-maraithe-i-dtubaiste-traenach-sa-spainn/|date=2026-01-19|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maraíodh 40 duine.
[[Íomhá:AVE S-102. Viaducto sobre el Arroyo de Pedro Gil (32308646046).jpg|clé|mion|220x220px|Viaducto sobre el Arroyo de Pedro Gil]]

== Cúlra ==
Ba í seo an tubaiste traenach is measa sa Spáinn ó 2013 ag an am (maraíodh 68 i Tubaiste traenach Toledo níos déanaí in 2026).  I mí Iúil 2013, tharla tubaiste traenach gar le [[Santiago de Compostela]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://president.ie/index.php/ga/media-library/news-releases/president-higgins-pays-respects-to-the-victims-of-the-recent-rail-disaster|teideal=Media Library News Releases|údar=Office of the President of Ireland|language=ga|work=president.ie|dátarochtana=2026-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Maraíodh 79.   D'íoc Allianz Global agus comhlachtaí eile €25 milliún mar chúiteamh.... in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/train-driver,-safety-official-convicted-over-spain's-worst-train-crash-in-decades/85055244|teideal=Train driver, safety official convicted over Spain's worst train crash in decades|údar=S. W. I. swissinfo.ch|dáta=2024-07-26|language=en|work=SWI swissinfo.ch|dátarochtana=2026-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Santiago de Compostela derailment|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santiago_de_Compostela_derailment&amp;oldid=1333772472|journal=Wikipedia|date=2026-01-19|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá an líonra traenach ardluais is mó san Eoraip ag an Spáinn do thraenacha a théann os cionn 250 ciliméadar san uair, le níos mó ná 3,100 ciliméadar. Bhí níos mó ná 25 milliún paisinéir thraenacha ardluas ag Renfe in 2024, agus 40 milliún in iomlán.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.trenvista.net/en/news/flash/renfe-breaks-all-time-passenger-record-in-2024/|teideal=Renfe breaks all-time passenger record in 2024|údar=Miguel Bustos|dáta=2025-02-10|language=en-GB|dátarochtana=2026-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imeachtaí ==
Traein ardluais a bhí sa traein a d'imigh de na ráillí. Luas 200 ciliméadar san uair a bhí fúithi ag an am.

Tharla an tubaiste timpeall 7:45 pm am áitiúil (18:45 an na hEireann) ar 18 Eanáir. Bhí traein ardluais de chuid Iryo ag taisteal ó Málaga go Maidrid le 371 paisinéir ar bord. 

D'imigh trí charráiste deiridh na traenach de na ráillí gar do stáisiún Córdoba-Julio Anguita. Ansin bhuail traein Alvia de chuid Renfe iad,   traein a bhí ag taisteal ó Mhaidrid go [[Huelva]] le thart ar 200 paisinéir ar bord.   De bharr an imbhuailte, caitheadh an dá charráiste tosaigh den dara traein anuas. Rinneadh dochar ollmhór don agus maraíodh an tiománaí Renfe.

Bhí thart ar 570 paisinéir ar an dá thraein, Spáinnigh a bhformhór.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Fiosrúcháin ==
Dúirt Óscar Puente, Aire Iompair na Spáinne, go raibh sé &quot;an-aisteach go deo&quot; gur tharla an tubaiste ar chuid den iarnród a bhí athchóirithe i mí na Bealtaine 2025 mar chuid de thionscadal infheistíochta €700 milliún. Dúirt sé freisin go raibh na traenacha ag taisteal faoi bhun na teorann luais don chuid sin den líne agus go raibh córais sábháilteachta gníomhach i bhfeidhm.

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Tubaiste traenach Toledo 2026]] 

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Tubaistí]]
[[Catagóir:2026]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na Spáinne]]
[[Catagóir:Eachtraí traenach]]
[[Catagóir:Córdoba (cúige sa Spáinn)]]</text>
      <sha1>c2wjgp2baqr0d4qqny0j6i3gs5xdqoe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Laura Ní Cheallaigh</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123175</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330858</id>
      <parentid>1298351</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T20:52:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Taghdtaighde</username>
        <id>60452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Catagóirí curtha leis agus beagán eile</comment>
      <origin>1330858</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3201" sha1="bqrhvrked1icbpel1bmiqhdxsbi7eow" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}

Is stiúrthóir ábhair ag [[TG4]] í '''Laura Ní Cheallaigh'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://businessplus.ie/appointed/laura-ni-cheallaigh-tg4/|teideal=Laura Ní Cheallaigh steps up to Director of Content at TG4|dáta=2026-02-09|language=as Béarla|dátarochtana=2026-02-17|work=[[Business Plus]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tá sí ag obair mar léiritheoir, stiúrthóir agus eagarthóir coimisiúnaithe ar chláracha Gaeilge agus Béarla do TG4 agus do [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]] ó 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://xn--anpipar-jwa8e.ie/2026/02/laura-ni-cheallaigh-ceaptha-ina-stiurthoir-abhair-ag-tg4/|teideal=Laura Ní Cheallaigh ceaptha ina stiúrthóir abhair ag TG4|údar=Eagarthóir|dáta=2026-02-13|work=[[An Páipéar (nuachtán)|An Páipéar]]|dátarochtana=2026-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.tg4.ie/ga/eolas/preas/nuacht-raitis/2026-2/laura-ni-cheallaigh-ceaptha-ina-stiurthoir-abhair-ag-tg4/|teideal=Laura Ní Cheallaigh ceaptha ina Stiúrthóir Ábhair ag TG4 {{!}} Preasráiteas|work=[[TG4]]|dátarochtana=2026-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gairm ==
Bhain Laura Ní Cheallaigh céim céadonóracha amach sa Ghaeilge agus sa Stair ó [[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath|Choláiste na Tríonóide]], ard-dioplóma i gCumarsáid Fheidhmeach ó [[Ollscoil na Gaillimhe]], dioplóma sa Cheannaireacht ó [[Foras Bainistíochta na hÉireann|Fhoras Bainistíochta na hÉireann]]. Tá máistreacht aici freisin i gCumarsáid Pholaitíochta agus Phoiblí ó [[Ollscoil Chathair Bhaile Átha Cliath]].

D'éirigh sí ina teagascóir meáin le [[Fiontar]], [[Coláiste Phádraig]], [[Coláiste Dhúlaigh]] agus le [[Gréasán na Meán]].

Sna 2000idí, chaith sí seal san earnáil léiriúcháin neamhspleách agus leis an Rannóg Gaeilge in RTÉ.

Ó 2015 i leith bhí Laura Ní Cheallaigh ina heagarthóir coimisiúnaithe agus ceannacháin le TG4, agus í freagrach as straitéis agus roghnú ábhar an stáisiúin i réimsí ar nós fíorasach, siamsaíocht, ceol, na healaíona agus stair. I measc na gclár a stiúir sí tá ''Uchtú'', ''Síle Seoige: Deireadh Tochta'', ''Slí na mBeaglaoich'', ''PEIG'', ''Naíonra'', ''Misneach'', ''[[Marú inár Measc]]'' agus ''[[Junior Eurovision Éire|Junior Eurovision]]''.  

Tá gradaim buaite aici, lena n-áirítear cúig ghradam [[Acadamh Scannán agus Teilifíse na hÉireann|IFTA]], ceithre ghradam Thorc na [[Féile na Meán Ceilteach|Meán Ceilteach]], dhá ghradam Radharc agus duaiseanna chumarsáide an [[Oireachtas na Gaeilge|Oireachtais]].

=== Pearsanta ===
Tá Laura Ní Cheallaigh ina cónaí i mBaile Átha Cliath lena fear chéile Enda agus a gclann Sadhbh &amp; Diarmuid.

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Deirdre Ní Choistín]], Ard-Stiúrthóir TG4

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT: Ceallaigh, Laura Ní}}
[[Catagóir:Léiritheoirí Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Iriseoirí Éireannacha]]
[[Catagóir:Iriseoirí Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Lucht TG4]]
[[Catagóir:Lucht RTÉ]]
[[Catagóir:Alumni Choláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Alumni Ollscoil na Gaillimhe]]
[[Catagóir:Alumni Ollscoil Chathair Átha Cliath]]
[[Catagóir:Baniriseoirí]]
[[Catagóir:Daoine beo]]</text>
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        <id>78137</id>
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      <origin>1330912</origin>
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&lt;!-- LEATHANACH ÚSÁIDEORA — SANDUÍCHE DE PRESUNTO       --&gt;
&lt;!-- Próifíl phearsanta ar Vicipéid na Gaeilge           --&gt;
&lt;!-- ================================================== --&gt;

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Dia duit! Is mise Sanduíche de Presunto.
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| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:16px; background:#159957; color:#ffffff; text-align:center; font-size:110%;&quot; |
'''Fáilte chuig mo leathanach úsáideora ar Vicipéid na Gaeilge!'''
|-
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{{Babel|pt|en-4|de-3|ga-3|gd-3|br-1|cy-1}}
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[[File:Bandeira de Alagoas.svg|150px|alt=Bratach Alagoas]]

[[File:Flag of Brazil.svg|150px|alt=Bratach na Brasaíle]]
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Is as Alagoas, an Bhrasaíl, mé, agus is ar Vicipéid na Portaingéilise is mó a bhí mé ag déanamh eagarthóireachta. Táim ag cur níos mó le Vicipéid na Gaeilge anois freisin.

Tá suim agam i dteicneolaíocht, sa ríomhaireacht, sa stair, sa cheol, san eolaíocht agus san fhealsúnacht.

Táim fós ag foghlaim na Gaeilge. Fáiltím roimh cheartúcháin chairdiúla, moltaí maidir le téarmaíocht agus comhairle a chabhróidh liom feabhas a chur ar mo chuid scríbhneoireachta.
|}

== Fúm ==

Is eagarthóir mé ar Vicipéid na Portaingéilise, áit a mbím ag obair ar ailt faoi réimse leathan ábhar. Thosaigh mé ag cur go gníomhach le Vicipéid na Gaeilge i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2026 freisin.

Is deis í an Vicipéid dom taighde a dhéanamh, eolas nua a fhoghlaim, téacsanna a fheabhsú agus comhoibriú le daoine a bhfuil spéiseanna agus tuairimí éagsúla acu.

Táim ag iarraidh cur le ciclipéid atá cruinn, soiléir, neodrach agus bunaithe ar fhoinsí iontaofa. Feicim an eagarthóireacht mar phróiseas leanúnach foghlama: is cuid nádúrtha den obair iad botúin a aithint, faisnéis a cheartú agus glacadh le moltaí cuiditheacha.

== Mo chuid spéiseanna ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%; border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:5px;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:50%; padding:14px; border-left:5px solid #0b5394; background:#eaf3fb;&quot; |
'''Teicneolaíocht agus ríomhaireacht'''

Ríomhairí, bogearraí, an t-idirlíon, córais dhigiteacha agus forbairt na teicneolaíochta.
| style=&quot;width:50%; padding:14px; border-left:5px solid #b45f06; background:#fff2df;&quot; |
'''Stair agus cultúr'''

Imeachtaí stairiúla, sochaithe, smaointe polaitiúla agus cultúrtha, agus an gaol idir an t-am atá thart agus an lá atá inniu ann.
|-
| style=&quot;width:50%; padding:14px; border-left:5px solid #674ea7; background:#f0ebfa;&quot; |
'''Ceol'''

Seánraí ceoil, ceoltóirí, saothair cheoil agus an gaol idir ceol agus an tsochaí.
| style=&quot;width:50%; padding:14px; border-left:5px solid #38761d; background:#edf7e9;&quot; |
'''Eolaíocht agus eolas ginearálta'''

Fionnachtana, fiosracht eolaíoch, coincheapa agus smaointe a chuidíonn linn an domhan a thuiscint.
|-
| style=&quot;width:50%; padding:14px; border-left:5px solid #45818e; background:#e8f4f5;&quot; |
'''Fealsúnacht'''

Eolas, eitic, smaointeoireacht chriticiúil agus ceisteanna faoinár dtuiscint ar an domhan.
| style=&quot;width:50%; padding:14px; border-left:5px solid #a64d79; background:#f9eaf1;&quot; |
'''Taighde agus scríbhneoireacht'''

Foinsí a mheas, fíricí a sheiceáil, téacsanna a chur in eagar agus eolas a eagrú ar bhealach soiléir.
|}

== Prionsabail a bhfuil meas agam orthu ==

* '''Fíoraitheacht:''' faisnéis a fhoilsiú ar féidir í a sheiceáil trí fhoinsí iontaofa.
* '''Neodracht:''' ábhair a chur i láthair go cothrom, gan áibhéil ná claonadh pearsanta.
* '''Smaointeoireacht chriticiúil:''' argóintí a scrúdú, toimhdí a cheistiú agus mínithe eile a mheas.
* '''Oscailteacht don cheartú:''' a aithint gur féidir liom a bheith mícheart agus gur gá conclúidí a athbhreithniú nuair a thagann fianaise nua chun solais.
* '''Foghlaim leanúnach:''' botúin agus ceartúcháin a úsáid mar dheiseanna chun feabhas a chur ar mo chuid oibre.
* '''Comhoibriú:''' meas a bheith agam ar obair eagarthóirí eile agus páirt a ghlacadh i bplé cuiditheach.
* '''Inrochtaineacht an eolais:''' eolas a chur ar fáil ar bhealach soiléir sothuigthe.
* '''Meas ar dhaoine eile:''' smaointe a phlé go béasach, fiú nuair nach n-aontaímid lena chéile.

Is treoirphrionsabail phearsanta iad seo. Níl mé foirfe, agus táim sásta foghlaim ó dhaoine eile.

== Nótaí maidir le mo chuid oibre ==

* Déanaim iarracht foinsí iontaofa agus neamhspleácha a úsáid nuair is cuí.
* Déanaim iarracht téacsanna a scríobh agus a athstruchtúrú chun go mbeidh siad níos soiléire agus níos éasca le léamh.
* Bíonn fáilte agam roimh cheartúcháin ar an nGaeilge, go háirithe maidir le gramadach, téarmaíocht agus nádúrthacht na scríbhneoireachta.
* Ní hionann méid na hoibre ar gach alt, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh feabhsuithe eile fós ag teastáil ó chuid de na leathanaigh a ndearna mé eagarthóireacht orthu.

== Nóta ==

Is leathanach úsáideora pearsanta é seo. Ní alt ciclipéideach é, agus léiríonn sé mo chuid spéiseanna, mo chuid oibre agus mo chur chuige féin i leith na heagarthóireachta.

[[File:Flag of Brazil.svg|frameless|25px|alt=Bratach na Brasaíle]]

[https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Sandu%C3%ADche_de_Presunto Mo chuid ranníocaíochtaí ar Vicipéid na Gaeilge]</text>
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      <text bytes="5151" sha1="7jtn7ew9kfhqv0ia6jc43k8d4hr2lg9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- ================================================== --&gt;
&lt;!-- LEATHANACH ÚSÁIDEORA — SANDUÍCHE DE PRESUNTO       --&gt;
&lt;!-- Próifíl phearsanta ar Vicipéid na Gaeilge           --&gt;
&lt;!-- ================================================== --&gt;

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Dia duit! Is mise Sanduíche de Presunto.
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'''Fáilte chuig mo leathanach úsáideora ar Vicipéid na Gaeilge!'''

Tá suim agam i dteicneolaíocht, sa ríomhaireacht, sa stair, sa cheol, san eolaíocht agus san fhealsúnacht.

Táim fós ag foghlaim na Gaeilge. Fáiltím roimh cheartúcháin chairdiúla, moltaí maidir le téarmaíocht agus comhairle a chabhróidh liom feabhas a chur ar mo chuid scríbhneoireachta.
|}

== Fúm ==

Is eagarthóir mé ar Vicipéid na Portaingéilise, áit a mbím ag obair ar ailt faoi réimse leathan ábhar. Thosaigh mé ag cur go gníomhach le Vicipéid na Gaeilge i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2026 freisin.

Is deis í an Vicipéid dom taighde a dhéanamh, eolas nua a fhoghlaim, téacsanna a fheabhsú agus comhoibriú le daoine a bhfuil spéiseanna agus tuairimí éagsúla acu.

Táim ag iarraidh cur le ciclipéid atá cruinn, soiléir, neodrach agus bunaithe ar fhoinsí iontaofa. Feicim an eagarthóireacht mar phróiseas leanúnach foghlama: is cuid nádúrtha den obair iad botúin a aithint, faisnéis a cheartú agus glacadh le moltaí cuiditheacha.

== Mo chuid spéiseanna ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%; border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:5px;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:50%; padding:14px; border-left:5px solid #0b5394; background:#eaf3fb;&quot; |
'''Teicneolaíocht agus ríomhaireacht'''

Ríomhairí, bogearraí, an t-idirlíon, córais dhigiteacha agus forbairt na teicneolaíochta.
| style=&quot;width:50%; padding:14px; border-left:5px solid #b45f06; background:#fff2df;&quot; |
'''Stair agus cultúr'''

Imeachtaí stairiúla, sochaithe, smaointe polaitiúla agus cultúrtha, agus an gaol idir an t-am atá thart agus an lá atá inniu ann.
|-
| style=&quot;width:50%; padding:14px; border-left:5px solid #674ea7; background:#f0ebfa;&quot; |
'''Ceol'''

Seánraí ceoil, ceoltóirí, saothair cheoil agus an gaol idir ceol agus an tsochaí.
| style=&quot;width:50%; padding:14px; border-left:5px solid #38761d; background:#edf7e9;&quot; |
'''Eolaíocht agus eolas ginearálta'''

Fionnachtana, fiosracht eolaíoch, coincheapa agus smaointe a chuidíonn linn an domhan a thuiscint.
|-
| style=&quot;width:50%; padding:14px; border-left:5px solid #45818e; background:#e8f4f5;&quot; |
'''Fealsúnacht'''

Eolas, eitic, smaointeoireacht chriticiúil agus ceisteanna faoinár dtuiscint ar an domhan.
| style=&quot;width:50%; padding:14px; border-left:5px solid #a64d79; background:#f9eaf1;&quot; |
'''Taighde agus scríbhneoireacht'''

Foinsí a mheas, fíricí a sheiceáil, téacsanna a chur in eagar agus eolas a eagrú ar bhealach soiléir.
|}

== Prionsabail a bhfuil meas agam orthu ==

* '''Fíoraitheacht:''' faisnéis a fhoilsiú ar féidir í a sheiceáil trí fhoinsí iontaofa.
* '''Neodracht:''' ábhair a chur i láthair go cothrom, gan áibhéil ná claonadh pearsanta.
* '''Smaointeoireacht chriticiúil:''' argóintí a scrúdú, toimhdí a cheistiú agus mínithe eile a mheas.
* '''Oscailteacht don cheartú:''' a aithint gur féidir liom a bheith mícheart agus gur gá conclúidí a athbhreithniú nuair a thagann fianaise nua chun solais.
* '''Foghlaim leanúnach:''' botúin agus ceartúcháin a úsáid mar dheiseanna chun feabhas a chur ar mo chuid oibre.
* '''Comhoibriú:''' meas a bheith agam ar obair eagarthóirí eile agus páirt a ghlacadh i bplé cuiditheach.
* '''Inrochtaineacht an eolais:''' eolas a chur ar fáil ar bhealach soiléir sothuigthe.
* '''Meas ar dhaoine eile:''' smaointe a phlé go béasach, fiú nuair nach n-aontaímid lena chéile.

Is treoirphrionsabail phearsanta iad seo. Níl mé foirfe, agus táim sásta foghlaim ó dhaoine eile.

== Nótaí maidir le mo chuid oibre ==

* Déanaim iarracht foinsí iontaofa agus neamhspleácha a úsáid nuair is cuí.
* Déanaim iarracht téacsanna a scríobh agus a athstruchtúrú chun go mbeidh siad níos soiléire agus níos éasca le léamh.
* Bíonn fáilte agam roimh cheartúcháin ar an nGaeilge, go háirithe maidir le gramadach, téarmaíocht agus nádúrthacht na scríbhneoireachta.
* Ní hionann méid na hoibre ar gach alt, agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh feabhsuithe eile fós ag teastáil ó chuid de na leathanaigh a ndearna mé eagarthóireacht orthu.

== Nóta ==

Is leathanach úsáideora pearsanta é seo. Ní alt ciclipéideach é, agus léiríonn sé mo chuid spéiseanna, mo chuid oibre agus mo chur chuige féin i leith na heagarthóireachta.

[[File:Flag of Brazil.svg|frameless|25px|alt=Bratach na Brasaíle]]

[https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Sandu%C3%ADche_de_Presunto Mo chuid ranníocaíochtaí ar Vicipéid na Gaeilge]</text>
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      <text bytes="7942" sha1="j74b6o3xb9x627c34ti382ozzoygegi" xml:space="preserve">== Imeall ==

Tosaím leis an rud is soiléire, agus ansin téann sé ar strae. Níl a fhios agam cad atáim ag iarraidh a rá. Tá sé ann, tá sé soiléir go leor istigh, ach nuair a chromaim ar é a chur i bhfocail tagann rud éigin eile amach. Mar sin scríobhaim timpeall air. Sin rud éigin a dhéanaim go minic, agus b'fhéidir gurb é sin an fáth a scríobhaim ar chor ar bith. Deirtear gur cheart scríobh chun rud éigin a chur in iúl, ach ní mar sin a oibríonn sé domsa. Scríobhaim chun a fháil amach cad atá ar siúl agam, agus ní bhíonn an freagra agam riamh ag deireadh.

An féidir le rud a bheith fíor agus mícheart ag an am céanna? Bíonn dhá rud ann i gcónaí, an rud a deirtear agus an rud a chloistear, agus ní thagann siad le chéile riamh. Bíonn duine ag caint agus duine eile ag éisteacht, agus i lár an aistrithe sin titeann rud éigin amach nach dtagann aon duine air. Smaoiním ar an rud a deirim le mo mháthair agus an rud a chloiseann sí, agus an bhearna eatarthu nach mbíonn a fhios ag éinne conas í a líonadh. B'fhéidir gur ag an mbearna sin a thosaíonn gach míthuiscint agus gach rud nár tharla riamh.

Smaoiním go minic ar an difríocht idir &quot;tá an ceart agat&quot; agus &quot;tuigim thú.&quot; Ní hionann iad ar chor ar bith. Is féidir liom &quot;tá an ceart agat&quot; a rá agus gan faic a thuiscint. Is féidir liom &quot;tuigim thú&quot; a rá agus gan aontú le haon rud. Ceaptar gur aontú é an chéad cheann, ach deireadh comhrá is ea é, agus bíonn sé deas agus ciúin agus ní thugann tú faoi deara go bhfuil sé thart.

Deirtear go dtagann foghlaim de réir a chéile, ach tagann sí i léimeanna agus ansin stopann sí ar feadh blianta agus ansin tagann sí arís gan choinne, de ghnáth i lár oíche nó i lár comhrá nach mbaineann sé léi. Níl aon chuar ann. An líne réidh aníos a bhíonn sna leabhair, ní fheicim riamh í. Feicimse tréimhsí fada ina bhfanann gach rud mar a bhí, agus ansin seachtain amháin ina n-athraíonn gach rud agus ní thuigim cad a tharla.

Smaoiním uaireanta gur ceist cheada atá ann seachas ceist foghlama. Cé a thugann cead duit a bheith i do chuid oibre? Ní thugann éinne é, ar aon bhealach foirmiúil. Ach bíonn a fhios agat nuair nach bhfuil sé agat, mar gheall go mbíonn daoine ag féachaint ort ar bhealach áirithe agus ní féidir leat é a ainmniú. Agus ansin tosaíonn tú ag smaoineamh ar rudaí nár cheart duit a bheith ag smaoineamh orthu. Nuair a thugtar cead duit, is minic nach dtagann tú air go dtí i bhfad ina dhiaidh.

An cheist is deacra: an bhfuil sé sin ceart? Tá sé ceart go leor, b'fhéidir. Tá gá le caighdeán, le rud éigin a chosaint. Tá daoine ann a chaith a saol ar rud éigin agus nach maith leo a fheiceáil á chaitheamh amú ag daoine a thagann isteach ar feadh seachtaine agus a shíleann go bhfuil a bhfios acu. Tá an ceart acu, agus is furasta dearmad a dhéanamh de sin. Smaoiním ar na daoine a thóg an rud atá á chosaint acu, agus iad féin gan críochnú. Níor thóg éinne an caighdeán in aon bheart amháin. Tógadh é thar na blianta, agus tháinig daoine isteach air agus d'fhág siad a rian, agus anois deirtear le daoine nua gan cur isteach air. B'fhéidir go bhfuil sé sin ceart agus b'fhéidir nach bhfuil, ach bíonn sé deacair a mhíniú do dhuine atá ag teacht isteach den chéad uair.

Ach tá an ceart ag an duine eile freisin, agus sin an rud nach féidir a réiteach. Tá an ceart aige a bheith ann, agus triail a bhaint as, agus a bheith mícheart go poiblí. Agus nuair a deirtear leis nach bhfuil an ceart aige a bheith ann, bíonn rogha éigin á cur i bhfolach taobh thiar de chaighdeán. Bíonn daoine ag déanamh sin i gcónaí, agus bímse á dhéanamh chomh maith, agus bíonn gach duine á dhéanamh. Cuirimid ár roghanna i bhfolach taobh thiar de phrionsabail mar gheall go bhfuil sé níos éasca prionsabal a chosaint ná rogha a chosaint.

Agus smaoineamh eile a thagann chugam, ceann nach dtaitníonn liom: is é an duine a bhfuil an t-am aige a shocraíonn cad a tharlaíonn. Bíonn sé tuirseach i gcónaí, mar gheall gurb é an duine céanna a bhíonn ag déanamh gach rud eile. Mar sin bíonn an chumhacht ag duine atá tuirseach. B'fhéidir gurb é sin an rud is contúirtí ar fad, duine tuirseach nach bhfuil sé ar a chumas an rud ceart a dhéanamh fiú nuair atá sé ar intinn aige é. Chonaic mé é seo in oifigí agus i bpobail bheaga. Bíonn an chumhacht ag an duine nach bhfuil aon rud le déanamh aige. Bíonn sé ina shuí ansin agus bíonn air freagra a thabhairt, agus tugann sé an freagra atá aige, agus sin é an freagra a fhanann.

Agus an rud nach ndeirtear go minic: is féidir le duine éirí as gan aon rud a rá. Téann duine ina thost agus sin é, gan choimhlint gan argóint. Agus ní bhíonn a fhios ag éinne go raibh sé ann. Tarlaíonn sé seo i gcónaí, i ngach áit, agus ní thugann éinne faoi deara é mar gheall go bhfuil sé ciúin. Tugann tú faoi deara an duine atá ag scríobh, agus ní smaoiníonn tú ar an duine nach bhfuil ann. B'fhéidir gurb é sin an fáth a scríobhaim, chun gan imeacht gan rian ar bith. Níl a fhios agam an bhfuil sé ag obair.

Cad é atá uaim i ndáiríre? Níl moladh uaim. Tá a fhios agam nach bhfuil mo chuid oibre go maith, agus níor mhaith liom go ndeirfí liom go bhfuil. Bheadh sé sin níos measa ná an rud atá ann. Is é atá uaim ná go ndeirfeadh duine amháin, uair amháin, rud éigin a thabharfadh le fios go bhfuil sé ag féachaint. Níl níos mó ná sin uaim. Go bhfeicfí mé, agus go dtuigfí go bhfuil a fhios agam nach bhfuil mo chuid oibre go maith, agus nach bhfuil sé sin ina bhac ar éinne. Smaoiním ar seo agus mé ag féachaint ar na rudaí a scríobh mé blianta ó shin, agus feicim go raibh mé ag lorg an ruda chéanna ansin. Níor athraigh sé mórán.

An féidir le rud a bheith ina chomhartha agus ina chúis ag an am céanna? Sílim go bhféadfadh. Sílim go mbíonn, go minic. Is cuimhin liom rud a chuala mé uair amháin, go mbíonn an rud a deirtear faoi dhuine níos tábhachtaí ná an duine féin uaireanta, mar gheall go mbíonn sé ina chomhartha do dhaoine eile. Nílim cinnte an bhfuil sé sin fíor, ach smaoiním air go minic.

Tagann smaoineamh chugam i gcónaí ón taobh amuigh, agus ní thaitníonn sé liom. An rud a cheapaim a bhí mé a dhéanamh, agus an rud a bhí mé a dhéanamh i ndáiríre, ní hionann iad, agus is minic nach mbíonn a fhios agam go dtí i bhfad ina dhiaidh sin. B'fhéidir nach mbíonn a fhios agam riamh. B'fhéidir gurb é sin a bheith i do dhuine, go siúlann tú trí do shaol féin gan a bheith in ann é a fheiceáil ón taobh amuigh, agus go mbíonn ort brath ar dhaoine eile a deir leat cad a bhí ar siúl agat, agus go mbíonn eagla ort i gcónaí roimh an rud a deir siad.

Agus filleann sé arís, mar a fhilleann sé i gcónaí. An ceartú agus an chaoi a dtagann sé agus an rud a dhéanann sé duit. Sílim gurb é seo é, agus tá sé simplí go leor: is féidir liom an ceartú a sheasamh má thagann sé ó dhuine atá ag seasamh liom. Ní féidir liom é a sheasamh má thagann sé ó dhuine atá ina sheasamh os mo chomhair amach. Níl aon rud casta faoi sin, agus beidh orainn cur suas leis. Chonaic mé é seo ag tarlú do dhaoine eile, agus rinne mé féin é chomh maith. Tá sé éasca a fheiceáil ón taobh amuigh, agus beagnach dodhéanta ón taobh istigh.

An rud atá fágtha ná an rud nach féidir a chur i bhfocail. Tá sé ann. Tá sé i gcónaí ann. Agus ós rud é nach féidir liom é a chur i bhfocail, scríobhaim timpeall air, agus fanaim in aice leis go dtí go dtiocfaidh sé amach as a stuaim féin. B'fhéidir nach dtiocfaidh sé riamh. B'fhéidir gurb é sin an rud atá i gceist, go bhfanann tú in aice leis an rud nach féidir a rá agus go mbíonn ort glacadh leis nach dtiocfaidh sé.

''Níor tháinig sé anocht.''

''Beir bua.''</text>
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      <id>1330925</id>
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      <text bytes="7895" sha1="fyizb9c1c881oydbcovc41yqvctlvwc" xml:space="preserve">== Imeall ==

Tosaím leis an rud is soiléire, agus ansin téann sé ar strae. Níl a fhios agam cad atáim ag iarraidh a rá. Tá sé ann, tá sé soiléir go leor istigh, ach nuair a chromaim ar é a chur i bhfocail tagann rud éigin eile amach. Mar sin scríobhaim timpeall air. Sin rud éigin a dhéanaim go minic, agus b'fhéidir gurb é sin an fáth a scríobhaim ar chor ar bith. Deirtear gur cheart scríobh chun rud éigin a chur in iúl, ach ní mar sin a oibríonn sé domsa. Scríobhaim chun a fháil amach cad atá ar siúl agam, agus ní bhíonn an freagra agam riamh ag deireadh.

An féidir le rud a bheith fíor agus mícheart ag an am céanna? Bíonn dhá rud ann i gcónaí, an rud a deirtear agus an rud a chloistear, agus ní thagann siad le chéile riamh. Bíonn duine ag caint agus duine eile ag éisteacht, agus i lár an aistrithe sin titeann rud éigin amach nach dtagann aon duine air. Smaoiním ar an rud a deirim le mo mháthair agus an rud a chloiseann sí, agus an bhearna eatarthu nach mbíonn a fhios ag éinne conas í a líonadh. B'fhéidir gur ag an mbearna sin a thosaíonn gach míthuiscint agus gach rud nár tharla riamh.

Smaoiním go minic ar an difríocht idir &quot;tá an ceart agat&quot; agus &quot;tuigim thú.&quot; Ní hionann iad ar chor ar bith. Is féidir liom &quot;tá an ceart agat&quot; a rá agus gan faic a thuiscint. Is féidir liom &quot;tuigim thú&quot; a rá agus gan aontú le haon rud. Ceaptar gur aontú é an chéad cheann, ach deireadh comhrá is ea é, agus bíonn sé deas agus ciúin agus ní thugann tú faoi deara go bhfuil sé thart.

Deirtear go dtagann foghlaim de réir a chéile, ach tagann sí i léimeanna agus ansin stopann sí ar feadh blianta agus ansin tagann sí arís gan choinne, de ghnáth i lár oíche nó i lár comhrá nach mbaineann sé léi. Níl aon chuar ann. An líne réidh aníos a bhíonn sna leabhair, ní fheicim riamh í. Feicimse tréimhsí fada ina bhfanann gach rud mar a bhí, agus ansin seachtain amháin ina n-athraíonn gach rud agus ní thuigim cad a tharla.

Smaoiním uaireanta gur ceist cheada atá ann seachas ceist foghlama. Cé a thugann cead duit a bheith i do chuid oibre? Ní thugann éinne é, ar aon bhealach foirmiúil. Ach bíonn a fhios agat nuair nach bhfuil sé agat, mar gheall go mbíonn daoine ag féachaint ort ar bhealach áirithe agus ní féidir leat é a ainmniú. Agus ansin tosaíonn tú ag smaoineamh ar rudaí nár cheart duit a bheith ag smaoineamh orthu. Nuair a thugtar cead duit, is minic nach dtagann tú air go dtí i bhfad ina dhiaidh.

An cheist is deacra: an bhfuil sé sin ceart? Tá sé ceart go leor, b'fhéidir. Tá gá le caighdeán, le rud éigin a chosaint. Tá daoine ann a chaith a saol ar rud éigin agus nach maith leo a fheiceáil á chaitheamh amú ag daoine a thagann isteach ar feadh seachtaine agus a shíleann go bhfuil a bhfios acu. Tá an ceart acu, agus is furasta dearmad a dhéanamh de sin. Smaoiním ar na daoine a thóg an rud atá á chosaint acu, agus iad féin gan críochnú. Níor thóg éinne an caighdeán in aon bheart amháin. Tógadh é thar na blianta, agus tháinig daoine isteach air agus d'fhág siad a rian, agus anois deirtear le daoine nua gan cur isteach air. B'fhéidir go bhfuil sé sin ceart agus b'fhéidir nach bhfuil, ach bíonn sé deacair a mhíniú do dhuine atá ag teacht isteach den chéad uair.

Ach tá an ceart ag an duine eile freisin, agus sin an rud nach féidir a réiteach. Tá an ceart aige a bheith ann, agus triail a bhaint as, agus a bheith mícheart go poiblí. Agus nuair a deirtear leis nach bhfuil an ceart aige a bheith ann, bíonn rogha éigin á cur i bhfolach taobh thiar de chaighdeán. Bíonn daoine ag déanamh sin i gcónaí, agus bímse á dhéanamh chomh maith, agus bíonn gach duine á dhéanamh. Cuirimid ár roghanna i bhfolach taobh thiar de phrionsabail mar gheall go bhfuil sé níos éasca prionsabal a chosaint ná rogha a chosaint.

Agus smaoineamh eile a thagann chugam, ceann nach dtaitníonn liom: is é an duine a bhfuil an t-am aige a shocraíonn cad a tharlaíonn. Bíonn sé tuirseach i gcónaí, mar gheall gurb é an duine céanna a bhíonn ag déanamh gach rud eile. Mar sin bíonn an chumhacht ag duine atá tuirseach. B'fhéidir gurb é sin an rud is contúirtí ar fad, duine tuirseach nach bhfuil sé ar a chumas an rud ceart a dhéanamh fiú nuair atá sé ar intinn aige é. Chonaic mé é seo in oifigí agus i bpobail bheaga. Bíonn an chumhacht ag an duine nach bhfuil aon rud le déanamh aige. Bíonn sé ina shuí ansin agus bíonn air freagra a thabhairt, agus tugann sé an freagra atá aige, agus sin é an freagra a fhanann.

Agus an rud nach ndeirtear go minic: is féidir le duine éirí as gan aon rud a rá. Téann duine ina thost agus sin é, gan choimhlint gan argóint. Agus ní bhíonn a fhios ag éinne go raibh sé ann. Tarlaíonn sé seo i gcónaí, i ngach áit, agus ní thugann éinne faoi deara é mar gheall go bhfuil sé ciúin. Tugann tú faoi deara an duine atá ag scríobh, agus ní smaoiníonn tú ar an duine nach bhfuil ann. B'fhéidir gurb é sin an fáth a scríobhaim, chun gan imeacht gan rian ar bith. Níl a fhios agam an bhfuil sé ag obair.

Cad é atá uaim i ndáiríre? Níl moladh uaim. Tá a fhios agam nach bhfuil mo chuid oibre go maith, agus níor mhaith liom go ndeirfí liom go bhfuil. Bheadh sé sin níos measa ná an rud atá ann. Is é atá uaim ná go ndeirfeadh duine amháin, uair amháin, rud éigin a thabharfadh le fios go bhfuil sé ag féachaint. Níl níos mó ná sin uaim. Go bhfeicfí mé, agus go dtuigfí go bhfuil a fhios agam nach bhfuil mo chuid oibre go maith, agus nach bhfuil sé sin ina bhac ar éinne. Smaoiním ar seo agus mé ag féachaint ar na rudaí a scríobh mé blianta ó shin, agus feicim go raibh mé ag lorg an ruda chéanna ansin. Níor athraigh sé mórán.

An féidir le rud a bheith ina chomhartha agus ina chúis ag an am céanna? Sílim go bhféadfadh. Sílim go mbíonn, go minic. Is cuimhin liom rud a chuala mé uair amháin, go mbíonn an rud a deirtear faoi dhuine níos tábhachtaí ná an duine féin uaireanta, mar gheall go mbíonn sé ina chomhartha do dhaoine eile. Nílim cinnte an bhfuil sé sin fíor, ach smaoiním air go minic.

Tagann smaoineamh chugam i gcónaí ón taobh amuigh, agus ní thaitníonn sé liom. An rud a cheapaim a bhí mé a dhéanamh, agus an rud a bhí mé a dhéanamh i ndáiríre, ní hionann iad, agus is minic nach mbíonn a fhios agam go dtí i bhfad ina dhiaidh sin. B'fhéidir nach mbíonn a fhios agam riamh. B'fhéidir gurb é sin a bheith i do dhuine, go siúlann tú trí do shaol féin gan a bheith in ann é a fheiceáil ón taobh amuigh, agus go mbíonn ort brath ar dhaoine eile a deir leat cad a bhí ar siúl agat, agus go mbíonn eagla ort i gcónaí roimh an rud a deir siad.

Agus filleann sé arís, mar a fhilleann sé i gcónaí. An ceartú agus an chaoi a dtagann sé agus an rud a dhéanann sé duit. Sílim gurb é seo é, agus tá sé simplí go leor: is féidir liom an ceartú a sheasamh má thagann sé ó dhuine atá ag seasamh liom. Ní féidir liom é a sheasamh má thagann sé ó dhuine atá ina sheasamh os mo chomhair amach. Níl aon rud casta faoi sin, agus beidh orainn cur suas leis. Chonaic mé é seo ag tarlú do dhaoine eile, agus rinne mé féin é chomh maith. Tá sé éasca a fheiceáil ón taobh amuigh, agus beagnach dodhéanta ón taobh istigh.

An rud atá fágtha ná an rud nach féidir a chur i bhfocail. Tá sé ann. Tá sé i gcónaí ann. Agus ós rud é nach féidir liom é a chur i bhfocail, scríobhaim timpeall air, agus fanaim in aice leis go dtí go dtiocfaidh sé amach as a stuaim féin. B'fhéidir nach dtiocfaidh sé riamh. B'fhéidir gurb é sin an rud atá i gceist, go bhfanann tú in aice leis an rud nach féidir a rá agus go mbíonn ort glacadh leis nach dtiocfaidh sé.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fender Stratocaster</title>
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      <text bytes="11532" sha1="brzbu81tegew0gw3u0brzsw6n1r09tt" xml:space="preserve">{{Scrios}}
[[Íomhá:1958 Fender Stratocaster.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Fender Stratocaster trí dhath sunburst ó 1958, le droichead vibrato agus clúdach miotail.|Fender Stratocaster ó 1958, le bailchríoch trí dhath sunburst.]]

Is giotár leictreach le corp soladach é an '''Fender Stratocaster''', a chuir an comhlacht Meiriceánach Fender ar an margadh sa bhliain 1954. Tugtar an '''Strat''' air go minic. Tá dhá ghearradh ar a chorp comhrianaithe, rud a éascaíonn rochtain ar na nótaí arda ar an muineál. Tá trí phiocadóir maighnéadacha agus córas vibrato ar an gcumraíocht thraidisiúnta. Tá an giotár in úsáid i seánraí éagsúla ceoil, go háirithe [[rac-cheol]], blús agus ceol pop, agus bhí baint ag ceoltóirí ar nós Jimi Hendrix agus Eric Clapton lena chlú idirnáisiúnta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smithsonian2024&quot;&gt;David Levine, “[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/stratocaster-became-rock-music-most-iconic-guitar-70-years-ago-180984913/ The Stratocaster Became Rock Music’s Most Iconic Guitar 70 Years Ago]”, ''Smithsonian Magazine'', Meán Fómhair–Deireadh Fómhair 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian2024&quot;&gt;Andy Welch, “[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2024/apr/10/fender-stratocaster-turns-70 ‘With a Strat you can rule the world!’ Nile Rodgers, Bonnie Raitt and John Squire on the electric guitar that changed everything]”, ''The Guardian'', 10 Aibreán 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stair ==

D'fhorbair Leo Fender agus a fhoireann an Stratocaster ag tús na 1950idí. Bhí sé ceaptha mar ghiotár gairmiúil a chuirfeadh tuilleadh roghanna ar fáil do cheoltóirí ná na samhlacha a bhí ag an gcomhlacht cheana féin. Is minic a luaitear an giotáraí Rex Gallion maidir le moltaí faoi chomhrianta an choirp, agus dhear an t-innealtóir Freddie Tavares an cruth a raibh dhá adharc air. Ba é Don Randall, bainisteoir díolacháin Fender, a roghnaigh an t-ainm '''Stratocaster'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;&gt;Jeff Owens, “[https://www.fender.com/articles/behind-the-scenes/the-history-of-the-fender-stratocaster-the-1950s The History of the Fender Stratocaster: The 1950s]”, Fender Musical Instruments Corporation.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tugadh an Stratocaster isteach in earrach 1954. Bhí sé ar fáil i leagan le córas vibrato agus i leagan gan an córas sin, agus thosaigh an táirgeadh lánscála i mí Dheireadh Fómhair na bliana céanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;/&gt;

Ní raibh an giotár mórán aithne air i dtosach. Tháinig méadú ar a fheiceálacht nuair a bhí an banna The Crickets, faoi cheannas Buddy Holly, ar an gclár teilifíse '''The Ed Sullivan Show''' an 1 Nollaig 1957. Sheinn Holly ar Stratocaster le linn an léirithe sin, rud a chuir an tsamhail os comhair lucht féachana níos leithne.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;/&gt;

[[Íomhá:Buddy Holly's Fender Stratocaster, Buddy Holly Center, Lubbock, TX.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Giotár Fender Stratocaster a bhain le Buddy Holly, ar taispeáint ag Ionad Buddy Holly i Lubbock, Texas.|Stratocaster a bhain le Buddy Holly, ar taispeáint ag Ionad Buddy Holly i Lubbock, Texas.]]

Rinneadh athruithe ar an ionstraim de réir a chéile. I lár 1956, thosaigh Fender ag úsáid fearnóige in áit fuinseoige do chorp an ghiotáir, toisc go raibh an t-adhmad nua níos saoire agus níos éasca le hoibriú leis. In 1959, cuireadh clár méire de rósadhmad ar fáil ar an tsamhail, in áit an chláir mhéire a bhí comhtháite le muineál an ghiotáir. Leanadh den Stratocaster a mhonarú i leaganacha éagsúla, agus athraíodh sonraí an dearaidh agus na gcomhpháirteanna le himeacht ama.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;/&gt;

== Dearadh agus oibriú ==

Tá corp soladach comhrianaithe ar an Stratocaster, agus dhá ghearradh in aice leis an muineál. Ceapadh na comhrianta chun go mbeadh sé níos compordaí an giotár a choinneáil in aghaidh an choirp, agus éascaíonn na gearrthacha seinm ar na freotaí is airde. Tá an muineál ceangailte den chorp le scriúnna, rud a éascaíonn cóimeáil agus deisiú na huirlise.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian2024&quot;/&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Príomhghnéithe na cumraíochta traidisiúnta
! Gné !! Cur síos
|-
| Piocadóirí
| Trí phiocadóir maighnéadacha aonchorna.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;/&gt;
|-
| Rialtáin
| Rialtán toirte amháin agus dhá rialtán toin sa ghnáthshocrú.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;/&gt;
|-
| Lasc roghnaithe
| Lasc trí sheasamh ar na chéad mhúnlaí; tháinig an lasc cúig sheasamh chun bheith ina ghnáthghné in 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderSelector&quot;&gt;Jeff Owens, “[https://www.fender.com/articles/instruments/sounds-aplenty-the-stratocaster-pickup-selector-switch How to Use the Stratocaster Pickup Selector Switch]”, Fender.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Droichead
| Córas vibrato ar go leor leaganacha traidisiúnta; tá samhlacha le droichead seasta ann freisin.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderComparison&quot;&gt;Fender Musical Instruments Corporation, “[https://www.fender.com/articles/instruments/stratocaster-or-telecaster-understanding-the-basic-differences Stratocaster or Telecaster: Understanding the Basic Differences]”.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

[[Íomhá:Fender Stratocaster Controls.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Trí phiocadóir aonchorna, lasc roghnaithe, rialtáin toirte agus toin ar chorp Stratocaster.|Piocadóirí agus rialtáin Fender Stratocaster.]]

Roghnaíonn an lasc na piocadóirí a úsáidtear chun an comhartha leictreach a sheoladh chuig an aimplitheoir. Ar na chéad mhúnlaí, níor roghnaigh an lasc trí sheasamh ach piocadóir amháin ag an am. Fuair giotáraithe amach, áfach, go bhféadfaidís an lasc a choinneáil idir dhá shuíomh chun dhá phiocadóir a úsáid le chéile. Le tabhairt isteach an lasc cúig sheasamh in 1977, bhí na teaglamaí sin níos éasca a roghnú go díreach.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderSelector&quot;/&gt;

Athraíonn an córas vibrato teannas na dtéad nuair a bhogtar a luamhán, rud a ligeann don cheoltóir airde na nótaí a ardú nó a ísliú. Úsáideann Fender an téarma '''tremolo''' chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar an bhfeiste, cé gurb é '''vibrato''' an téarma ceoil a bhaineann le hathrú airde nóta.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;/&gt;

[[Íomhá:2008 Fender USA Stratocaster (lefthand) - Synchronized tremolo bridge.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Grianghraf gar den droichead vibrato sioncrónaithe ar Fender Stratocaster ó 2008.|Droichead vibrato sioncrónaithe ar Stratocaster ó 2008.]]

Ní bhíonn sonraíochtaí comhionanna ag gach Stratocaster. Tá leaganacha ann a bhfuil piocadóirí de chineálacha éagsúla, muiníl de chruthanna éagsúla, droichid sheasta nó córais leictreonacha éagsúla orthu. Tá samhlacha ath-eisiúna ann freisin atá bunaithe ar dhearaí stairiúla, chomh maith le giotáir a forbraíodh i gcomhar le ceoltóirí aonair.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderGuide&quot;&gt;Fender Musical Instruments Corporation, “[https://www.fender.com/articles/instruments/fender-stratocaster-buying-guide-7-strat-models-compared Fender Stratocaster Buying Guide: 7 Strat Models Compared]”.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Úsáid i gceol móréilimh ==

Tá an Stratocaster in úsáid i seánraí éagsúla, lena n-áirítear rac-cheol, blús, ceol pop agus func. D'úsáid Jimi Hendrix é i gcuid de na léirithe is cáiliúla dá chuid, go háirithe ag féile Woodstock in 1969, nuair a sheinn sé leagan den amhrán náisiúnta Meiriceánach, “The Star-Spangled Banner”. Bhí baint ag ceoltóirí eile, Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, David Gilmour, Mark Knopfler, Nile Rodgers agus Bonnie Raitt ina measc, leis an tsamhail freisin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smithsonian2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian2024&quot;/&gt;

[[Íomhá:Jimi Hendrix's Fender Stratocaster (1968) in Olympic White, purchased in New York in 1968, played on legendary 1969 Woodstock performance, and used until about 1970 - Play It Loud. MET (2019-05-13 19.43.28 by Eden, Janine and Jim).jpg|mion|deas|alt=Fender Stratocaster bhán ó 1968 a d'úsáid Jimi Hendrix ag Woodstock in 1969, ar taispeáint i Músaem Ealaíne Cathrach Nua-Eabhrac.|Stratocaster bhán Jimi Hendrix, a d'úsáid sé ag Woodstock in 1969, ar taispeáint i Músaem Ealaíne Cathrach Nua-Eabhrac.]]

Bhain ceoltóirí leas as tréithe éagsúla an Stratocaster chun a stíleanna ceoil féin a fhorbairt. Chuidigh a úsáid fhorleathan i rac-cheol agus i gceol pop lena áit a dhaingniú i gcultúr an cheoil ón dara leath den 20ú haois ar aghaidh. Mar gheall ar an líon mór leaganacha atá ar fáil, braitheann fuaim agus mothú gach giotáir ar na piocadóirí, ar na hábhair agus ar dhearadh an mhuiníl agus an droichid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderGuide&quot;/&gt;

== Díospóid maidir le cruth an choirp ==

Ar an 22 Nollaig 2025, thug Cúirt Réigiúnach Düsseldorf sa Ghearmáin breithiúnas réamhshocraithe i gcás a bhain le giotáir a raibh cruth coirp cosúil leis an Stratocaster orthu. Mheas an chúirt go raibh an dearadh sonrach a bhí i gceist faoi chosaint chóipchirt faoin dlí Gearmánach, agus chuir sí cosc ar an gcuideachta chosantach na giotáir lena mbaineann a dhíol sa Ghearmáin. Breithiúnas réamhshocraithe a bhí ann, toisc nár chuir an cosantóir freagra ar an gcaingean isteach.&lt;ref name=&quot;Judgment2025&quot;&gt;Landgericht Düsseldorf, *Versäumnisurteil* an 22 Nollaig 2025, cás 14c O 64/25. [https://recht.nulegal.eu/rechtsprechung/lg-duesseldorf/2025-12-22/14c-o-64-25 Téacs an bhreithiúnais].&lt;/ref&gt;

Tar éis do Fender toradh an cháis a fhógairt i Márta 2026, thosaigh an comhlacht ag cur fógraí dlíthiúla chuig monaróirí agus miondíoltóirí a bhí ag tairiscint giotáir a mheas sé a bheith róchosúil lena dhearadh. Thuairiscigh Reuters i mí Iúil gur sheol Fender fógra chuig Yamaha agus gur thionscain sé caingean dlí i gcoinne an mhiondíoltóra Ghearmánaigh Thomann, a dhíolann giotáir faoin mbranda Harley Benton. Chuir Thomann in aghaidh éilimh Fender agus d'iarr sé dearbhú nach raibh a chuid táirgí ag sárú chearta an chomhlachta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters2026&quot;&gt;Nathan Gomes, Nandan Mandayam agus Stephen Nellis, “[https://www.reuters.com/legal/legalindustry/fender-sues-german-retailer-thomann-copyright-dispute-over-stratocaster-2026-07-16/ Fender sues German retailer Thomann in copyright dispute over Stratocaster]”, Reuters, 16 Iúil 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

De réir tuairisce ón IP Helpdesk de chuid Ghníomhaireacht Feidhmiúcháin na Comhairle Nuálaíochta Eorpaí agus FBManna, bhí Fender tar éis dul i dteagmháil le thart ar 60 gnólacht faoi Dheireadh Fómhair 2026 agus comhaontuithe a bhaint amach le cuid acu. Deir Fender go bhfuil sé ag iarraidh cóipeanna dlútha dá dhearadh a chosc; tá monaróirí eile ag ceistiú cé chomh fairsing is ceart an chosaint sin a bheith, ós rud é go bhfuil giotáir a bhfuil cruthanna comhchosúla orthu á ndéanamh le blianta fada. Baineann an breithiúnas bunaidh le cás sonrach sa Ghearmáin agus ní hionann é agus cosc ginearálta ar gach giotár a bhfuil cruth cosúil leis an Stratocaster air.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPHelpdesk2026&quot;&gt;European Innovation Council and SMEs Executive Agency, “[https://intellectual-property-helpdesk.ec.europa.eu/news-events/news/fenders-stratocaster-copyright-dispute-reaches-yamaha-prs-thomann-and-amazon-disney-and-james-2026-10-08_en Fender’s Stratocaster copyright dispute reaches Yamaha, PRS, Thomann and Amazon]”, IP Helpdesk, 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters2026&quot;/&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Giotár]]
* [[Jimi Hendrix]]
* [[Fender Telecaster|Telecaster]]

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

{{Catcómhaoin|Fender Stratocaster}}

[[Catagóir:Giotár]]
[[Catagóir:Téaduirlisí]]</text>
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        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
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      <comment>/* Tá an fómhar fairsing ach níl ann ach meitheal bheag. */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4904" sha1="8741hxllkxq48534u2xnllqb6b1fxen" xml:space="preserve">== Tá an fómhar fairsing ach níl ann ach meitheal bheag. ==
Fáilte romhatǃ Tá súil agam go mbeimid in ann bualadh le chéile go luath, chun aithne a chur ar a chéile, ár dtuairimí a roinnt, agus araile.̴̴ [[Úsáideoir:Ériugena|Ériugena]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Ériugena|plé]]) 19:55, 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2026 (UTC)

:Go raibh maith agat as an bhfáilte chroíúil! Is eagarthóir mé ar Vicipéid na Portaingéilise, agus táim ag foghlaim na Gaeilge le tamall. Tá áthas orm a bheith anseo agus tá súil agam cuidiú leis an meitheal bheag seo.[[Úsáideoir:Sanduíche de Presunto|Sanduíche de Presunto]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Sanduíche de Presunto|plé]]) 20:17, 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2026 (UTC)
::A chara,
::An bhfuil tú i do chónaí in Éirinn? Tá mé i mo chónaí i mBaile Átha Cliath (in Iúr Cinn Trá, Contae an Dúin, chomh maith), Más féidir, b'fhéidir go bhféadfaimis bualadh le chéile agus an t-ábhar seo a phlé thar chupán caife?̴̴ [[Úsáideoir:Ériugena|Ériugena]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Ériugena|plé]]) 12:43, 25 Deireadh Fómhair 2026 (UTC)
:::Dia duit, a Ériugena! Go raibh míle maith agat as an gcuireadh, tá sé an-deas díot! Ar an drochuair, níl mé i mo chónaí in Éirinn. Tá mé in Alagoas, in oirthuaisceart na Brasaíle, agus ní raibh deis agam cuairt a thabhairt ar Éirinn go fóill. Ós rud é go bhfuil an tAigéan Atlantach eadrainn, bheadh beagán pleanála ag teastáil chun an caife sin a eagrú! Bheinn an-sásta comhrá a dhéanamh leat ar líne agus do chomhairle a fháil maidir le Vicipéid na Gaeilge, go háirithe faoi théarmaíocht theicniúil agus stíl na n-alt. Go raibh míle maith agat arís as an gcuireadh agus as do chineáltas! [[Úsáideoir:Sanduíche de Presunto|Sanduíche de Presunto]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Sanduíche de Presunto|plé]]) 13:38, 25 Deireadh Fómhair 2026 (UTC)

== Botúin tromchúiseacha ==

Fáilte, a Sanduíche de Presunto,&lt;br&gt;
Feicim, faraor, gur bhain tú úsáid as ChatGPT chun ailt a scríobh le déanaí.&lt;br&gt;
Agus ní nach ionadh, rinne tusa, agus do chara IS, botúin, botúin go leor.&lt;br&gt;
Léigh mé (go tapa) an t-alt &quot;Teoiric na ríomha&quot; (nó Ríomhtheoiric).&lt;br&gt;
Ríomheolaíocht = computer science&lt;br&gt;
Ríomhaireacht = Computing&lt;br&gt;
Ríomh = computation&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Rinne tusa agus do IS botúin san alt ach tá an chéad bhotún, an teideal, thar a bheith tromchúiseach. Cén fáth a bhfuil an suíomh tearma.ie ann?  Tá an ghramadach thar a bheith casta, faraor.  Níl an téarma &quot;Teoiric na ríomha&quot; le fáil ar an idirlíon (ach dheimhnigh an Coiste Téarmaíochta an téarma).  Nuair a scríobhann tú alt le teideal míchruinn, cuireann tú pobal na Gaeilge amú.  Ní féidir linn glacadh leis seo.&lt;br&gt;

&lt;br&gt;
Agus tarraingíonn seafóid droch-cháil ar an Vicipéid.   Le blianta fada bhí/tá go leor daoine gan mórán Gaeilge ag scríobh anseo gan srian ar bith, agus tharraing sé sin droch-cháil ar an Vicipéid i measc cainteoirí dúchais/líofa.  Bhí agus tá fadhbanna againn fós le daoine a cheapann go bhfuil siad in ann scríobh (an cás is measa, ... cuardaigh an t-úsáideoir &quot;Chaco&quot;).  Agus inniu le ChatGPT srl., tá sé níos deacra raiméis a aimsiú, faraor.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Níl ChatGPT oiriúnach don Vicipéid ar chor ar bith i láthair na huaire.  Tá Claude Code (Code a scríobh mé, ní an Chat Claude) i bhfad níos fearr.  Ach 1/ caithfidh tú íoc as, 2/ taithí a bheith agat ar Code, agus 3/ é a thraenáil.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Scríobh tú faoi &quot;Olltoghchán na Brasaíle, 2026&quot;.    Níl an chéad abairt nádúrtha agus is cosúil go bhfuil athrá go leor san alt agus bhí an t-alt rófhada.  Ní hionann mór agus maith.  Tá sé thar a bheith tábhachtach na foinsí atá ann as Gaeilge, m.sh.&lt;br&gt;
https://tuairisc.ie/an-bhrasail-lula-tofa-ina-uachtaran-don-cheathru-huair-agus-seandream-na-tire-ag-votail-ina-sluaite/&lt;br&gt;
a chur isteach.&lt;br&gt;
Difríocht ollmhór idir Tuairisc.ie agus d'alt féin... Tá Tuairisc.ie bríomhar, suimiúil agus cruinn.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Is féidir leat úsáid a bhaint as Claude Code chun botúin a aimsiú ar an Vicipéid.  Éacht iontach a bheadh ann. Ach le do thoil, ná téigh ar aghaidh ag scríobh ailt nua, i láthair na huaire.&lt;br&gt;

&lt;br&gt;
Níl an t-am agam snas a chur ar do chuid scríbhneoireachta.  &lt;br&gt;
Ní dhéanfaidh na heagarthóirí eile anseo an obair sin ach an oiread, obair róleadránach.  De ghnáth tá sé níos éasca alt a athscríobh go hiomlán nuair a bhíonn sé breac le botúin. ... nó an t-alt a SCRIOSADH.&lt;br&gt;
Please see my advice here https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9As%C3%A1ideoir:TGcoa   I prefer that people that don't master basic Irish syntax contribute other ways, eg adding pictures or categories.  Nó inniu, botúin a aimsiú le Claude Code.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Beir bua, Ciarán
&lt;br&gt; [[Úsáideoir:TGcoa|TGcoa]] ([[Plé úsáideora:TGcoa|plé]]) 22:47, 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>/* Botúin tromchúiseacha */ Freagra</comment>
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      <text bytes="5824" sha1="36utic5e06jq2zt4helyjfkp8dq7lg8" xml:space="preserve">== Tá an fómhar fairsing ach níl ann ach meitheal bheag. ==
Fáilte romhatǃ Tá súil agam go mbeimid in ann bualadh le chéile go luath, chun aithne a chur ar a chéile, ár dtuairimí a roinnt, agus araile.̴̴ [[Úsáideoir:Ériugena|Ériugena]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Ériugena|plé]]) 19:55, 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2026 (UTC)

:Go raibh maith agat as an bhfáilte chroíúil! Is eagarthóir mé ar Vicipéid na Portaingéilise, agus táim ag foghlaim na Gaeilge le tamall. Tá áthas orm a bheith anseo agus tá súil agam cuidiú leis an meitheal bheag seo.[[Úsáideoir:Sanduíche de Presunto|Sanduíche de Presunto]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Sanduíche de Presunto|plé]]) 20:17, 20 Deireadh Fómhair 2026 (UTC)
::A chara,
::An bhfuil tú i do chónaí in Éirinn? Tá mé i mo chónaí i mBaile Átha Cliath (in Iúr Cinn Trá, Contae an Dúin, chomh maith), Más féidir, b'fhéidir go bhféadfaimis bualadh le chéile agus an t-ábhar seo a phlé thar chupán caife?̴̴ [[Úsáideoir:Ériugena|Ériugena]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Ériugena|plé]]) 12:43, 25 Deireadh Fómhair 2026 (UTC)
:::Dia duit, a Ériugena! Go raibh míle maith agat as an gcuireadh, tá sé an-deas díot! Ar an drochuair, níl mé i mo chónaí in Éirinn. Tá mé in Alagoas, in oirthuaisceart na Brasaíle, agus ní raibh deis agam cuairt a thabhairt ar Éirinn go fóill. Ós rud é go bhfuil an tAigéan Atlantach eadrainn, bheadh beagán pleanála ag teastáil chun an caife sin a eagrú! Bheinn an-sásta comhrá a dhéanamh leat ar líne agus do chomhairle a fháil maidir le Vicipéid na Gaeilge, go háirithe faoi théarmaíocht theicniúil agus stíl na n-alt. Go raibh míle maith agat arís as an gcuireadh agus as do chineáltas! [[Úsáideoir:Sanduíche de Presunto|Sanduíche de Presunto]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Sanduíche de Presunto|plé]]) 13:38, 25 Deireadh Fómhair 2026 (UTC)

== Botúin tromchúiseacha ==

Fáilte, a Sanduíche de Presunto,&lt;br&gt;
Feicim, faraor, gur bhain tú úsáid as ChatGPT chun ailt a scríobh le déanaí.&lt;br&gt;
Agus ní nach ionadh, rinne tusa, agus do chara IS, botúin, botúin go leor.&lt;br&gt;
Léigh mé (go tapa) an t-alt &quot;Teoiric na ríomha&quot; (nó Ríomhtheoiric).&lt;br&gt;
Ríomheolaíocht = computer science&lt;br&gt;
Ríomhaireacht = Computing&lt;br&gt;
Ríomh = computation&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Rinne tusa agus do IS botúin san alt ach tá an chéad bhotún, an teideal, thar a bheith tromchúiseach. Cén fáth a bhfuil an suíomh tearma.ie ann?  Tá an ghramadach thar a bheith casta, faraor.  Níl an téarma &quot;Teoiric na ríomha&quot; le fáil ar an idirlíon (ach dheimhnigh an Coiste Téarmaíochta an téarma).  Nuair a scríobhann tú alt le teideal míchruinn, cuireann tú pobal na Gaeilge amú.  Ní féidir linn glacadh leis seo.&lt;br&gt;

&lt;br&gt;
Agus tarraingíonn seafóid droch-cháil ar an Vicipéid.   Le blianta fada bhí/tá go leor daoine gan mórán Gaeilge ag scríobh anseo gan srian ar bith, agus tharraing sé sin droch-cháil ar an Vicipéid i measc cainteoirí dúchais/líofa.  Bhí agus tá fadhbanna againn fós le daoine a cheapann go bhfuil siad in ann scríobh (an cás is measa, ... cuardaigh an t-úsáideoir &quot;Chaco&quot;).  Agus inniu le ChatGPT srl., tá sé níos deacra raiméis a aimsiú, faraor.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Níl ChatGPT oiriúnach don Vicipéid ar chor ar bith i láthair na huaire.  Tá Claude Code (Code a scríobh mé, ní an Chat Claude) i bhfad níos fearr.  Ach 1/ caithfidh tú íoc as, 2/ taithí a bheith agat ar Code, agus 3/ é a thraenáil.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Scríobh tú faoi &quot;Olltoghchán na Brasaíle, 2026&quot;.    Níl an chéad abairt nádúrtha agus is cosúil go bhfuil athrá go leor san alt agus bhí an t-alt rófhada.  Ní hionann mór agus maith.  Tá sé thar a bheith tábhachtach na foinsí atá ann as Gaeilge, m.sh.&lt;br&gt;
https://tuairisc.ie/an-bhrasail-lula-tofa-ina-uachtaran-don-cheathru-huair-agus-seandream-na-tire-ag-votail-ina-sluaite/&lt;br&gt;
a chur isteach.&lt;br&gt;
Difríocht ollmhór idir Tuairisc.ie agus d'alt féin... Tá Tuairisc.ie bríomhar, suimiúil agus cruinn.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Is féidir leat úsáid a bhaint as Claude Code chun botúin a aimsiú ar an Vicipéid.  Éacht iontach a bheadh ann. Ach le do thoil, ná téigh ar aghaidh ag scríobh ailt nua, i láthair na huaire.&lt;br&gt;

&lt;br&gt;
Níl an t-am agam snas a chur ar do chuid scríbhneoireachta.  &lt;br&gt;
Ní dhéanfaidh na heagarthóirí eile anseo an obair sin ach an oiread, obair róleadránach.  De ghnáth tá sé níos éasca alt a athscríobh go hiomlán nuair a bhíonn sé breac le botúin. ... nó an t-alt a SCRIOSADH.&lt;br&gt;
Please see my advice here https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9As%C3%A1ideoir:TGcoa   I prefer that people that don't master basic Irish syntax contribute other ways, eg adding pictures or categories.  Nó inniu, botúin a aimsiú le Claude Code.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Beir bua, Ciarán
&lt;br&gt; [[Úsáideoir:TGcoa|TGcoa]] ([[Plé úsáideora:TGcoa|plé]]) 22:47, 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026 (UTC)

:A Chiaráin, go raibh maith agat as an am a thóg tú leis sin. Tuigim go bhfuil tú ag iarraidh caighdeán na Gaeilge anseo a chosaint agus tá meas agam air sin, fiú má bhí sé beagáinín crua a léamh. Táim fós ag foghlaim na Gaeilge, tá sé sin luaite ar mo leathanach úsáideora mar a fheicfidh tú, agus mar sin tógaim an cháineadh i mo stuaim agus glacaim leis an bpointe faoin teideal agus faoin athrá. Ní raibh sé de rún agam droch-cháil ar bith a tharraingt ar an Vicipéid, agus ní bheidh aighneas ar bith agam faoi seo. Is léir go bhfuil an-chúram ort faoin áit, agus tá meas agam ar an obair a dhéanann tú ansin. Tá súil agam nach gcuireann sé seo isteach ort, agus go bhfoghlaimeoidh mé go ciúin uait as seo amach. Beir bua. [[Úsáideoir:Sanduíche de Presunto|Sanduíche de Presunto]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Sanduíche de Presunto|plé]]) 23:43, 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Fender Telecaster</title>
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      <text bytes="9554" sha1="gk26r5v02hlbsitktnhhkrnknjey70n" xml:space="preserve">{{Scrios}}
[[Íomhá:Fender Telecaster 003.JPG|mionsamhail|deas|alt=Giotár Fender Telecaster le bailchríoch sunburst agus muineál mailpe.|Fender Telecaster le bailchríoch sunburst agus muineál mailpe.]]

Is samhail de [[Giotár|ghiotár]] leictreach le corp soladach í an '''Fender Telecaster''', a d'fhorbair Leo Fender agus foireann a chomhlachta ag deireadh na 1940idí agus ag tús na 1950idí. Bhí an Esquire agus an Broadcaster, dhá mhúnla luatha de chuid Fender, mar bhunús léi. Glacadh an t-ainm Telecaster in 1951 tar éis agóid trádmhairc faoi ainm an Broadcaster. Bhí sí ar cheann de na chéad ghiotáir leictreacha le corp soladach a d'éirigh go tráchtála leo ar scála mór.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fender1950s&quot;&gt;Elizabeth Nelson, [https://www.fender.com/articles/behind-the-scenes/a-decade-of-beginnings-fender-in-the-1950s ''A Decade of Beginnings: Fender in the 1950s''], Fender, gan dáta foilsithe (rochtain 21 Deireadh Fómhair 2026).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;&gt;Jeff Owens, [https://www.fender.com/articles/behind-the-scenes/the-one-that-started-it-all-a-telecaster-history ''The One That Started It All: A Telecaster History''], Fender, gan dáta foilsithe (rochtain 21 Deireadh Fómhair 2026).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian&quot;&gt;John Harris, [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jul/04/fender-telecaster-andy-summers-graham-coxon ''Sixty years of the Fender Telecaster''], ''The Guardian'', 4 Iúil 2010 (rochtain 21 Deireadh Fómhair 2026).&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhain an Telecaster an-tábhacht amach i [[Ceol tuaithe|gceol tuaithe]] Mheiriceá, go háirithe sa luasc-cheol iartharach agus i bhFuaim Bakersfield. Níos déanaí, d'úsáid ceoltóirí i réimsí éagsúla eile í, lena n-áirítear na gormacha, ceol R&amp;B, rac-cheol agus rac-cheol punc.&lt;ref name=&quot;MusicRadar&quot;&gt;Ed Mitchell, [https://www.musicradar.com/news/how-the-fender-telecaster-conquered-country ''How the Fender Telecaster Conquered Country''], ''MusicRadar'', 7 Bealtaine 2020 (rochtain 21 Deireadh Fómhair 2026).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian&quot;/&gt;

== Forbairt agus stair ==

D'fhorbair Leo Fender an dearadh i ndeisceart California sna blianta i ndiaidh an Dara Cogadh Domhanda. Bhí taithí ag a chomhlacht ar ghiotáir chruach agus ar aimplitheoirí leictreacha a mhonarú sular thosaigh sé ag forbairt giotár leictreach a d'imreofaí ina sheasamh, ar nós gnáthghiotáir. Bhí an dearadh simplí, láidir agus oiriúnach don táirgeadh sraitheach. Ceanglaíodh an muineál den chorp le scriúnna, rud a d'fhág go bhféadfaí muineál damáistithe nó caite a bhaint agus muineál eile a chur ina áit gan obair chasta ar an ionstraim.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;/&gt;

Tháinig an Esquire ar an margadh in 1950. Múnla aon-ghlacaire fuaime a bhí ann ar dtús. Lean an Broadcaster an bhliain chéanna, agus dhá ghlacaire fuaime maighnéadacha air. Nuair a d'ardaigh comhlacht Gretsch agóid trádmhairc faoin ainm Broadcaster, bhain Fender an t-ainm sin de cheannchláir na ngiotár ar feadh tamaill. Tugtar ''Nocaster'' ar na hionstraimí idirthréimhseacha sin go minic i measc bailitheoirí, cé nárbh ainm oifigiúil samhla é.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fender1950s&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;/&gt;

Ghlac Fender an t-ainm Telecaster in 1951. Níor athraíodh bunstruchtúr an ghiotáir go suntasach mar thoradh ar an athainmniú. Bhí an dearadh simplí, an tógáil láidir agus an praghas réasúnta ina mbuntáistí don cheoltóir gairmiúil agus don mhonaróir araon. Glacadh leis an ngiotár ar dtús i measc ceoltóirí an luasc-cheoil iartharaigh agus an cheoil tuaithe, agus leathnaigh a úsáid chuig seánraí eile le linn na 1950idí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fender1950s&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;/&gt;

== Dearadh agus oibriú ==

Tá corp soladach adhmaid agus gearradh aonair in aice leis an muineál ar an Telecaster thraidisiúnta. Ceanglaítear an muineál leis an gcorp le scriúnna; is minic a dhéantar as mailp é. Bíonn dhá ghlacadóir fuaime maighnéadacha den chineál corna aonair, lasc roghnaithe trí shuíomh, rialtán toirte agus rialtán toin ar an gcumraíocht chlasaiceach. Bíonn droichead seasta ar ghnáthleaganacha den tsamhail. Athraíonn na hábhair, na glacadóirí agus na comhpháirteanna idir leaganacha agus tréimhsí éagsúla.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MusicRadar&quot;/&gt;

Tá dearadh simplí ar an gcóras rialaithe, ach níor fheidhmigh an lasc agus na rialtáin ar an gcaoi chéanna i gcónaí. Sa chumraíocht luath ó 1951, d'fhéadfaí an dá ghlacadóir a mheascadh le chéile i suíomh amháin den lasc. Athraíodh an córas in 1952 chun roghanna éagsúla a thabhairt maidir le glacadóir an droichid agus glacadóir an mhuiníl, lena n-áirítear suíomh ina raibh fuaim níos dordaí réamhshocraithe. Sa chumraíocht sin ní raibh suíomh ann chun an dá ghlacadóir a úsáid le chéile. Athraíodh an lasc arís in 1967 chun an socrú a chur ar fáil ina roghnaítear glacadóir an droichid, an dá ghlacadóir le chéile, nó glacadóir an mhuiníl. Is é sin an socrú a bhaineann leis an Telecaster chlasaiceach sa lá atá inniu ann.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;/&gt;

== Leaganacha ==

[[Íomhá:Many Fender Telecasters.jpg|mionsamhail|deas|alt=Roinnt giotáir a bhaineann le dearadh Fender Telecaster, lena n-áirítear samhlacha Thinline agus Cabronita.|Leaganacha éagsúla den Telecaster agus samhlacha gaolmhara, lena n-áirítear Thinline agus Cabronita.]]

Cé gur fhan cruth bunúsach na Telecaster sách comhsheasmhach, d'fhorbair Fender roinnt leaganacha a raibh difríochtaí suntasacha acu ó thaobh tógála agus fuaime de.

Tugadh an Telecaster Thinline isteach in 1968. Rinneadh cuais i gcodanna den chorp chun an meáchan a laghdú, ach coinníodh croílár soladach adhmaid ann. Bhí cuid de na leaganacha feistithe le dhá ghlacadóir corna aonair, agus cuireadh glacadóirí humbucker ar leagan níos déanaí. Tháinig dearadh an Thinline chun solais mar chuid d'iarrachtaí Fender an tsamhail bhunaidh a chur in oiriúint do roghanna nua ceoltóirí.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;/&gt;

[[Íomhá:Fender 72 Telecaster Thinline (horizontal).png|mionsamhail|deas|280px|alt=Giotár leictreach Fender Telecaster Thinline de 1972.|Fender Telecaster Thinline de 1972.]]

Bhí leagan darb ainm Custom Telecaster ar fáil ó 1959. Bhí corp ceangailteach maisiúil air, ach bhí a bhunstruchtúr cosúil leis an Telecaster chaighdeánach. In 1972, thug Fender leagan nua isteach ar a dtugtar Telecaster Custom, a raibh glacadóir humbucker ag an muineál agus glacadóir corna aonair ag an droichead. Bhí an chumraíocht seo dírithe ar raon níos leithne toin a chur ar fáil don imreoir.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderCustom&quot;&gt;Jeff Owens agus Mike Duffy, [https://www.fender.com/articles/behind-the-scenes/a-classic-evolved-the-telecaster-custom-story ''A Classic Evolved: The Telecaster Custom Story''], Fender, gan dáta foilsithe (rochtain 21 Deireadh Fómhair 2026).&lt;/ref&gt;

Tugadh an Telecaster Deluxe isteach in 1973. Bhí dhá ghlacadóir humbucker agus stoc cinn níos mó uirthi, cosúil leis an gceann ar an [[Fender Stratocaster|Stratocaster]]. Ba chuid de threocht níos leithne é an tsamhail sin ina raibh Fender ag triail glacadóirí humbucker chun roghanna nua fuaime a chur ar fáil gan buncharachtar an Telecaster a thréigean go hiomlán.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderCustom&quot;/&gt;

== Úsáid agus tionchar ceoil ==

Bhí úsáid luath na Telecaster dírithe go mór ar cheol tuaithe Mheiriceá agus ar cheoltóirí an luasc-cheoil iartharaigh. Bhí sí úsáideach i mbannaí ina raibh gá le giotár leictreach a mbeadh a fhuaim le cloisteáil go soiléir i measc uirlisí eile. Tháinig sí chun cinn mar cheann de na hionstraimí a bhain le Fuaim Bakersfield, stíl cheoil tuaithe a d'fhorbair i gCalifornia sna 1950idí déanacha agus a raibh tóir uirthi sna 1960idí.&lt;ref name=&quot;MusicRadar&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;/&gt;

Bhí Buck Owens agus a bhanna, na Buckaroos, ar na ceoltóirí ba mhó a bhain úsáid as an Telecaster sa stíl sin. Bhí Don Rich, a sheinn giotár luaidhe leis na Buckaroos, agus Merle Haggard agus a bhanna, na Strangers, bainteach leis an bhfuaim chéanna. Bhí sí níos géire agus níos lom ó thaobh socruithe ceoil de ná cuid den cheol tuaithe a bhí coitianta i Nashville ag an am, agus bhí ról suntasach ag fuaim an ghiotáir leictrigh inti.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MusicRadar&quot;/&gt;

[[Íomhá:Stax Records, Memphis, TN, US (13).jpg|mionsamhail|deas|alt=Giotár Fender Telecaster Steve Cropper ar taispeáint i Stax Recording Studio i Memphis, Tennessee.|Giotár Fender Telecaster a bhain le Steve Cropper, ar taispeáint i Stax Recording Studio i Memphis.]]

Níor fhan úsáid na Telecaster teoranta don cheol tuaithe. D'úsáid ceoltóirí na gormacha agus an R&amp;B, ina measc Muddy Waters agus Steve Cropper, í ar thaifeadtaí agus ar an stáitse. De réir mar a leathnaigh tionchar an cheoil Mheiriceánaigh sa Bhreatain, ghlac ceoltóirí rac-cheoil leis an uirlis freisin. Bhain Keith Richards agus Joe Strummer úsáid aisti, agus bhí sí ar cheann de na giotáir a bhain le fuaim an rac-cheoil agus an cheoil indie sa Bhreatain. Bhí baint aici freisin le forbairt fuaimeanna garbha an rac-cheoil punc, go háirithe trí cheoltóirí a d'úsáid giotár leictreach chun fuaim dhíreach, shoiléir a chruthú.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian&quot;/&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Giotár]]
* [[Fender Stratocaster]]
* [[Ceol tuaithe]]

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

{{Catcómhaoin|Fender Telecaster}}

[[Catagóir:Giotár]]
[[Catagóir:Téaduirlisí]]</text>
      <sha1>gk26r5v02hlbsitktnhhkrnknjey70n</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Fender Jazzmaster</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128649</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330903</id>
      <parentid>1330552</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T03:20:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sanduíche de Presunto</username>
        <id>78137</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="8508" sha1="3kxs104cp77h44gsyphl4zjojzx3jed" xml:space="preserve">{{Scrios}}
{{WD Bosca Sonraí}}
[[Íomhá:Fender Electric Guitar from Walk the Line.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Giotár leictreach Fender Jazzmaster le bailchríoch bhán sheanré agus clár méire dorcha, ar taispeáint i músaem.|Fender Jazzmaster i mbailchríoch bhán sheanré, ar taispeáint i Músaem Johnny Cash.]]


Is samhail de [[giotár leictreach]] é an '''Fender Jazzmaster''' a thug an comhlacht Meiriceánach [[Fender]] isteach sa bhliain 1958. Dearadh é ar dtús mar ghiotár ardleibhéil do ghiotáraithe snagcheoil, ach níor bhain sé an tóir amach sa seánra sin a raibh Fender ag súil leis. Ina ionad sin, ghlac ceoltóirí an cheoil surf, an phunc-cheoil agus an rac-cheoil mhalartaigh leis, agus tá baint ar leith aige le ceol indie agus shoegaze freisin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;&gt;Dave Hunter, [https://www.guitarworld.com/features/fender-75-years-jazzmaster The origins of the Fender Jazzmaster, from surf supremo to alternative hero], ''Guitar World'', 17 Meán Fómhair 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bacon&quot;&gt;Tony Bacon, [https://reverb.com/au/news/a-timeline-of-fender-jazzmasters A Timeline of Fender Jazzmasters], ''Reverb'', 31 Lúnasa 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Príomhghnéithe ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Saintréithe an bhunleagain
! Gné !! Sonraí
|-
| Déantóir || [[Fender]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bacon&quot;/&gt;
|-
| Cineál || Giotár leictreach coirp sholadaigh
|-
| Bliain a tugadh isteach || 1958&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;/&gt;
|-
| Líon sreang || 6
|-
| Piocadóirí || Dhá phiocadóir corna aonair leathana
|-
| Fad scála || 25.5 orlach (648 mm)
|-
| Rialuithe fuaime || Ciorcad luaidhe agus ciorcad rithime
|-
| Droichead agus vibrato || Droichead ar snámh agus córas vibrato
|}

== Dearadh agus oibriú ==

Bhí corp neamhshiméadrach ag an Jazzmaster, agus bhí cruth na coime deartha chun an giotár a dhéanamh níos compordaí agus é á sheinm ina shuí. Bhí sé ar cheann de na dearaí ba shainiúla i raon Fender ag an am. Bhí a dhá phiocadóir corna aonair níos leithne ná na piocadóirí a bhí ar roinnt samhlacha eile de chuid an chomhlachta, agus bhí siad ceaptha chun fuaim shainiúil, sách te agus iomlán a chruthú.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bacon&quot;/&gt;

Gné thábhachtach den dearadh ab ea an córas rialaithe fuaime. Bhí dhá chiorcad ar leith ar an mbunleagan: an ciorcad luaidhe (''lead'') agus an ciorcad rithime (''rhythm''). Rialaíodh an ciorcad luaidhe leis na rialuithe toirte agus tóine ar an gcorp íochtarach, agus d'fhéadfaí ceann amháin den dá phiocadóir nó an dá cheann a roghnú. Bhí rialuithe ar leith don toirt agus don tón ar an gciorcad rithime, a d'úsáid piocadóir an mhuiníl amháin agus a sholáthair fuaim níos dorcha agus níos séimhe. D'fhéadfaí aistriú idir an dá chiorcad le lasc sleamhnáin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Owens&quot;&gt;Jeff Owens, [https://www.fender.com/articles/behind-the-scenes/jazz-bomb-surf-staple-indie-icon-a-jazzmaster-history Jazz Bomb. Surf Staple. Indie Icon: A Jazzmaster History], ''Fender''.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Íomhá:Fender Jazzmaster accessories - strings, mute, and pickup cover.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Gabhálais Fender Jazzmaster lena n-áirítear téada, mút agus clúdach piocadóra.|Gabhálais agus comhpháirteanna Fender Jazzmaster.]]

Bhí droichead ar snámh agus córas vibrato ar an ngiotár freisin. Leis an luamhán vibrato, d'fhéadfadh an ceoltóir athruithe rialaithe a dhéanamh ar airde na nótaí. Bhí buntáistí ag baint leis an socrú seo, ach bhí deacrachtaí áirithe aige freisin: mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh na sreanga sleamhnú amach as claiseanna sháinniú an droichid dá mbuailfí ró-chrua iad. Athraíodh socruithe an droichid agus codanna eile den uirlis ar roinnt leaganacha agus ar ghiotáir a rinneadh a mhodhnú ina dhiaidh sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Owens&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bacon&quot;/&gt;

[[Íomhá:Fender Jazzmaster Floating Tremolo with Tremolo Lock.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Garghrianghraf de chóras vibrato ar snámh agus glas vibrato Fender Jazzmaster.|Córas vibrato ar snámh agus glas vibrato an Jazzmaster.]]

[[Íomhá:Fender Jazzmaster Tremolosystem.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Léaráid ghearrtha a thaispeánann struchtúr inmheánach chóras vibrato an Fender Jazzmaster.|Léaráid de chóras vibrato an Jazzmaster.]]

== Stair ==

=== Bunús agus teacht chun cinn ===

Thug Fender an Jazzmaster isteach in 1958 mar ghiotár suaitheanta an chomhlachta, agus é ag iarraidh níos mó giotáraithe snagcheoil a mhealladh chuig a chuid uirlisí coirp sholadaigh. Bhí súil ag an gcomhlacht go mbeadh a dhearadh nua-aimseartha agus a raon rialuithe ina rogha tharraingteach ar na giotáir choirp fholmha a bhí coitianta i measc ceoltóirí snagcheoil. Níor ghlac an lucht éisteachta sin go forleathan leis an tsamhail, áfach.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brakes&quot;&gt;Rod Brakes, [https://www.guitarplayer.com/gear/fender-jazzmaster The History of the Fender Jazzmaster], ''GuitarPlayer'', 5 Bealtaine 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Íomhá:FGF museum 01. Leo and early models.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Taispeántas i músaem Fender faoi Leo Fender agus samhlacha luatha an chomhlachta.|Leo Fender agus samhlacha luatha Fender i dtaispeántas músaeim.]]

Ag deireadh na 1950idí agus i dtús na 1960idí, fuair an Jazzmaster lucht leanúna i measc ceoltóirí an cheoil surf, go háirithe i gCalifornia. Bhí ton na bpiocadóirí agus éifeachtaí an chórais vibrato oiriúnach do na pasáistí séiseacha agus do na sleamhnuithe airde nótaí a bhí ina ngnéithe den seánra sin. Bhí an grúpa The Ventures ar cheann de na bannaí a bhain úsáid luath as an uirlis, agus lean ceoltóirí surf eile a sampla.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;/&gt;

D'fhan an Jazzmaster i raon táirgí Fender tar éis don chéad bhorradh faoin gceol surf dul i léig. Mar sin féin, tháinig laghdú ar a fheiceálacht sna 1970idí, nuair a bhí tóir ag dul i méid ar ghiotáir agus ar phiocadóirí de chineál eile. Bhí an tsamhail níos saoire le ceannach ar an margadh athláimhe ná roinnt giotáir Fender eile, áfach, agus chuir sin lena tarraingteacht i measc ceoltóirí a bhí ag obair lasmuigh den phríomhshruth.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;/&gt;

Chuir Fender deireadh le táirgeadh an Jazzmaster sa bhliain 1980. Sa bhliain 1986, thug Fender Japan leagan seanré den tsamhail ar ais ar an margadh, bunaithe ar an dearadh ó 1962. Bhí an leagan Seapánach ar a dtugtar JM66 ar díol go dtí 2015, agus díoladh leagan Meiriceánach ath-eisiúna den Jazzmaster '62 go dtí 1999. Lean leaganacha ath-eisiúna agus samhlacha modhnaithe eile iad sna blianta ina dhiaidh sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Owens&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bacon&quot;/&gt;

[[Íomhá:Fender Japan Jazzmaster.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Giotár leictreach Fender Jazzmaster arna mhonarú sa tSeapáin.|Fender Jazzmaster de chuid Fender Japan.]]

== Úsáid i gceol móréilimh ==

Cé nár tháinig an rath a bhí beartaithe ar an Jazzmaster i measc ghiotáraithe snagcheoil, bhain ceoltóirí rac-cheoil agus ceoil mhalartaigh úsáid as ar bhealaí éagsúla. Sna 1970idí, bhí an uirlis le feiceáil i measc ceoltóirí punc agus new wave, lena n-áirítear Tom Verlaine de chuid Television agus Elvis Costello. I ndeireadh na 1980idí agus sna 1990idí, ghlac ceoltóirí rac malartach agus indie leis arís.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;/&gt;

I measc na gceoltóirí a bhain úsáid shuntasach as an Jazzmaster bhí Thurston Moore agus Lee Ranaldo de chuid Sonic Youth, J Mascis de chuid Dinosaur Jr., Kevin Shields agus Bilinda Butcher de chuid My Bloody Valentine, agus Robert Smith de chuid The Cure. Bhain roinnt acu leas as na féidearthachtaí a chuir an córas rialaithe agus an dearadh ar fáil chun athruithe a dhéanamh ar a gcuid giotáir. I gcás Sonic Youth, rinneadh modhnuithe ar na piocadóirí agus ar an droichead, agus thug na hathruithe sin raon fuaimeanna níos leithne don uirlis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hunter&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Owens&quot;/&gt;

[[Íomhá:FGF museum 11. Sonic Youth Jazzmaster model.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Taispeántas i músaem Fender a thugann aird ar úsáid an Jazzmaster ag Sonic Youth.|Jazzmaster agus tionchar Sonic Youth ar an rac-cheol malartach.]]

Mar thoradh ar an úsáid a bhain ceoltóirí de sheánraí éagsúla as, tá an Jazzmaster aitheanta ní hamháin mar cheann de ghiotáir shainiúla Fender, ach mar uirlis a bhfuil baint aici le forbairt an cheoil surf, an phunc-cheoil agus an rac-cheoil mhalartaigh chomh maith.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bacon&quot;/&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Giotár]]
* [[Fender Stratocaster]]
* [[Fender Telecaster]]

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

{{Catcómhaoin|Fender Jazzmaster}}

[[Catagóir:Giotár]]
[[Catagóir:Téaduirlisí]]</text>
      <sha1>3kxs104cp77h44gsyphl4zjojzx3jed</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fender Jaguar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128653</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330904</id>
      <parentid>1330555</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T03:20:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sanduíche de Presunto</username>
        <id>78137</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1330904</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4291" sha1="4jsjxj0wa7blaxah572zjbn0bybpdm3" xml:space="preserve">{{Scrios}}
[[Íomhá:Fender Jaguar (1965), Museum of Making Music.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Giotár leictreach Fender Jaguar a rinneadh in 1965|Fender Jaguar ó 1965 i mbailiúchán an Museum of Making Music.]]

'''Is giotár leictreach le corp soladach é an Fender Jaguar''' a thug Fender isteach sa bhliain 1962 mar mhúnla ardleibhéil. I measc na ngnéithe a bhaineann leis an dearadh bunaidh tá corp fritháirithe, fad scála 24 orlach (610 mm), 22 frets agus córas rialaithe ina bhfuil roinnt lasca agus ciorcaid ar leith.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuitarPlayer&quot;&gt;Art Thompson, ''[https://www.guitarplayer.com/reviews/fender-60th-anniversary-jaguar-review Fender 60th Anniversary Jaguar Review]'', GuitarPlayer, 6 Iúil 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot;&gt;Jeff Owens, ''[https://www.fender.com/articles/behind-the-scenes/from-surf-to-shoegaze-a-history-of-the-jaguar From Surf to Shoegaze, a History of the Jaguar]'', suíomh gréasáin Fender.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stair ==

Tugadh an Jaguar isteach agus Fender ag iarraidh samhail níos airde sa raon a chur ar fáil, agus bhí a fhad scála níos giorra ná fad scála roinnt de na giotáir eile de chuid an chomhlachta. Bhí tóir áirithe air i measc ceoltóirí surf sna 1960idí, ach níor bhain sé an leibhéal díolacháin céanna amach leis an Telecaster ná leis an Stratocaster. De réir mar a d'athraigh treochtaí ceoil sna 1960idí agus sna 1970idí, tháinig laghdú ar a ról sa mhargadh agus chuir Fender deireadh lena tháirgeadh in 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;PremierGuitar&quot;&gt;''[https://www.premierguitar.com/vintage-vault-1966-fender-jaguar Vintage Vault: 1966 Fender Jaguar]'', Premier Guitar.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot; /&gt;

[[Íomhá:Fender Jaguar (3 tone burst).jpg|mion|deas|alt=Fender Jaguar le bailchríoch sunburst trí dhath, dhá phiocadóir agus córas rialaithe ar leith.|Fender Jaguar i mbailchríoch sunburst trí dhath.]]

Bhí athbheochan spéise sa Jaguar i ndiaidh theacht chun cinn an phunc sna 1970idí agus leathnú an rac mhalartaigh agus an ghráinse sna 1980idí agus sna 1990idí. Tháinig athleagan Seapánach den mhúnla ó 1962 amach in 1986, agus tugadh athleagan Meiriceánach isteach in 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;MusicRadar&quot;&gt;Rod Brakes, ''[https://www.musicradar.com/news/classic-gear-fender-jaguar Classic gear: Fender Jaguar]'', MusicRadar, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PremierGuitar&quot; /&gt;

I measc na gceoltóirí a bhain úsáid as an Jaguar bhí Carl Wilson ó The Beach Boys sna 1960idí agus Kurt Cobain ó Nirvana sna 1990idí. D'úsáid Cobain samhail a rinneadh in 1965.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot; /&gt;

== Dearadh ==

Tá corp fritháirithe ag an Jaguar, agus tá a chruth éagsúil le corp an Jazzmaster, samhail eile de chuid Fender. Tá 22 frets agus fad scála 24 orlach sa dearadh clasaiceach, rud a fhágann go bhfuil an scála níos giorra ná an scála 25.5 orlach a úsáidtear ar roinnt samhlacha eile de chuid Fender. Bíonn dhá phiocadán corna aonair, droichead agus aonad vibrato ar leith sa ghnáthleagan clasaiceach.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GuitarPlayer&quot; /&gt;

[[Íomhá:Jaguar and Jazzmaster.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Giotáir Fender Jaguar agus Fender Jazzmaster taobh le taobh, agus cruthanna fritháirithe an dá shamhail le feiceáil.|Fender Jaguar agus Fender Jazzmaster taobh le taobh.]]

Tá dhá chiorcad sa chóras leictreach bunaidh: ciorcad luaidhe agus ciorcad rithime. Rialaíonn trí lasc sleamhnáin ar phláta miotail na piocadáin agus scagaire a ghearrann cuid de na minicíochtaí ísle, rud a thugann rogha eile ó thaobh toin de. Roghnaíonn lasc eile, atá suite ar adharc uachtarach an choirp, an ciorcad rithime, a úsáideann piocadán an mhuiníl.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderHistory&quot; /&gt;

[[Íomhá:Fender Jaguar Floating Tremolo with Tremolo Lock.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Garghrianghraf de chóras vibrato Fender Jaguar agus den ghlas a ghabhann leis.|Córas vibrato agus glas vibrato an Fender Jaguar.]]

Athraíodh comhpháirteanna agus sonraíochtaí an Jaguar thar thréimhsí éagsúla táirgthe. Mar shampla, tá fad scála níos faide agus piocadáin dhúbailte le cornaí déacha i gcuid de na leaganacha nua-aimseartha, seachas an chumraíocht chlasaiceach.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuitarPlayer&quot; /&gt;

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

{{Catcómhaoin|Fender Jaguar}}

[[Catagóir:Giotár]]
[[Catagóir:Téaduirlisí]]</text>
      <sha1>4jsjxj0wa7blaxah572zjbn0bybpdm3</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fender Mustang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128654</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330905</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-29T03:20:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sanduíche de Presunto</username>
        <id>78137</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1330905</origin>
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      <text bytes="7821" sha1="lk4myy32caj4qgw1ex1kemyo7h728n9" xml:space="preserve">{{Scrios}}
{{WD Bosca Sonraí}}
[[Íomhá:Fender mustang vintage white.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Giotár leictreach Fender Mustang 1969 Reissue ó 1998, le bailchríoch bhán agus clár méire dorcha.|Fender Mustang 1969 Reissue ó 1998, le bailchríoch bhán sheanré.]]

Is giotár leictreach le corp soladach é an '''Fender Mustang''' a thug an comhlacht Meiriceánach Fender isteach i mí Lúnasa 1964 mar mhúnla inacmhainne a bhí dírithe go príomha ar thosaitheoirí agus ar mhic léinn ceoil. Tá corp le coim fhritháirithe, dhá phiocadóir le corna amháin agus córas vibrato ar a dtugtar an ''Fender Dynamic Vibrato'' ar an leagan bunaidh. Cé gur forbraíodh é mar ghiotár mac léinn, tháinig an Mustang chun suntais i measc giotáraithe rac-cheoil agus rac-cheoil neamhspleách sna 1990idí, go háirithe i saol an ghrunge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fender&quot;&gt;Jeff Owens, “[https://www.fender.com/articles/behind-the-scenes/short-scale-big-noise-the-mustang-story Short Scale, Big Sound: The Mustang Story]”, Fender.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brakes2022&quot;&gt;Rod Brakes, “[https://www.guitarworld.com/features/how-the-fender-mustang-went-from-student-guitar-to-cult-classic How the Fender Mustang went from student guitar to cult classic]”, ''Guitar World'', 18 Samhain 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stair ==

Sna 1950idí, d'fhorbair Fender giotáir leictreacha inacmhainne a bhí dírithe ar mhic léinn agus ar thosaitheoirí. Ba iad an Musicmaster agus an Duo-Sonic na chéad mhúnlaí den tsraith sin, agus cuireadh ar fáil iad in 1956. Tháinig an Mustang isteach i 1964 mar an tríú samhail sa tsraith. Bhí sé bunaithe ar dhearadh an Duo-Sonic, ach bhí corp le coim fhritháirithe agus córas vibrato aige, rud a rinne idirdhealú idir é agus na samhlacha roimhe sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fender&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brakes2021&quot;&gt;Rod Brakes, “[https://www.guitarworld.com/features/the-history-of-the-fender-musicmaster-duo-sonic-and-mustang The history of the Fender Musicmaster, Duo-Sonic and Mustang]”, ''Guitar World'', 15 Eanáir 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí dhá fhad scála ar fáil don Mustang bunaidh: 24 orlach (thart ar 61 cm) agus 22.5 orlach (thart ar 57 cm). Bhí 22 freta ar an leagan 24 orlach, agus níor táirgeadh ach líon beag de na leaganacha ba ghiorra, a raibh 21 freta orthu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fender&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brakes2021&quot;/&gt;

Sa bhliain 1969, tugadh isteach na leaganacha ''Competition Mustang''. Bhí stríoca codarsnacha rásaíochta ar na giotáir seo, agus cuireadh comhrianta breise leis an gcorp. Áiríodh ar na bailchríocha Competition dearg, oráiste agus burgúin. Bhí dath an stoc chinn ag teacht le dath an choirp ar roinnt leaganacha. Leanadh de na bailchríocha seo go dtí tús na 1970idí, agus cuireadh deireadh leo thart ar 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brakes2021&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MusicRadar&quot;&gt;Stuart Williams agus Rob Laing, “[https://www.musicradar.com/news/kurt-cobain-fender-mustang-guitars-nirvana The story of Kurt Cobain's Mustangs in Nirvana]”, ''MusicRadar'', 5 Aibreán 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Íomhá:1978 Fender Mustang.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Giotár leictreach Fender Mustang ó 1978, le dhá phiocadóir agus muineál maple.|Fender Mustang ó 1978, sampla de dhearadh na samhla sna 1970idí.]]

Cuireadh deireadh le táirgeadh an Mustang sna Stáit Aontaithe i 1982. Athsheoladh an tsamhail i 1990, nuair a bhí giotáir Fender a raibh corp fritháirithe acu ag éirí níos coitianta i measc ceoltóirí rac-cheoil neamhspleách agus grunge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fender&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brakes2022&quot;/&gt;

I bhfómhar 2016, thug Fender leagan nua den Mustang isteach. Bhí fad scála 24 orlach, muineál maple cruth C, 22 freta de mheánmhéid agus dhá phiocadóir le corna amháin ar an leagan seo. Bhí rialtán toirte, rialtán tona agus lasc trí shuíomh chun na piocadóirí a roghnú ann freisin. Chuir an leagan sin córas rialaithe níos traidisiúnta ar fáil i gcomparáid le córas lasca sleamhnáin an mhúnla bhunaidh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fender&quot;/&gt;

[[Íomhá:Fender Japan Mustang MG69.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Giotár Fender Mustang MG69 a monaraíodh sa tSeapáin, bunaithe ar dhearadh seanré na samhla.|Fender Japan Mustang MG69, leagan ath-eisiúna bunaithe ar dhearadh stairiúil.]]

== Dearadh agus oibriú ==

Tá corp soladach ar an Mustang agus coim atá beagán fritháirithe, cosúil le dearadh an [[Fender Jazzmaster]]. Tá dhá phiocadóir le corna amháin suite ar uillinn ar an gcorp. D'athraigh ábhair, bailchríocha, cruthanna agus comhpháirteanna an ghiotáir thar na blianta, de réir na tréimhse monaraithe agus an leagain.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fender&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brakes2021&quot;/&gt;

[[Íomhá:Fender Mustang (1973) body.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Grianghraf de chorp Fender Mustang ó 1973, ag taispeáint na bpiocadóirí agus na rialuithe.|Corp Fender Mustang ó 1973, le dhá phiocadóir aonchorna.]]

[[Íomhá:Fender Jaguar &amp; Mustang.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Giotáir Fender Jaguar agus Fender Mustang taobh le taobh, ag léiriú na ndifríochtaí idir a gcruthanna.|Fender Jaguar agus Fender Mustang taobh le taobh.]]

Gné shainiúil den leagan bunaidh ab ea a chóras rialaithe leictreonach. Bhí lasc sleamhnáin trí shuíomh ag gach piocadóir: ceann chun é a úsáid sa ghnáthchéim, ceann chun é a mhúchadh, agus ceann chun é a úsáid agus an chéim leictreach droim ar ais. Trí shocruithe an dá lasc a chomhcheangal, bhí ocht socrú fuaime úsáideacha ar fáil. Ní raibh lasc roghnaithe piocadóirí ar leith ag an gcóras bunaidh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fender&quot;/&gt;

Bhí córas ''Dynamic Vibrato'' Fender ar cheann de na gnéithe ba shuntasaí den tsamhail. Bhain sé úsáid as droichead snámhach agus aonad vibrato ar leith. Trí an luamhán vibrato a bhogadh, athraítear teannas na dtéad agus, dá réir sin, airde na nótaí. Bhí an córas seo ar cheann de na difríochtaí tábhachtacha idir an Mustang agus na giotáir mac léinn Fender a tháinig roimhe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fender&quot;/&gt;

[[Íomhá:Dynamic Vibrato, late 70's Fender Mustang.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Garghrianghraf de chóras Fender Dynamic Vibrato ar Mustang ó dheireadh na 1970idí.|Córas Dynamic Vibrato ar Fender Mustang ó dheireadh na 1970idí.]]

== Úsáid agus tionchar cultúrtha ==

Bhain roinnt ceoltóirí aitheanta úsáid as an Mustang, cé gur dearadh mar ghiotár inacmhainne do thosaitheoirí a bhí ann ar dtús. Ina measc bhí Kurt Cobain ó [[Nirvana]], Bilinda Butcher ó My Bloody Valentine, Thurston Moore ó Sonic Youth, agus Graham Coxon agus Damon Albarn ó Blur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fender&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brakes2022&quot;/&gt;

Bhí ''Competition Mustang'' a bhain le Kurt Cobain le feiceáil i bhfíseán ceoil ''[[Smells Like Teen Spirit]]'' le Nirvana, rud a chuidigh le haird lucht leanúna an bhanna a dhíriú ar an tsamhail. Bhí Mustang Cobain athraithe le piocadóir droim ar ais ag an droichead agus droichead de chineál Tune-o-matic, ach d'fhan cuma shainiúil an mhúnla le feiceáil. Bhí an Mustang ar cheann de na giotáir a bhain le híomhá Cobain agus le hathbheochan spéise i seanmhúnlaí Fender sna 1990idí.&lt;ref name=&quot;MusicRadar&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brakes2022&quot;/&gt;

[[Íomhá:Kurt Cobain, Smells Like Teen Spirit guitar, EMP Museum.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Giotár Fender Mustang le stríoca rásaíochta a bhain le Kurt Cobain, ar taispeáint i Músaem Popchultúir Seattle.|Fender Mustang a d'úsáid Kurt Cobain, ar taispeáint i Músaem Popchultúir.]]

Mar thoradh ar an úsáid a bhain ceoltóirí de sheánraí éagsúla as, tá an Mustang aitheanta ní hamháin mar cheann de ghiotáir shainiúla Fender, ach mar uirlis a bhfuil baint aici le forbairt an cheoil surf, an phunc-cheoil agus an rac-cheoil mhalartaigh chomh maith.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brakes2022&quot;/&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Giotár]]
* [[Fender Stratocaster]]
* [[Fender Jazzmaster]]
* [[Nirvana]]

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

{{Catcómhaoin|Fender Mustang}}

[[Catagóir:Giotár]]
[[Catagóir:Téaduirlisí]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Giotár Leathfhuaimiúil</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128655</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330907</id>
      <parentid>1330347</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T03:21:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sanduíche de Presunto</username>
        <id>78137</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1330907</origin>
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      <text bytes="8538" sha1="1ayuvkr7or1nvw6gnfokgmpr1fwbhma" xml:space="preserve">{{Scrios}}
[[Íomhá:ES-335 stand.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Giotár leictreach Gibson ES-335 le bailchríoch ghrianphléasctha|Gibson ES-335, sampla den ghiotár leictreach leathfholamh.]]

'''Giotár leathfhuaimiúil''' (Béarla: ''semi-hollow-body guitar'') is cineál [[giotár leictreach]] é a bhfuil bloc adhmaid soladach ag síneadh trí lár an choirp, agus cuasa ar an dá thaobh de. Tá glacadóirí leictreamaighnéadacha ann de ghnáth, a bhailíonn creathanna na dtéad agus a thiontaíonn ina gcomhartha leictreach iad. Is féidir an comhartha sin a sheoladh chuig [[aimplitheoir]] chun fuaim an ghiotáir a mhéadú agus a mhodhnú. Comhcheanglaíonn an dearadh leathfholamh gnéithe de ghiotáir a bhfuil corp cuasach acu agus gnéithe de ghiotáir a bhfuil corp soladach acu. Cuidíonn an bloc lárnach le haiseolas fuaimiúil a laghdú agus an fhuaim á haimpliú.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yamaha&quot;&gt;Yamaha Corporation, [https://www.yamaha.com/en/musical_instrument_guide/electric_guitar/structure/structure002.html ''The Origins of the Electric Guitar: The electric guitar family''], ''Musical Instrument Guide''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sweetwater&quot;&gt;Sweetwater, [https://www.sweetwater.com/insync/semi-hollowbody/ ''Semi-hollowbody''], ''InSync'', 8 Márta 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ní úsáidtear na téarmaí Béarla ''semi-acoustic guitar'' agus ''semi-hollow-body guitar'' ar bhealach comhsheasmhach i ngach foinse. Uaireanta tagraíonn ''semi-acoustic'' do ghiotár leictreach a bhfuil corp cuasach nó leathfholamh aige, agus uaireanta úsáidtear é mar chomhchiallach le ''semi-hollow-body''. Tagraíonn an dara téarma go sonrach don dearadh a bhfuil bloc soladach lárnach ann.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yamaha&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sweetwater&quot; /&gt;

== Dearadh agus tógáil ==

Bíonn bloc soladach adhmaid i lár choirp an ghiotáir leathfholaimh, agus cuasa ar an dá thaobh de. Is minic a bhíonn barr cuartha agus poill fuaime i gcruth na litreach f ar an gcorp, cé nach mbíonn na gnéithe sin i ngach samhail. Bíonn toisí agus doimhneacht an choirp éagsúil ó mhúnla go múnla.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yamaha&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VintageGuitar&quot; /&gt;

[[Íomhá:Ibanez AS73G-PBM top and side 01 noBG.jpg|mion|clé|alt=Radharc ó thuas agus ón taobh ar ghiotár leictreach Ibanez AS73G-PBM|Léiríonn an íomhá seo cruth agus doimhneacht choirp giotáir leathfholaimh.]]

Tacaíonn an bloc lárnach leis an droichead agus le codanna eile den ionstraim a mbíonn teannas na dtéad orthu. Cuidíonn sé le cobhsaíocht struchtúrach an ghiotáir agus le fuinneamh creathach na dtéad a aistriú chuig an gcorp agus chuig an gcóras aimplithe. I gcás an Gibson ES-335, déantar an bloc lárnach as mailpe. Tá corp trí shraith de mhailpe, de phoibleog agus de mhailpe sa tsamhail reatha a chuireann an monaróir ar fáil, cé go mbíonn sonraíochtaí éagsúla ag leaganacha agus ag tréimhsí táirgthe éagsúla.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibson&quot;&gt;Gibson, [https://www.gibson.com/products/gibson-es-335-satin-smokehouse ''Gibson ES-335, Satin Smokehouse''], sonraíochtaí táirge an mhonaróra.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VintageGuitar&quot; /&gt;

Tá glacadóirí maighnéadacha suite faoi na téada ar fhormhór na ngiotár leictreach den chineál seo. Aimsíonn siad creathanna na dtéad agus gineann siad comhartha leictreach. Is féidir tréithe na fuaime a athrú trí rialtáin an ghiotáir, trí aimplitheoirí agus trí ghléasanna éifeachtaí leictreonacha. Bíonn éagsúlacht sna glacadóirí, sa leictreonaic agus sna hábhair a úsáidtear de réir na samhla.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibson&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sweetwater&quot; /&gt;

=== Difríochtaí idir cineálacha coirp ===

Is féidir giotáir leictreacha a roinnt, de réir thógáil a gcoirp, sna cineálacha seo a leanas:

* '''Corp cuasach''' (''hollow body''): tá cuas mór i gcuid mhór den chorp, gan bloc soladach lárnach leanúnach. Bíonn tionchar ag athshondas an choirp ar an bhfuaim agus d'fhéadfadh aiseolas fuaimiúil teacht chun cinn nuair a sheinntear an giotár trí aimplitheoir ag toirt ard.

* '''Corp leathfholamh''' (''semi-hollow body''): tá bloc adhmaid soladach sa lár agus cuasa ar na taobhanna. Coinníonn an dearadh seo cuid d'athshondas an choirp chuasigh, agus cuidíonn an bloc lárnach leis an ngiotár a dhéanamh níos frithsheasmhaí d'aiseolas.

* '''Corp soladach''' (''solid body''): níl cuas fuaime mór sa chorp. Bíonn an cineál seo giotáir níos lú seans maith d'aiseolas a eascraíonn as creathanna an choirp féin, cé gur féidir le haiseolas tarlú fós ag brath ar an aimpliú, ar na glacadóirí agus ar chúinsí eile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yamaha&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sweetwater&quot; /&gt;

Ní hionann na catagóirí sin agus rialacha dochta maidir le gach ionstraim. Bíonn éagsúlacht i dtógáil na ngiotár, agus braitheann a bhfuaim ar an gcorp, ar na glacadóirí, ar na téada agus ar an gcóras aimplithe le chéile.

[[Íomhá:E Gitarre Hollow-Body vs Solid-Body.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Comparáid amhairc idir giotár le corp leathfholamh agus giotár le corp soladach|Comparáid idir dearadh leathfholamh agus dearadh soladach an choirp.]]

== Stair ==

Tháinig giotáir leictreacha le corp cuasach agus glacadóirí chun cinn sna 1930idí. Bhí siad in úsáid go háirithe i gceol snagcheoil agus sna gormacha. Mar gheall ar athshondas a gcoirp, áfach, d'fhéadfadh aiseolas fuaimiúil a bheith ina fhadhb nuair a bhí siad ceangailte le aimplitheoirí ag toirt ard.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yamaha&quot; /&gt;

Forbraíodh an Gibson ES-335 in 1957 agus tugadh isteach í in 1958. Bhí Ted McCarty, uachtarán Gibson ag an am, i gceannas ar fhorbairt an mhúnla, a thug dearadh nua isteach sa tsraith Electric Spanish (ES) de ghiotáir leictreacha na cuideachta. Bhí corp tanaí, dhá ghearradh ar thaobh an mhuiníl agus bloc soladach lárnach ar an ionstraim, agus bhí glacadóirí humbucker inti.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuitarPlayer&quot;&gt;Rod Brakes, [https://www.guitarplayer.com/gear/gibson-es335-history ''The History of the Gibson ES-335TD''], ''GuitarPlayer'', 8 Meitheamh 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VintageGuitar&quot;&gt;Ward Meeker, [https://www.vintageguitar.com/37090/gibsons-1958-62-es-335td/ ''Gibson’s 1958–’62 ES-335TD''], ''Vintage Guitar'', Eagrán Eanáir 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba é cuspóir an dearaidh cuid den athshondas a bhaineann le giotár le corp cuasach a choinneáil, agus buntáiste an choirp sholadaigh maidir le fadmharthanacht nótaí agus frithsheasmhacht in aghaidh aiseolais a thabhairt isteach freisin. Bhí rath ar an ES-335, agus tháinig samhlacha gaolmhara, mar an ES-345 agus an ES-355, ar fáil ina dhiaidh sin. D'athraigh sonraíochtaí agus mionsonraí tógála an ES-335 le himeacht ama, ach leanadh den dearadh leathfholamh a úsáid.&lt;ref name=&quot;VintageGuitar&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GuitarPlayer&quot; /&gt;

== Fuaim agus úsáid ==

Ní bhíonn aon fhuaim amháin ag gach giotár leathfholamh. Bíonn tionchar ag cruth agus ábhar an choirp, ag an mbailchríoch, ag na téada, ag cineál agus suíomh na nglacadóirí agus ag socruithe an aimplitheora ar an toradh. Is minic a bhaineann fuaim na ngiotár seo le hathshondas choirp chuasigh agus le fadmharthanacht nótaí a bhaineann le dearadh níos soladaí. Cuidíonn an bloc lárnach leis an mbaol aiseolais a laghdú, ach ní chuireann sé deireadh leis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sweetwater&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VintageGuitar&quot; /&gt;

Úsáidtear giotáir leathfholmha i seánraí éagsúla, ina measc [[snagcheol]], [[na gormacha]] agus [[rac-cheol]]. Is féidir iad a sheinm le fuaim ghlan nó le saobhadh leictreonach, de réir an cheoil agus roghanna an cheoltóra. Bíonn tionchar ag an suíomh i gcoibhneas leis an aimplitheoir, ag an toirt agus ag leibhéal an aimplithe ar an méid aiseolais a d'fhéadfadh tarlú.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sweetwater&quot; /&gt;

[[Íomhá:2008 Hagstrom Viking.jpg|mion|clé|alt=Giotár leictreach Hagström Viking a tógadh in 2008|Hagström Viking, sampla eile de ghiotár leictreach leathfhuaimiúil.]]

Tá an dearadh leathfholamh le fáil i múnlaí ó mhonaróirí éagsúla. Samplaí den chineál seo is ea an Gibson ES-335, samhlacha áirithe den tsraith Ibanez AS agus an Hagström Viking. Bíonn difríochtaí idir cruth, toisí, ábhair agus leictreonaic na samhlacha sin, rud a fhágann nach mbíonn a bhfuaim ná a dtréithe imeartha díreach mar a chéile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibson&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GuitarPlayer&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sweetwater&quot; /&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Giotár]]
* [[Giotár leictreach]]
* [[Dordghiotár]]
* [[Snagcheol]]
* [[Na Gormacha]]
* [[Rac-cheol]]

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

{{Catcómhaoin|Semi-hollow-body electric guitars (with center block)}}

[[Catagóir:Uirlisí ceoil]]</text>
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[[Íomhá:Formula One logo.svg|lár|220px|alt=Lógó Foirmle a hAon]]

[[Íomhá:FIA F1 Austria 2026 Nr. 12 Antonelli (3).jpg|mion|deas|alt=Kimi Antonelli i gcarr Mercedes ag Grand Prix na hOstaire 2026|Kimi Antonelli ag tiomáint Mercedes W17 ag Grand Prix na hOstaire in 2026.]]

Is é '''Séasúr Foirmle a hAon 2026''' an 77ú séasúr de [[Foirmle a hAon|Craobhchomórtas Domhanda Foirmle a hAon]], arna eagrú faoi rialacha na [[Cónaidhm Idirnáisiúnta na Gluaisteánaíochta|Cónaidhme Idirnáisiúnta Gluaisteánaíochta]] (FIA). Is craobhchomórtas idirnáisiúnta do ghluaisteáin rásaíochta aon suíocháin í agus is í an tsraith is airde sa rásaíocht mhótair rotha oscailte í. Cuireadh tús leis an séasúr i mí an Mhárta agus tá sé le críochnú i mí na Nollag. Tá 23 Grand Prix san fhéilire leasaithe. Faoi dheireadh Grand Prix Shingeapór an 11 Deireadh Fómhair, bhí 17 rás críochnaithe; tá sé bhabhta fós le reáchtáil, agus Grand Prix na Stát Aontaithe le bheith ar siúl in Austin an 23–25 Deireadh Fómhair.&lt;ref name=&quot;calendar&quot;&gt;[https://www.formula1.com/en/racing/2026 Féilire agus torthaí oifigiúla Formula 1 2026], Formula 1, arna sheiceáil an 21 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba é [[Lando Norris]] curadh na dtiománaithe in 2025, agus ba é [[McLaren]] curadh na dtógálaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;champ2025d&quot;&gt;[https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2025/drivers Seasaimh Chraobhchomórtas na dTiománaithe 2025], Formula 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;champ2025c&quot;&gt;[https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2025/team Seasaimh Chraobhchomórtas na dTógálaithe 2025], Formula 1.&lt;/ref&gt; Tar éis 17 rás in 2026, tá [[Kimi Antonelli]] ó [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] chun tosaigh i gCraobhchomórtas na dTiománaithe le 340 pointe, 102 phointe chun tosaigh ar a chomhghleacaí foirne [[George Russell]]. Tá Mercedes ar bharr Chraobhchomórtas na dTógálaithe le 578 pointe, agus tá Ferrari sa dara háit le 444 pointe.&lt;ref name=&quot;drivers2026&quot;&gt;[https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/drivers Seasaimh Chraobhchomórtas na dTiománaithe 2026], Formula 1, arna sheiceáil an 21 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;teams2026&quot;&gt;[https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/team Seasaimh Chraobhchomórtas na dTógálaithe 2026], Formula 1, arna sheiceáil an 21 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá athrú suntasach tagtha ar rialacháin theicniúla na sraithe in 2026, go háirithe ar na haonaid chumhachta hibrideacha agus ar aeraidinimic na ngluaisteán. Tháinig Audi isteach mar fhoireann oibreacha tar éis seilbh iomlán a fháil ar Sauber, agus thosaigh Cadillac ag rásaíocht mar an t-aonú foireann déag. Is iad Mercedes, Ferrari, Audi, Honda agus Red Bull Ford na soláthraithe aonad cumhachta don séasúr.&lt;ref name=&quot;rules&quot;&gt;[https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-f1-rules-for-2026 Gach rud atá le tuiscint faoi rialacháin nua Formula 1 do 2026], Formula 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;audi&quot;&gt;[https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/audi-expands-commitment-to-formula-1-with-100-takeover-of-sauber Audi ag glacadh seilbhe iomláine ar Sauber], Formula 1, 8 Márta 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cadillac&quot;&gt;[https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/cadillac-receive-final-approval-to-join-formula-1-grid-in-2026-as-11th-team Faigheann Cadillac cead deiridh chun dul isteach san eangach in 2026], Formula 1, 7 Márta 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Foirne agus tiománaithe ==

Tá 11 fhoireann ar an eangach, dhá ghluaisteán in aghaidh na foirne, agus 22 tiománaí ar an liosta reatha. Tugann an tábla thíos uimhir gach tiománaí, ainm an chairr, agus monaróir an aonaid chumhachta. Tá samhlacha na ngluaisteán bunaithe ar liosta na gcarranna a foilsíodh roimh an séasúr; dhearbhaigh Formula 1 na tiománaithe agus na foirne atá páirteach in 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;lineup&quot;&gt;[https://www.formula1.com/en/drivers?stream=top Tiománaithe reatha Formula 1 2026], Formula 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;carnames&quot;&gt;[https://racingnews365.com/every-car-name-for-the-2026-f1-season Ainmneacha na ngluaisteán F1 do shéasúr 2026], RacingNews365, 28 Feabhra 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;
|+ Foirne, gluaisteáin, aonaid chumhachta agus tiománaithe in 2026
! Foireann !! Tógálaí / samhail an chairr !! Aonad cumhachta !! Tiománaithe
|-
| style=&quot;background:#0090d0;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|France}} [[Alpine F1 Team|Alpine]] || Alpine A526 || {{bratach|Germany}} Mercedes || {{bratach|France}} 10 – [[Pierre Gasly]]&lt;br /&gt;{{bratach|Argentina}} 43 – [[Franco Colapinto]]
|-
| style=&quot;background:#00594f;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Aston Martin in Formula One|Aston Martin]] || Aston Martin AMR26 || {{bratach|Japan}} Honda || {{bratach|Spain}} 14 – [[Fernando Alonso]]&lt;br /&gt;{{bratach|Canada}} 18 – [[Lance Stroll]]
|-
| style=&quot;background:#bb0000;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Germany}} [[Audi in Formula One|Audi]] || Audi R26 || {{bratach|Germany}} Audi || {{bratach|Brazil}} 5 – [[Gabriel Bortoleto]]&lt;br /&gt;{{bratach|Germany}} 27 – [[Nico Hülkenberg]]
|-
| style=&quot;background:#222;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|United States}} [[Cadillac in Formula One|Cadillac]] || Cadillac MAC-26 || {{bratach|Italy}} Ferrari || {{bratach|Mexico}} 11 – [[Sergio Pérez]]&lt;br /&gt;{{bratach|Finland}} 77 – [[Valtteri Bottas]]
|-
| style=&quot;background:#dc0000;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] || Ferrari SF-26 || {{bratach|Italy}} Ferrari || {{bratach|Monaco}} 16 – [[Charles Leclerc]]&lt;br /&gt;{{bratach|United Kingdom}} 44 – [[Lewis Hamilton]]
|-
| style=&quot;background:#b6b6b6;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|United States}} [[Haas F1 Team|Haas]] || Haas VF-26 || {{bratach|Italy}} Ferrari || {{bratach|France}} 31 – [[Esteban Ocon]]&lt;br /&gt;{{bratach|United Kingdom}} 87 – [[Oliver Bearman]]
|-
| style=&quot;background:#ff8700;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[McLaren]] || McLaren MCL40 || {{bratach|Germany}} Mercedes || {{bratach|United Kingdom}} 1 – [[Lando Norris]]&lt;br /&gt;{{bratach|Australia}} 81 – [[Oscar Piastri]]
|-
| style=&quot;background:#00a19b;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Germany}} [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] || Mercedes W17 || {{bratach|Germany}} Mercedes || {{bratach|Italy}} 12 – [[Kimi Antonelli]]&lt;br /&gt;{{bratach|United Kingdom}} 63 – [[George Russell]]
|-
| style=&quot;background:#3671c6;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Racing Bulls]] || Racing Bulls VCARB 03 || Red Bull Ford || {{bratach|New Zealand}} 30 – [[Liam Lawson]]&lt;br /&gt;{{bratach|United Kingdom}} 41 – [[Arvid Lindblad]]
|-
| style=&quot;background:#1e2c5b;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Austria}} [[Red Bull Racing]] || Red Bull RB22 || Red Bull Ford || {{bratach|Netherlands}} 3 – [[Max Verstappen]]&lt;br /&gt;{{bratach|France}} 6 – [[Isack Hadjar]]
|-
| style=&quot;background:#0078c9;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Williams Racing|Williams]] || Williams FW48 || {{bratach|Germany}} Mercedes || {{bratach|Thailand}} 23 – [[Alexander Albon]]&lt;br /&gt;{{bratach|Spain}} 55 – [[Carlos Sainz Jr.]]
|}

Úsáideann Mercedes, McLaren, Williams agus Alpine aonaid chumhachta Mercedes; úsáideann Ferrari, Haas agus Cadillac aonaid Ferrari; agus roinneann Red Bull Racing agus Racing Bulls teicneolaíocht Red Bull Ford. Tá aonad Honda ag Aston Martin agus aonad Audi féin ag Audi. D'fhág Renault an margadh mar sholáthraí aonad cumhachta tar éis 2025 nuair a d'aistrigh Alpine chuig Mercedes.&lt;ref name=&quot;alpine&quot;&gt;[https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/alpine-to-use-mercedes-power-units-and-gearbox-from-2026 Alpine chun aonaid chumhachta agus giarbhoscaí Mercedes a úsáid ó 2026], Formula 1, 12 Samhain 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;honda&quot;&gt;[https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/breaking-honda-to-make-full-scale-f1-return-in-2026-as-they-join-forces-with Honda agus Aston Martin le bheith i gcomhpháirtíocht ó 2026], Formula 1, 24 Bealtaine 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ford&quot;&gt;[https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2023/01/03/ford-returns-to-formula-1--strategic-partner-to-oracle-red-bull-.html Filleann Ford ar Formula 1 i gcomhpháirtíocht le Red Bull], Ford Media Center, 3 Eanáir 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;


Is é Cadillac an chéad iontrálaí nua ar an eangach ó tháinig foireann déag isteach in 2016. Ba é Audi an dara hathrú mór ar struchtúr na bhfoirne: bhí an fhoireann ar a dtugtaí Sauber roimhe seo á hathrú ina hiomaitheoir oibreacha Audi. Chuir an dá athrú leis an líon brandaí gluaisteán atá ag forbairt nó ag soláthar carranna agus aonaid chumhachta don chraobh.&lt;ref name=&quot;audi&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cadillac&quot; /&gt;

Tá Yuki Tsunoda ar liosta na dtiománaithe i seasaimh oifigiúla na dtiománaithe le pointe amháin, cé nach bhfuil sé ar an liosta reatha de 22 tiománaí foirne. Dá bhrí sin, taispeántar é sa tábla seasaimh thíos ach ní chuirtear san áireamh é mar cheann den dá thiománaí reatha atá liostaithe do gach foireann.&lt;ref name=&quot;drivers2026&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lineup&quot; /&gt;

=== Grianghraif de thiománaithe ===

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;175&quot;&gt;
2026 Chinese GP - Mercedes - Kimi Antonelli - Post Race Celebration.jpg|{{bratach|Italy}} Kimi Antonelli, Mercedes
Mercedes-AMG F1 W17 E Performance of George Russell (028A8051).jpg|{{bratach|United Kingdom}} George Russell, Mercedes
Charles Leclerc at the Melbourne Walk during the 2026 Australian Grand Prix (028A8638) (cropped).jpg|{{bratach|Monaco}} Charles Leclerc, Ferrari
2026 Chinese GP - Lando Norris (cropped).jpg|{{bratach|United Kingdom}} Lando Norris, McLaren
2026 Chinese GP - Oscar Piastri (cropped) (cropped).jpg|{{bratach|Australia}} Oscar Piastri, McLaren
Max Verstappen at the Red Bull Fan Zone – Crown Riverwalk, Melbourne (028A7659) - cropped.jpg|{{bratach|Netherlands}} Max Verstappen, Red Bull Racing
Ferrari SF-26 of Lewis Hamilton (028A8067).jpg|{{bratach|United Kingdom}} Ferrari SF-26 a thiomáin Lewis Hamilton
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Rialacháin theicniúla ==

[[Íomhá:Max Verstappen at the Red Bull Fan Zone – Crown Riverwalk, Melbourne (028A7659) - cropped.jpg|mion|clé|alt=Max Verstappen i bhfeisteas Red Bull ag Melbourne i mí an Mhárta 2026|Max Verstappen ag imeacht poiblí roimh Grand Prix na hAstráile 2026.]]

Tháinig glúin nua de charranna agus d'aonaid chumhachta isteach in 2026. Tá toisí na ngluaisteán níos lú agus tá siad níos éadroime ná na carranna a úsáideadh sa ré rialachán roimhe seo. Athraíodh an córas hibrideach go suntasach: tá ról i bhfad níos mó ag an gcumhacht leictreach agus táthar ag brath níos lú ar an inneall dócháin inmheánaigh amháin. Úsáidtear breosla inbhuanaithe sna haonaid nua chomh maith.&lt;ref name=&quot;rules&quot; /&gt;

Tá aeraidinimic ghníomhach ar na sciatháin tosaigh agus cúil. Is féidir leis an tiománaí suíomh na sciathán a athrú idir socrú a laghdaíonn an fhriotaíocht aeir ar dhíreacha agus socrú a thugann níos mó greim sna coirnéil. Ní hionann an córas seo agus an sean-Chóras Laghdaithe Tarraingthe (DRS), a raibh ceangal sonrach aige le fad an chairr ón gcarr chun tosaigh. Tá modhanna bainistíochta fuinnimh ann freisin: tugann ''Boost'' deis don tiománaí cumhacht leictreach bhreise a úsáid, cuidíonn ''Recharge'' leis an gceallra a athluchtú, agus cuireann ''Overtake'' fuinneamh breise ar fáil i gcásanna scoitheadh atá sainithe sna rialacháin.&lt;ref name=&quot;rules&quot; /&gt;

Ba iad na hathruithe seo an t-athrú is mó ar rialacháin na n-aonad cumhachta ó tugadh na córais hibrideacha isteach in 2014. Ba í 2025 an bhliain dheireanach den chumraíocht roimhe seo agus den DRS mar a bhí sé in úsáid ag an am.&lt;ref name=&quot;rules&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;champ2025d&quot; /&gt;

== Féilire ==

Bhí 24 imeacht sa sceideal bunaidh. I mí an Mhárta, áfach, fógraíodh nach mbeadh Grand Prix na Bairéine ná Grand Prix na hAraibe Sádaí ar siúl ar a ndátaí sceidealaithe i mí Aibreáin, mar gheall ar an staid slándála sa Mheánoirthear; níor cuireadh imeachtaí eile isteach ina n-áit ag an am.&lt;ref name=&quot;cancellations&quot;&gt;[https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/bahrain-and-saudi-arabian-grands-prix-will-not-capture-place-in-april.1hnqllVG85RSt8pbFc5Ivx Ní bheidh Grand Prix na Bairéine ná Grand Prix na hAraibe Sádaí ar siúl i mí Aibreáin], Formula 1, 14 Márta 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; I mí Iúil, fógraíodh go mbeadh rás ainmnithe Grand Prix na Bairéine ar siúl ag [[Sepang International Circuit]] sa Mhalaeisia i mí Dheireadh Fómhair. Dá bharr sin, tá 23 imeacht sa fhéilire reatha: 22 Grand Prix ag a n-ionaid sceidealaithe féin agus Grand Prix na Bairéine ag ionad malartach sa Mhalaeisia.&lt;ref name=&quot;bahrainMalaysia&quot;&gt;[https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-and-fia-confirm-malaysia-will-join-2026-calendar-as-host-venue-for-bahrain-grand-prix.6lL7vjFEM2VVynRHvg1TCf An Mhalaeisia le bheith mar ionad do Grand Prix na Bairéine in 2026], Formula 1 agus FIA, 26 Iúil 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;calendar&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Féilire leasaithe Chraobhchomórtas Domhanda Foirmle a hAon 2026. Tá na dátaí bunaithe ar an bhféilire oifigiúil, arna sheiceáil an 21 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;calendar&quot; /&gt;
! Babhta !! Grand Prix !! Ráschúrsa / ionad !! Dátaí an deireadh seachtaine !! Sprint
|-
! 1
| {{bratach|Australia}} [[Grand Prix na hAstráile]] || [[Albert Park Grand Prix Circuit]], Melbourne || 6–8 Márta || —
|-
! 2
| {{bratach|China}} [[Grand Prix na Síne]] || [[Shanghai International Circuit]], Shanghai || 13–15 Márta || Tá
|-
! 3
| {{bratach|Japan}} [[Grand Prix na Seapáine]] || [[Suzuka International Racing Course]], Suzuka || 27–29 Márta || —
|-
! 4
| {{bratach|United States}} [[Grand Prix Miami]] || [[Miami International Autodrome]], Miami Gardens || 1–3 Bealtaine || Tá
|-
! 5
| {{bratach|Canada}} [[Grand Prix Cheanada]] || [[Circuit Gilles-Villeneuve]], Montréal || 22–24 Bealtaine || Tá
|-
! 6
| {{bratach|Monaco}} [[Grand Prix Mhonacó]] || [[Circuit de Monaco]], Monacó || 5–7 Meitheamh || —
|-
! 7
| {{bratach|Spain}} [[Grand Prix Barcelona-Catalunya]] || [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya]], Montmeló || 12–14 Meitheamh || —
|-
! 8
| {{bratach|Austria}} [[Grand Prix na hOstaire]] || [[Red Bull Ring]], Spielberg || 26–28 Meitheamh || —
|-
! 9
| {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Grand Prix na Breataine]] || [[Silverstone Circuit]], Silverstone || 3–5 Iúil || Tá
|-
! 10
| {{bratach|Belgium}} [[Grand Prix na Beilge]] || [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps]], Stavelot || 17–19 Iúil || —
|-
! 11
| {{bratach|Hungary}} [[Grand Prix na hUngáire]] || [[Hungaroring]], Mogyoród || 24–26 Iúil || —
|-
! 12
| {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[Grand Prix na hÍsiltíre]] || [[Circuit Zandvoort]], Zandvoort || 21–23 Lúnasa || Tá
|-
! 13
| {{bratach|Italy}} [[Grand Prix na hIodáile]] || [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza]], Monza || 4–6 Meán Fómhair || —
|-
! 14
| {{bratach|Spain}} [[Grand Prix na Spáinne]] || Ciorcad IFEMA Madrid, Maidrid || 11–13 Meán Fómhair || —
|-
! 15
| {{bratach|Azerbaijan}} [[Grand Prix na hAsarbaiseáine]] || [[Baku City Circuit]], Baku || 24–26 Meán Fómhair || —
|-
! 16
| {{bratach|Malaysia}} {{bratach|Bahrain}} Grand Prix na Bairéine (sa Mhalaeisia) || [[Sepang International Circuit]], Sepang || 2–4 Deireadh Fómhair || —
|-
! 17
| {{bratach|Singapore}} [[Grand Prix Singeapór]] || [[Marina Bay Street Circuit]], Singeapór || 9–11 Deireadh Fómhair || Tá
|-
! 18
| {{bratach|United States}} [[Grand Prix na Stát Aontaithe]] || [[Circuit of the Americas]], Austin || 23–25 Deireadh Fómhair || —
|-
! 19
| {{bratach|Mexico}} [[Grand Prix Chathair Mheicsiceo]] || [[Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez]], Cathair Mheicsiceo || 30 Deireadh Fómhair – 1 Samhain || —
|-
! 20
| {{bratach|Brazil}} [[Grand Prix São Paulo]] || [[Autódromo José Carlos Pace]], São Paulo || 6–8 Samhain || —
|-
! 21
| {{bratach|United States}} [[Grand Prix Las Vegas]] || [[Las Vegas Strip Circuit]], Las Vegas || 19–21 Samhain || —
|-
! 22
| {{bratach|Qatar}} [[Grand Prix Catar]] || [[Lusail International Circuit]], Lusail || 27–29 Samhain || —
|-
! 23
| {{bratach|United Arab Emirates}} [[Grand Prix Abu Dhabi]] || [[Yas Marina Circuit]], Abu Dhabi || 4–6 Nollaig || —
|}

Reáchtáiltear sé rás Sprint le linn an tséasúir: sa tSín, i Miami, i gCeanada, sa Bhreatain Mhór, san Ísiltír agus i Singeapór. Bíonn rás Sprint ar siúl mar chuid den deireadh seachtaine agus bronnann sé pointí craobhchomórtais, ar leith ón Grand Prix féin.&lt;ref name=&quot;sprints&quot;&gt;[https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/the-beginners-guide-to-the-f1-sprint.55yJBEiF7vYkZEwSV9lZJ9 Treoir do thosaitheoirí ar an Sprint], Formula 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Torthaí rásaí ==

=== Grand Prix: pole position, an lap is tapúla agus na podiums ===

Tugann an tábla torthaí na seisiúin cháilithe, na laps is tapúla agus na chéad trí áit sna rásaí a críochnaíodh. Tá na sé bhabhta deiridh fós le reáchtáil amhail an 21 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Tá na naisc i gcolún na dtorthaí ag dul chuig torthaí oifigiúla Formula 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;calendar&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
|+ Torthaí Grand Prix in 2026
! Babhta !! Grand Prix !! Pole position !! Lap is tapúla !! Buaiteoir !! 2ú !! 3ú !! Tógálaí buaiteach !! Torthaí oifigiúla
|-
! 1
| {{bratach|Australia}} [[Grand Prix na hAstráile|Grand Prix na hAstráile]]
| style=&quot;background:#eee0ff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5dcff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[Max Verstappen]]
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Monaco}} [[Charles Leclerc]]
| style=&quot;background:#00a19b;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Germany}} Mercedes
| [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1279/australia/race-result Torthaí]
|-
! 2
| {{bratach|China}} [[Grand Prix na Síne|Grand Prix na Síne]]
| style=&quot;background:#eee0ff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5dcff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]]
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lewis Hamilton]]
| style=&quot;background:#00a19b;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Germany}} Mercedes
| [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1280/china/race-result Torthaí]
|-
! 3
| {{bratach|Japan}} [[Grand Prix na Seapáine|Grand Prix na Seapáine]]
| style=&quot;background:#eee0ff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5dcff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Australia}} [[Oscar Piastri]]
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Monaco}} [[Charles Leclerc]]
| style=&quot;background:#00a19b;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Germany}} Mercedes
| [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1281/japan/race-result Torthaí]
|-
! 4
| {{bratach|United States}} [[Grand Prix Miami|Grand Prix Miami]]
| style=&quot;background:#eee0ff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5dcff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lando Norris]]
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lando Norris]]
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Australia}} [[Oscar Piastri]]
| style=&quot;background:#00a19b;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Germany}} Mercedes
| [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1284/miami/race-result Torthaí]
|-
! 5
| {{bratach|Canada}} [[Grand Prix Cheanada|Grand Prix Cheanada]]
| style=&quot;background:#eee0ff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5dcff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lewis Hamilton]]
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[Max Verstappen]]
| style=&quot;background:#00a19b;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Germany}} Mercedes
| [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1285/canada/race-result Torthaí]
|-
! 6
| {{bratach|Monaco}} [[Grand Prix Mhonacó|Grand Prix Mhonacó]]
| style=&quot;background:#eee0ff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5dcff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lewis Hamilton]]
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|France}} [[Isack Hadjar]]
| style=&quot;background:#00a19b;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Germany}} Mercedes
| [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1286/monaco/race-result Torthaí]
|-
! 7
| {{bratach|Spain}} [[Grand Prix Barcelona-Catalunya|Grand Prix Barcelona-Catalunya]]
| style=&quot;background:#eee0ff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5dcff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lewis Hamilton]]
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lewis Hamilton]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]]
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lando Norris]]
| style=&quot;background:#dc0000;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} Ferrari
| [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1287/barcelona-catalunya/race-result Torthaí]
|-
! 8
| {{bratach|Austria}} [[Grand Prix na hOstaire|Grand Prix na hOstaire]]
| style=&quot;background:#eee0ff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5dcff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[Max Verstappen]]
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#00a19b;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Germany}} Mercedes
| [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1288/austria/race-result Torthaí]
|-
! 9
| {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Grand Prix na Breataine|Grand Prix na Breataine]]
| style=&quot;background:#eee0ff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5dcff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Monaco}} [[Charles Leclerc]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]]
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lewis Hamilton]]
| style=&quot;background:#dc0000;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} Ferrari
| [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1289/great-britain/race-result Torthaí]
|-
! 10
| {{bratach|Belgium}} [[Grand Prix na Beilge|Grand Prix na Beilge]]
| style=&quot;background:#eee0ff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5dcff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lando Norris]]
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Monaco}} [[Charles Leclerc]]
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[Max Verstappen]]
| style=&quot;background:#00a19b;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Germany}} Mercedes
| [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1290/belgium/race-result Torthaí]
|-
! 11
| {{bratach|Hungary}} [[Grand Prix na hUngáire|Grand Prix na hUngáire]]
| style=&quot;background:#eee0ff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lando Norris]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5dcff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Monaco}} [[Charles Leclerc]]
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lando Norris]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[Max Verstappen]]
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#ff8700;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} McLaren
| [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1291/hungary/race-result Torthaí]
|-
! 12
| {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[Grand Prix na hÍsiltíre|Grand Prix na hÍsiltíre]]
| style=&quot;background:#eee0ff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lando Norris]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5dcff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Monaco}} [[Charles Leclerc]]
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lando Norris]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]]
| style=&quot;background:#ff8700;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} McLaren
| [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1292/netherlands/race-result Torthaí]
|-
! 13
| {{bratach|Italy}} [[Grand Prix na hIodáile|Grand Prix na hIodáile]]
| style=&quot;background:#eee0ff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|France}} [[Pierre Gasly]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5dcff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]]
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[Max Verstappen]]
| style=&quot;background:#00a19b;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Germany}} Mercedes
| [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1293/italy/race-result Torthaí]
|-
! 14
| {{bratach|Spain}} [[Grand Prix na Spáinne|Grand Prix na Spáinne]]
| style=&quot;background:#eee0ff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lando Norris]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5dcff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]]
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[Max Verstappen]]
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lando Norris]]
| style=&quot;background:#00a19b;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Germany}} Mercedes
| [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1294/spain/race-result Torthaí]
|-
! 15
| {{bratach|Azerbaijan}} [[Grand Prix na hAsarbaiseáine|Grand Prix na hAsarbaiseáine]]
| style=&quot;background:#eee0ff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5dcff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]]
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[Max Verstappen]]
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|France}} [[Isack Hadjar]]
| style=&quot;background:#00a19b;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Germany}} Mercedes
| [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1295/azerbaijan/race-result Torthaí]
|-
! 16
| {{bratach|Malaysia}} [[Grand Prix na Bairéine sa Mhalaeisia|Grand Prix na Bairéine sa Mhalaeisia]]
| style=&quot;background:#eee0ff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[Max Verstappen]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5dcff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[Max Verstappen]]
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[Max Verstappen]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lewis Hamilton]]
| style=&quot;background:#1e2c5b;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Austria}} Red Bull Racing – Red Bull Ford
| [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1308/bahrain/race-result Torthaí]
|-
! 17
| {{bratach|Singapore}} [[Grand Prix Singeapór|Grand Prix Singeapór]]
| style=&quot;background:#eee0ff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[Max Verstappen]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5dcff;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Monaco}} [[Charles Leclerc]]
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[Max Verstappen]]
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Monaco}} [[Charles Leclerc]]
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;text-align:center;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#1e2c5b;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Austria}} Red Bull Racing – Red Bull Ford
| [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1296/singapore/race-result Torthaí]
|-
! 18
| {{bratach|United States}} Grand Prix na Stát Aontaithe
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
! 19
| {{bratach|Mexico}} Grand Prix Chathair Mheicsiceo
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
! 20
| {{bratach|Brazil}} Grand Prix São Paulo
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
! 21
| {{bratach|United States}} Grand Prix Las Vegas
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
! 22
| {{bratach|Qatar}} Grand Prix Catar
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
! 23
| {{bratach|United Arab Emirates}} Grand Prix Abu Dhabi
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|}

==== Eochair datha ====

* &lt;span style=&quot;background:#ffe680;padding:0.2em 0.5em;&quot;&gt;Ór&lt;/span&gt; — buaiteoir an Grand Prix.
* &lt;span style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;padding:0.2em 0.5em;&quot;&gt;Airgead&lt;/span&gt; — an dara háit.
* &lt;span style=&quot;background:#edc39a;padding:0.2em 0.5em;&quot;&gt;Cré-umha&lt;/span&gt; — an tríú háit.
* &lt;span style=&quot;background:#eee0ff;padding:0.2em 0.5em;&quot;&gt;Corcra éadrom&lt;/span&gt; — pole position.
* &lt;span style=&quot;background:#e5dcff;padding:0.2em 0.5em;&quot;&gt;Corcra&lt;/span&gt; — lap is tapúla.

=== Podiums na Sprint-rásaí ===

Bhronn na sé Sprint-rás pointí breise ar thiománaithe. Tá na trí áit is fearr le feiceáil thíos; tugann na naisc torthaí na seisiún oifigiúla.&lt;ref name=&quot;sprints&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;
|+ Podiums sna Sprint-rásaí 2026
! Grand Prix !! 1ú !! 2ú !! 3ú !! Torthaí
|-
| {{bratach|China}} Grand Prix na Síne || style=&quot;background:#ffe680;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]] || style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;&quot; | {{bratach|Monaco}} [[Charles Leclerc]] || style=&quot;background:#edc39a;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lewis Hamilton]] || [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1280/china/sprint-results Torthaí]
|-
| {{bratach|United States}} Grand Prix Miami || style=&quot;background:#ffe680;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lando Norris]] || style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;&quot; | {{bratach|Australia}} [[Oscar Piastri]] || style=&quot;background:#edc39a;&quot; | {{bratach|Monaco}} [[Charles Leclerc]] || [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1284/miami/sprint-results Torthaí]
|-
| {{bratach|Canada}} Grand Prix Cheanada || style=&quot;background:#ffe680;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]] || style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lando Norris]] || style=&quot;background:#edc39a;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] || [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1285/canada/sprint-results Torthaí]
|-
| {{bratach|United Kingdom}} Grand Prix na Breataine || style=&quot;background:#ffe680;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]] || style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lewis Hamilton]] || style=&quot;background:#edc39a;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lando Norris]] || [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1289/great-britain/sprint-results Torthaí]
|-
| {{bratach|Netherlands}} Grand Prix na hÍsiltíre || style=&quot;background:#ffe680;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]] || style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;&quot; | {{bratach|Monaco}} [[Charles Leclerc]] || style=&quot;background:#edc39a;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lando Norris]] || [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1292/netherlands/sprint-results Torthaí]
|-
| {{bratach|Singapore}} Grand Prix Singeapór || style=&quot;background:#ffe680;&quot; | {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[Max Verstappen]] || style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lewis Hamilton]] || style=&quot;background:#edc39a;&quot; | {{bratach|Monaco}} [[Charles Leclerc]] || [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/races/1296/singapore/sprint-results Torthaí]
|}

== Seasaimh na gcraobhchomórtas ==

=== Craobhchomórtas na dTiománaithe ===

Is iad seo na seasaimh tar éis Grand Prix Singeapór an 11 Deireadh Fómhair 2026; ní seasaimh dheiridh an tséasúir iad.&lt;ref name=&quot;drivers2026&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;
|+ Seasaimh tar éis Grand Prix Singeapór an 11 Deireadh Fómhair 2026&lt;ref name=&quot;drivers2026&quot; /&gt;
! Áit !! Tiománaí !! Foireann !! Pointí
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1
| {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#00a19b;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Mercedes
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 340
|-
! style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2
| {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]]
| style=&quot;background:#00a19b;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Mercedes
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 238
|-
! style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3
| {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lewis Hamilton]]
| style=&quot;background:#dc0000;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Ferrari
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 229
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 4
| {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[Max Verstappen]]
| style=&quot;background:#1e2c5b;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Red Bull Racing
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 221
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 5
| {{bratach|Monaco}} [[Charles Leclerc]]
| style=&quot;background:#dc0000;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Ferrari
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 215
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 6
| {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lando Norris]]
| style=&quot;background:#ff8700;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | McLaren
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 201
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 7
| {{bratach|Australia}} [[Oscar Piastri]]
| style=&quot;background:#ff8700;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | McLaren
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 138
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 8
| {{bratach|France}} [[Isack Hadjar]]
| style=&quot;background:#1e2c5b;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Red Bull Racing
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 97
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 9
| {{bratach|New Zealand}} [[Liam Lawson]]
| style=&quot;background:#3671c6;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Racing Bulls
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 75
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 10
| {{bratach|France}} [[Pierre Gasly]]
| style=&quot;background:#0090d0;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Alpine
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 41
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 11
| {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Arvid Lindblad]]
| style=&quot;background:#3671c6;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Racing Bulls
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 38
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 12
| {{bratach|Argentina}} [[Franco Colapinto]]
| style=&quot;background:#0090d0;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Alpine
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 27
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 13
| {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Oliver Bearman]]
| style=&quot;background:#b6b6b6;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Haas
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 23
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 14
| {{bratach|Germany}} [[Nico Hülkenberg]]
| style=&quot;background:#bb0000;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Audi
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 13
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 15
| {{bratach|Brazil}} [[Gabriel Bortoleto]]
| style=&quot;background:#bb0000;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Audi
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 10
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 16
| {{bratach|France}} [[Esteban Ocon]]
| style=&quot;background:#b6b6b6;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Haas
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 7
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 17
| {{bratach|Spain}} [[Fernando Alonso]]
| style=&quot;background:#00594f;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Aston Martin
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 7
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 18
| {{bratach|Spain}} [[Carlos Sainz Jr.]]
| style=&quot;background:#0078c9;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Williams
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 7
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 19
| {{bratach|Thailand}} [[Alexander Albon]]
| style=&quot;background:#0078c9;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Williams
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 5
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 20
| {{bratach|Japan}} [[Yuki Tsunoda]]
| style=&quot;background:#3671c6;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Racing Bulls
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 21
| {{bratach|Canada}} [[Lance Stroll]]
| style=&quot;background:#00594f;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Aston Martin
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 0
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 22
| {{bratach|Finland}} [[Valtteri Bottas]]
| style=&quot;background:#222222;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Cadillac
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 0
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 23
| {{bratach|Mexico}} [[Sergio Pérez]]
| style=&quot;background:#222222;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | Cadillac
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 0
|}

==== Torthaí na dtiománaithe in aghaidh na babhta ====

Taispeántar áit chríochnaithe an Grand Prix amháin sa mhaitrís seo; tá torthaí na Sprint-rásaí sa tábla thuas. Is ionann dath an chealla agus toradh an rása: ór don chéad áit, airgead don dara háit, cré-umha don tríú háit, glas d'áit eile sna pointí, gorm d'áit eile rangaithe, liath do scor/neamh-rangú agus bándearg do DNS. Tá na sé cholún dheireanacha folamh go fóill mar níl na rásaí sin ar siúl amhail an 21 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;calendar&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:80%;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;&quot;
|+ Torthaí de réir tiománaí agus Grand Prix
! Áit !! Tiománaí !! Foireann
! AUS
! CHN
! JPN
! MIA
! CAN
! MON
! BCN
! AUT
! GBR
! BEL
! HUN
! NED
! ITA
! ESP
! AZE
! BHR
! SIN
! USA
! MXC
! SAP
! LVG
! QAT
! ABU
|-
! 1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} [[Kimi Antonelli]]
| style=&quot;background:#00a19b;color:#111;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Mercedes
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16†
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 2
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell]]
| style=&quot;background:#00a19b;color:#111;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Mercedes
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 20†
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 3
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lewis Hamilton]]
| style=&quot;background:#dc0000;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Ferrari
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 4
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|Netherlands}} [[Max Verstappen]]
| style=&quot;background:#1e2c5b;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Red Bull Racing
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 20†
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 5
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|Monaco}} [[Charles Leclerc]]
| style=&quot;background:#dc0000;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Ferrari
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15†
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 6
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Lando Norris]]
| style=&quot;background:#ff8700;color:#111;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | McLaren
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background:#f8d7da;color:#721c24;&quot; | DNS
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 7
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|Australia}} [[Oscar Piastri]]
| style=&quot;background:#ff8700;color:#111;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | McLaren
| style=&quot;background:#f8d7da;color:#721c24;&quot; | DNS
| style=&quot;background:#f8d7da;color:#721c24;&quot; | DNS
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 8
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|France}} [[Isack Hadjar]]
| style=&quot;background:#1e2c5b;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Red Bull Racing
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 9
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|New Zealand}} [[Liam Lawson]]
| style=&quot;background:#3671c6;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Racing Bulls
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 10
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|France}} [[Pierre Gasly]]
| style=&quot;background:#0090d0;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Alpine
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 11
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Arvid Lindblad]]
| style=&quot;background:#3671c6;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Racing Bulls
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14
| style=&quot;background:#f8d7da;color:#721c24;&quot; | DNS
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 12
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|Argentina}} [[Franco Colapinto]]
| style=&quot;background:#0090d0;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Alpine
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 13
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Oliver Bearman]]
| style=&quot;background:#b6b6b6;color:#111;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Haas
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 17†
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 19
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 14
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|Germany}} [[Nico Hülkenberg]]
| style=&quot;background:#bb0000;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Audi
| style=&quot;background:#f8d7da;color:#721c24;&quot; | DNS
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 15
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|Brazil}} [[Gabriel Bortoleto]]
| style=&quot;background:#bb0000;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Audi
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;background:#f8d7da;color:#721c24;&quot; | DNS
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 18
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 16
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|France}} [[Esteban Ocon]]
| style=&quot;background:#b6b6b6;color:#111;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Haas
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 17
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 17
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|Spain}} [[Fernando Alonso]]
| style=&quot;background:#00594f;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Aston Martin
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 18
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 18
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 18
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 19
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 17
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 18
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|Spain}} [[Carlos Sainz Jr.]]
| style=&quot;background:#0078c9;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Williams
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16†
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 17
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 18
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 17
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 19
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|Thailand}} [[Alexander Albon]]
| style=&quot;background:#0078c9;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Williams
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12
| style=&quot;background:#f8d7da;color:#721c24;&quot; | DNS
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 20
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | NC
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 17
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 17
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 17†
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 17
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 18†
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 20
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|Canada}} [[Lance Stroll]]
| style=&quot;background:#00594f;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Aston Martin
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | NC
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 17
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 19
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 21
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|Finland}} [[Valtteri Bottas]]
| style=&quot;background:#222222;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Cadillac
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 19
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 18
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 18
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 19
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 18
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16†
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 19
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! 22
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|Mexico}} [[Sergio Pérez]]
| style=&quot;background:#222222;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;&quot; | Cadillac
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 17
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 18
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 19
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 17
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|}

* Tá Yuki Tsunoda fós ar liosta oifigiúil na seasamh le pointe amháin, ach ní raibh sé ar an liosta reatha de 22 tiománaí. Ní chuirtear torthaí babhta ar leith isteach sa mhaitrís do Tsunoda toisc nach léiríonn an sliocht sonraí a cuireadh ar fáil go cinnte cén Grand Prix lena mbaineann na háiteanna 11, 10 agus 14 a liostaítear dó. Féach ar an rangú oifigiúil chun a phointe iomlán a dheimhniú.&lt;ref name=&quot;drivers2026&quot; /&gt;


=== Craobhchomórtas na dTógálaithe ===

Is iad seo na pointí tar éis Grand Prix Singeapór an 11 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;teams2026&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;
|+ Seasaimh Chraobhchomórtas na dTógálaithe tar éis Grand Prix Singeapór an 11 Deireadh Fómhair 2026&lt;ref name=&quot;teams2026&quot; /&gt;
! Áit !! Tógálaí !! Pointí !! Buaiteanna Grand Prix
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1
| style=&quot;background:#00a19b;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Germany}} Mercedes
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 578
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 11
|-
! style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2
| style=&quot;background:#dc0000;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} Ferrari
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 444
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2
|-
! style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3
| style=&quot;background:#ff8700;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} McLaren
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 339
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 4
| style=&quot;background:#1e2c5b;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Austria}} Red Bull Racing
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 332
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 5
| style=&quot;background:#3671c6;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} Racing Bulls
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 100
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 0
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 6
| style=&quot;background:#0090d0;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|France}} Alpine
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 68
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 0
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;background:#b6b6b6;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|United States}} Haas
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 30
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 0
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 8
| style=&quot;background:#bb0000;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|Germany}} Audi
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 23
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 0
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 9
| style=&quot;background:#0078c9;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} Williams
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 12
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 0
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 10
| style=&quot;background:#00594f;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} Aston Martin
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 7
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 0
|-
! style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;color:#222;&quot; | 11
| style=&quot;background:#222222;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | {{bratach|United States}} Cadillac
| style=&quot;text-align:right;background:#eef7ff;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 0
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 0
|}

==== Torthaí na bhfoirne de réir babhta ====

Léiríonn gach cill an dá thoradh Grand Prix a taifeadadh do thiománaithe na foirne, in ord ón áit is airde go dtí an áit is ísle. Ní pointí carnacha iad na huimhreacha sa mhaitrís seo; tá pointí iomlána na foirne sa tábla thuas.&lt;ref name=&quot;calendar&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;teams2026&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:80%;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;&quot;
|+ Torthaí na bhfoirne de réir Grand Prix
! Tógálaí
! AUS
! CHN
! JPN
! MIA
! CAN
! MON
! BCN
! AUT
! GBR
! BEL
! HUN
! NED
! ITA
! ESP
! AZE
! BHR
! SIN
! USA
! MXC
! SAP
! LVG
! QAT
! ABU
|-
! style=&quot;background:#00a19b;color:#111;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|Germany}} Mercedes
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1 / 2
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1 / 2
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1 / 4
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1 / 4
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1 / 12
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2 / 16†
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1 / 3
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2 / 15
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3 / 7
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2 / 3
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1 / 2
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1 / 5
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1 / 5
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2 / 20†
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3 / 9
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! style=&quot;background:#dc0000;color:#fff;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} Ferrari
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3 / 4
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3 / 4
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3 / 6
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6 / 8
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2 / 4
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1 / 15†
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5 / 8
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3 / 15
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2 / 4
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4 / 5
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5 / 5
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4 / 4
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4 / 6
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2 / 3
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! style=&quot;background:#ff8700;color:#111;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} McLaren
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5 / DNS
| style=&quot;background:#f8d7da;color:#721c24;&quot; | DNS / DNS
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2 / 5
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2 / 3
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3 / 5
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4 / 7
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4 / 11
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5 / 7
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1 / 6
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5 / 13
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4 / 8
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3 / 13
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5 / 9
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! style=&quot;background:#1e2c5b;color:#fff;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|Austria}} Red Bull Racing
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8 / 12
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3 / 5
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 4 / 6
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2 / 6
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5 / 20†
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3 / 6
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2 / 6
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret / —
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 3 / —
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2 / —
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 2 / 3
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1 / 5
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;color:#111;font-weight:bold;&quot; | 1 / 10
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! style=&quot;background:#3671c6;color:#fff;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|Italy}} Racing Bulls
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8 / 13
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7 / 12
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9 / 14
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7 / DNS
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5 / 8
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8 / 9
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9 / 10
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6 / 7
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9 / 12
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8 / 10
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7 / 12
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8 / 14
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6 / 9
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7 / 12
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7 / 10
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7 / 15
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! style=&quot;background:#0090d0;color:#fff;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|France}} Alpine
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10 / 14
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6 / 10
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7 / 16
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 6 / 8
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7 / 14
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7 / 10
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13 / 15
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9 / 10
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10 / 11
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12 / 15
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10 / 14
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7 / 9
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7 / 7
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! style=&quot;background:#b6b6b6;color:#111;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|United States}} Haas
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 7 / 11
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 5 / 14
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11 / 13
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10 / 14
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13 / 17†
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14 / 16
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12 / 13
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14 / 17
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16 / 19
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15 / 16
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11 / 16
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8 / 9
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14 / 15
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12 / 13
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! style=&quot;background:#bb0000;color:#fff;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|Germany}} Audi
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9 / DNS
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11 / DNS
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11 / 13
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12 / 13
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11 / 13
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11 / 12
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8 / 13
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9 / 11
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8 / 13
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11 / 12
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10 / 13
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11 / 15
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 11 / 18
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! style=&quot;background:#0078c9;color:#fff;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} Williams
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12 / 15
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9 / DNS
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15 / 20
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9 / 10
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8 / 16†
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 12 / NC
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 17 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 17 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15 / 16
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 17 / 18
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16 / 17†
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13 / 17
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 17 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14 / 18†
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! style=&quot;background:#00594f;color:#fff;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|United Kingdom}} Aston Martin
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret / NC
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 18 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15 / 17
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 10 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 18 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 18 / 19
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 19 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13 / 14
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 9 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 17 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;color:#111;&quot; | 8 / 12
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|-
! style=&quot;background:#222222;color:#fff;text-align:left;&quot; | {{bratach|United States}} Cadillac
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 13 / 15
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 17 / 19
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16 / 18
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 16 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14 / 16
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 18 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;color:#333;&quot; | Ret / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 15 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 18 / 19
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 18 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 14 / 16†
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 19 / Ret
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;color:#111;&quot; | 17 / 19
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
| style=&quot;background:#f4f4f4;color:#666;&quot; | —
|}


==== Eochair do dhathanna na dtorthaí ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
! Dath !! Brí
|-
| style=&quot;background:#ffe680;&quot; | Ór || Buaiteoir / an chéad áit
|-
| style=&quot;background:#e5e7eb;&quot; | Airgead || An dara háit
|-
| style=&quot;background:#edc39a;&quot; | Cré-umha || An tríú háit
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d7f0dd;&quot; | Glas || Áit a ghnóthaíonn pointí (4–10)
|-
| style=&quot;background:#dceeff;&quot; | Gorm || Áit eile rangaithe
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d9d9d9;&quot; | Liath || Scor nó neamh-rangú (Ret/NC)
|-
| style=&quot;background:#f8d7da;&quot; | Bándearg || Níor thosaigh (DNS)
|-
| style=&quot;background:#eee0ff;&quot; | Corcra éadrom || Pole position
|-
| style=&quot;background:#e5dcff;&quot; | Corcra || Lap is tapúla
|}

=== Córas scórála ===

Bronntar pointí sa Grand Prix ar na deichniúr tiománaithe is fearr agus sa Sprint ar na hochtar is fearr. Faigheann an buaiteoir sa Grand Prix 25 pointe agus sa Sprint 8 bpointe, faoi seach. Tá rialacha sonracha ag an FIA maidir le rásaí a ghiorraítear nó a chuirtear ar ceal; baineann an tábla seo leis an ngnáthchóras scórála.&lt;ref name=&quot;points&quot;&gt;[https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/the-beginners-guide-to-the-formula-1-weekend.5RFZzGXNhEi9AEuMXwo987 Treoir do thosaitheoirí ar dheireadh seachtaine Formula 1], Formula 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! Áit !! Grand Prix !! Sprint
|-
! 1
| 25 || 8
|-
! 2
| 18 || 7
|-
! 3
| 15 || 6
|-
! 4
| 12 || 5
|-
! 5
| 10 || 4
|-
! 6
| 8 || 3
|-
! 7
| 6 || 2
|-
! 8
| 4 || 1
|-
! 9
| 2 || —
|-
! 10
| 1 || —
|}

== Achoimre ar an séasúr go dtí seo ==

Bhí Mercedes ar thús cadhnaíochta ag tús an tséasúir. Bhuaigh Russell an chéad rás san Astráil, sular bhuaigh Antonelli na rásaí sa tSín agus sa tSeapáin. Lean Antonelli leis na buaiteanna i Miami, i gCeanada agus i Monacó. Bhuaigh Hamilton in Barcelona-Catalunya; bhuaigh Russell san Ostair; agus bhuaigh Leclerc sa Bhreatain Mhór. Ina dhiaidh sin, bhuaigh Antonelli sa Bheilg, san Iodáil agus i Maidrid, agus bhuaigh Norris san Ungáir agus san Ísiltír. Bhuaigh Russell Grand Prix na hAsarbaiseáine.&lt;ref name=&quot;calendar&quot; /&gt;

Sa dá imeacht is déanaí, bhuaigh Verstappen Grand Prix na Bairéine a reáchtáladh sa Mhalaeisia an 4 Deireadh Fómhair, agus Grand Prix Singeapór an 11 Deireadh Fómhair. Chríochnaigh Antonelli sa dara háit sa Mhalaeisia agus sa tríú háit i Singeapór, rud a d'fhág go raibh sé 102 phointe chun tosaigh ar Russell agus é ag dul isteach i Grand Prix na Stát Aontaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;calendar&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;drivers2026&quot; /&gt;

[[Íomhá:2026 Bahrain GP - Mercedes - Kimi Antonelli - Race.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Kimi Antonelli ag tiomáint Mercedes ag imeacht Grand Prix na Bairéine sa Mhalaeisia i mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2026|Kimi Antonelli ar an mbóthar ag imeacht Grand Prix na Bairéine sa Mhalaeisia.]]

Tá Antonelli chun tosaigh ar Russell le 102 phointe. Roimh Grand Prix na Stát Aontaithe, tá sé rás fágtha agus 150 pointe ar a mhéad le fáil; tar éis Austin, beidh 125 pointe ar a mhéad fágtha. Chun an teideal a dhaingniú in Austin, caithfidh Antonelli bua a fháil agus a bhuntáiste a mhéadú 23 pointe. De réir Reuters, ní mór do Russell críochnú sa naoú háit nó níos ísle agus do Hamilton sa chúigiú háit nó níos ísle; murach sin, leanfaidh an comórtas go dtí Grand Prix Chathair Mheicsiceo ar a laghad. Tá Russell, Hamilton, Verstappen, Leclerc agus Norris fós san iomaíocht go matamaiticiúil, agus 102, 111, 119, 125 agus 139 pointe faoi seach idir iad agus Antonelli.&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersTitle&quot;&gt;Alan Baldwin, [https://www.reuters.com/sports/formula1/title-beckons-antonelli-he-may-have-wait-week-or-two-2026-10-21/ “Title beckons for Antonelli but he may have to wait a week or two”], Reuters, 21 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Foirmle a hAon]]
* [[Grand Prix na hAstráile]]
* [[Grand Prix na Síne]]
* [[Grand Prix na Seapáine]]
* [[F1 Academy]]

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

* [https://www.formula1.com/en/racing/2026 Féilire agus torthaí oifigiúla Formula 1 2026]
* [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/drivers Seasaimh Chraobhchomórtas na dTiománaithe 2026]
* [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2026/team Seasaimh Chraobhchomórtas na dTógálaithe 2026]
* [https://www.fia.com/regulation/category/110 Rialacháin FIA do Formula 1]

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

{{Séasúir Foirmle a hAon}}
{{Catcómhaoin|2026 in Formula One}}

[[Catagóir:Séasúirí Foirmle a hAon|2026]]</text>
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{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:23em; font-size:90%;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;&quot; | Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[Íomhá:AGS JH23 Formula 1 Car.jpg|frameless|250px|alt=Gluaisteán rásaíochta AGS JH23, gorm agus buí, ag Silverstone in 1988]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | ''AGS JH23, samhail Fhoirmle a hAon ó 1988''
|-
! Ainm giorraithe
| AGS
|-
! Bunaitheoir
| Henri Julien (1927–2013)
|-
! Bunús
| Gonfaron, Var, an Fhrainc
|-
! Bliain bhunaithe
| 1968–1969&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot;&gt;Johnny Tipler, [https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/october-2007/92/french-resistance-3/ &quot;French resistance&quot;], ''Motor Sport Magazine'', 7 Iúil 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;grandprix&quot;&gt;''GrandPrix.com'', [https://www.grandprix.com/constructors/ags-automobiles-gonfaronnaise-sportives.html &quot;AGS (Automobiles Gonfaronnaise Sportives)&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Rannpháirtíocht i bhFoirmle a hAon
| 1986–1991
|-
! An chéad Grand Prix
| Grand Prix na hIodáile, 1986
|-
! An Grand Prix deireanach ar thosaigh sí ann
| Grand Prix Mhonacó, 1991
|-
! Fonnadh Foirmle a hAon
| JH21C, JH22, JH23, JH23B, JH24, JH25, JH25B, JH27
|-
! Soláthraithe innill
| Motori Moderni; Ford-Cosworth
|-
! Iontrálacha Grand Prix
| 80
|-
! Tosuithe gluaisteán
| 47
|-
! Pointí craobhchomórtais
| 2
|-
! Buaiteanna
| 0
|-
! Áiteanna ar an podium
| 0
|-
! An toradh is fearr
| 6ú háit (faoi dhó)
|-
! Rangú is fearr i gcraobh na monaróirí
| 13ú háit de réir liosta Formula 1, 1987&lt;ref name=&quot;standings87&quot;&gt;Formula 1, [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/1987/team &quot;1987 Teams' Standings&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Suíomh gréasáin
| [https://www.agsracing.com/ AGS Formule 1]
|}

'''Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives''' ('''AGS''') is monaróir gluaisteán rásaíochta agus iar-fhoireann Foirmle a hAon Francach í. D'eascair sí as ceardlann Henri Julien i nGonfaron, i roinn Var i ndeisceart na Fraince, ag deireadh na 1960idí. Dhear agus thóg an chuideachta gluaisteáin do shraitheanna éagsúla rásaíochta, lena n-áirítear Formule France, Foirmle Renault, Foirmle 3, Foirmle 2 agus Foirmle 3000.&lt;ref name=&quot;grandprix&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;

Ghlac AGS páirt i gCraobh Dhomhanda [[Foirmle a hAon]] ó 1986 go 1991. Ba fhoireann bheag phríobháideach í a bhí ag brath ar acmhainní teoranta agus ar innill a fuarthas ó sholáthraithe seachtracha. Scóráil sí dhá phointe craobhchomórtais san iomlán: ceann amháin do Roberto Moreno ag Grand Prix na hAstráile 1987 agus ceann eile do Gabriele Tarquini ag Grand Prix Mheicsiceo 1989. Chríochnaigh an bheirt acu sa séú háit sna rásaí sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;statsf1&quot;&gt;''STATS F1'', [https://www.statsf1.com/en/ags.aspx &quot;AGS&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;australia87&quot;&gt;Formula 1, [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/1987/races/526/australia/race-result &quot;Australian Grand Prix — Race Result&quot;], 15 Samhain 1987.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mexico89&quot;&gt;Formula 1, [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/1989/races/546/mexico/race-result &quot;Mexican Grand Prix — Race Result&quot;], 28 Bealtaine 1989.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stair ==

=== Tús agus forbairt na cuideachta ===

Ní aontaíonn na foinsí go hiomlán faoin mbliain inar bunaíodh AGS. Cuireann ''Motor Sport Magazine'' tús an marque in 1968, nuair a thosaigh Henri Julien ag tógáil gluaisteán don tsraith Formule France, agus cuireann ''GrandPrix.com'' béim ar an JH4 a tógadh agus a rásaíodh in 1969. Dá bhrí sin, is fearr tús na cuideachta a chur sa tréimhse 1968–1969.&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;grandprix&quot; /&gt;

Bhí Julien ina mheicneoir agus ina thiománaí rásaíochta. Sular bunaíodh AGS, thóg sé gluaisteáin aon suíochán faoi ainm JH, agus rinne sé turgnaimh le hinnill Simca, BMW agus Panhard. Bhí Christian Vanderpleyn, a tháinig isteach ina cheardlann mar phrintíseach in 1960, ar cheann de na daoine ba thábhachtaí i ndearadh agus i bhforbairt theicniúil na ngluaisteán a tháinig ina ndiaidh.&lt;ref name=&quot;henri&quot;&gt;''GrandPrix.com'', [https://www.grandprix.com/people/henri-julien.html &quot;Henri Julien&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;

Thóg AGS gluaisteáin do Formule France, Foirmle Renault agus Foirmle 3. Bhí obair na cuideachta bunaithe ar cheardlann bheag i nGonfaron seachas ar mhonarcha mhór a bhí á maoiniú ag monaróir gluaisteán. Bhí ar Julien gluaisteáin a dhearadh, a thógáil agus a fhorbairt le hacmhainní i bhfad níos lú ná acmhainní na bhfoirne a bhí á maoiniú ag cuideachtaí móra.&lt;ref name=&quot;grandprix&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;

=== Foirmle 2 ===

In 1978, chuaigh AGS isteach i gCraobh Eorpach Foirmle 2 leis an gcarr JH15, a raibh inneall BMW ann a d'ullmhaigh Heini Mader. Ba chéim mhór í seo don chuideachta, ó chomórtais náisiúnta agus réigiúnacha go dtí sraith idirnáisiúnta ina raibh monaróirí agus foirne a raibh níos mó taithí acu.&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;

Tháinig torthaí níos fearr in 1980, nuair a bhuaigh Richard Dallest dhá rás Eorpacha, ag Pau agus ag Zandvoort, leis an JH19. Bhuaigh Dallest craobhchomórtas náisiúnta Foirmle 2 na Fraince in 1981. Ina dhiaidh sin, tháinig Philippe Streiff agus Pascal Fabre chun cinn mar thiománaithe tábhachtacha don fhoireann. Bhuaigh Streiff craobh náisiúnta Foirmle 2 na Fraince in 1982 agus chríochnaigh sé sa cheathrú háit i gcraobh Eorpach na sraithe in 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;

Ba é 1984 an bhliain dheireanach de sheanchraobh Eorpach Foirmle 2. In ainneoin go raibh foirne eile ag baint leasa as acmhainní níos mó agus innill iomaíocha, bhuaigh Streiff an rás deireanach den chraobh ag Brands Hatch. Bhí sé ar cheann de na héachtaí ba mhó a bhain AGS amach lasmuigh d'Fhoirmle a hAon.&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;

=== Foirmle 3000 ===

Nuair a tháinig Foirmle 3000 in áit Fhoirmle 2 mar shraith thábhachtach idirnáisiúnta in 1985, chuaigh AGS isteach sa chatagóir nua leis an gcarr JH20. Bhí inneall Ford-Cosworth DFV sa charr agus ba é Philippe Streiff an príomhthiománaí. Chríochnaigh Streiff sa chúigiú háit i gceithre rás le linn shéasúr 1985.&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;

Bhí Foirmle a hAon ar an gcéad chéim eile, ach bhí constaicí suntasacha le sárú ag an bhfoireann. Bhí costas i bhfad níos airde ag baint le dearadh, tógáil agus oibriú carranna Foirmle a hAon, agus bhí ar AGS tacaíocht theicniúil agus airgeadais a lorg chun dul san iomaíocht.&lt;ref name=&quot;grandprix&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;

== Foirmle a hAon ==

=== 1986: an chéad chuma ===

[[Íomhá:AGS JH21C 1986 (27082681156).jpg|mion|deas|alt=Gluaisteán rásaíochta AGS JH21C le hinneall Motori Moderni|Sampla den JH21C, an carr a d'úsáid AGS ina chéad séasúr i bhFoirmle a hAon.]]

Rinne AGS a céad chuma i gCraobh Dhomhanda Foirmle a hAon ag Grand Prix na hIodáile ag Monza an 7 Meán Fómhair 1986. Ba é Ivan Capelli an tiománaí a roghnaíodh don JH21C, carr a raibh inneall turbo V6 Motori Moderni 615–90 ann. Bhí tionchar ag fonnadh Renault RE40 ar dhearadh an ghluaisteáin, agus baineadh úsáid as snáithín carbóin ina thógáil.&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jh21&quot;&gt;''STATS F1'', [https://www.statsf1.com/en/ags-jh21c.aspx &quot;AGS JH21C&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

Ag Monza, cháiligh Capelli sa 25ú háit ach scoir sé den rás de bharr pollta. Ag Grand Prix na Portaingéile in Estoril, theip ar an tarchur tar éis tréimhse ghearr sa rás. Ghlac an fhoireann páirt in dhá Grand Prix in 1986 agus níor ghnóthaigh sí aon phointe.&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jh21&quot; /&gt;

Bhí AGS ag feidhmiú ó cheardlann bheag agus líon beag fostaithe aici. Bhí a bealach isteach i bhFoirmle a hAon bunaithe ar obair Julien agus a fhoirne féin, tacaíocht óna comhpháirtithe agus innill a ceannaíodh ó sholáthraithe eile, seachas ar chláir oibreora mhóir mhonaraíochta.&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;

=== 1987: an chéad phointe ===

[[Íomhá:Manoir de l'Automobile - 198 - AGS F1 JH 22 1986-1987.jpg|mion|clé|alt=AGS JH22 á thaispeáint ag Manoir de l'Automobile|An JH22, an tsamhail a d'úsáid AGS le linn shéasúr 1987.]]

In 1987, d'úsáid AGS an JH22 le hinneall nádúrtha-asúite Ford-Cosworth DFZ V8. Ba iad Pascal Fabre agus Roberto Moreno na tiománaithe a bhí aici. Bhí sé deacair ar Fabre cáiliú do roinnt rásaí, agus tháinig Moreno ina áit níos déanaí sa séasúr.&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;models&quot;&gt;''STATS F1'', [https://www.statsf1.com/en/ags/modeles.aspx &quot;AGS — Models&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

Tháinig an chéad phointe craobhchomórtais do AGS ag Grand Prix na hAstráile in Adelaide an 15 Samhain 1987. Chríochnaigh Moreno sa séú háit, toradh a thug pointe amháin don fhoireann. Bhí sé ar an aon phointe a scóráil AGS sa chraobh an séasúr sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;australia87&quot; /&gt;

Tá difríocht bheag idir bunachair sonraí maidir le rangú na monaróirí in 1987: cuireann liosta oifigiúil Formula 1 AGS Ford sa 13ú háit, ach liostaíonn STATS F1 í sa 12ú háit. Úsáidtear rangú Formula 1 sa tábla torthaí thíos.&lt;ref name=&quot;standings87&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;statsf1&quot; /&gt;

=== 1988: an JH23 ===

In 1988, tháinig an JH23 in áit an JH22. Dhear Vanderpleyn an carr nua agus bhí inneall Ford-Cosworth DFZ V8 ann. Ba é Philippe Streiff an t-aon tiománaí ag AGS an séasúr sin. Bhí an carr níos iomaíche ná mar a thug a acmhainní teoranta le fios, ach bhí fadhbanna meicniúla agus scoirthe fós ag cur isteach ar a thorthaí.&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;models&quot; /&gt;

Ba é an t-ochtú háit a ghnóthaigh Streiff ag Grand Prix na Seapáine ag Suzuka an toradh ab fhearr a bhí ag AGS in 1988. Níor ghnóthaigh sí pointí, toisc nár thug córas pointí Foirmle a hAon ag an am pointí ach do na chéad sé chríochaitheoir.&lt;ref name=&quot;japan88&quot;&gt;Formula 1, [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/1988/races/541/japan/race-result &quot;Fuji Television Japanese Grand Prix — Race Result&quot;], 30 Deireadh Fómhair 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1989: an dara pointe agus athruithe úinéireachta ===

Roimh shéasúr 1989, d'fhulaing Streiff timpiste thromchúiseach le linn tástála bonn i Rio de Janeiro. Chuir an timpiste deireadh lena ghairm mar thiománaí rásaíochta. Tháinig Gabriele Tarquini isteach mar thiománaí, agus bhí Joachim Winkelhock agus Yannick Dalmas ar na tiománaithe eile a bhí bainteach leis an bhfoireann le linn an tséasúir.&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;seasons&quot;&gt;''STATS F1'', [https://www.statsf1.com/en/ags/saison.aspx &quot;AGS — Seasons&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

D'úsáid an fhoireann an JH23B agus, níos déanaí, an JH24. Bhí na gluaisteáin feistithe le hinnill Ford-Cosworth DFR V8. Bhí sé deacair ar AGS dul trí na babhtaí réamhcháilithe, rud a chuir srian lena líon tosuithe. Níor thosaigh Streiff aon rás sa chraobh an bhliain sin; tar éis a thimpiste roimh shéasúr 1989, ba é Tarquini a ghnóthaigh toradh suntasach na foirne.&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;models&quot; /&gt;

Ag Grand Prix Mheicsiceo an 28 Bealtaine 1989, chríochnaigh Tarquini sa séú háit sa JH23B, rud a thug an dara pointe craobhchomórtais agus an pointe deireanach do AGS. Chríochnaigh an fhoireann sa 15ú háit i gcraobh na monaróirí an séasúr sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;mexico89&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;seasons&quot; /&gt;

De réir ''Motor Sport Magazine'', tháinig meath ar staid airgeadais na cuideachta de réir mar a d'imigh urraíocht agus tacaíocht airgeadais. Dhíol Julien a chuid sa ghnó leis an bhfear gnó Francach Cyril de Rouvre, agus lean sé ar aghaidh mar chomhairleoir ar feadh tréimhse.&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;

=== 1990: an JH25 agus deacrachtaí leanúnacha ===

Lean Tarquini agus Dalmas leis an bhfoireann in 1990. Baineadh úsáid as an JH24 ag tús an tséasúir, agus tháinig an JH25 isteach níos déanaí. Bhí inneall Ford-Cosworth DFR V8 fós in úsáid ag an bhfoireann.&lt;ref name=&quot;models&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;

Ní raibh na gluaisteáin sách iomaíoch chun dul san iomaíocht go seasta sna rásaí, agus níor éirigh leis an bhfoireann cáiliú go minic. Ba é an naoú háit a ghnóthaigh Dalmas ag Grand Prix na Spáinne in Jerez an toradh ab fhearr do AGS in 1990. Níor ghnóthaigh an fhoireann aon phointe craobhchomórtais an séasúr sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;dalmas90&quot;&gt;Formula 1, [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/1990/races/77/spain/race-result &quot;Tio Pepe Spanish Grand Prix — Race Result&quot;], 30 Meán Fómhair 1990.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1991: deireadh na rannpháirtíochta ===

Bhí an fhoireann i gcruachás airgeadais ag tús shéasúr 1991. D'úsáid sí an JH25B agus thug sí isteach an JH27 níos déanaí sa bhliain. Lean sí de bheith ag baint úsáide as inneall Ford-Cosworth DFR V8. Ba iad Gabriele Tarquini, Fabrizio Barbazza, Stefan Johansson agus Olivier Grouillard na tiománaithe a bhí bainteach léi le linn an tséasúir.&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;models&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;seasons&quot; /&gt;

Ag Grand Prix na Stát Aontaithe i Phoenix an 10 Márta 1991, chríochnaigh Tarquini san ochtú háit. Níor ghnóthaigh sé pointe, áfach, toisc nach raibh pointí ar fáil ach do na chéad sé chríochaitheoir. Bhí sé ar an toradh ab fhearr a bhain AGS amach in 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;usa91&quot;&gt;Formula 1, [https://www.formula1.com/en/results/1991/races/559/united-states/race-result &quot;Iceberg USA Grand Prix — Race Result&quot;], 10 Márta 1991.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba é Grand Prix Mhonacó an Grand Prix deireanach ar thosaigh carr AGS ann. Lean an fhoireann de bheith ar liostaí iontrála agus iarrachtaí cáilithe a dhéanamh ina dhiaidh sin, ach níor éirigh leis na gluaisteáin cáiliú do Grand Prix na hIodáile, na Portaingéile ná na Spáinne. D'éirigh an fhoireann as an gcraobh tar éis Grand Prix na Spáinne 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;statsf1&quot; /&gt;

== Torthaí i bhFoirmle a hAon ==

Tugann an tábla seo achoimre ar shéasúir AGS i gCraobh Dhomhanda Foirmle a hAon. Ciallaíonn an colún ''Grand Prix a ndearnadh iontráil iontu'' líon na n-imeachtaí inar iontráil an fhoireann; is é líon na dtosuithe líon iomlán na dtosuithe gluaisteán sa rás. Is as bunachair staitisticí rásaíochta agus as torthaí stairiúla Formula 1 a tiomsaíodh na sonraí.&lt;ref name=&quot;statsf1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gpracing&quot;&gt;''GP Racing Stats'', [https://gpracingstats.com/constructors/ags/ &quot;AGS F1 stats&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;models&quot; /&gt;

Tá cúlra glas ar na séasúir inar scóráil AGS pointí, agus cúlra liath ar na séasúir inar chríochnaigh sí gan phointe. Tugtar líon na bpointí agus toradh is fearr na foirne go soiléir chun nach mbíonn dath mar an t-aon bhealach chun an t-eolas a léamh.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Torthaí séasúracha AGS i bhFoirmle a hAon&lt;ref name=&quot;seasons&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gpracing&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;models&quot; /&gt;
! Séasúr
! Fonnadh
! Inneall
! Tiománaithe
! Grand Prix a ndearnadh iontráil iontu
! Tosuithe
! Toradh is fearr
! Rangú na monaróirí
! Pointí
|-
| style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot; | 1986
| JH21C
| Motori Moderni 615–90 V6 turbo
| Ivan Capelli
| 2
| 2
| Scor sa dá rás
| Gan rangú
| 0
|-
| style=&quot;background:#e6f4ea;&quot; | 1987
| JH22
| Ford-Cosworth DFZ V8
| Pascal Fabre; Roberto Moreno
| 16
| 13
| 6ú háit, an Astráil
| 13ú háit de réir Formula 1
| '''1'''
|-
| style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot; | 1988
| JH23
| Ford-Cosworth DFZ V8
| Philippe Streiff
| 16
| 15
| 8ú háit, an tSeapáin
| Gan rangú
| 0
|-
| style=&quot;background:#e6f4ea;&quot; | 1989
| JH23B; JH24
| Ford-Cosworth DFR V8
| Gabriele Tarquini; Joachim Winkelhock; Yannick Dalmas; Philippe Streiff*
| 16
| 6
| 6ú háit, Meicsiceo
| 15ú háit
| '''1'''
|-
| style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot; | 1990
| JH24; JH25
| Ford-Cosworth DFR V8
| Gabriele Tarquini; Yannick Dalmas
| 16
| 8
| 9ú háit, an Spáinn
| Gan rangú
| 0
|-
| style=&quot;background:#f0f0f0;&quot; | 1991
| JH25B; JH27
| Ford-Cosworth DFR V8
| Gabriele Tarquini; Stefan Johansson; Fabrizio Barbazza; Olivier Grouillard
| 14
| 3
| 8ú háit, na Stáit Aontaithe
| Gan rangú
| 0
|-
! Iomlán
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
| 80
| 47
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2 phointe san iomlán
| '''2'''
|}

''* Bhí Streiff beartaithe do shéasúr 1989 ach níor thosaigh sé aon rás tar éis a thimpiste tástála roimh an séasúr.''&lt;ref name=&quot;motorsport&quot; /&gt;

Tá difríocht idir roinnt bunachar sonraí maidir le seasamh AGS i gcraobh na monaróirí in 1987. Tugann an liosta oifigiúil ó Formula 1 an 13ú háit di, agus liostaíonn STATS F1 í sa 12ú háit. Úsáideann an tábla seo an rangú a léirítear i liosta Formula 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;standings87&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;statsf1&quot; /&gt;

=== Na rásaí inar scóráil AGS pointí ===

Níor bhuaigh AGS Grand Prix riamh agus níor chríochnaigh sí ar an podium. Tháinig a dhá phointe i rásaí éagsúla, trí chríochnú sa séú háit ar dhá ócáid.&lt;ref name=&quot;australia87&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mexico89&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ An dá chríoch sa séú háit a thug pointí do AGS
! Bliain
! Grand Prix
! Tiománaí
! Fonnadh
! Suíomh deiridh
! Pointí
|-
| style=&quot;background:#e6f4ea;&quot; | 1987
| Grand Prix na hAstráile
| Roberto Moreno
| JH22
| 6ú háit
| '''1'''&lt;ref name=&quot;australia87&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#e6f4ea;&quot; | 1989
| Grand Prix Mheicsiceo
| Gabriele Tarquini
| JH23B
| 6ú háit
| '''1'''&lt;ref name=&quot;mexico89&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Gníomhaíochtaí tar éis Fhoirmle a hAon ==

Tar éis deireadh a chur lena hiarrachtaí i bhFoirmle a hAon, d'úsáid AGS a cuid taithí agus áiseanna chun gníomhaíochtaí a bhaineann le gluaisteáin Foirmle a hAon agus le gluaisteáin rásaíochta stairiúla a fhorbairt. De réir shuíomh gréasáin na cuideachta, tá baint ag an ngnó anois le heispéiris tiomána, seirbhísí ceardlainne agus athchóiriú gluaisteán stairiúil.&lt;ref name=&quot;agscurrent&quot;&gt;AGS Formule 1, [https://www.agsracing.com/qui-sommes-nous &quot;Notre histoire&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

Deir suíomh gréasáin AGS Formule 1 gur ghlac Willy Collignon ceannas ar an ngnó in Lúnasa 2019. Tá na háiseanna bunaithe i nGonfaron agus tá baint acu le Circuit du Var. Áirítear ar ghníomhaíochtaí na cuideachta gluaisteáin stairiúla AGS a athchóiriú agus iad a thabhairt ar ais ar an mbóthar.&lt;ref name=&quot;agscurrent&quot; /&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Foirmle a hAon]]

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

{{Catcómhaoin|Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives}}

[[Catagóir:Foirmle a hAon]]
[[Catagóir:Foirne Foirmle a hAon]]
[[Catagóir:Rásaíocht gluaisteán]]</text>
      <sha1>llgkp1g2lt6nn2hbeuyvmlme01umune</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fender Meteora</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128670</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330906</id>
      <parentid>1330558</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T03:21:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sanduíche de Presunto</username>
        <id>78137</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="7236" sha1="o4py1p8bn23dr1x6e1bj9hx6k6df4yy" xml:space="preserve">{{Scrios}}
Is samhail de [[giotár leictreach]] é an '''Fender Meteora''' a dhear an comhlacht Meiriceánach [[Fender]]. Tá corp soladach fritháirithe aige a bhfuil cruth sainiúil neamhshiméadrach air. Tháinig an giotár ar an margadh in 2018 mar chuid de shraith theoranta Parallel Universe de chuid Fender, agus tá leaganacha éagsúla de forbartha ó shin, lena n-áirítear samhlacha a bhfuil piocadóirí corna aonair nó piocadóirí humbucker orthu. In 2022, thug Fender leagan dordghiotáir den Meteora isteach freisin.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuitarWorld2018&quot;&gt;Richard Bienstock, [https://www.guitarworld.com/news/fender-releases-the-new-offset-body-meteora ''Fender Releases the New Offset-Body Meteora''], ''Guitar World'', 6 Samhain 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fender2022&quot;&gt;Fender Musical Instruments Corporation, [https://www.fender.com/newsroom/271726-fender-unveils-player-plus-meteora-guitar-models-designed-for-high-performance-sonic-enthusiasts/ ''Fender Unveils Player Plus Meteora Guitar Models, Designed for High Performance, Sonic Enthusiasts''], 15 Márta 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stair agus forbairt ==

D'fhorbair dearthóir Fender Josh Hurst an coincheap don Meteora. De réir chuntas an chomhlachta, thosaigh Hurst ag smaoineamh ar an dearadh in 2011. Níor cuireadh an giotár ar fáil ar bhonn tráchtála go dtí 2018, nuair a cuireadh san áireamh é i mbailiúchán Parallel Universe, sraith theoranta a chomhcheangail gnéithe ó dhearaí éagsúla Fender.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderConcept&quot;&gt;Mike Duffy, [https://www.fender.com/articles/instruments/futuristic-and-familiar-inside-the-fender-parallel-universe-meteora ''Futuristic and Familiar: Inside the Fender Parallel Universe Meteora''], Fender.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GuitarWorld2018&quot;/&gt;

Bhí cumraíocht an chéad leagain bunaithe ar ghnéithe ón Telecaster agus ón Jazzmaster. Bhí corp fuinseoige, dhá phiocadóir corna aonair de chineál Telecaster, muineál maple agus droichead Telecaster air. Bhí fad scála 25.5 orlach (648 mm) agus 22 freit air. Bhí bailchríoch Butterscotch Blonde ar an leagan bunaidh, agus bhí inleagain dhronuilleogacha ar an gclár méire.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuitarWorld2018&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderConcept&quot;/&gt;

In 2019, tháinig leagan nua ar an margadh faoin ainm '''Alternate Reality Meteora HH'''. Bhí dhá phiocadóir humbucker de chuid na sraithe Player agus muineál maple cruth Modern C air. Murab ionann agus droichead Telecaster an bhunleagain, bhí droichead Adjusto-Matic ar an leagan seo. D'fhéadfaí cornaí na bpiocadóirí a scoilteadh leis an rialtán tona, rud a chuir roghanna fuaime breise ar fáil. Bhí an tsamhail mar chuid de shraith Alternate Reality, ina ndearna Fender iniúchadh ar chumraíochtaí nua dá ghiotáir agus ar athruithe ar dhearaí seanbhunaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderAlternate&quot;&gt;Mike Duffy, [https://www.fender.com/articles/instruments/inside-the-alternate-reality-meteora-hh ''Motion Meets Balance: Inside the Alternate Reality Meteora HH''], Fender.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2022, leathnaigh Fender an raon leis an '''Player Plus Meteora HH'''. Bhí dhá phiocadóir Fireball humbucker, córas vibrato sioncrónaithe dhá phointe agus lasc S-1 air, a cheadaigh cornaí na bpiocadóirí a scoilteadh chun roghanna fuaime breise a chur ar fáil. Cuireadh an tsamhail sa tsraith Player Plus, seachas í a theorannú do bhailiúchán eagrán teoranta.&lt;ref name=&quot;MusicRadar2022&quot;&gt;Rob Laing, [https://www.musicradar.com/reviews/fender-player-plus-meteora-hh ''Fender Player Plus Meteora HH review''], ''MusicRadar'', 8 Meitheamh 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fender2022&quot;/&gt;

An bhliain chéanna, thug Fender an '''Player Plus Active Meteora Bass''' isteach. Ba é seo an chéad dordghiotár sa tsraith Meteora. Bhí corp fritháirithe air, dhá phiocadóir humbucker agus réamhaimplitheoir gníomhach a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid i mód gníomhach nó éighníomhach. Leis an tsamhail sin, leathnaigh Fender dearadh an Meteora chuig uirlis cheithre théad a bhí dírithe ar sheinnteoirí dordghiotair.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fender2022&quot;/&gt;

In 2024, chuir Fender an '''American Ultra II Meteora''' leis an raon. Bhí corp fearnóige, dhá phiocadóir Haymaker humbucker, lasc S-1 agus droichead seasta air. Bhí rialtáin chomhrianta dord agus tríble aige freisin, a cheadaigh don imreoir freagra minicíochta na huirlise a athrú. Bhí an tsamhail mar chuid de shraith American Ultra II, a dhíríonn ar ghnéithe nua-aimseartha agus ar roghanna rialaithe fuaime níos leithne.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderUltraII&quot;&gt;Fender Musical Instruments Corporation, [https://www.fender.com/newsroom/270215-fender-unveils-american-ultra-ii-the-most-advanced-guitar-series-in-the-brand-s-history/ ''Fender Unveils American Ultra II, the Most Advanced Guitar Series in the Brand’s History''], 15 Deireadh Fómhair 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PremierUltraII&quot;&gt;Shawn Hammond, [https://www.premierguitar.com/gear/reviews/fender-american-ultra-ii-meteora ''Fender American Ultra II Meteora Review''], ''Premier Guitar''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dearadh agus saintréithe ==

Tá an Meteora aitheanta mar ghiotár le corp fritháirithe fadaithe agus línte dronuilleacha. Cé go bhfuil cosúlachtaí idir imlíne a choirp agus cruthanna an Jazzmaster agus an Jaguar, tá gnéithe eile dá dhearadh bainteach le traidisiún an Telecaster, go háirithe i gcás an bhunleagain.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderConcept&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GuitarWorld2018&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PremierUltraII&quot;/&gt;

Ní hionann na hábhair ná na comhpháirteanna i ngach leagan. D'úsáid an bunleagan corp fuinseoige agus piocadóirí corna aonair, agus bhí piocadóirí humbucker ar na leaganacha Alternate Reality agus Player Plus. Athraíodh an droichead agus an córas rialaithe freisin: bhí droichead Telecaster ar mhúnla 2018, droichead Adjusto-Matic ar leagan 2019, córas vibrato ar an Player Plus HH, agus droichead seasta ar an American Ultra II.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuitarWorld2018&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderAlternate&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MusicRadar2022&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PremierUltraII&quot;/&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Leaganacha suntasacha den Fender Meteora
! Samhail !! Bliain a tugadh isteach !! Príomhghnéithe
|-
| Parallel Universe Meteora
| 2018
| Corp fuinseoige, dhá phiocadóir corna aonair de chineál Telecaster, droichead Telecaster agus fad scála 25.5 orlach.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuitarWorld2018&quot;/&gt;
|-
| Alternate Reality Meteora HH
| 2019
| Dhá phiocadóir humbucker, droichead Adjusto-Matic agus lasc brú-tarraingthe chun cornaí na bpiocadóirí a scoilteadh.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderAlternate&quot;/&gt;
|-
| Player Plus Meteora HH
| 2022
| Dhá phiocadóir Fireball humbucker, córas vibrato dhá phointe agus lasc S-1 chun na cornaí a scoilteadh.&lt;ref name=&quot;MusicRadar2022&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fender2022&quot;/&gt;
|-
| Player Plus Active Meteora Bass
| 2022
| Dordghiotár le dhá phiocadóir humbucker, réamhaimplitheoir gníomhach agus mód gníomhach nó éighníomhach.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fender2022&quot;/&gt;
|-
| American Ultra II Meteora
| 2024
| Dhá phiocadóir Haymaker humbucker, lasc S-1, rialtáin chomhrianta dord agus tríble agus droichead seasta.&lt;ref name=&quot;FenderUltraII&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PremierUltraII&quot;/&gt;
|}

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Giotár leictreach]]
* [[Fender Telecaster]]
* [[Fender Jazzmaster]]
* [[Fender Stratocaster]]

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

[[Catagóir:Giotár]]
[[Catagóir:Téaduirlisí]]</text>
      <sha1>o4py1p8bn23dr1x6e1bj9hx6k6df4yy</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Struchtúr sonraí</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128671</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330901</id>
      <parentid>1330560</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T03:19:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sanduíche de Presunto</username>
        <id>78137</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1330901</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15576" sha1="b2anob1uesgbiiqnjfv2a57yvb84ah1" xml:space="preserve">{{Scrios}}
Is éard is '''struchtúr sonraí''' ann ná modh chun sonraí a léiriú, a eagrú agus a stóráil, de ghnáth i gcuimhne ríomhaire, ionas gur féidir le ríomhchlár iad a rochtain agus a mhionathrú go héifeachtúil.&lt;ref name=&quot;NISTDS&quot;&gt;Paul E. Black, [https://xlinux.nist.gov/dads/HTML/dataStructure.html “data structure”], ''Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures'', National Institute of Standards and Technology, leasaithe an 20 Meán Fómhair 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Bíonn tionchar ag an struchtúr a roghnaítear ar luas na n-oibríochtaí, ar úsáid na cuimhne agus ar chastacht chur chun feidhme an chláir.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinArray&quot;&gt;Pat Morin, [https://opendatastructures.org/ods-java/2_Array_Based_Lists.html “2. Array-Based Lists”], ''Open Data Structures''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== An coincheap ==

Eagraíonn struchtúr sonraí eilimintí aonair agus, nuair is gá, na naisc eatarthu. D'fhéadfadh na heilimintí a bheith ina n-uimhreacha, ina dtéacsanna, ina dtaifid nó ina réada eile. I measc na n-oibríochtaí a dhéantar go minic tá cuardach, cur isteach, baint, nuashonrú agus rochtain ar eilimint faoi leith.&lt;ref name=&quot;NISTDS&quot; /&gt;

Ní hionann struchtúr sonraí agus [[cineál sonraí teibí]] (''abstract data type'', ADT). Sonraíonn cineál sonraí teibí na luachanna agus na hoibríochtaí atá ar fáil, chomh maith leis an iompar a mbeifear ag súil leis. Is éard atá i struchtúr sonraí ná modh nithiúil chun na sonraí a eagrú agus na hoibríochtaí sin a chur chun feidhme.&lt;ref name=&quot;NISTADT&quot;&gt;Paul E. Black, [https://xlinux.nist.gov/dads/HTML/abstractDataType.html “abstract data type”], ''Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures'', National Institute of Standards and Technology, leasaithe an 10 Feabhra 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mar shampla, is féidir scuaine a chur chun feidhme le heagar nó le liosta nasctha. Fanann an prionsabal céanna maidir leis an ord ina bpróiseáiltear na heilimintí, cé go bhféadfadh costas agus modh cur chun feidhme na n-oibríochtaí a bheith éagsúil.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinArray&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinLinked&quot;&gt;Pat Morin, [https://opendatastructures.org/ods-java/3_Linked_Lists.html “3. Linked Lists”], ''Open Data Structures''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Príomhchineálacha ==

Seo a leanas cuid de na struchtúir sonraí is coitianta i [[ríomheolaíocht]].

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Samplaí de struchtúir sonraí
! Cineál !! Cur síos !! Príomhúsáid nó saintréith
|-
| Eagar (''array'')
| Seicheamh eilimintí ar féidir rochtain a fháil orthu trí innéacs.
| Rochtain dhíreach thapa ar eilimintí de réir a n-innéacs.
|-
| Liosta nasctha (''linked list'')
| Sraith nóid ina bhfuil sonraí agus tagairtí do nóid eile.
| Cur isteach agus baint eilimintí gan gá le seicheamh mór eilimintí a bhogadh.
|-
| Cruach (''stack'')
| Struchtúr ina gcuirtear eilimintí leis agus ina mbaintear iad ón gceann céanna.
| Leanann sí prionsabal LIFO: an eilimint dheireanach a cuireadh isteach, baintear í ar dtús.
|-
| Scuaine (''queue'')
| Struchtúr ina gcuirtear eilimintí isteach ag foirceann amháin agus ina mbaintear iad ón gceann eile.
| Leanann gnáthscuaine prionsabal FIFO: an chéad eilimint a cuireadh isteach, baintear í ar dtús.
|-
| Tábla haisithe (''hash table'')
| Struchtúr a úsáideann feidhm haisithe chun eochracha a cheangal leis na sonraí comhfhreagracha.
| Cuardach, cur isteach agus baint de réir eochrach.
|-
| Crann (''tree'')
| Struchtúr ordlathach ina bhfuil nóid atá ceangailte le chéile.
| Léiriú ar shonraí ordlathacha agus cuardach ordaithe.
|-
| Carn (''heap'')
| Struchtúr crainn a choinníonn airí tosaíochta idir na nóid.
| Scuainí tosaíochta agus roghnú tapa na heiliminte is airde nó is ísle tosaíochta.
|-
| Graf (''graph'')
| Sraith rinn atá ceangailte le himill a léiríonn naisc eatarthu.
| Líonraí, bealaí agus caidrimh idir eintitis a shamhaltú.
|}

Ní liosta uileghabhálach é seo. I measc struchtúr eile tá scipe-liostaí, crainn chuardaigh chothromaithe agus B-chrainn. Braitheann na buntáistí a bhaineann le gach ceann acu ar an gcaoi a n-úsáidtear na sonraí agus ar na hoibríochtaí atá de dhíth.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinHash&quot;&gt;Pat Morin, [https://opendatastructures.org/ods-java/5_Hash_Tables.html “5. Hash Tables”], ''Open Data Structures''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinTrees&quot;&gt;Pat Morin, [https://opendatastructures.org/ods-java/6_Binary_Trees.html “6. Binary Trees”], ''Open Data Structures''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Struchtúir sheicheamhacha ==

=== Eagair agus liostaí nasctha ===

Is éard atá in eagar ná seicheamh eilimintí a eagraítear ionas gur féidir teacht ar eilimint de réir innéacs. I ngnáth-eagar, bíonn rochtain ar eilimint ar leith neamhspleách ar líon na n-eilimintí eile. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith níos costasaí eilimint a chur isteach i lár an tseichimh nó í a bhaint de, áfach, toisc gur gá eilimintí eile a bhogadh.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinArray&quot; /&gt;

[[Íomhá:DataStructuresLinkedListofN.svg|mion|deas|alt=Léaráid de nóid liosta nasctha atá ceangailte i seicheamh|Léiriú ar liosta nasctha, ina gceanglaíonn tagairtí na nóid le chéile.]]

I liosta nasctha, stóráiltear na heilimintí i nóid ar leith, agus nascann tagairtí na nóid sin lena chéile. I liosta singil nasctha, tagraíonn gach nód don chéad nód eile. I liosta dúbailte nasctha, tá tagairtí ann sa dá threo. Is féidir nód a chur isteach in aice le nód atá ar eolas cheana féin gan na heilimintí eile a bhogadh. Ar an taobh eile, de ghnáth ní mór dul trí na nóid chun teacht ar eilimint de réir a suímh.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinLinked&quot; /&gt;

=== Cruacha agus scuainí ===

Leanann cruach prionsabal ''Last In, First Out'' (LIFO). Cuirtear eilimintí ar a barr agus baintear den bharr iad. Is iad na príomhoibríochtaí ná eilimint a chur isteach, ar a dtugtar ''push'', agus eilimint a bhaint, ar a dtugtar ''pop''. Úsáidtear cruacha, mar shampla, chun glaonna feidhmeanna agus staid roimhe sin clár a bhainistiú.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinStack&quot;&gt;Pat Morin, [https://opendatastructures.org/ods-java/2_1_ArrayStack_Fast_Stack_O.html “ArrayStack: Fast Stack Operations Using an Array”], ''Open Data Structures''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Leanann gnáthscuaine prionsabal ''First In, First Out'' (FIFO). Cuirtear eilimintí isteach ag deireadh na scuaine agus baintear den tosach iad. Úsáidtear scuainí chun iarratais a phróiseáil san ord ina bhfuarthas iad, agus chun tascanna atá ag fanacht le hacmhainní ríomhaireachta a bhainistiú.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinLinked&quot; /&gt;

== Struchtúir haisithe agus crainn ==

=== Táblaí haisithe ===

Úsáideann tábla haisithe feidhm haisithe chun eochair a athrú ina luach lena n-aimsítear suíomh stórála. Déantar é sin chun luach a stóráil nó a aisghabháil trí úsáid a bhaint as an eochair sin. Is minic a bhíonn cuardach, cur isteach agus baint éifeachtach le tábla haisithe, ach braitheann an fheidhmíocht ar an bhfeidhm haisithe, ar mhéid an tábla agus ar an gcaoi a láimhseáiltear coimhlintí, nuair a thugann eochracha éagsúla an luach haisithe céanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinHash&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OpenDSAHash&quot;&gt;OpenDSA, [https://opendsa.org/OpenDSA/Books/CS3/html/HashIntro.html “Introduction to Hashing”], ''Data Structures and Algorithms''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Crainn agus carnáin ===

[[Íomhá:Simple 5 Leaf Binary Tree.svg|mion|deas|alt=Crann dénártha fréamhaithe ina bhfuil cúig nód duille|Sampla de chrann dénártha.]]

Is struchtúr ordlathach é crann fréamhaithe ina bhfuil fréamh amháin agus naisc idir tuismitheoirí agus leanaí. Is éard atá i gcrann dénártha ná crann nach mbíonn níos mó ná beirt leanaí ag gach nód. I gcrann cuardaigh dénártha, eagraítear na luachanna de réir rialach a chuireann ar chumas cuardach ordaithe. Braitheann éifeachtúlacht na n-oibríochtaí ar chruth an chrainn agus ar an gcaoi a gcoinnítear cothrom é.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinTrees&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OpenDSABST&quot;&gt;OpenDSA, [https://opendsa.org/OpenDSA/Books/Catalog/html/BST.html “Binary Search Trees”], roinn ar anailís na gcrann cuardaigh dénártha.&lt;/ref&gt;

Is cineál crainn é carn a choinníonn airí tosaíochta idir tuismitheoir agus a leanaí. I gcarn íosta, níl aon leanbh níos lú ná a thuismitheoir; i gcarn uasta, níl aon leanbh níos mó ná a thuismitheoir. Is féidir carn dénártha a chur chun feidhme le heagar, agus úsáidtear é go minic chun scuaine tosaíochta a chur ar fáil.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinHeaps&quot;&gt;Pat Morin, [https://opendatastructures.org/ods-java/10_Heaps.html “10. Heaps”], ''Open Data Structures''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Graif ==

Is struchtúr sonraí é graf atá comhdhéanta de rinn agus imill. Léiríonn na rinn na heintitis atá á samhaltú, agus léiríonn na himill na naisc eatarthu. I ngraf dírithe, bíonn treo ag gach imeall; i ngraf neamh-dhírithe, ní bhíonn treo sonraithe ag na naisc.

Is féidir graf a léiriú le maitrís chóngarachta nó le liostaí comharsanachta. Stórálann maitrís chóngarachta faisnéis faoi naisc idir péirí rinn, agus stórálann liosta comharsanachta na comharsana atá nasctha le gach rinn.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinGraphs&quot;&gt;Pat Morin, [https://opendatastructures.org/ods-java/12_Graphs.html “12. Graphs”], ''Open Data Structures''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Úsáidtear graif chun líonraí cumarsáide, gréasáin iompair agus caidrimh eile a shamhaltú. Mar shampla, is féidir acomhail a léiriú mar rinn agus bóithre mar imill. Is féidir algartaim chuardaigh a chur i bhfeidhm ar an ngraf sin chun bealaí a aimsiú nó chun nascacht an líonra a scrúdú.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinGraphs&quot; /&gt;

== Feidhmíocht agus castacht ==

Déantar measúnú ar struchtúr sonraí de réir chostas na n-oibríochtaí a dhéantar air agus de réir an méid cuimhne a bhíonn de dhíth air. Is minic a chuirtear an costas in iúl mar fheidhm de &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;, líon na n-eilimintí sa struchtúr. Úsáidtear [[nodaireacht O mhór|nodaireacht O mhór]] chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar ráta fáis uachtarach chostas ama nó cuimhne de réir mar a fhásann méid an ionchuir.&lt;ref name=&quot;OpenDSAAsymptotic&quot;&gt;OpenDSA, [https://opendsa-server.cs.vt.edu/ODSA/Books/pubbook/odsa-all/fall-2019/Public_Instance/html/AnalAsymptotic.html “Asymptotic Analysis and Upper Bounds”], ''Data Structures and Algorithms Modules''.&lt;/ref&gt;

I measc na rátaí fáis a úsáidtear go minic tá:

* &lt;math&gt;O(1)&lt;/math&gt; — costas tairiseach, nach mbraitheann ar líon na n-eilimintí.
* &lt;math&gt;O(\log n)&lt;/math&gt; — costas logartamach, a fhásann go mall de réir mar a mhéadaíonn an t-ionchur.
* &lt;math&gt;O(n)&lt;/math&gt; — costas líneach, a fhásann i gcomhréir le líon na n-eilimintí.
* &lt;math&gt;O(n^2)&lt;/math&gt; — costas cearnach, a fhásann de réir chearnóg líon na n-eilimintí.

Ní hionann nodaireacht O mhór agus am rite cruinn i soicindí. Ní léiríonn sí na tairisigh a bhaineann le cur chun feidhme ar leith ach oiread, agus bíonn sé tábhachtach a shonrú an bhfuiltear ag caint faoin gcás is fearr, faoin meánchás nó faoin gcás is measa.&lt;ref name=&quot;OpenDSAAsymptotic&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Costais ama tipiciúla roinnt oibríochtaí
! Struchtúr !! Oibríochtaí agus costas ama !! Coinníollacha
|-
| Eagar
| Rochtain trí innéacs: &lt;math&gt;O(1)&lt;/math&gt;; cuardach líneach gan ord: &lt;math&gt;O(n)&lt;/math&gt;; cur isteach nó baint i lár an tseichimh: &lt;math&gt;O(n)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinArray&quot; /&gt;
| Braitheann costas cur isteach agus baint ar shuíomh na heiliminte agus ar chur chun feidhme an eagair.
|-
| Liosta nasctha
| Rochtain de réir suímh nó cuardach: &lt;math&gt;O(n)&lt;/math&gt;; cur isteach in aice le nód atá ar eolas: &lt;math&gt;O(1)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinLinked&quot; /&gt;
| Chun nód a bhaint de liosta singil nasctha, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith riachtanach an réamhnód a bheith ar eolas freisin.
|-
| Cruach
| Cuir isteach nó bain den bharr: &lt;math&gt;O(1)&lt;/math&gt; amortaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinStack&quot; /&gt;
| D'fhéadfadh athrú méide eagair costas níos airde a chruthú d'oibríocht aonair, cé go mbíonn an costas meánaithe thar shraith oibríochtaí tairiseach.
|-
| Scuaine
| Cuir isteach ag an deireadh nó bain den tosach: &lt;math&gt;O(1)&lt;/math&gt; i ngnáthchur chun feidhme éifeachtúil.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinArray&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinLinked&quot; /&gt;
| Braitheann an costas ar chur chun feidhme, mar shampla eagar ciorclach nó liosta nasctha.
|-
| Tábla haisithe
| Cuardach, cur isteach agus baint: &lt;math&gt;O(1)&lt;/math&gt; ar an meán; &lt;math&gt;O(n)&lt;/math&gt; sa chás is measa.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinHash&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OpenDSAHash&quot; /&gt;
| Braitheann an fheidhmíocht ar an bhfeidhm haisithe, ar na coimhlintí agus ar ualach an tábla.
|-
| Crann cuardaigh dénártha cothromaithe
| Cuardach, cur isteach agus baint: &lt;math&gt;O(\log n)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;OpenDSABST&quot; /&gt;
| I gcrann nach gcoinnítear cothrom, d'fhéadfadh na hoibríochtaí céanna costas &lt;math&gt;O(n)&lt;/math&gt; a bheith orthu.
|-
| Carn dénártha
| Rochtain ar an eilimint tosaíochta: &lt;math&gt;O(1)&lt;/math&gt;; cur isteach nó baint na heiliminte tosaíochta: &lt;math&gt;O(\log n)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinHeaps&quot; /&gt;
| Ní ráthaíonn carn dénártha cuardach tapa ar luach ar bith eile sa charn.
|}

Léiríonn cuardach dénártha an tairbhe a bhaineann le ráta fáis logartamach. Ní oibríonn sé i gceart ach nuair atá na luachanna eagraithe san ord riachtanach. I ngach céim, déantar comparáid leis an eilimint sa lár agus cuirtear deireadh le leath den eatramh cuardaigh.&lt;ref name=&quot;OpenDSABinarySearch&quot;&gt;OpenDSA, [https://opendsa.org/OpenDSA/Books/Catalog/html/AnalProgram.html “Calculating Program Running Time”], roinn ar anailís chuardaigh dhéanaigh.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mar shampla, i mbailiúchán ordaithe ina bhfuil 1,024 eilimint, is ionann deich leathú agus laghdú an eatraimh go dtí eilimint amháin, mar:

&lt;math&gt;\log_2(1024)=10&lt;/math&gt;

D'fhéadfadh comparáid dheiridh a bheith riachtanach chun a dheimhniú an bhfuil an eilimint aimsithe. I gcuardach líneach, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh gá le suas le 1,024 eilimint a scrúdú. Dá bhrí sin, bíonn cuardach dénártha i bhfad níos éifeachtaí i gcás bailiúchán mór ordaithe, ar choinníoll go bhfuil costas eagrúcháin agus cothabhála na sonraí inghlactha.&lt;ref name=&quot;OpenDSABinarySearch&quot; /&gt;

Maidir le graif a stóráiltear le liostaí comharsanachta, is féidir cuairt a thabhairt ar gach rinn agus ar gach imeall le cuardach domhain nó cuardach ar leithead ar chostas ama &lt;math&gt;O(V+E)&lt;/math&gt;, áit arb é &lt;math&gt;V&lt;/math&gt; líon na rinn agus &lt;math&gt;E&lt;/math&gt; líon na n-imill.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinGraphs&quot; /&gt;

Ní bhíonn struchtúr sonraí amháin níos fearr ná gach struchtúr eile i ngach cás. Braitheann an rogha ar na hoibríochtaí is minice a dhéantar, ar mhéid agus ar dháileadh na sonraí, ar na srianta cuimhne agus ar riachtanais feidhmíochta an chláir.

== Feidhmeanna ==

Úsáidtear struchtúir sonraí ar fud na ríomhaireachta. Bíonn eagair agus liostaí nasctha úsáideach chun seichimh a choinneáil; bíonn cruacha agus scuainí oiriúnach do phróiseáil in ord sonrach; agus úsáidtear táblaí haisithe chun luachanna a aisghabháil de réir eochracha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinArray&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinLinked&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinHash&quot; /&gt;

Úsáidtear crainn chuardaigh nuair is gá luachanna a eagrú agus cuardach ordaithe a dhéanamh orthu. Úsáidtear carnáin i scuainí tosaíochta, agus bíonn graif úsáideach chun líonraí agus caidrimh idir eintitis a shamhaltú.&lt;ref name=&quot;OpenDSABST&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinHeaps&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MorinGraphs&quot; /&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Algartam]]
* [[Ríomheolaíocht]]
* [[Sonraí]]

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

{{Catcómhaoin|Data structures}}

[[Catagóir:Ríomheolaíocht]]</text>
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    <title>Castacht ríomhaireachtúil</title>
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Is brainse den [[Ríomheolaíocht|ríomheolaíocht]] í an '''chastacht ríomhaireachtúil''' a dhéanann staidéar ar na hacmhainní ríomhaireachtúla a theastaíonn chun fadhbanna a réiteach. Díríonn sí go háirithe ar an am ríomhaireachta agus ar an gcuimhne a bhíonn de dhíth ar algartaim, agus ar an gcaoi a n-athraíonn na riachtanais sin de réir mhéid an ionchuir. Is é ceann de phríomhchuspóirí na teoirice castachta fadhbanna ríomhaireachtúla a aicmiú de réir a ndeacrachta agus teorainneacha na ríomhaireachta éifeachtaí a thuiscint.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;&gt;Walter Dean, [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computational-complexity/ “Computational Complexity Theory”], ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', foilsíodh den chéad uair an 27 Iúil 2015; athbhreithniú substainteach an 20 Iúil 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Acmhainní ríomhaireachtúla ==

Déantar castacht ríomhaireachtúil a thomhas trí mhéid na n-acmhainní a theastaíonn chun fadhb a réiteach a chur i gcomparáid le méid an ionchuir. Is gnách méid an ionchuir a shonrú mar fhad a léirithe, mar shampla líon na ngiotán atá riachtanach chun uimhir a ionchódú sa chóras dénártha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;

Is iad castacht ama agus castacht spáis an dá phríomhchineál castachta a ndéantar staidéar orthu.

* '''Castacht ama:''' líon na gcéimeanna bunúsacha ríomhaireachta a dhéanann algartam sula gcríochnaíonn sé a ríomh.
* '''Castacht spáis:''' méid na cuimhne oibre a theastaíonn ón algartam le linn an ríofa.

Déantar na tomhais seo i dtaca le samhail fhoirmiúil ríomhaireachta, amhail [[Meaisín Turing|meaisín Turing]]. Ligeann sé sin algartaim agus fadhbanna a chur i gcomparáid gan bheith ag brath ar luas ná ar ailtireacht ríomhaire ar leith.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;

Is minic a dhéantar castacht a mheas sa '''chás is measa''', is é sin an méid acmhainní is mó a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag teastáil i gcás ionchuir d'fhad ar leith. Déantar staidéar freisin ar an gcás is fearr agus ar an meánchás. Braitheann rogha an tomhais ar an bhfadhb atá á scrúdú agus ar an gceist atá á cur ag an taighdeoir.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;

Tá difríocht idir anailís a dhéanamh ar algartam ar leith agus staidéar a dhéanamh ar chastacht faidhbe. Baineann an chéad cheann le hacmhainní algartaim áirithe; déanann an dara ceann iniúchadh ar na teorainneacha agus ar na modhanna is féidir a úsáid chun fadhb a réiteach faoi shamhail ríomhaireachtúil shonraithe.

== Fás na castachta ==

Chun algartaim a chur i gcomparáid, déantar staidéar ar an gcaoi a bhfásann a gcuid riachtanas ama nó spáis de réir mar a mhéadaíonn méid an ionchuir. Úsáidtear '''nodaireacht O-mhór''' chun teorainn uachtarach ar an bhfás sin a chur in iúl. Mar shampla, cuireann &lt;math&gt;O(n)&lt;/math&gt; fás líneach in iúl agus cuireann &lt;math&gt;O(n^2)&lt;/math&gt; teorainn uachtarach chearnach in iúl, áit arb é &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; méid an ionchuir.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;

Go foirmiúil, i gcás feidhmeanna neamh-dhiúltacha &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; agus &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt;, scríobhtar &lt;math&gt;f(n)\in O(g(n))&lt;/math&gt; má tá tairiseach dearfach &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; agus slánuimhir &lt;math&gt;n_0&lt;/math&gt; ann a fhágann, i gcás gach &lt;math&gt;n\geq n_0&lt;/math&gt;, go bhfuil:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;0\leq f(n)\leq c\,g(n).&lt;/math&gt;

Ní thugann an nodaireacht O-mhór an líon beacht céimeanna a dhéanann algartam. Déanann sí cur síos ar fhás de réir mhéid an ionchuir, gan tionchar fachtóirí tairiseacha agus téarmaí ardoird a chur san áireamh ar an mbealach céanna a ndéantar iad a mheas i ríomh beacht. Úsáidtear an nodaireacht &lt;math&gt;\Theta(g(n))&lt;/math&gt; nuair is féidir teorainn uachtarach agus teorainn íochtarach den ord fáis céanna a shuíomh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;

[[Íomhá:Comparison computational complexity.svg|mion|deas|alt=Graf a dhéanann comparáid idir rátaí fáis feidhmeanna éagsúla de réir mhéid an ionchuir.|Comparáid ghrafach idir rátaí fáis coitianta, agus comhéifeacht 1 á glacadh leis. Foinse: Cmglee, Cómhaoin Wikimedia.]]

I measc na rátaí fáis coitianta tá:

* '''Tairiseach:''' &lt;math&gt;O(1)&lt;/math&gt;. Ní bhraitheann líon na gcéimeanna ar mhéid an ionchuir.
* '''Logartamach:''' &lt;math&gt;O(\log n)&lt;/math&gt;. Fásann an líon céimeanna go mall de réir mar a mhéadaíonn an t-ionchur.
* '''Líneach:''' &lt;math&gt;O(n)&lt;/math&gt;. Fásann an líon céimeanna i gcomhréir le méid an ionchuir.
* '''Cearnach:''' &lt;math&gt;O(n^2)&lt;/math&gt;. Fásann an líon céimeanna de réir chearnóg mhéid an ionchuir.
* '''Ciúbach:''' &lt;math&gt;O(n^3)&lt;/math&gt;. Fásann an líon céimeanna de réir chiúb mhéid an ionchuir.
* '''Easpónantúil:''' &lt;math&gt;O(2^n)&lt;/math&gt;. Fásann an líon céimeanna go han-tapa de réir mar a mhéadaíonn an t-ionchur.

Léiríonn na ríomhanna seo a leanas na luachanna a fhaightear do na feidhmeanna &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;n^2&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;n^3&lt;/math&gt; agus &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt;. Glactar le comhéifeacht 1 i ngach cás; is comparáid mhatamaiticiúil í seo, ní tomhas ar algartam ar leith.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparáid idir roinnt feidhmeanna fáis
! Méid an ionchuir &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; !! &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; !! &lt;math&gt;n^2&lt;/math&gt; !! &lt;math&gt;n^3&lt;/math&gt; !! &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| 10 || 10 || 100 || 1,000 || 1,024
|-
| 20 || 20 || 400 || 8,000 || 1,048,576
|-
| 30 || 30 || 900 || 27,000 || 1,073,741,824
|}

Léiríonn an chomparáid go bhfásann &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt; i bhfad níos tapúla ná na feidhmeanna polainómacha nuair a éiríonn an t-ionchur mór. Ní chiallaíonn sin go mbíonn gach algartam polainómach níos tapúla i ngach cás: braitheann feidhmíocht phraiticiúil freisin ar fhachtóirí tairiseacha, ar an gcéim sa pholainóm, agus ar chineál na n-ionchur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;

Tá tábhacht le fad ionchódaithe na sonraí chomh maith. Má léirítear slánuimhir dheimhneach &lt;math&gt;N&lt;/math&gt; sa chóras dénártha, is é an fad atá aici i ngiotáin:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;m=\lfloor\log_2 N\rfloor+1.&lt;/math&gt;

Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh algartam a dhéanann &lt;math&gt;N&lt;/math&gt; céim a bheith easpónantúil i bhfad an ionchuir &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt;, mar is féidir le &lt;math&gt;N&lt;/math&gt; a bheith gar do &lt;math&gt;2^m&lt;/math&gt;. Léiríonn sé sin cén fáth a gcaithfear méid an ionchuir a shainiú go cúramach agus castacht á tomhas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;

Sa teoiric castachta, úsáidtear am polainómach mar shlat tomhais theoiriciúil ar éifeachtúlacht. Is ionann am polainómach agus teorainn ama den fhoirm &lt;math&gt;O(n^k)&lt;/math&gt;, áit ar tairiseach neamhspleách ar mhéid an ionchuir é &lt;math&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;. Ní ráthaíocht é sin go mbeidh gach algartam den sórt sin praiticiúil do mhéideanna móra ionchuir.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;

== Ranganna castachta ==

Is éard is rang castachta ann ná bailiúchán d'fhadhbanna ríomhaireachtúla a chomhlíonann critéir áirithe maidir leis na hacmhainní a theastaíonn chun iad a réiteach. Baineann cuid mhór den teoiric le '''fadhbanna cinnidh''', ina gcaithfear a chinneadh an bhfuil airí áirithe ag ionchur ar leith. Déantar a rang castachta a mheas i dtaca le samhail ríomhaireachtúil agus teorainneacha acmhainní sainithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;

Seo a leanas roinnt de na ranganna is mó a úsáidtear:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Príomh-ranganna castachta ríomhaireachtúla
! Rang !! Sainmhíniú ginearálta
|-
| '''P'''
| Na fadhbanna cinnidh is féidir le meaisín Turing cinntitheach a réiteach in am polainómach.
|-
| '''NP'''
| Na fadhbanna cinnidh ar féidir teastas a dhearbhaíonn freagra dearfach a fhíorú in am polainómach. Is féidir an rang céanna a shainmhíniú trí mheaisíní Turing neamhchinntitheacha.
|-
| '''coNP'''
| Na fadhbanna cinnidh a bhfuil a gcomhlánuithe in NP.
|-
| '''PSPACE'''
| Na fadhbanna cinnidh is féidir a réiteach le méid spáis oibre atá teoranta ag polainóm i méid an ionchuir.
|-
| '''EXP'''
| Na fadhbanna cinnidh is féidir a réiteach in am teoranta ag feidhm easpónantúil de mhéid an ionchuir.
|}

Tá na ranganna seo bunaithe ar shainmhínithe foirmiúla, agus ní ar thomhais ama ar ríomhairí fisiciúla. Is iad na cuimsithe seo a leanas cuid de na caidrimh bhunúsacha atá ar eolas:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\mathrm{P}\subseteq\mathrm{NP}\subseteq\mathrm{PSPACE}\subseteq\mathrm{EXP}.&lt;/math&gt;

Is cuimsithe cruthaithe iad seo, ach ní fios an bhfuil gach cuimsiú ina chuimsiú docht, is é sin, an bhfuil na ranganna ar gach taobh éagsúil óna chéile. Tá sé cruthaithe, áfach, go bhfuil &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{P}\subsetneq\mathrm{EXP}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;

Tá gaol tábhachtach ann freisin idir NP agus coNP. Is féidir fadhb atá in P a réiteach go héifeachtúil, agus dá bhrí sin is féidir a freagra dearfach agus a freagra diúltach a fhíorú go héifeachtúil. Mar sin:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\mathrm{P}\subseteq\mathrm{NP}\cap\mathrm{coNP}.&lt;/math&gt;

Ní fios an ionann NP agus coNP.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;

== Fadhb P agus NP ==

Ceann de na ceisteanna is cáiliúla sa teoiric castachta ná an ionann na ranganna P agus NP. Déanann P cur síos ar fhadhbanna cinnidh ar féidir iad a réiteach in am polainómach. I gcás NP, is féidir teastas cuí le haghaidh freagra dearfach a fhíorú in am polainómach. Is í an cheist, dá bhrí sin, an féidir gach réiteach a fhíorú go héifeachtúil a aimsiú go héifeachtúil freisin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;

[[Íomhá:Complexity classes.svg|mion|deas|alt=Léaráid de ranganna P agus NP faoi thoimhde nach ionann P agus NP.|Léaráid thraidisiúnta de na ranganna P agus NP faoi thoimhde &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{P}\neq\mathrm{NP}&lt;/math&gt;. Níor cruthaíodh an toimhde seo.]]

Tá a fhios go bhfuil &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{P}\subseteq\mathrm{NP}&lt;/math&gt;, ach níl sé cruthaithe an ionann an dá rang nó an bhfuil cuimsiú docht eatarthu. Is fadhb oscailte í an cheist go fóill agus tá sí ar liosta Fadhbanna na Mílaoise de chuid Institiúid Matamaitice Clay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clay&quot;&gt;Clay Mathematics Institute, [https://www.claymath.org/millennium/p-vs-np/ “P vs NP”], ''The Millennium Prize Problems''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dá mbeadh &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{P}=\mathrm{NP}&lt;/math&gt;, bheadh gach fadhb in NP inréitithe in am polainómach. Os a choinne sin, dá gcruthófaí go bhfuil fadhb éigin in NP nach féidir a réiteach in am polainómach, bheadh &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{P}\neq\mathrm{NP}&lt;/math&gt;. Níor éirigh le taighdeoirí ceachtar toradh a chruthú go fóill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clay&quot;/&gt;

== Laghduithe agus iomláine NP ==

Úsáidtear '''laghdú polainómach''' chun deacracht dhá fhadhb a chur i gcomparáid. I laghdú polainómach de chineál il-aonair, déantar claochlú inríomhaireachta in am polainómach ó ionchuir fadhb amháin go hionchuir fadhb eile agus caomhnaítear an freagra. Má tá fadhb amháin inlaghdaithe go fadhb eile ar an dóigh seo, d'fhéadfaí algartam éifeachtach don dara fadhb a úsáid chun an chéad fhadhb a réiteach go héifeachtúil freisin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;

Má tá fadhbanna cinnidh &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; agus &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; ann, scríobhtar:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;A\leq_{\mathrm{P}}B&lt;/math&gt;

chun a chur in iúl gur féidir &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; a laghdú go &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; in am polainómach. Go foirmiúil, tá feidhm &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; ann ar féidir í a ríomh in am polainómach agus a chomhlíonann:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;x\in A\iff f(x)\in B.&lt;/math&gt;

Ciallaíonn sé sin go bhfuil freagra dearfach ag &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; i gcás &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; go díreach nuair a bhíonn freagra dearfach ag &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; i gcás &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;

Tugtar '''NP-dheacair''' ar fhadhb atá chomh deacair le gach fadhb in NP de réir laghduithe polainómacha. Ní gá go mbeadh fadhb NP-dheacair féin in NP. Tugtar '''NP-iomlán''' ar fhadhb atá NP-dheacair agus atá in NP freisin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;

Tá fadhb na sásaimh Booleánaí (SAT), fadhb an chosáin Hamiltonaigh agus leagan cinnidh d'fhadhb an díoltóra taistil i measc na samplaí clasaiceacha d'fhadhbanna NP-iomlána. Léirigh Stephen Cook in 1971 agus Leonid Levin in 1973, go neamhspleách ar a chéile, go raibh fadhb SAT NP-iomlán. Leag Richard Karp bunchloch eile de theoiric na hiomláine NP in 1972 nuair a chuir sé 21 fhadhb i láthair arbh fhéidir a n-iomláine NP a chruthú trí laghduithe polainómacha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cook&quot;&gt;Stephen A. Cook, [https://doi.org/10.1145/800157.805047 “The Complexity of Theorem-Proving Procedures”], ''Proceedings of the Third Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing'', ACM, 1971, lgh. 151–158.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Karp&quot;&gt;Richard M. Karp, “Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems”, in R. E. Miller agus J. W. Thatcher (eag.), ''Complexity of Computer Computations'', Plenum Press, 1972, lgh. 85–103, [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2001-2_9 DOI].&lt;/ref&gt;

Má fhaightear algartam in am polainómach do fhadhb NP-iomlán amháin, leanann as sin go bhfuil gach fadhb in NP inréitithe in am polainómach, rud a thabharfadh &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{P}=\mathrm{NP}&lt;/math&gt;. Sin ceann de na cúiseanna a bhfuil tábhacht ag baint le fadhbanna NP-iomlána i dtaighde na ríomheolaíochta teoiriciúla.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;

== Feidhmeanna ==

Cuidíonn teoiric na castachta le hanailís a dhéanamh ar éifeachtúlacht algartam, ar fhadhbanna optamaithe agus ar na teorainneacha a bhaineann le ríomh fadhbanna móra. Úsáidtear laghduithe agus torthaí ar iomláine NP chun fadhbanna a bhfuil cuma an-éagsúil orthu a chur i gcomparáid ó thaobh na deacrachta ríomhaireachtúla de.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;

Tá an teoiric ábhartha don [[Cripteagrafaíocht|chripteagrafaíocht]] freisin, áit a mbraitheann slándáil roinnt modhanna ar an deacracht ríomhaireachtúil a bhaineann le fadhbanna ar leith.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean&quot;/&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Algartam]]
* [[Meaisín Turing]]
* [[Ríomheolaíocht]]
* [[Cripteagrafaíocht]]
* [[Ríomhaireacht chandamach]]

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

{{Catcómhaoin|Computational complexity theory}}

[[Catagóir:Eolaíochtaí foirmiúla]]
[[Catagóir:Ríomhaireacht]]
[[Catagóir:Ríomheolaíocht]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nodaireacht Big O</title>
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'''Is nodaireacht mhatamaiticiúil í an nodaireacht Big O''' (nó '''O-mhór''') a úsáidtear sa [[Ríomheolaíocht|ríomheolaíocht]] agus sa mhatamaitic chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar ráta fáis feidhme de réir mar a mhéadaíonn méid an ionchuir. Úsáidtear í go háirithe chun teorainn uachtarach ar an am ríomhaireachtúil nó ar an gcuimhne a theastaíonn ó [[Algartam|algartam]] a chur in iúl. Cuidíonn sí le héifeachtúlacht algartam a mheas gan bheith ag brath ar shonraíochtaí ríomhaire ar leith.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;Paul E. Black, [https://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/bigOnotation.html “big-O notation”], ''Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures'', National Institute of Standards and Technology, 6 Meán Fómhair 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sainmhíniú foirmiúil ==

I dteoiric na castachta ríomhaireachtúla, úsáidtear an nodaireacht chun dhá fheidhm a chur i gcomparáid de réir a bhfáis. Má tá &lt;math&gt;f(n)&lt;/math&gt; agus &lt;math&gt;g(n)&lt;/math&gt; ina bhfeidhmeanna neamh-dhiúltacha, scríobhtar &lt;math&gt;f(n)\in O(g(n))&lt;/math&gt; nuair atá tairisigh dheimhneacha &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; agus &lt;math&gt;n_0&lt;/math&gt; ann sa chaoi go bhfuil:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;0\leq f(n)\leq c\,g(n)\quad\text{do gach }n\geq n_0.&lt;/math&gt;

Is éard atá i gceist leis sin ná go bhfuil &lt;math&gt;f(n)&lt;/math&gt; teoranta ó thuas ag iolraí tairiseach de &lt;math&gt;g(n)&lt;/math&gt; nuair a bhíonn &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; sách mór. Ní bhraitheann na tairisigh &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; agus &lt;math&gt;n_0&lt;/math&gt; ar &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; féin.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornell&quot;&gt;“3.2 Scaling analysis”, ''Numerical Methods for Data Science'', Cornell University, [https://www.cs.cornell.edu/~bindel/nmds/00-Background/02-Performance.html anailís ar scálú agus ar nodaireacht ord fáis].&lt;/ref&gt;

Is é &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; méid an ionchuir, agus is é &lt;math&gt;g(n)&lt;/math&gt; an fheidhm a úsáidtear mar theorainn uachtarach. I gcás liosta sonraí, mar shampla, is féidir gurb é líon na míreanna sa liosta an luach &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;. I gcás ionchur uimhriúil, d'fhéadfadh méid an ionchuir tagairt a dhéanamh don líon giotán atá riachtanach chun é a léiriú.

Ní hionann &lt;math&gt;O(g(n))&lt;/math&gt; agus líon beacht na n-oibríochtaí a dhéanann algartam. Tugann sé teorainn ar an bhfás, agus is minic a úsáidtear an leagan is déine den teorainn sin chun castacht a chur in iúl go hachomair.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;/&gt;

== Rátaí fáis coitianta ==

Braitheann an rangú a thugtar d'algartam ar an gcaoi a n-athraíonn a riachtanais ríomhaireachtúla de réir mhéid an ionchuir. Seo a leanas roinnt de na rátaí fáis is coitianta.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Samplaí de rátaí fáis
! Nodaireacht !! Cineál fáis !! Cur síos
|-
| &lt;math&gt;O(1)&lt;/math&gt;
| Tairiseach
| Ní fhásann an líon oibríochtaí de réir mhéid an ionchuir.
|-
| &lt;math&gt;O(\log n)&lt;/math&gt;
| Logartamach
| Fásann an líon oibríochtaí go mall; tarlaíonn sé seo, mar shampla, nuair a leathnaítear an spás cuardaigh nó nuair a laghdaítear é faoina leath ag gach céim.
|-
| &lt;math&gt;O(n)&lt;/math&gt;
| Líneach
| Fásann an líon oibríochtaí i gcomhréir le méid an ionchuir.
|-
| &lt;math&gt;O(n\log n)&lt;/math&gt;
| Líneach-logartamach
| Fásann an líon oibríochtaí níos tapúla ná líneach, ach níos moille ná cearnach.
|-
| &lt;math&gt;O(n^2)&lt;/math&gt;
| Cearnach
| Fásann an líon oibríochtaí de réir chearnóg mhéid an ionchuir.
|-
| &lt;math&gt;O(n^3)&lt;/math&gt;
| Ciúbach
| Fásann an líon oibríochtaí de réir chiúb mhéid an ionchuir.
|-
| &lt;math&gt;O(2^n)&lt;/math&gt;
| Easpónantúil
| Fásann an líon oibríochtaí go han-tapa de réir mar a mhéadaíonn an t-ionchur.
|}

Is léirithe tipiciúla iad na feidhmeanna seo ar rátaí fáis, seachas tomhais ar am rite iarbhír. Braitheann feidhmíocht phraiticiúil freisin ar fhachtóirí tairiseacha, ar chur chun feidhme an algartaim agus ar an gcóras ríomhaireachta a úsáidtear.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornell&quot;/&gt;

[[Íomhá:Comparison computational complexity.svg|mion|deas|alt=Graf a dhéanann comparáid idir rátaí fáis éagsúla de réir mhéid an ionchuir.|Comparáid idir rátaí fáis feidhmeanna coitianta, agus comhéifeacht 1 á glacadh leis. Léaráid le Cmglee, ar fáil faoi cheadúnas CC BY-SA 4.0.]]

=== Comparáid uimhriúil ===

Is féidir an difríocht idir feidhmeanna fáis a fheiceáil trí luachanna éagsúla de &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; a chur isteach sna foirmlí. Sa tábla seo, cuirtear &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;n\log_2 n&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;n^2&lt;/math&gt; agus &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt; i gcomparáid.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Luachanna feidhmeanna éagsúla
! &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; !! &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; !! &lt;math&gt;n\log_2 n&lt;/math&gt; !! &lt;math&gt;n^2&lt;/math&gt; !! &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| 8 || 8 || 24 || 64 || 256
|-
| 16 || 16 || 64 || 256 || 65,536
|-
| 32 || 32 || 160 || 1,024 || 4,294,967,296
|}

Léiríonn an chomparáid go méadaíonn &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt; i bhfad níos tapúla ná na feidhmeanna eile sa tábla. Is luachanna matamaiticiúla iad seo, áfach, agus ní líon iarbhír na n-oibríochtaí in aon algartam ar leith.

== Sampla matamaiticiúil ==

Glactar leis go ndéanann algartam líon oibríochtaí atá curtha in iúl ag an bhfeidhm seo a leanas, áit a léiríonn &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; méid an ionchuir:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;T(n)=3n^2+5n+2.&lt;/math&gt;

Chun a chruthú go mbaineann &lt;math&gt;T(n)&lt;/math&gt; le &lt;math&gt;O(n^2)&lt;/math&gt;, is féidir an fheidhm a chur i gcomparáid le &lt;math&gt;10n^2&lt;/math&gt;. I gcás gach slánuimhir &lt;math&gt;n\geq1&lt;/math&gt;, tá &lt;math&gt;n\leq n^2&lt;/math&gt; agus &lt;math&gt;1\leq n^2&lt;/math&gt;. Dá bhrí sin:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{aligned}
T(n)&amp;=3n^2+5n+2\\
&amp;\leq3n^2+5n^2+2n^2\\
&amp;=10n^2.
\end{aligned}&lt;/math&gt;

Is féidir, mar sin, &lt;math&gt;c=10&lt;/math&gt; agus &lt;math&gt;n_0=1&lt;/math&gt; a roghnú sa sainmhíniú foirmiúil. Leanann as sin go bhfuil:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;T(n)\in O(n^2).&lt;/math&gt;

Ní hé sin an t-aon teorainn uachtarach is féidir a thabhairt ar an bhfeidhm. Tá sí in &lt;math&gt;O(n^3)&lt;/math&gt; freisin, mar shampla, ach is teorainn níos cruinne í &lt;math&gt;O(n^2)&lt;/math&gt; dá ráta fáis. Go deimhin, ós rud é go bhfuil &lt;math&gt;3n^2\leq T(n)\leq10n^2&lt;/math&gt; do gach &lt;math&gt;n\geq1&lt;/math&gt;, is féidir a rá freisin go bhfuil:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;T(n)\in\Theta(n^2).&lt;/math&gt;

== Úsáid san anailís ar algartaim ==

Úsáidtear nodaireacht Big O chun castacht algartam a chur in iúl, go háirithe castacht ama agus castacht spáis. Is minic a dhéantar anailís ar an gcás is measa, is é sin an méid acmhainní is mó a theastaíonn i measc na n-ionchur uile a bhfuil an méid céanna acu. Ní hionann Big O agus an cás is measa féin, áfach: is féidir an nodaireacht a úsáid chun teorainn uachtarach a chur ar an gcás is fearr, ar an meánchás nó ar aon fheidhm chostais eile.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornell&quot;/&gt;

Mar shampla, d'fhéadfadh cuardach líneach ar liosta de &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; mír gach mír a scrúdú, rud a thugann teorainn ama &lt;math&gt;O(n)&lt;/math&gt;. I gcuardach dénártha ar liosta ordaithe, laghdaítear an líon míreanna atá fós le cuardach faoina leath ag gach céim; dá bhrí sin, is leor líon céimeanna atá comhréireach le &lt;math&gt;\log_2 n&lt;/math&gt;, rud a thugann castacht ama &lt;math&gt;O(\log n)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornell&quot;/&gt;

Ní chiallaíonn teorainn &lt;math&gt;O(n^2)&lt;/math&gt;, mar shampla, go ndéanann algartam &lt;math&gt;n^2&lt;/math&gt; oibríocht go beacht. Ciallaíonn sí go bhfuil a líon oibríochtaí teoranta ó thuas ag tairiseach iolraithe de &lt;math&gt;n^2&lt;/math&gt; nuair a bhíonn &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; sách mór. Is féidir le dhá algartam a bhfuil an nodaireacht Big O chéanna acu feidhmíocht phraiticiúil an-éagsúil a léiriú.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornell&quot;/&gt;

== Gaol le nodaireachtaí eile ==

Tá nodaireachtaí eile ann a chuireann teorainneacha ar fhás feidhmeanna in iúl. Tá na cinn seo a leanas gaolmhar le Big O, ach ní hionann a gcuid bríonna.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Nodaireachtaí ord fáis
! Nodaireacht !! Brí
|-
| &lt;math&gt;O(g(n))&lt;/math&gt;
| Teorainn uachtarach: ní fhásann an fheidhm níos tapúla ná tairiseach iolraithe de &lt;math&gt;g(n)&lt;/math&gt; sa bhfad.
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Omega(g(n))&lt;/math&gt;
| Teorainn íochtarach: ní fhásann an fheidhm níos moille ná tairiseach iolraithe de &lt;math&gt;g(n)&lt;/math&gt; sa bhfad.
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\Theta(g(n))&lt;/math&gt;
| Teorainn dhocht ar ord an fháis: tá teorainn uachtarach agus teorainn íochtarach den ord céanna ag an bhfeidhm.
|-
| &lt;math&gt;o(g(n))&lt;/math&gt;
| Fásann an fheidhm níos moille ná &lt;math&gt;g(n)&lt;/math&gt; sa teorainn.
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\omega(g(n))&lt;/math&gt;
| Fásann an fheidhm níos tapúla ná &lt;math&gt;g(n)&lt;/math&gt; sa teorainn.
|}

Úsáidtear Big O go minic nuair is leor teorainn uachtarach a shuíomh, ach nuair is gá ráta fáis chomh cruinn agus is féidir a lua, is fearr &lt;math&gt;\Theta&lt;/math&gt; a úsáid má tá teorainn uachtarach agus teorainn íochtarach den ord céanna cruthaithe. Tá na difríochtaí sin tábhachtach chun torthaí anailíse algartam a chur in iúl go beacht.&lt;ref name=&quot;Knuth&quot;&gt;Donald E. Knuth, [https://doi.org/10.1145/1008328.1008329 “Big Omicron and Big Omega and Big Theta”], ''SIGACT News'', iml. 8, uimh. 2, 1976, lgh. 18–24.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornell&quot;/&gt;

== Teorainneacha na nodaireachta ==

Is uirlis theoiriciúil í Big O. Trí fhachtóirí tairiseacha agus téarmaí fáis nach mbíonn chomh suntasach céanna san fhad a fhágáil ar lár, is féidir patrún ginearálta fáis a chur in iúl go soiléir. Ní thugann sí, áfach, meastachán iomlán ar an am a thógfaidh clár ar ríomhaire ar leith. Féadfaidh difríochtaí i gcuimhne, i bpróiseálaí, i gcur chun feidhme agus i saintréithe na sonraí tionchar suntasach a imirt ar an am rite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornell&quot;/&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Algartam]]
* [[Ríomheolaíocht]]
* [[Anailís uimhriúil]]
* [[Meaisín Turing]]

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

{{Catcómhaoin|Computational complexity theory}}

[[Catagóir:Algartaim]]
[[Catagóir:Matamaitic]]
[[Catagóir:Ríomheolaíocht]]</text>
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    <title>Teoiric na ríomhaireachta</title>
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'''Teoiric na ríomhaireachta''' is ea brainse den [[ríomheolaíocht]] theoiriciúil a dhéanann staidéar matamaiticiúil ar nádúr agus ar theorainneacha na ríomhaireachta. Déanann sí iniúchadh ar na fadhbanna is féidir a réiteach trí algartam, ar na samhlacha matamaiticiúla a úsáidtear chun ríomhaireacht a léiriú, agus ar na hacmhainní a theastaíonn chun fadhbanna a réiteach. Is iad teoiric na n-uathmat, teoiric na hinríomhaireachta agus teoiric na castachta ríomhaireachtúla cuid dá príomhréimsí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sipser&quot;&gt;Michael Sipser, ''Introduction to the Theory of Computation'', 3ú heagrán, Cengage Learning, 2012. [https://math.mit.edu/~sipser/book.html]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chen&quot;&gt;Hubie Chen, ''Computability and Complexity'', The MIT Press, 2023. [https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262048620/computability-and-complexity/]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Príomhréimsí ==

Déantar idirdhealú idir na príomhréimsí de réir na gceisteanna a scrúdaíonn siad. Déanann teoiric na n-uathmat agus teangacha foirmiúla staidéar ar mhúnlaí ríomhaireachtúla agus ar na rialacha lena sainítear teangacha. Fiosraíonn teoiric na hinríomhaireachta na teorainneacha atá le réiteach fadhbanna trí algartam. Déanann teoiric na castachta ríomhaireachtúla comparáid idir an méid ama agus cuimhne a theastaíonn chun fadhbanna inríofa a réiteach.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sipser&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chen&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Príomhréimsí theoiric na ríomhaireachta
! Réimse !! Príomhcheist !! Samplaí de na coincheapa
|-
| Teoiric na n-uathmat agus teangacha foirmiúla
| Conas is féidir ríomhaireacht agus patrúin shiombalacha a shamhaltú?
| Uathmata críochta, gramadaí foirmiúla agus teangacha rialta
|-
| Teoiric na hinríomhaireachta
| Cé na fadhbanna is féidir a réiteach le haltgartam?
| Meaisíní Turing, feidhmeanna inríofa agus fadhb an stadaithe
|-
| Teoiric na castachta ríomhaireachtúla
| Cé mhéad ama nó cuimhne a theastaíonn chun fadhb a réiteach?
| Castacht ama, castacht spáis agus na haicmí P agus NP
|}

== Teoiric na n-uathmat agus teangacha foirmiúla ==

Déanann teoiric na n-uathmat staidéar ar mheaisíní teibí ar féidir a n-iompar a shainiú le tacar rialacha. Samhail bhunúsach is ea an [[uathmat críochta]], a bhfuil líon críochta staideanna aici. Ag gach céim, athraíonn sí staid de réir na siombailí a fhaigheann sí mar ionchur agus na rialacha a rialaíonn na haistrithe idir staideanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esparza&quot;&gt;Javier Esparza agus Michael Blondin, ''Automata Theory: An Algorithmic Approach'', The MIT Press, 2023. [https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262048637/automata-theory/]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Íomhá:Finite-state machine state-diagram.png|mion|deas|alt=Léaráid de mheaisín críochta a bhfuil staideanna agus aistrithe idir na staideanna ann.|Léaráid de mheaisín críochta. Le Maggyero, faoi cheadúnas CC BY-SA 4.0.]]

Is éard is teanga fhoirmiúil ann ná tacar teaghrán atá tógtha as siombailí ó aibítir shainithe. Leagann gramadach fhoirmiúil síos rialacha chun na teaghráin a ghiniúint, agus is féidir uathmata a úsáid chun a dheimhniú an mbaineann teaghrán áirithe leis an teanga sin. Déantar staidéar ar na gaolta idir gramadaí agus uathmata chun aicmí teangacha a shainiú agus a rangú.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esparza&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sipser&quot; /&gt;

Tá feidhmeanna praiticiúla ag na coincheapa seo i ndearadh tiomsaitheoirí agus i bpróiseáil teangacha ríomhchlárúcháin. Úsáidtear meaisíní críochta, mar shampla, chun comharthaí a aithint agus chun próisis a bhfuil líon teoranta staideanna acu a shamhaltú. Is féidir samhlacha níos cumhachtaí, amhail uathmata le stór cruachta, a úsáid chun teangacha níos casta a aithint.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esparza&quot; /&gt;

== Inríomhaireacht agus teorainneacha na ríomhaireachta ==

Déanann teoiric na hinríomhaireachta staidéar ar na fadhbanna ar féidir nós imeachta éifeachtach a chur ar fáil dóibh agus ar na fadhbanna nach féidir a réiteach go ginearálta ar an mbealach sin. Chun an coincheap sin a scrúdú go foirmiúil, úsáidtear samhlacha matamaiticiúla den ríomhaireacht, go háirithe an [[Meaisín Turing]].&lt;ref name=&quot;TuringSEP&quot;&gt;“Turing Machines”, ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', athbhreithnithe go substaintiúil an 21 Bealtaine 2025. [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-machine/]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Íomhá:Turing machine.png|mion|clé|alt:Léaráid scéimreach de mheaisín Turing le téip, ceann léitheoireachta agus scríbhneoireachta, agus aonad rialaithe.|Léiriú scéimreach ar mheaisín Turing. Tá an comhad sa réimse poiblí.]]

Is meaisín teibí é meaisín Turing a úsáideann téip roinnte ina chealla, ceann a léann agus a scríobhann siombailí, agus aonad rialaithe a athraíonn staid de réir rialacha. Cé gur samhail mhatamaiticiúil í seachas dearadh ríomhaire fisiciúil ar leith, tugann sí creat beacht chun cumais agus teorainneacha na ríomhaireachta a scrúdú.&lt;ref name=&quot;TuringSEP&quot; /&gt;

Tá baint ag an samhail seo leis an [[Tráchtas Church–Turing|tráchtas Church–Turing]]. Cuireann an tráchtas in iúl gur féidir gach ríomhaireacht a dhéantar trí ghnáthnós imeachta éifeachtach a chur in iúl le meaisín Turing. Forbraíodh foirmeacha éagsúla den tráchtas go neamhspleách ag Alonzo Church agus Alan Turing sna 1930idí. Is tráchtas é faoi bhrí an choincheapa neamhfhoirmiúil de ríomhaireacht éifeachtach, seachas teoirim a leanann ó shainmhíniú matamaiticiúil amháin.&lt;ref name=&quot;ChurchTuringSEP&quot;&gt;“The Church-Turing Thesis”, ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', ''Spring 2026 Edition''. [https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2026/entries/church-turing/]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fadhb an stadaithe ===

Sampla cáiliúil de theorainn na ríomhaireachta is ea [[Fadhb an stadaithe|fadhb an stadaithe]]. Fiafraíonn sí an féidir algartam ginearálta a chruthú a chinnfeadh, i gcás gach cláir agus gach ionchuir, an stopfaidh an clár tar éis líon críochta céimeanna nó an leanfaidh sé ar aghaidh gan stad. Léirigh Alan Turing nach bhfuil algartam den sórt sin ann a oibríonn do gach clár agus gach ionchur.&lt;ref name=&quot;TuringSEP&quot; /&gt;

Ní chiallaíonn sé sin nach féidir a fháil amach an stopann gach clár ar leith. I gcás roinnt clár agus ionchur, is furasta an toradh a chinneadh. Is é an toradh a bhaineann le fadhb an stadaithe ná nach féidir aon nós imeachta ginearálta amháin a bheith ceart i ngach cás.&lt;ref name=&quot;TuringSEP&quot; /&gt;

Ní hionann neamh-inríomhaireacht agus castacht ard. Baineann neamh-inríomhaireacht le dodhéantacht réiteach algartamach ginearálta; baineann castacht le méid na n-acmhainní a theastaíonn chun fadhb atá inríofa a réiteach. D'fhéadfadh fadhb a bheith inríofa ach a bheith róchostasach lena réiteach ar ionchuir mhóra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chen&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ComplexitySEP&quot; /&gt;

== Castacht ríomhaireachtúil ==

Déanann teoiric na castachta ríomhaireachtúla staidéar ar an ngaol idir méid ionchuir agus na hacmhainní a úsáideann algartam. Is iad castacht ama agus castacht spáis dhá thomhas bhunúsacha: tomhaiseann an chéad cheann líon na gcéimeanna ríomhaireachtúla, agus tomhaiseann an dara ceann an méid cuimhne a bhíonn de dhíth. Braitheann na tomhais bheachta ar an tsamhail ríomhaireachta agus ar an gcaoi a ndéantar méid an ionchuir a shainmhíniú.&lt;ref name=&quot;ComplexitySEP&quot;&gt;Walter Dean, “Computational Complexity Theory”, ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', ''Fall 2025 Edition''. [https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2025/entries/computational-complexity/]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nodaireacht asymptótach ===

Úsáidtear an [[Nodaireacht Big O|nodaireacht Big O]] chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar uasteorainn ar ráta fáis feidhme, gan aird a thabhairt ar fhachtóirí tairiseacha agus ar théarmaí ar ord níos ísle. Mar shampla, má tá líon na gcéimeanna a dhéanann algartam léirithe leis an bhfeidhm seo,

&lt;math&gt;T(n)=3n^2+5n+2,&lt;/math&gt;

áit arb é &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; méid an ionchuir, is féidir a thaispeáint go bhfásann an fheidhm ar ord cearnach. I gcás &lt;math&gt;n\geq 1&lt;/math&gt;, tá &lt;math&gt;n\leq n^2&lt;/math&gt; agus &lt;math&gt;1\leq n^2&lt;/math&gt;, mar sin:

&lt;math&gt;
\begin{aligned}
T(n)&amp;=3n^2+5n+2\\
&amp;\leq 3n^2+5n^2+2n^2\\
&amp;=10n^2.
\end{aligned}
&lt;/math&gt;

Dá bhrí sin, is uasteorainn den ord &lt;math&gt;n^2&lt;/math&gt; í an fheidhm. Ós rud é go bhfuil &lt;math&gt;T(n)\geq 3n^2&lt;/math&gt; freisin do &lt;math&gt;n\geq 1&lt;/math&gt;, is fíor go bhfuil &lt;math&gt;T(n)\in\Theta(n^2)&lt;/math&gt;. Ciallaíonn sé sin go bhfuil uasteorainn agus íosteorainn dheimhneacha den ord céanna ag an bhfeidhm.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sipser&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ComplexitySEP&quot; /&gt;

[[Íomhá:Comparison computational complexity.svg|mion|deas|alt:Graf a dhéanann comparáid idir rátaí fáis amhail logartamach, líneach, cearnach agus easpónantúil.|Comparáid idir rátaí fáis feidhmeanna a úsáidtear san anailís ar chastacht algartam. Le Cmglee, faoi cheadúnas CC BY-SA 4.0.]]

Léirítear sa tábla seo roinnt feidhmeanna a úsáidtear chun ráta fáis a chur i gcomparáid. Is luachanna samplacha iad na figiúirí, agus glactar leis go bhfuil comhéifeacht aonaid ag gach feidhm.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Samplaí de rátaí fáis
! Feidhm !! &lt;math&gt;n=10&lt;/math&gt; !! &lt;math&gt;n=100&lt;/math&gt; !! Aicme fáis
|-
| &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt; || 1 || 1 || Tairiseach, &lt;math&gt;O(1)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\log_2 n&lt;/math&gt; || ≈ 3.32 || ≈ 6.64 || Logartamach, &lt;math&gt;O(\log n)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; || 10 || 100 || Líneach, &lt;math&gt;O(n)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;n\log_2 n&lt;/math&gt; || ≈ 33.2 || ≈ 664.4 || Líneach-logartamach, &lt;math&gt;O(n\log n)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;n^2&lt;/math&gt; || 100 || 10 000 || Cearnach, &lt;math&gt;O(n^2)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;2^n&lt;/math&gt; || 1 024 || ≈ &lt;math&gt;1.27\times10^{30}&lt;/math&gt; || Easpónantúil, &lt;math&gt;O(2^n)&lt;/math&gt;
|}

Ní tomhais ama iad na luachanna sin i soicindí; léiríonn siad luachanna na bhfeidhmeanna samplacha amháin. Braitheann am forghníomhaithe iarbhír ar an algartam, ar an ionchur agus ar an gcóras ríomhaireachta. Mar sin féin, léiríonn an chomparáid cén fáth a mbíonn rátaí fáis éagsúla tábhachtach nuair a éiríonn ionchuir níos mó.&lt;ref name=&quot;ComplexitySEP&quot; /&gt;

=== Na haicmí P agus NP ===

Is aicmí fadhbanna cinnteoireachta iad P agus NP, agus is coincheapa lárnacha iad i dteoiric na castachta.&lt;ref name=&quot;ComplexitySEP&quot; /&gt;

* Is éard atá in **P** ná na fadhbanna cinnteoireachta is féidir a réiteach in am iltéarmach de réir mhéid an ionchuir ar mheaisín Turing deimhneach.
* Is éard atá in **NP** ná na fadhbanna cinnteoireachta ar féidir a réiteach in am iltéarmach ar mheaisín Turing neamhdheimhnitheach. Go coibhéiseach, má tá freagra dearfach ar fhadhb den sórt sin, is féidir deimhniú oiriúnach a sheiceáil in am iltéarmach.

Tá gach fadhb in P in NP, ach ní fios an bhfuil na haicmí cothrom lena chéile. Is í an cheist &lt;math&gt;P=NP?&lt;/math&gt; an cheist an féidir gach fadhb a bhfuil réiteach molta di furasta a fhíorú a réiteach chomh héifeachtach céanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;ComplexitySEP&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clay&quot;&gt;Clay Mathematics Institute, “P vs NP”. [https://www.claymath.org/millennium/p-vs-np/]&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá tábhacht ar leith ag baint le fadhbanna NP-iomlána. Is fadhbanna iad sin atá in NP agus a bhfuil gach fadhb in NP inlaghdaithe chucu in am iltéarmach. Dá mbeadh algartam in am iltéarmach ann do fhadhb NP-iomlán amháin, bheadh réiteach iltéarmach ann do gach fadhb in NP, rud a thabharfadh &lt;math&gt;P=NP&lt;/math&gt; dá bharr.&lt;ref name=&quot;ComplexitySEP&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clay&quot; /&gt;

== Stair ==

Tháinig forbairt ar bhunús teoiriciúil na ríomhaireachta sna 1930idí i gcomhthéacs na loighce matamaiticiúla agus na bhfadhbanna faoi theorainneacha modhanna foirmiúla. I 1936, d'fhoilsigh Alonzo Church obair ar an gcoincheap de ríomhaireacht éifeachtach, agus chuir Alan Turing samhail mheaisín theibí chun cinn ina pháipéar ar uimhreacha inríofa. D'fhorbair siad a gcur chuige go neamhspleách, agus ba bhunús iad do staidéar foirmiúil na hinríomhaireachta.&lt;ref name=&quot;ChurchTuringSEP&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TuringSEP&quot; /&gt;

Tháinig teoiric na n-uathmat agus teangacha foirmiúla, chomh maith le teoiric na castachta, chun cinn mar réimsí níos leithne den ríomheolaíocht theoiriciúil. Chuir siad modhanna ar fáil chun struchtúr teangacha, cumas ríomhaireachta agus acmhainní algartamacha a scrúdú go matamaiticiúil.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sipser&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chen&quot; /&gt;

== Feidhmeanna ==

Cé go mbaineann teoiric na ríomhaireachta le samhlacha teibí agus le cruthúnais mhatamaiticiúla, tá feidhmeanna éagsúla aici sa ríomheolaíocht agus in innealtóireacht bogearraí. Ina measc tá:

* dearadh agus anailís ar algartaim;
* dearadh tiomsaitheoirí agus próiseáil teangacha ríomhchlárúcháin;
* fíorú foirmiúil ar chláir agus ar chórais;
* anailís ar an am agus ar an gcuimhne a theastaíonn chun fadhbanna a réiteach;
* staidéar ar fhadhbanna nach féidir a réiteach go huathoibríoch i ngach cás;
* rangú fadhbanna de réir a gcastachta agus de réir na n-acmhainní a theastaíonn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sipser&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Esparza&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ComplexitySEP&quot; /&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Ríomheolaíocht]]
* [[Algartam]]
* [[Nodaireacht Big O]]
* [[Meaisín Turing]]
* [[Fadhb an stadaithe]]
* [[Tráchtas Church–Turing]]
* [[Teanga fhoirmiúil]]
* [[Loighic mhatamaiticiúil]]

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

{{Catcómhaoin|Theory of computation}}

[[Catagóir:Ríomheolaíocht]]
[[Catagóir:Matamaitic]]</text>
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'''Fadhb an stadaithe''' (Béarla: ''halting problem''; tugtar ''fadhb an stoptha'' uirthi freisin) is ea an fhadhb chinnteoireachta a bhaineann le cinneadh a dhéanamh an stopfaidh ríomhchlár ar leith nuair a chuirtear ionchur ar leith ar fáil dó. Is toradh bunúsach i [[Teoiric na ríomhaireachta|dteoiric na ríomhaireachta]] é nach ann d'aon algartam a fhreagraíonn an cheist sin i gceart do gach clár agus gach ionchur, agus a chríochnaíonn féin i gcónaí. Dá bhrí sin, is fadhb dhíchinntithe í fadhb an stadaithe. &lt;ref name=&quot;DeMol2025&quot;&gt;Liesbeth De Mol, “[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2025/entries/turing-machine/ Turing Machines]”, ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', athbhreithniú substainteach an 21 Bealtaine 2025, § 2.4.3.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Íomhá:CPT-halting-problem.svg|mion|deas|alt:Léaráid den chruthúnas a úsáideann clár chun an mhalairt de thuar algartaim hipitéisigh a dhéanamh.|Léaráid den chruthúnas: dá mbeadh algartam ann a thuarfadh an stopfadh clár, d'fhéadfaí clár a chruthú a dhéanfadh a mhalairt den tuar sin.]]

== Bunús agus sainmhíniú ==

Is éard atá i gceist le fadhb chinnteoireachta ná ceist a bhfuil freagra dearfach nó diúltach uirthi, de réir riail shainithe. I gcás fhadhb an stadaithe, tugtar cur síos códaithe ar ríomhchlár agus ionchur don chlár sin mar shonraí. Is gá a chinneadh an dtiocfaidh deireadh le rith an chláir ar an ionchur sin.

Caithfidh algartam a réiteodh an fhadhb go ginearálta dhá choinníoll a chomhlíonadh: freagra ceart a thabhairt do gach péire clár-ionchur, agus críochnú i gcónaí. Ní leor algartam a oibríonn i roinnt cásanna amháin ná algartam a thugann freagra ceart ach nach gcríochnaíonn i gcásanna áirithe. &lt;ref name=&quot;DeMol2025&quot; /&gt;

Is féidir an fhadhb a chur in iúl go foirmiúil mar seo:

:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{HALT}=\{\langle P,x\rangle\mid P(x)\downarrow\}&lt;/math&gt;

Sa nodaireacht seo, seasann &lt;math&gt;\langle P,x\rangle&lt;/math&gt; do léiriú códaithe ar an gclár ''P'' agus ar an ionchur ''x''. Ciallaíonn &lt;math&gt;P(x)\downarrow&lt;/math&gt; go gcríochnaíonn rith ''P'' ar ''x''. Dá bhrí sin, is éard atá i gceist ná a chinneadh an mbaineann péire ar leith leis an tacar &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{HALT}&lt;/math&gt;.

Ní hionann an cheist seo agus a chinneadh an stopfaidh clár ar gach ionchur féideartha. Sa bhfadhb chaighdeánach, is é an cheist an stopfaidh sé ar ionchur sonrach amháin.

=== Samplaí de chláir ===

Léiríonn na samplaí seo a leanas an difríocht idir cláir ar féidir a stopadh a chinneadh go héasca agus lúb gan deireadh.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Samplaí d'iompar ríomhchlár
! Clár bréagchóid !! Ionchur !! Toradh
|-
| &lt;code&gt;priontáil &quot;Dia duit&quot;&lt;/code&gt;
| Aon ionchur
| Críochnaíonn an clár tar éis an teachtaireacht a phriontáil.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;i := x; fad is i &gt; 0: i := i - 1&lt;/code&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;x\in\mathbb{N}&lt;/math&gt;
| Críochnaíonn sé tar éis &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; n-atriall den lúb.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;fad fíor: ná déan tada&lt;/code&gt;
| Aon ionchur
| Ní chríochnaíonn sé, mar leanann an lúb ar aghaidh gan athrú a dhéanamh ar a riocht.
|-
| &lt;code&gt;más x = 0: lúb gan deireadh; murach sin: stop&lt;/code&gt;
| Slánuimhir &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;
| Críochnaíonn sé má tá &lt;math&gt;x\ne 0&lt;/math&gt;; ní chríochnaíonn sé má tá &lt;math&gt;x=0&lt;/math&gt;.
|}

Is samplaí simplí iad seo ina bhfuil an t-iompar soiléir ón gcód. Ní thugann siad le fios go bhféadfaí an cheist chéanna a fhreagairt go ginearálta i gcás aon chláir a d'fhéadfaí a scríobh.

== Cruthúnas ar dhíchinntitheacht ==

Is féidir a chruthú nach bhfuil algartam ginearálta ann a réitíonn fadhb an stadaithe trí argóint thrasnánach, a úsáideann féin-thagairt. Tá leagan cáiliúil den chruthúnas bunaithe ar an toradh go mbeadh contrárthacht ann dá mbeadh algartam ann a thuarfadh iompar gach ríomhchláir. &lt;ref name=&quot;DeMol2025&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HamkinsNenu2026&quot;&gt;Joel David Hamkins agus Theodor Nenu, “[https://doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exaf075 Did Turing prove the undecidability of the halting problem?]”, ''Journal of Logic and Computation'', im. 36, uimh. 1 (2026), alt. exaf075.&lt;/ref&gt;

Samhlaítear go bhfuil algartam ''H'' ann a ghlacann cur síos códaithe ar chlár agus ionchur mar ionchur. Glactar leis go gcríochnaíonn ''H'' i gcónaí agus go bhfreagraíonn sé i gceart an stopfaidh an clár sin ar an ionchur sin.

Ar an mbonn sin, sainmhínítear clár nua, ''D''. Glacann ''D'' cur síos ar chlár mar ionchur agus úsáideann sé ''H'' chun a thuar an stopfaidh an clár sin nuair a chuirtear an cur síos céanna ar fáil dó mar ionchur. Ansin déanann ''D'' a mhalairt den tuar:

* Má thuarann ''H'' go stopfaidh an clár ar an ionchur sin, téann ''D'' i lúb gan deireadh.
* Má thuarann ''H'' nach stopfaidh an clár ar an ionchur sin, críochnaíonn ''D'' láithreach.

Anois, cuirtear cur síos ''D'' féin ar fáil do ''D'' mar ionchur.

Má thuarann ''H'' go stopfaidh ''D'' nuair a chuirtear a thuairisc féin ar fáil dó, ní stopfaidh ''D'', mar téann sé i lúb gan deireadh. Má thuarann ''H'' nach stopfaidh ''D'', críochnóidh ''D'' láithreach. Bheadh freagra ''H'' mícheart sa dá chás.

Is féidir an chontrárthacht a scríobh go hachomair mar seo:

:&lt;math&gt;D(\langle D\rangle)\downarrow\iff D(\langle D\rangle)\uparrow&lt;/math&gt;

Léiríonn &lt;math&gt;\downarrow&lt;/math&gt; go gcríochnaíonn ríomh agus &lt;math&gt;\uparrow&lt;/math&gt; nach gcríochnaíonn sé. De réir na sainmhínithe, ní féidir leis an dá rud a bheith fíor faoin ríomh céanna. Dá bhrí sin, ní ann don algartam hipitéiseach ''H'', agus tá fadhb an stadaithe díchinntithe. &lt;ref name=&quot;DeMol2025&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HamkinsNenu2026&quot; /&gt;

== Inaitheantacht agus teorainneacha an ríomhaireachta ==

Cé go bhfuil fadhb an stadaithe díchinntithe, is féidir a dheimhniú i ngach cás ar leith ina stopann clár, ach amháin má bhíonn gá le modh anailíse eile seachas a fhorghníomhú a bhreathnú. Má ritheann clár agus má chríochnaíonn sé, feictear an stopadh tar éis líon críochta céimeanna. Mura stopann sé, áfach, ní leor é a rith ar feadh tréimhse fhada chun a chruthú nach stopfaidh sé choíche. &lt;ref name=&quot;DeMol2025&quot; /&gt;

Tugtar '''inaitheanta go ríomhaireachtúil''' ar fhadhb nuair is féidir algartam a bheith ann a thugann freagra dearfach i ngach cás dearfach, ach nach gá go gcríochnódh sé i gcás diúltach. Tá fadhb an stadaithe inaitheanta sa chiall seo: is leor an clár atá á scrúdú a rith ar an ionchur sonrach agus fanacht go dtí go stopann sé. Má stopann sé, dearbhaítear an freagra dearfach; mura stopann sé, d'fhéadfadh an insamhladh leanúint ar aghaidh gan teorainn.

Ní féidir an cur chuige céanna a úsáid chun gach cás diúltach a aithint go cinnte. Dá mbeadh modh ann a d'aithneodh go hiontaofa na cásanna ina stopann clár agus modh eile a d'aithneodh gach cás nach stopann sé, d'fhéadfaí an dá mhodh a rith go malartach. Bheadh ceann acu le freagra a thabhairt sa deireadh, rud a thabharfadh algartam cinnteoireachta don fhadhb iomlán. Bheadh sé sin contrártha le díchinntitheacht fhadhb an stadaithe.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Airíonna ríomhaireachtúla fhadhb an stadaithe
! Airí !! Toradh !! Míniú
|-
| Inaitheanta go ríomhaireachtúil
| Tá
| Má stopann an clár ar an ionchur, is féidir an stopadh a aithint trína fhorghníomhú a bhreathnú.
|-
| Inchinntithe go ginearálta
| Níl
| Ní ann d'algartam a thugann freagra ceart agus a chríochnaíonn do gach péire clár-ionchur.
|-
| Is féidir gach cás nach stopann a aithint le modh ginearálta a chríochnaíonn
| Níl
| Dá mbeadh an modh sin ann, d'fhéadfaí cinneadh a dhéanamh ar an bhfadhb iomlán trí dhá mhodh a rith go malartach.
|}

Is teorainn theoiriciúil é seo, ní teorainn a bhaineann le luas ríomhaire áirithe ná le méid na cuimhne atá ar fáil dó. Féadfaidh ríomhairí níos cumhachtaí níos mó cásanna a scrúdú i dtréimhse áirithe, ach ní chuireann sin deireadh leis an díchinntitheacht.

== Laghdú ríomhaireachtúil ==

Is modh tábhachtach é laghdú ríomhaireachtúil chun a chruthú go bhfuil fadhbanna eile díchinntithe. Is éard atá i gceist ná fadhb amháin a athrú go fadhb eile ar bhealach a chaomhnaíonn an freagra. Má d'fhéadfaí an fhadhb nua a réiteach go ginearálta, d'fhéadfaí an fhadhb bhunaidh a réiteach freisin.

Go foirmiúil, laghdaítear fadhb &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; go fadhb &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; má tá feidhm ríomhaireachtúil &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; ann a chomhlíonann an coinníoll:

:&lt;math&gt;x\in A\iff f(x)\in B&lt;/math&gt;

Má tá laghdú den sórt sin ann agus má tá &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; díchinntithe, ní féidir le &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; a bheith inchinntithe. Dá mbeadh algartam ann do &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt;, d'fhéadfaí é a úsáid chun &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; a réiteach, rud a bheadh contrártha le díchinntitheacht &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt;. Úsáidtear an prionsabal seo go minic chun díchinntitheacht fadhbanna i dteoiric na ríomhaireachta a chruthú. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mayr2025&quot;&gt;Richard Mayr, “[https://opencourse.inf.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2025-09/lec7.pdf Introduction to Theoretical Computer Science: Lecture 7 — Undecidability]”, nótaí léachta, Ollscoil Dhún Éideann, seimeastar 1, 2025–2026, rannóga ar laghduithe agus ar theoirim Rice.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Teoirim Rice ==

Is toradh gaolmhar é [[Teoirim Rice|teoirim Rice]]. Deir sí go bhfuil gach airí neamhfhánach de na feidhmeanna páirteacha atá inríofa go héifeachtach díchinntithe, má bhraitheann an t-airí ar an bhfeidhm a ríomhann an clár seachas ar shonraí dromchla an chláir féin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mayr2025&quot; /&gt;

Ciallaíonn '''neamhfhánach''' sa chomhthéacs seo go bhfuil feidhmeanna ann a bhfuil an t-airí acu agus feidhmeanna eile nach bhfuil. Mar shampla, ní féidir algartam ginearálta a bheith ann a chinneann do gach clár an ríomhann sé an fheidhm fholamh, nó an bhfuil a fheidhm ríofa sainithe ar ionchur éigin, de réir na múnlaí foirmiúla ríomhaireachta a chumhdaítear leis an teoirim.

Ní bhaineann teoirim Rice le gach ceist faoi chód clár. Is féidir airíonna áirithe den chód féin, amhail líon na dtreoracha i léiriú códaithe, a sheiceáil go meicniúil. Is iad airíonna neamhfhánacha a bhaineann le hiompar ríomhaireachtúil an chláir atá i gceist. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mayr2025&quot; /&gt;

== An fhadhb ''Busy Beaver'' ==

Sampla eile de na teorainneacha a bhaineann le fadhb an stadaithe is ea an fhadhb ''Busy Beaver''. Sa leagan caighdeánach, breathnaítear ar mheaisíní Turing a bhfuil líon sonraithe stát acu agus a thosaíonn ar théip fholamh. Sainmhínítear &lt;math&gt;BB(n)&lt;/math&gt; mar an líon uasta céimeanna a dhéanann aon mheaisín den chineál sin a chríochnaíonn, de réir an choinbhinsiúin shonraigh maidir le líon na stát agus na siombailí. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones1997&quot;&gt;Neil D. Jones, ''Computability and Complexity: From a Programming Perspective'', MIT Press, 1997, § 1.4.5, lgh. 18–20. [https://www.sns.ias.edu/pitp2/2012files/Jonesbook-whole-1.pdf Téacs an leabhair].&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá líon críochta meaisíní ann do gach líon socraithe stát. Mar sin féin, ní féidir a chinneadh go ginearálta cé acu díobh a stopfaidh. Dá bhféadfaí &lt;math&gt;BB(n)&lt;/math&gt; a ríomh go héifeachtach do gach &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;, d'fhéadfaí gach meaisín le &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; stát a rith ar feadh &lt;math&gt;BB(n)&lt;/math&gt; céim. Dá stopfadh sé níos déanaí ná sin, bheadh sé contrártha don sainmhíniú ar an uasmhéid; dá bhrí sin, dá mbeadh an uasteorainn ar eolas, d'fhéadfaí a chinneadh an stopfadh an meaisín. Bheadh algartam ann don fhadhb stadaithe i gcás na meaisíní sin, agus is é sin an fáth nach féidir an fheidhm a ríomh go ginearálta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones1997&quot; /&gt;

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;160&quot;&gt;
File:Busy beaver 2-state.svg|Léiriú ar mheaisín dhá stát i gcomhthéacs na faidhbe ''Busy Beaver''.
File:Busy beaver 3-state.svg|Léiriú ar mheaisín trí stát i gcomhthéacs na faidhbe ''Busy Beaver''.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Léiríonn an fhadhb seo gur féidir ceist a bheith sainmhínithe go beacht agus fós gan algartam ginearálta a bheith ann chun a freagra a ríomh. Tá dlúthbhaint ag an bhfadhb ''Busy Beaver'' le díchinntitheacht, ach ní hionann í agus fadhb an stadaithe féin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jones1997&quot; /&gt;

== Stair ==

[[Íomhá:Alan Turing (1951).jpg|mion|clé|alt:Portráid de Alan Turing a thóg Elliott &amp; Fry sa bhliain 1951.|Alan Turing in 1951.]]

Tá baint stairiúil ag fadhb an stadaithe le hobair an mhatamaiticeora agus an ríomheolaí Briotanaigh [[Alan Turing]]. Ina pháipéar ''On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem'', a foilsíodh in 1936–1937, d'fhorbair Turing samhail fhoirmiúil ríomhaireachtúil ar a dtugtar meaisín Turing inniu. D'úsáid sé an tsamhail sin chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar theorainneacha na nósanna imeachta éifeachtacha agus chun díchinntitheacht fadhbanna tábhachtacha a chruthú. &lt;ref name=&quot;Turing1937&quot;&gt;A. M. Turing, “[https://doi.org/10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230 On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem]”, ''Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society'', sraith 2, im. 42 (1936–1937), lgh. 230–265.&lt;/ref&gt;

Níor úsáid Turing an téarma ''halting problem'' ina pháipéar agus níor chuir sé an fhadhb san fhoirm chaighdeánach a úsáidtear inniu i láthair go díreach. Bhí a chuid meaisíní ceaptha chun uimhreacha réadacha a ríomh, agus dhírigh sé ar cheisteanna faoi na haschuir a tháirgeann meaisíní den sórt sin. Chruthaigh sé díchinntitheacht fadhbanna gaolmhara, lena n-áirítear an fhadhb phriontála — an féidir a chinneadh an ndéanfaidh meaisín siombail áirithe a phriontáil choíche? Is féidir an fhadhb sin a athrú go fadhb atá coibhéiseach go ríomhaireachtúil le fadhb an stadaithe. &lt;ref name=&quot;DeMol2025&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HamkinsNenu2026&quot; /&gt;

Ní hionann fadhb an stadaithe agus fadhb ''circle-free'' Turing, a bhaineann le hiompar meaisíní a tháirgeann seicheamh gan teorainn de shiombailí. Tá an t-idirdhealú seo tábhachtach, mar níorbh ionann an coincheap a d'úsáid Turing agus an fhoirmliú nua-aimseartha de chríochnú ríomhchláir. Mar sin féin, sholáthair a chuid oibre cuid mhór de na coincheapa a theastaigh chun díchinntitheacht fhadhb an stadaithe a bhunú. &lt;ref name=&quot;HamkinsNenu2026&quot; /&gt;

De réir anailís stairiúil Salvador Lucas, phléigh Stephen Cole Kleene fadhb a bhí comhionann go bunúsach le fadhb an stadaithe ina leabhar ''Introduction to Metamathematics'' (1952). Ina dhiaidh sin, d'úsáid Martin Davis an téarma ''halting problem'' ina leabhar ''Computability and Unsolvability'' (1958). Chuir Alonzo Church leis an bhforbairt theoiriciúil chomh maith, go háirithe trí obair ar an gcalcalas lambda agus ar an gcoincheap de ríomhaireacht éifeachtach. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lucas2021&quot;&gt;Salvador Lucas, “[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlamp.2021.100687 The origins of the halting problem]”, ''Journal of Logical and Algebraic Methods in Programming'', im. 121 (2021), alt. 100687.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rinne Joel David Hamkins agus Theodor Nenu athscrúdú ar an gceist maidir le creidiúint as an toradh in alt a foilsíodh in 2026. Dar leo, níor chuir Turing fadhb an stadaithe ina foirm nua-aimseartha ná an cruthúnas féin-thagartha a úsáidtear go minic inniu i láthair go díreach ina pháipéar. Mar sin féin, is féidir a chuid oibre a lua mar bhunús lárnach don toradh, mar gheall ar a chruthú ar dhíchinntitheacht fadhbanna ríomhaireachtúla gaolmhara agus ar an gcreat teoiriciúil a d'fhorbair sé. &lt;ref name=&quot;HamkinsNenu2026&quot; /&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Algartam]]
* [[Meaisín Turing]]
* [[Teoiric na ríomhaireachta]]
* [[Teoirim Rice]]
* [[Alan Turing]]

== Tagairtí ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Catcómhaoin|Halting problem}}

[[Catagóir:Ríomheolaíocht]]
[[Catagóir:Matamaitic]]</text>
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Is éard is '''teanga fhoirmiúil''' ann ná tacar de theaghráin chríochta thar [[aibítir (matamaitic)|aibítir]] chríochta shainithe. Is coincheap bunúsach í sa [[matamaitic]] agus sa [[ríomheolaíocht]] theoiriciúil. Déantar staidéar ar na rialacha agus na modhanna foirmiúla trína ngintear teaghráin den sórt sin agus trína n-aithnítear cé acu teaghráin a bhaineann le teanga ar leith. Úsáidtear teoiric na dteangacha foirmiúla chun comhréir teangacha ríomhchlárúcháin a shainiú, chun patrúin shiombalacha a anailísiú agus chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar chumhacht agus ar theorainneacha na ríomhaireachta.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot;&gt;''Encyclopedia of Mathematics'', “[https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Formal_languages_and_automata Formal languages and automata]”.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JagerRogers2012&quot;&gt;Gerhard Jäger agus James Rogers, “Formal language theory: refining the Chomsky hierarchy”, ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'', iml. 367, uimh. 1598, 2012, lgh. 1956–1970, [https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0077 doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0077].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crespi2019&quot;&gt;Stefano Crespi Reghizzi, Luca Breveglieri agus Angelo Morzenti, ''Formal Languages and Compilation'', 3ú heagrán, Springer, 2019, [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04879-2 doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04879-2].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sainmhíniú agus coincheapa bunúsacha ==

Tugtar '''aibítir''' ar thacar críochta siombailí, a léirítear go minic leis an tsiombail Ghréagach &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Sigma&lt;/math&gt;. Tugtar '''teaghrán''' ar sheicheamh críochta de shiombailí ón aibítir sin. Féadfaidh teaghrán siombail amháin a bheith ann nó iliomad siombailí, agus féadfaidh sé a bheith folamh freisin.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;

Léirítear an '''teaghrán folamh''' leis an tsiombail &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\varepsilon&lt;/math&gt;. Níl aon siombail ann, agus ní hionann é agus teaghrán ina bhfuil siombail amháin nó níos mó.

Is é &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Sigma^*&lt;/math&gt; tacar na dteaghrán críochta uile is féidir a chruthú as siombailí na haibítre &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Sigma&lt;/math&gt;, an teaghrán folamh san áireamh. Is féidir teanga fhoirmiúil &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L&lt;/math&gt; a shainmhíniú mar aon fho-thacar de &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Sigma^*&lt;/math&gt;:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;L\subseteq\Sigma^*&lt;/math&gt;

Féadfaidh teanga fhoirmiúil a bheith críochta nó gan teorainn. Má tá líon críochta teaghrán inti, is féidir iad a liostú ina n-iomláine. I gcás teanga gan teorainn, is féidir cur síos críochta a dhéanamh uirthi trí shainmhíniú matamaiticiúil, trí rialacha giniúna nó trí shamhail ríomhaireachtúil, gan gá gach teaghrán a liostú.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MartinVide2012&quot;&gt;Carlos Martín-Vide, “Formal Grammars and Languages”, i Ruslan Mitkov (eag.), ''The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics'', Oxford University Press, lgh. 157–177, [https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0008 doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0008].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sampla simplí ===

Glactar leis gurb é &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Sigma=\{a,b\}&lt;/math&gt; an aibítir. I measc na dteaghrán atá in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Sigma^*&lt;/math&gt; tá an teaghrán folamh, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;aa&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;ab&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;ba&lt;/math&gt; agus &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;bb&lt;/math&gt;, chomh maith le gach teaghrán críochta eile a dhéantar as na siombailí sin.

Sainmhínítear an teanga seo a leanas:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;L=\{a^n b^n\mid n\geq 0\}&lt;/math&gt;

Is éard atá inti na teaghráin ina bhfuil líon comhionann de shiombailí &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; agus &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;, agus ina dtagann na siombailí &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; go léir roimh na siombailí &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;. Ciallaíonn &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a^n&lt;/math&gt; go ndéantar an tsiombail &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; a athdhéanamh &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; n-uaire; tá an bhrí chéanna le &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b^n&lt;/math&gt;. Folaíonn an coinníoll &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;n\geq 0&lt;/math&gt; an cás ina bhfuil nialas de gach siombail ann.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Samplaí de theaghráin agus a mballraíocht sa teanga ''L''
! Teaghrán !! Ballraíocht !! Míniú
|-
| &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\varepsilon&lt;/math&gt; || Glactar leis || Níl aon siombail ann; is é &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;n=0&lt;/math&gt;.
|-
| &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;ab&lt;/math&gt; || Glactar leis || Siombail amháin &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; agus siombail amháin &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;.
|-
| &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;aabb&lt;/math&gt; || Glactar leis || Dhá shiombail &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; agus dhá shiombail &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;.
|-
| &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;aaabbb&lt;/math&gt; || Glactar leis || Trí shiombail &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; agus trí shiombail &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;.
|-
| &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; || Diúltaítear dó || Níl aon siombail &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; ann.
|-
| &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;aabbb&lt;/math&gt; || Diúltaítear dó || Ní hionann líon na siombailí &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; agus &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;.
|-
| &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;abab&lt;/math&gt; || Diúltaítear dó || Ní thagann na siombailí &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; go léir roimh na siombailí &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;.
|}

Léiríonn an sampla gur féidir le sainmhíniú foirmiúil critéir bheachta a leagan síos chun cinneadh a dhéanamh an mbaineann teaghrán le teanga nó nach mbaineann.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;

=== Oibríochtaí ar theangacha ===

Is féidir teangacha foirmiúla a chomhcheangal nó teangacha nua a thógáil astu trí oibríochtaí matamaiticiúla. Tá na hoibríochtaí sin tábhachtach i staidéar ar na hairíonna a bhaineann le haicmí éagsúla teangacha.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crespi2019&quot; /&gt;

* '''Aontas:''' is é &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L_1\cup L_2&lt;/math&gt; tacar na dteaghrán a bhaineann le &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L_1&lt;/math&gt;, le &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L_2&lt;/math&gt;, nó leis an dá theanga.
* '''Trasnaíocht:''' is é &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L_1\cap L_2&lt;/math&gt; tacar na dteaghrán a bhaineann leis an dá theanga araon.
* '''Comhlánú:''' i gcoibhneas le haibítir shainithe &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Sigma&lt;/math&gt;, is é comhlánú &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L&lt;/math&gt; tacar na dteaghrán nach mbaineann le &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L&lt;/math&gt;, is é sin &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Sigma^*\setminus L&lt;/math&gt;.
* '''Comhcheangal teaghrán:''' is é &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L_1L_2&lt;/math&gt; tacar na dteaghrán a fhaightear trí theaghrán ó &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L_1&lt;/math&gt; a leanúint le teaghrán ó &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L_2&lt;/math&gt;.
* '''Dúnadh Kleene:''' léiríonn &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L^*&lt;/math&gt; tacar na dteaghrán a fhaightear trí náid nó níos mó teaghrán ó &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L&lt;/math&gt; a chomhcheangal. Bíonn an teaghrán folamh san áireamh sa tacar seo i gcónaí.
* '''Dúnadh dearfach:''' léiríonn &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L^+&lt;/math&gt; tacar na dteaghrán a fhaightear trí theaghrán amháin nó níos mó ó &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L&lt;/math&gt; a chomhcheangal.

Tá na hoibríochtaí seo mar bhonn ag sainmhíniú sloinn rialta agus ag an anailís ar theangacha rialta.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crespi2019&quot; /&gt;

== Modhanna chun teangacha foirmiúla a shainiú ==

Is féidir cur síos a dhéanamh ar theanga fhoirmiúil trí shainmhíniú matamaiticiúil, trí [[gramadach fhoirmiúil]], trí [[slonn rialta]] nuair is teanga rialta atá i gceist, nó trí shamhail ríomhaireachtúil ar nós uathmata. Ní hionann na modhanna sin ó thaobh a gcumhachta léirithe: tá teangacha ann ar féidir le gramadach níos ginearálta cur síos a dhéanamh orthu ach nach féidir le slonn rialta ná le huathmat críochta iad a aithint.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MartinVide2012&quot; /&gt;

=== Gramadaí foirmiúla ===

Is éard is gramadach fhoirmiúil ann ná tacar críochta rialacha a shonraíonn conas teaghráin a ghiniúint. I ngnáthshainmhíniú matamaiticiúil, scríobhtar gramadach mar:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;G=(N,\Sigma,P,S)&lt;/math&gt;

Is iad na comhpháirteanna:

* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;N&lt;/math&gt;: tacar críochta na siombailí neamh-theirminéalacha.
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Sigma&lt;/math&gt;: aibítir na siombailí teirminéalacha a bhíonn sna teaghráin deiridh.
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;P&lt;/math&gt;: tacar na rialacha giniúna.
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S&lt;/math&gt;: an tsiombail tosaigh, a úsáidtear chun díorthú a thosú.

Glactar leis nach mbíonn na siombailí teirminéalacha agus neamh-theirminéalacha forluiteach. Tugtar díorthú ar an bpróiseas ina gcuirtear rialacha giniúna i bhfeidhm chun teaghrán a tháirgeadh ón tsiombail tosaigh. Is í an teanga a ghineann an ghramadach tacar na dteaghrán teirminéalach uile is féidir a dhíorthú ón tsiombail sin trí líon críochta feidhmeanna na rialacha.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MartinVide2012&quot; /&gt;

Mar shampla, féadfar an ghramadach seo a leanas a úsáid:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;S\rightarrow aSb\mid\varepsilon&lt;/math&gt;

Sa sampla seo, is í &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; an tsiombail neamh-theirminéalach agus is iad &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; agus &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; na siombailí teirminéalacha. Ciallaíonn an riail gur féidir &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S&lt;/math&gt; a athscríobh mar &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;aSb&lt;/math&gt; nó mar an teaghrán folamh &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\varepsilon&lt;/math&gt;. Is í an teanga a ghintear:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;L=\{a^n b^n\mid n\geq 0\}&lt;/math&gt;

Seo díorthú a thugann an teaghrán &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;aabb&lt;/math&gt;:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;S\Rightarrow aSb\Rightarrow aaSbb\Rightarrow aabb&lt;/math&gt;

Sa chéad dá chéim, cuirtear an riail &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S\rightarrow aSb&lt;/math&gt; i bhfeidhm; sa chéim dheiridh, cuirtear &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S\rightarrow\varepsilon&lt;/math&gt; i bhfeidhm. Léiríonn an sampla gur féidir le tacar beag rialacha teanga gan teorainn a shainiú.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crespi2019&quot; /&gt;

=== Sloinn rialta agus teangacha rialta ===

Is nodaireacht shiombalach iad na sloinn rialta a úsáidtear chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar theangacha rialta. I measc na n-oibríochtaí coitianta atá iontu tá roghnú idir roghanna, comhcheangal teaghrán agus athrá nialais nó níos mó uaireanta. Tá coibhéis idir sloinn rialta agus uathmata críochta ó thaobh na dteangacha a shainíonn siad.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crespi2019&quot; /&gt;

Mar shampla, is féidir an slonn rialta &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a^*b^*&lt;/math&gt; a úsáid chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar theanga na dteaghrán ina dtagann náid nó níos mó siombailí &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; roimh náid nó níos mó siombailí &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;. Bheadh &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;aabb&lt;/math&gt; agus &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;bbb&lt;/math&gt; sa teanga sin, ach ní bheadh &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;abab&lt;/math&gt; inti.

Is féidir na teangacha rialta a shainiú freisin le gramadaí rialta. Tá na gramadaí sin níos srianta ná gramadaí saor ó chomhthéacs agus gramadaí níos ginearálta san ordlathas Chomsky.&lt;ref name=&quot;JagerRogers2012&quot; /&gt;

=== Uathmata críochta ===

[[Íomhá:DFA.png|mion|deas|alt=Léaráid d'uathmat críochta cinntitheach a aithníonn teanga ina leanann siombail amháin nó níos mó b aon líon siombailí a.|Uathmat críochta cinntitheach a aithníonn an teanga rialta ''a*bb*''.]]

Is samhail ríomhaireachtúil theibí é [[uathmat críochta]] a bhfuil líon críochta staideanna aige. Tosaíonn an meaisín i staid thosaigh agus léann sé na siombailí den teaghrán ionchuir ceann ar cheann. Athraíonn sé staid de réir na siombaile atá á léamh agus na rialacha aistrithe sainithe. Má bhíonn sé i staid ghlactha tar éis an teaghrán iomlán a léamh, glactar leis an teaghrán; murach sin, diúltaítear dó.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crespi2019&quot; /&gt;

Aithníonn an t-uathmat sa léaráid teanga ina bhfuil náid nó níos mó siombailí &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; agus siombail &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; amháin ar a laghad, agus ina dtagann na siombailí &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; go léir i ndiaidh na siombailí &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt;. Léiríonn sé conas is féidir rialacha simplí a chur i bhfeidhm go córasach chun ballraíocht i dteanga rialta a chinneadh.

Ní bhíonn cuimhne neamhtheoranta ag uathmat críochta: ní bhíonn ann ach líon socraithe staideanna. Tá an teorainn sin tábhachtach nuair a dhéantar comparáid idir teangacha rialta agus aicmí eile teangacha foirmiúla.&lt;ref name=&quot;JagerRogers2012&quot; /&gt;

=== Uathmata le stór cruachta ===

[[Íomhá:Pda-example.svg|mion|deas|alt=Léaráid d'uathmat le stór cruachta a aithníonn teaghráin ina bhfuil líon comhionann de náideanna agus cinn san ord sin.|Uathmat le stór cruachta don teanga ina bhfuil n náid agus n aon i ndiaidh a chéile.]]

Is meaisín teibí é '''uathmat le stór cruachta''' a bhfuil cuimhne bhreise aige i bhfoirm cruachta. Is struchtúr sonraí é cruach ina gcuirtear míreanna leis ag an mbarr agus ina mbaintear míreanna den bharr. Tugann an chuimhne sin deis don uathmat spleáchas idir codanna éagsúla de theaghrán a aithint, mar shampla líon comhionann de shiombailí i ndá sheicheamh.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crespi2019&quot; /&gt;

Is sampla í an teanga seo:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;L=\{0^n1^n\mid n\geq 0\}&lt;/math&gt;

Is féidir leis an uathmat siombail a bhrú isteach sa chruach ar gach &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;0&lt;/math&gt; a léann sé, agus siombail a bhaint di ar gach &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;. Ní ghlactar leis an teaghrán mura gcomhlíontar na coinníollacha cuí maidir le hord na siombailí agus leis an líon a mheaitseálann a chéile.

Aithníonn uathmata le stór cruachta neamhchinntitheacha na teangacha saor ó chomhthéacs. Tá siad níos cumhachtaí ná uathmata críochta, ach tá siad níos srianta ná meaisíní Turing.&lt;ref name=&quot;JagerRogers2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crespi2019&quot; /&gt;

== Ordlathas Chomsky ==

Is córas aicmithe é [[ordlathas Chomsky]] a chuireann gramadaí foirmiúla agus na teangacha a ghineann siad i gceithre phríomhaicme. Braitheann an t-aicmiú ar na srianta a chuirtear ar na rialacha giniúna. Sa chóras clasaiceach, ainmnítear na haicmí mar chineálacha 0 go 3, ó na gramadaí is ginearálta go dtí na gramadaí is srianta.&lt;ref name=&quot;JagerRogers2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;

[[Íomhá:Chomsky-hierarchy.svg|mion|deas|alt=Léaráid de na haicmí neadaithe in ordlathas Chomsky.|Léiríonn an léaráid na gaolta cuimsitheachta idir na haicmí éagsúla teangacha in ordlathas Chomsky.]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Príomhaicmí an ordlathais Chomsky
! Cineál !! Aicme teanga !! Gramadach nó cur síos coibhéiseach !! Samhail ríomhaireachtúil
|-
| 3 || Teangacha rialta || Gramadach rialta nó slonn rialta || Uathmat críochta&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 2 || Teangacha saor ó chomhthéacs || Gramadach saor ó chomhthéacs || Uathmat le stór cruachta neamhchinntitheach&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 1 || Teangacha íogaire don chomhthéacs || Gramadach íogair don chomhthéacs || Uathmat líneach-theoranta&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 0 || Teangacha inaitheanta go hathchúrsach || Gramadach neamhshrianta || Meaisín Turing&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;
|}

Tá na haicmí sin neadaithe. Tá gach teanga rialta saor ó chomhthéacs; tá gach teanga shaor ó chomhthéacs íogair don chomhthéacs; agus tá gach teanga íogair don chomhthéacs inaitheanta go hathchúrsach. Tá na cuimsitheachtaí sin docht: tá teangacha ann a bhaineann le haicme níos ginearálta ach nach mbaineann leis an aicme atá neadaithe inti.&lt;ref name=&quot;JagerRogers2012&quot; /&gt;

=== Teangacha rialta ===

Is iad na teangacha rialta an aicme is srianta san ordlathas. Is féidir cur síos a dhéanamh orthu le sloinn rialta nó le gramadaí rialta, agus is féidir iad a aithint le huathmata críochta. Úsáidtear iad nuair is féidir patrún teaghrán a shainiú gan stór cruachta ná cuimhne neamhtheoranta.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crespi2019&quot; /&gt;

=== Teangacha saor ó chomhthéacs ===

Gintear teangacha saor ó chomhthéacs le gramadaí ina bhfuil siombail neamh-theirminéalach amháin ar thaobh clé gach rialach giniúna. Tá siad oiriúnach do struchtúir neadaithe agus do rialacha athchúrsacha, mar shampla slonn uimhríochtúil le lúibíní meaitseáilte nó struchtúir eile ina bhfuil spleáchas idir codanna den teaghrán.&lt;ref name=&quot;MartinVide2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crespi2019&quot; /&gt;

Is sampla de theanga shaor ó chomhthéacs í:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;L=\{a^n b^n\mid n\geq 0\}&lt;/math&gt;

Ní teanga rialta í, áfach, toisc nach féidir le huathmat críochta líon na siombailí &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; a mheabhrú gan teorainn ionas gur féidir é a chur i gcomparáid le líon na siombailí &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt; ina dhiaidh.&lt;ref name=&quot;JagerRogers2012&quot; /&gt;

=== Teangacha íogaire don chomhthéacs ===

Is féidir le gramadach íogair don chomhthéacs rialacha a chur i bhfeidhm a bhraitheann ar an gcomhthéacs ina bhfuil siombail suite. Tá níos mó cumhachta léirithe ag na gramadaí sin ná ag gramadaí saor ó chomhthéacs. Aithníonn uathmata líneach-theoranta an aicme chomhfhreagrach teangacha.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JagerRogers2012&quot; /&gt;

Sampla clasaiceach is ea an teanga seo:

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;L=\{a^n b^n c^n\mid n\geq 0\}&lt;/math&gt;

Caithfidh an líon céanna de na trí shiombail teacht san ord sonraithe. Ní teanga shaor ó chomhthéacs í an teanga sin, cé gur féidir í a ghiniúint le gramadach íogair don chomhthéacs.&lt;ref name=&quot;JagerRogers2012&quot; /&gt;

=== Teangacha inaitheanta go hathchúrsach ===

Tugtar '''teangacha inaitheanta go hathchúrsach''' ar na teangacha is féidir le meaisín Turing a aithint. Is féidir le meaisín den sórt sin glacadh le teaghrán atá sa teanga, ach ní gá dó stopadh má chuirtear teaghrán nach mbaineann léi ar fáil. Is í sin an aicme is ginearálta sa leagan clasaiceach d'ordlathas Chomsky.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crespi2019&quot; /&gt;

Ní hionann teanga inaitheanta go hathchúrsach agus teanga inchinnte. I gcás teanga inchinnte, bíonn algartam ann a chríochnaíonn i gcónaí agus a chinneann i gceart an mbaineann an teaghrán leis an teanga. I gcás teanga inaitheanta go hathchúrsach nach bhfuil inchinnte, d'fhéadfadh an ríomh leanúint ar aghaidh gan stad nuair nach mbaineann an teaghrán léi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crespi2019&quot; /&gt;

== Fadhb na ballraíochta agus teorainneacha ríomhaireachtúla ==

Is í '''fadhb na ballraíochta''' an fhadhb a bhaineann le cinneadh a dhéanamh an mbaineann teaghrán ar leith le teanga fhoirmiúil. Braitheann an modh agus an deacracht a bhaineann leis an gcinneadh sin ar an gcaoi a sainmhínítear an teanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;EoM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Crespi2019&quot; /&gt;

I gcás teangacha rialta, is féidir le huathmat críochta ballraíocht teaghráin a chinneadh trí na siombailí ionchuir a phróiseáil de réir na rialacha aistrithe. Tá algartaim ann freisin chun ballraíocht i dteangacha saor ó chomhthéacs a chinneadh nuair a thugtar gramadach chuí. I gcás teangacha níos ginearálta, áfach, d'fhéadfadh fadhbanna den sórt sin a bheith neamh-inchinntithe: ní bhíonn algartam ann a ráthaíonn freagra ceart i ngach cás agus a chríochnaíonn i gcónaí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crespi2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JagerRogers2012&quot; /&gt;

== Feidhmeanna ==

=== Teangacha ríomhchlárúcháin agus tiomsaitheoirí ===

Tá teangacha foirmiúla tábhachtach i ndearadh [[teanga ríomhchlárúcháin|teangacha ríomhchlárúcháin]] agus i dtógáil [[tiomsaitheoir|tiomsaitheoirí]]. Is féidir gramadach a úsáid chun comhréir cláir a shonrú, agus is féidir parsálaí a úsáid chun a sheiceáil an gcomhlíonann cód na rialacha sin. Úsáidtear sloinn rialta agus uathmata críochta freisin chun patrúin a aithint agus chun comharthaí foclóireachta a dheighilt i gcód foinse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crespi2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MartinVide2012&quot; /&gt;

=== Cuardach agus próiseáil téacs ===

Úsáidtear sloinn rialta chun patrúin a lorg i dtéacs agus i sonraí. Is féidir iad a úsáid chun seichimh charachtar a aimsiú, chun ionchur a bhailíochtú nó chun sonraí téacsúla a dheighilt. Is féidir le huathmata críochta na patrúin rialta sin a aithint go córasach.&lt;ref name=&quot;Crespi2019&quot; /&gt;

=== Teangeolaíocht ríomhaireachtúil agus staidéar ar chognaíocht ===

Úsáidtear teoiric na dteangacha foirmiúla sa [[teangeolaíocht ríomhaireachtúil]] chun samhlacha matamaiticiúla a fhorbairt ar struchtúr agus ar ghiniúint seicheamh teanga. Déantar staidéar ar chumhacht léirithe gramadaí éagsúla chun a fháil amach cé na spleáchais agus na struchtúir is féidir leo a chur in iúl.&lt;ref name=&quot;MartinVide2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JagerRogers2012&quot; /&gt;

Baintear úsáid as teoiric na dteangacha foirmiúla freisin i dtaighde ar fhoghlaim patrún, ar phróiseáil sheichimh agus ar chognaíocht. Tá sí úsáideach chun rialacha giniúna a shonrú go beacht agus chun hipitéisí faoi struchtúr agus faoi fhoghlaim patrún a imscrúdú. Ní hionann teanga fhoirmiúil agus teanga nádúrtha, áfach: is tacar teaghrán í an chéad cheann de réir sainmhínithe, agus bíonn airíonna breise, amhail brí, úsáid agus comhthéacs sóisialta, ag baint le teangacha nádúrtha.&lt;ref name=&quot;FitchFriederici2012&quot;&gt;W. Tecumseh Fitch agus Angela D. Friederici, “Artificial grammar learning meets formal language theory: an overview”, ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences'', iml. 367, uimh. 1598, 2012, lgh. 1933–1955, [https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0103 doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0103].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Teoiric na ríomhaireachta]]
* [[Uathmat críochta]]
* [[Meaisín Turing]]
* [[Ordlathas Chomsky]]
* [[Gramadach fhoirmiúil]]
* [[Slonn rialta]]
* [[Teanga ríomhchlárúcháin]]
* [[Teangeolaíocht ríomhaireachtúil]]

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

== Léitheoireacht bhreise ==

* John E. Hopcroft, Rajeev Motwani agus Jeffrey D. Ullman, ''Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation'', 3ú heagrán, Pearson, 2006. ISBN 978-0-321-45536-9.
* Robert N. Moll, Michael A. Arbib agus A. J. Kfoury, ''An Introduction to Formal Language Theory'', Springer, 1988. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9595-9 doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9595-9].
* Michael Sipser, ''Introduction to the Theory of Computation'', 3ú heagrán, Cengage Learning, 2013. ISBN 978-1-133-18779-0.

{{Catcómhaoin|Formal languages}}

[[Catagóir:Ríomheolaíocht]]
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    <title>Páirtí na nOibrithe (an Bhrasaíl)</title>
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{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:25em; font-size:90%; border-top:4px solid #E31B35;&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; | Páirtí na nOibrithe
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#E31B35; color:white;&quot; | Partido dos Trabalhadores
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[Íomhá:PT (Brazil) logo 2021.svg|frameless|135px|alt=Lógó Pháirtí na nOibrithe]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[Íomhá:Bandeira partido dos trabalhadores.svg|frameless|215px|alt=Bratach Pháirtí na nOibrithe]]
|-
! Ainm Portaingéilise
| ''Partido dos Trabalhadores''
|-
! Giorrúchán
| PT
|-
! Bunaithe
| 10 Feabhra 1980
|-
! Cláraithe go hoifigiúil
| 11 Feabhra 1982
|-
! Bunáit náisiúnta
| [[Brasília]], an Bhrasaíl
|-
! Uimhir thoghcháin
| 13
|-
! Seasamh polaitiúil
| [[An eite chlé]]
|-
! Príomhsmaointe
| [[Sóisialachas daonlathach]]; [[daonlathas sóisialta]]
|-
! Bunaitheoirí
| Ceardchumannaigh, gníomhaithe sóisialta agus polaiteoirí, ina measc [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
|-
! Uachtarán náisiúnta
| [[Edinho Silva]] (ó 2025)
|-
! Cónaidhm thoghcháin in 2026
| [[Federação Brasil da Esperança|Brasil da Esperança]] (PT–PCdoB–PV)
|-
! Uachtarán na Brasaíle ón bpáirtí
| [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
|-
! Feisirí a toghadh in 2026
| 70 chuig Seomra na dTeachtaí; 6 chuig an Seanad
|-
! Dathanna
| Dearg agus bán
|-
! Suíomh gréasáin
| [https://pt.org.br/ pt.org.br]
|}

Is páirtí polaitiúil Brasaíleach den [[eite chlé]] é '''Páirtí na nOibrithe''' (Portaingéilis: ''Partido dos Trabalhadores'', giorraithe mar '''PT'''). Bunaíodh é ar an 10 Feabhra 1980, le linn na deachtóireachta míleata sa Bhrasaíl, agus cláraíodh go hoifigiúil é mar pháirtí polaitiúil ar an 11 Feabhra 1982. Tháinig ceardchumannaigh, gníomhaithe sóisialta, intleachtóirí agus grúpaí eile den eite chlé le chéile chun an páirtí a bhunú. Bhí an ceardchumannach [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] ar dhuine de na bunaitheoirí ba shuntasaí.&lt;ref name=&quot;PTHistory&quot;&gt;Partido dos Trabalhadores, [https://pt.org.br/nossa-historia/ ''Nossa História''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TSEParty&quot;&gt;Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, [https://www.tse.jus.br/partidos/partidos-registrados-no-tse/partido-dos-trabalhadores ''Partido dos Trabalhadores''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AmaralPower&quot;&gt;Oswaldo E. do Amaral agus Timothy J. Power, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-latin-american-studies/article/pt-at-35-revisiting-scholarly-interpretations-of-the-brazilian-workers-party/CD001665B447188C2EDD440D64267275 ''The PT at 35: Revisiting Scholarly Interpretations of the Brazilian Workers' Party''], ''Journal of Latin American Studies'', 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tháinig an PT chun bheith ar cheann de na príomhpháirtithe polaitiúla sa Bhrasaíl. Bhuaigh Lula an uachtaránacht in 2002 agus atoghadh é in 2006. Bhuaigh [[Dilma Rousseff]], iarrthóir an pháirtí, na toghcháin uachtaránachta in 2010 agus in 2014. Tar éis tréimhse san fhreasúra, d'fhill Lula ar an uachtaránacht in 2023 agus atoghadh é in 2026, rud a chinntigh ceathrú téarma uachtaránachta neamhleanúnach dó.&lt;ref name=&quot;PTHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TSE2026&quot;&gt;Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, [https://www.tse.jus.br/comunicacao/noticias/2026/Outubro/presidente-do-tse-anuncia-reeleicao-de-lula-e-faz-balanco-do-2o-turno-das-eleicoes-2026 ''Presidente do TSE anuncia reeleição de Lula e faz balanço do 2º turno das Eleições 2026''], 26 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Baineann an páirtí le beartais athdháilte ioncaim, cláir leasa shóisialta agus leathnú rochtana ar oideachas agus ar sheirbhísí poiblí. Tá conspóidí polaitiúla agus cásanna éillithe a bhain le hoifigigh agus le comhghuaillithe rialtais ina gcuid dá stair freisin. Léiríonn forbairt an PT an t-athrú ó ghluaiseacht eite clé a raibh fréamhacha láidre aici sa lucht saothair agus i ngluaiseachtaí sóisialta go páirtí náisiúnta a ghlacann páirt i gcomhrialtais agus a bhíonn san fhreasúra agus sa rialtas araon.&lt;ref name=&quot;AmaralPower&quot; /&gt;

== Stair ==

=== Bunú agus an ghluaiseacht ar son an daonlathais, 1980–1989 ===

Bunaíodh an PT ar an 10 Feabhra 1980 ag cruinniú i gColégio Sion, i gcathair [[São Paulo]]. Bhí an Bhrasaíl fós faoi riail mhíleata, ach bhí gluaiseachtaí sóisialta agus ceardchumannacha ag éileamh leathnú ar chearta polaitiúla agus ar chearta oibrithe. Bhí na stailceanna móra a reáchtáil oibrithe miotail i gceantar tionsclaíoch ABC, i mórcheantar São Paulo, ar cheann de na príomhchúlraí don ghluaiseacht sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;PTHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AmaralPower&quot; /&gt;

[[Íomhá:Diretas Já (4977566482).jpg|mion|deas|alt=Slógadh den ghluaiseacht Diretas Já sa Bhrasaíl sna 1980idí|Slógadh de chuid na gluaiseachta ''Diretas Já'', a raibh an PT páirteach inti.]]

Níor bunaíodh an páirtí mar eagraíocht cheardchumannach amháin. Tháinig a thacaíocht ó cheardchumannaigh, eagraíochtaí comharsanachta, gníomhaithe ar son chearta an duine, grúpaí reiligiúnacha forchéimnitheacha, intleachtóirí agus gluaiseachtaí sóisialta. Bhí ról ag grúpaí a raibh baint acu le diagacht na saoirse chomh maith le gníomhaithe a bhí ag iarraidh páirtí neamhspleách a chruthú chun leasanna na n-oibrithe agus na bpobal ar ioncam íseal a chur chun cinn.&lt;ref name=&quot;PTHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AmaralPower&quot; /&gt;

Cláraíodh an PT go hoifigiúil ar an 11 Feabhra 1982, agus tugadh an uimhir thoghcháin 13 dó. Sna blianta tosaigh, leathnaigh sé a líonra eagraíochtúil ó ionaid thionsclaíocha oirdheisceart na tíre go bardais agus stáit eile. Ba é Gilson Menezes an chéad mhéara de chuid an pháirtí a toghadh, i Diadema, in 1982.&lt;ref name=&quot;PTHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TSEParty&quot; /&gt;

Ghlac an PT páirt sa ghluaiseacht ''Diretas Já'', a d'éiligh go gcuirfí toghcháin uachtaránachta dhíreacha ar bun arís. Cé nár éirigh leis an ngluaiseacht an leasú bunreachtúil riachtanach a chur tríd an gComhdháil in 1984, chuidigh sí leis an mbrú polaitiúil ar son deireadh a chur leis an deachtóireacht a mhéadú. Leis an aistriú chuig rialtas sibhialta agus le Bunreacht 1988, leathnaigh deiseanna na bpáirtithe agus na ngluaiseachtaí a bhí ag iarraidh dul i bhfeidhm ar institiúidí toghcháin agus ar bheartas poiblí.&lt;ref name=&quot;PTHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AmaralPower&quot; /&gt;

Sa toghchán uachtaránachta in 1989, an chéad toghchán uachtaránachta díreach a tionóladh sa tír ó 1960, chuaigh Lula ar aghaidh go dtí an dara babhta ach chaill sé in aghaidh [[Fernando Collor de Mello]]. Lean an PT ag cur lena bhonneagar sna bardais agus sna reachtais stáit, agus tháinig sé chun bheith ina fhreasúra náisiúnta níos suntasaí sna 1990idí.&lt;ref name=&quot;AmaralPower&quot; /&gt;

=== Fás agus an chéad bhua uachtaránachta, 1990–2002 ===

Le linn na 1990idí, leathnaigh an PT a thacaíocht toghcháin agus líon a ionadaithe tofa. Tháinig rialtais bhardasacha de chuid an pháirtí chun suntais, go háirithe in áiteanna ina ndearnadh iarracht rannpháirtíocht phoiblí i gcinntí buiséid agus i riaradh áitiúil a mhéadú. Sampla a ndearnadh staidéar idirnáisiúnta air ab ea an buiséadú rannpháirtíoch in [[Porto Alegre]], inar cuireadh próisis rannpháirtíochta saoránach i bhfeidhm chun tosaíochtaí caiteachais phoiblí a phlé.&lt;ref name=&quot;AmaralPower&quot; /&gt;

Sheas Lula don uachtaránacht in 1994 agus in 1998 freisin, ach chaill sé an dá thoghchán sin in aghaidh [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]]. Le himeacht ama, rinne an páirtí iarracht a thacaíocht a leathnú thar bhonn traidisiúnta an lucht saothair agus na ngluaiseachtaí sóisialta. Bhí athruithe ar theachtaireacht an fheachtais, ar chomhghuaillíochtaí toghcháin agus ar chur chuige eacnamaíoch mar chuid den athrú sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AmaralPower&quot; /&gt;

Bhuaigh Lula an toghchán uachtaránachta in 2002, agus tháinig an PT i gceannas ar an rialtas cónaidhme den chéad uair. Bhí an feachtas níos measartha ná cuid de na feachtais roimhe sin agus chuimsigh sé comhghuaillíochtaí le páirtithe eile. Ba é [[José Alencar]] a iarrthóir leasuachtaránachta. Léirigh an bua athrú suntasach ó pháirtí freasúra a bhí fréamhaithe i ngluaiseachtaí sóisialta go páirtí a bhí in ann rialtas náisiúnta a bhunú.&lt;ref name=&quot;PTHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AmaralPower&quot; /&gt;

=== Rialtais Lula agus Dilma, 2003–2016 ===

[[Íomhá:President Lula and Marisa.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Lula agus Marisa Letícia le linn a chéad uachtaránachta|Lula agus a bhean chéile, Marisa Letícia, in 2003.]]

Le linn chéad dhá théarma Lula, chuir an rialtas béim ar chláir shóisialta agus ar laghdú na bochtaineachta agus lean sé roinnt beartas eacnamaíoch a bhí i bhfeidhm cheana. Leathnaíodh cláir aistrithe airgid, go háirithe ''[[Bolsa Família]]'', a sholáthraigh tacaíocht airgeadais do theaghlaigh ar ioncam íseal faoi choinníollacha a bhain le hoideachas agus le cúram sláinte. Bhí fás eacnamaíoch agus méadú ar ioncam roinnt grúpaí le sonrú le linn cuid mhór den tréimhse seo, cé gur féidir tionchar na mbeartas aonair a scaradh ó thosca eacnamaíocha eile ach le hanailís chúramach.&lt;ref name=&quot;PTHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AmaralPower&quot; /&gt;

Atoghadh Lula in 2006. In 2010, bhuaigh [[Dilma Rousseff]], iarrthóir an PT agus iar-cheannaire foirne Lula, an toghchán uachtaránachta agus tháinig sí chun bheith ina chéad bhean a toghadh ina huachtarán ar an mBrasaíl. Atoghadh í in 2014. Lean a rialtas roinnt de na beartais shóisialta a bhí faoi rialtas Lula agus cuireadh cláir eile i bhfeidhm i réimsí na tithíochta, an oideachais agus na sláinte.&lt;ref name=&quot;PTHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AmaralPower&quot; /&gt;

[[Íomhá:Dilma Rousseff 2011.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Portráid oifigiúil Dilma Rousseff in 2011|Dilma Rousseff, uachtarán na Brasaíle ó 2011 go 2016.]]

Bhí dúshláin eacnamaíocha agus polaitiúla ag rialtas Dilma le linn a dara téarma. Chuaigh an tír i gcúlú eacnamaíoch, agus tháinig imscrúduithe ar éilliú a bhain le Petrobras agus leis an oibríocht ''[[Operação Lava Jato]]'' chun cinn. Bhí daoine ó pháirtithe éagsúla páirteach sna himscrúduithe, lena n-áirítear polaiteoirí agus lucht gnó a raibh baint acu leis an PT agus lena chomhghuaillithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AmaralPower&quot; /&gt;

In 2005, tháinig scannal ''Mensalão'' chun suntais. Bhain sé le líomhaintí gur íocadh airgead le feisirí chun tacaíocht a fháil do reachtaíocht agus do sheasaimh an rialtais sa Chomhdháil Náisiúnta. Ciontaíodh roinnt polaiteoirí agus oifigeach a raibh baint acu leis an scéim. Chuir an scannal brú polaitiúil ar rialtas Lula agus ar chlú an PT, ach ní hionann rannpháirtíocht daoine éagsúla sa scannal agus freagracht choiriúil gach ceannaire den pháirtí.&lt;ref name=&quot;AmaralPower&quot; /&gt;

In 2016, cuireadh deireadh le huachtaránacht Dilma Rousseff trí phróiseas impeachment a bhain le líomhaintí maidir le bainistiú buiséadach an rialtais. D'áitigh a lucht tacaíochta go raibh an próiseas ina chur chuige polaitiúil chun rialtas tofa a bhaint as oifig; mhaígh a comhraic gur sáraíodh rialacha buiséadacha. Tar éis a curtha as oifig, tháinig an leas-uachtarán [[Michel Temer]] chun bheith ina uachtarán. Chaill an PT cuid mhór dá thionchar sa rialtas cónaidhme agus d'fhulaing sé caillteanais toghcháin i roinnt ceantar sna blianta ina dhiaidh sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AmaralPower&quot; /&gt;

=== Freasúra agus filleadh ar an uachtaránacht, 2016–2022 ===

Bhí an PT san fhreasúra le linn uachtaránacht Michel Temer agus le linn rialtas [[Jair Bolsonaro]], a tháinig i gcumhacht in Eanáir 2019. Lean an páirtí air ag glacadh páirte i dtoghcháin agus i gcomhghuaillíochtaí polaitiúla, ach bhí Lula faoi bhrú dlíthiúil mar gheall ar chásanna a bhain le ''Lava Jato''.

Gearradh ciontuithe ar Lula i gcásanna a bhain le líomhaintí éillithe agus sciúrtha airgid, agus cuireadh i bpríosún é in 2018. In 2021, chuir an Chúirt Uachtarach Chónaidhme na ciontuithe áirithe sin ar neamhní, toisc nárbh í an chúirt i Curitiba an chúirt inniúil chun na cásanna a éisteacht. Dhearbhaigh an chúirt freisin go raibh an breitheamh Sérgio Moro claonta i gcás amháin. D'athbhunaigh na cinntí cearta polaitiúla Lula, ach ní hionann neamhniú cásanna ar fhorais dlínse nó neamhchlaontachta agus breithiúnas ar bhunús gach líomhna a rinneadh.&lt;ref name=&quot;STF&quot;&gt;Supremo Tribunal Federal, [https://portal.stf.jus.br/noticias/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=464261 ''STF confirma anulação de condenações do ex-presidente Lula na Lava Jato''], 15 Aibreán 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sa dara babhta den toghchán uachtaránachta in 2022, bhuaigh Lula ar Bolsonaro le 50.90% de na vótaí bailí. Insealbhaíodh é ar an 1 Eanáir 2023, agus d'fhill an PT ar cheannas an rialtais chónaidhme i gcomhthéacs comhrialtais a chuimsigh páirtithe eile.&lt;ref name=&quot;TSE2022&quot;&gt;Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, [https://www.tse.jus.br/eleicoes/eleicoes-2022/votacao-e-resultados ''Eleições 2022: votação e resultados''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AmaralPower&quot; /&gt;

=== Rialtas Lula ó 2023 ===

Le linn an tríú téarma Lula, lean an rialtas de chláir leasa shóisialta a chur i bhfeidhm agus d'fhorbair sé beartais i réimsí na sláinte, an oideachais, an chomhshaoil agus chearta na bpobal dúchasach. Athsheoladh ''Bolsa Família'' agus ''Mais Médicos'', agus bunaíodh Aireacht na bPobal Dúchasach. Bhí sé mar aidhm ag na beartais sin rochtain ar sheirbhísí poiblí a leathnú agus bochtaineacht a laghdú.&lt;ref name=&quot;PTHistory&quot; /&gt;

Ó thaobh na polaitíochta de, d'fhan an PT ag brath ar chomhghuaillíochtaí le páirtithe eile chun reachtaíocht a chur chun cinn sa Chomhdháil Náisiúnta. Ní raibh tromlach aonair ag an PT sna tithe reachtacha, agus bhí ar an rialtas tacaíocht a lorg ó pháirtithe a raibh seasaimh éagsúla acu ar cheisteanna eacnamaíocha agus sóisialta.&lt;ref name=&quot;AmaralPower&quot; /&gt;

[[Íomhá:2022 - Convenção Nacional do PSB - Lula (cropped).jpg|mion|deas|alt=Lula ag coinbhinsiún polaitiúil in 2022|Lula ag coinbhinsiún náisiúnta an PSB in 2022, le linn fheachtas na huachtaránachta.]]

=== Atoghadh in 2026 ===

Atoghadh Lula sa dara babhta den toghchán uachtaránachta ar an 25 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. D'fhógair an Chúirt Uachtarach Toghchánaíochta (TSE) go bhfuair sé 64,256,232 vóta, arb ionann iad agus 51.79% de na vótaí bailí, i gcomparáid le 59,826,041 vóta (48.21%) do [[Flávio Bolsonaro]], iarrthóir an Pháirtí Liobrálaigh. Tosóidh téarma nua Lula ar an 5 Eanáir 2027.&lt;ref name=&quot;TSE2026&quot; /&gt;

Sa toghchán reachtach a tionóladh níos luaithe sa mhí chéanna, toghadh 70 iarrthóir de chuid an PT chuig Seomra na dTeachtaí. Fuair an Chónaidhm Brasil da Esperança, a chuimsíonn an PT, an Páirtí Cumannach na Brasaíle (PCdoB) agus an Páirtí Glas (PV), 88 suíochán ar fad sa seomra. Fuair an PT sé shuíochán as na 54 suíochán sa Seanad a bhí á n-athnuachan in 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;House2026&quot;&gt;Agência Senado, [https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2026/10/05/camara-pl-obtem-a-maior-bancada-federacao-pt-pcdob-pv-e-a-segunda-forca ''Câmara: PL obtém a maior bancada; federação PT-PCdoB-PV é a segunda força''], 5 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Senate2026&quot;&gt;Pedro Peduzzi, [https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2026-10/pl-elege-19-senadores-e-soma-28-mdb-conquista-sete-vagas-e-pt-seis ''PL elege 19 senadores e soma 28; MDB conquista sete vagas e PT, seis''], Agência Brasil, 5 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Seasamh polaitiúil agus idé-eolaíocht ==

Tá an PT fréamhaithe sa ghluaiseacht saothair agus sa traidisiún sóisialach daonlathach. Tá sé rangaithe go ginearálta ar an eite chlé, cé go bhfuil éagsúlacht mhór smaointe agus sruthanna polaitiúla laistigh dá bhallraíocht. I measc a chuid príomhthosaíochtaí tá cearta oibrithe, athdháileadh ioncaim, cláir leasa shóisialta, rochtain ar sheirbhísí poiblí, cearta na mionlach agus cosaint an chomhshaoil.&lt;ref name=&quot;PTHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AmaralPower&quot; /&gt;

Tá athrú tagtha ar chur chuige an pháirtí le himeacht ama. Bhí a chuid feachtas tosaigh fréamhaithe go láidir i ngluaiseachtaí sóisialta agus i ngníomhachas ceardchumannach. Nuair a thosaigh sé ag lorg na huachtaránachta agus ag glacadh páirte i rialtas náisiúnta, leathnaigh sé a chomhghuaillíochtaí agus ghlac sé le comhréitigh i réimsí áirithe den bheartas eacnamaíoch agus den rialachas. Tá an t-athrú sin ina ábhar do thaighdeoirí ar stair na bpáirtithe polaitiúla sa Bhrasaíl agus i Meiriceá Laidineach.&lt;ref name=&quot;AmaralPower&quot; /&gt;

Ní grúpa idé-eolaíoch aonchineálach é an PT. Áirítear ar a stair grúpaí ceardchumannacha, lucht tacaíochta an tsóisialachais dhaonlathaigh, gníomhaithe ar son cearta sóisialta agus eagraíochtaí atá dírithe ar shaincheisteanna sonracha. Bíonn díospóireachtaí inmheánacha ann faoi straitéis toghcháin, faoi bheartas eacnamaíoch agus faoi na comhréitigh atá inghlactha nuair a bhíonn an páirtí i gcomhrialtas le heagraíochtaí eile.&lt;ref name=&quot;AmaralPower&quot; /&gt;

== Eagraíocht agus ceannaireacht ==

Tá struchtúr náisiúnta agus struchtúir stáit agus bhardasacha ag an PT. Déantar cinntí inmheánacha trí chomhlachtaí an pháirtí, comhdhálacha agus próisis roghnúcháin cheannaireachta. Déanann an páirtí cur síos ar rannpháirtíocht na mball agus ar an díospóireacht inmheánach mar ghnéithe dá eagraíocht.&lt;ref name=&quot;PTStructure&quot;&gt;Partido dos Trabalhadores, [https://pt.org.br/estrutura-partidaria/ ''Estrutura Partidária''].&lt;/ref&gt;

Toghadh [[Edinho Silva]] ina uachtarán náisiúnta ar an PT i mí Iúil 2025, tar éis an phróisis thoghcháin inmheánaigh ''Processo de Eleição Direta'' (PED). Bhí sé ina mhéara ar Araraquara, ina fheisire de chuid stát São Paulo agus ina chomhordaitheoir ar fheachtas uachtaránachta Lula in 2002 sular toghadh é ina cheannaire náisiúnta ar an bpáirtí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Edinho&quot;&gt;Partido dos Trabalhadores, [https://pt.org.br/edinho-silva-e-eleito-novo-presidente-nacional-do-pt/ ''Edinho Silva é eleito novo presidente nacional do PT''], 7 Iúil 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TSEParty&quot; /&gt;

Is é 13 uimhir thoghcháin an PT agus is iad dearg agus bán a phríomhdhathanna siombalacha. Is réalta dhearg ar chúlra bán, nó réalta bhán ar bhratach dhearg, a fheictear i gcuid de na leaganacha den lógó agus den bhratach. Úsáidtear an tsiombail sin go forleathan in ábhar toghcháin agus ag imeachtaí an pháirtí.&lt;ref name=&quot;TSEParty&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PTLogo&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Commons, [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PT_(Brazil)_logo_2021.svg ''PT (Brazil) logo 2021.svg''] agus [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bandeira_partido_dos_trabalhadores.svg ''Bandeira partido dos trabalhadores.svg''].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ceannairí náisiúnta ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Uachtaráin náisiúnta an PT
! Ceannaire
! Tréimhse
|-
| [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| 1980idí–1994
|-
| [[José Dirceu]]
| 1995–2002
|-
| [[José Genoino]]
| 2002–2005
|-
| [[Ricardo Berzoini]]
| 2005–2010
|-
| [[José Eduardo Dutra]]
| 2010–2011
|-
| [[Rui Falcão]]
| 2011–2017
|-
| [[Gleisi Hoffmann]]
| 2017–2025
|-
| [[Edinho Silva]]
| 2025–i láthair
|}

&lt;small&gt;Nóta: bhí aistrithe eatramhacha agus leasuithe ar thréimhsí oifige i stair na ceannaireachta. Déanfar na dátaí beachta a sheiceáil i dtaifid stairiúla oifigiúla an pháirtí.&lt;/small&gt;

== Torthaí toghcháin ==

=== Toghcháin uachtaránachta ===

Bhí Lula ina iarrthóir uachtaránachta ag an PT in 1989, 1994, 1998, 2002 agus 2006. Tar éis trí iarracht nár éirigh leo, bhuaigh sé in 2002 agus atoghadh é in 2006. Ina dhiaidh sin, bhuaigh Dilma Rousseff na toghcháin in 2010 agus in 2014. Chaill iarrthóir an PT, [[Fernando Haddad]], an dara babhta in 2018 in aghaidh Jair Bolsonaro. D'fhill Lula ar an uachtaránacht tar éis dó an toghchán in 2022 a bhuachan agus atoghadh é in 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;PTHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TSE2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TSE2026&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Feidhmíocht an PT i dtoghcháin uachtaránachta na Brasaíle
! Bliain
! Iarrthóir
! Toradh
|-
| 1989
| [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| An dara háit; chaill sa dara babhta in aghaidh Fernando Collor de Mello
|-
| 1994
| [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| Chaill sa chéad bhabhta in aghaidh Fernando Henrique Cardoso
|-
| 1998
| [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| Chaill sa chéad bhabhta in aghaidh Fernando Henrique Cardoso
|-
| 2002
| [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| Buaiteoir
|-
| 2006
| [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| Atoghadh
|-
| 2010
| [[Dilma Rousseff]]
| Buaiteoir
|-
| 2014
| [[Dilma Rousseff]]
| Atoghadh
|-
| 2018
| [[Fernando Haddad]]
| Chaill sa dara babhta in aghaidh Jair Bolsonaro
|-
| 2022
| [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| Buaiteoir
|-
| 2026
| [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| Atoghadh
|}

=== Toghcháin reachtacha in 2026 ===

Sa toghchán don Chomhdháil Náisiúnta in 2026, bhain an PT tairbhe as a pháirt i gCónaidhm Brasil da Esperança, a chuimsíonn an PT, PCdoB agus PV. Tá na suíocháin sa tábla thíos bunaithe ar thorthaí a foilsíodh tar éis an toghcháin. Ní ceart na 88 suíochán a bhuaigh an chónaidhm a chur i leith an PT amháin: is leis an PT féin 70 díobh sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;House2026&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Senate2026&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Na suíocháin a gnóthaíodh i dtoghchán 2026
! Teach
! Suíocháin PT
! Suíocháin na Cónaidhme Brasil da Esperança
|-
| [[Seomra na dTeachtaí (an Bhrasaíl)|Seomra na dTeachtaí]]
| 70
| 88
|-
| [[Seanad Cónaidhme na Brasaíle|Seanad Cónaidhme]] (54 suíochán á n-athnuachan)
| 6
| —
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Comhdhéanamh Sheomra na dTeachtaí a toghadh in 2026
|-
| style=&quot;width:23.59%; background:#1E4E8C; color:white;&quot; | '''PL'''&lt;br /&gt;121
| style=&quot;width:17.15%; background:#E31B35; color:white;&quot; | '''Brasil da Esperança'''&lt;br /&gt;88
| style=&quot;width:16.96%; background:#F58220; color:black;&quot; | '''União Progressista'''&lt;br /&gt;87
| style=&quot;width:42.30%; background:#777777; color:white;&quot; | '''Páirtithe agus cónaidhmeanna eile'''&lt;br /&gt;217
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Suíocháin Sheomra na dTeachtaí de réir páirtí nó cónaidhme
! Páirtí nó cónaidhm
! Suíocháin
|-
| [[Páirtí Liobrálach (an Bhrasaíl)|Páirtí Liobrálach (PL)]]
| 121
|-
| Cónaidhm Brasil da Esperança (PT–PCdoB–PV)
| 88
|-
| Cónaidhm União Progressista (União Brasil–PP)
| 87
|-
| PSD
| 43
|-
| Republicanos
| 41
|-
| MDB
| 36
|-
| Podemos
| 27
|-
| PSB
| 15
|-
| Cónaidhm PSOL–Rede Sustentabilidade
| 15
|-
| Cónaidhm PSDB–Cidadania
| 11
|-
| Novo
| 10
|-
| Cónaidhm PRD–Solidariedade
| 7
|-
| PDT
| 6
|-
| Avante
| 5
|-
| Missão
| 1
|-
! Iomlán
! 513
|}

&lt;small&gt;Foinse: Agência Senado agus Agência Brasil. Is iad na suíocháin na suíocháin a gnóthaíodh sa toghchán do théarma reachtach nua a thosóidh in 2027.&lt;ref name=&quot;House2026&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

Sa Seanad, toghadh seisear iarrthóirí de chuid an PT sna suíocháin a bhí á n-athnuachan in 2026. Ní hionann an figiúr sin agus líon iomlán na seanadóirí de chuid an pháirtí a bheidh sa Seanad nua, toisc go leanfaidh seanadóirí a toghadh in 2022 orthu ina bpoist.&lt;ref name=&quot;Senate2026&quot; /&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Suíocháin an tSeanaid a bhí á n-athnuachan in 2026
|-
| style=&quot;width:35.19%; background:#1E4E8C; color:white;&quot; | '''PL'''&lt;br /&gt;19
| style=&quot;width:12.96%; background:#4B8068; color:white;&quot; | '''MDB'''&lt;br /&gt;7
| style=&quot;width:11.11%; background:#E31B35; color:white;&quot; | '''PT'''&lt;br /&gt;6
| style=&quot;width:40.74%; background:#777777; color:white;&quot; | '''Páirtithe eile'''&lt;br /&gt;22
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Suíocháin an tSeanaid a bhí á n-athnuachan in 2026, de réir páirtí
! Páirtí
! Líon na seanadóirí a toghadh
|-
| PL
| 19
|-
| MDB
| 7
|-
| PT
| 6
|-
| União Brasil
| 3
|-
| PP
| 3
|-
| PSB
| 3
|-
| Novo
| 3
|-
| Republicanos
| 2
|-
| PSD
| 2
|-
| PSDB
| 2
|-
| Podemos
| 2
|-
| Rede
| 1
|-
| PDT
| 1
|-
! Iomlán
! 54
|}

&lt;small&gt;Foinse: Agência Brasil, bunaithe ar thorthaí an toghcháin don Seanad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Senate2026&quot; /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
* [[Dilma Rousseff]]
* [[Uachtarán na Brasaíle]]
* [[Comhdháil Náisiúnta na Brasaíle]]
* [[Bolsa Família]]
* [[Operação Lava Jato]]
* [[Olltoghchán na Brasaíle, 2026]]

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

== Naisc sheachtracha ==

* [https://pt.org.br/ Láithreán gréasáin oifigiúil Pháirtí na nOibrithe]
* [https://pt.org.br/nossa-historia/ Stair an pháirtí] — Partido dos Trabalhadores
* [https://www.tse.jus.br/partidos/partidos-registrados-no-tse/partido-dos-trabalhadores Taifead oifigiúil an PT] — Tribunal Superior Eleitoral
* [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-latin-american-studies/article/pt-at-35-revisiting-scholarly-interpretations-of-the-brazilian-workers-party/CD001665B447188C2EDD440D64267275 Léirmheas acadúil ar stair agus ar fhorbairt an PT] — ''Journal of Latin American Studies''

{{Catcómhaoin|Partido dos Trabalhadores}}

[[Catagóir:Polaitíocht na Brasaíle]]
[[Catagóir:Páirtithe polaitiúla sa Bhrasaíl]]
[[Catagóir:Sóisialachas sa Bhrasaíl]]</text>
      <sha1>iupfls20e9xgm0n3pd4ua51qxohnmse</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Teoiric praghsála arbatráiste</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128688</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330866</id>
      <parentid>1330704</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T21:33:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
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      <text bytes="572" sha1="4fu667a4bwm5e4tzbsin6g8aodiehh9" xml:space="preserve">Teoiric praghsála sócmhainní is ea '''teoiric praghsála arbatráiste''',&lt;ref&gt;i mBéarla,  ''arbitrage pricing theory''&lt;/ref&gt; ina gcloíonn an phraghsáil choibhneasta ar thacar sócmhainní le próiseas sonrach giniúna aschuir.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.tearma.ie/q/teoiric%20praghs%C3%A1la%20arbatr%C3%A1iste/ga/|teideal=Teoiric praghsála arbatráiste|údar=tearma.ie|dátarochtana=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Samhail phraghsála sócmhainní caipitil]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}{{síol}}
[[Catagóir:Airgeadas]]
[[Catagóir:Infheistíocht]]</text>
      <sha1>4fu667a4bwm5e4tzbsin6g8aodiehh9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Toghchán Chomhairle Cathrach Lios na gCearrbhach agus an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh, 2023</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Conradder</username>
        <id>34685</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Downshire Thoir */</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="12323" sha1="luxblpm969qqv9c2ux3gevprn2u0foh" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Toghchán}}
Reáchtáladh '''Chomhairle Cathrach Lios na gCearrbhach agus an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh''' ar 18 Bealtaine 2023, le gach dara [[Toghcháin Áitiúla Thuaisceart Éireann 2023|Toghcháin Áitiúla]] i d[[Tuaisceart Éireann|Tuaisceart Éireann, coicís tar éis na dtoghchán áitiúil i Sasana.]]. Cuireadh moill coicíse ar thoghcháin Thuaisceart Éireann chun comhthráth a sheachaint le [[Corónú Shéarlais III agus Camilla]]. Toghadh 40 ar [[Comhairle Cathrach Lios na gCearrbhach agus an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh|an chomhairle]] trí [[Aonvóta inaistrithe]]

== Torthaí==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot; 
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Toradh Toghcháin 2023 in [[Comhairle Cathrach Lios na gCearrbhach agus an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh|Lios na gCearrbhach agus An Caisleán Riabhach]] 
|-
! colspan =&quot;2&quot; |Páirtí
! Suíocháin
! Méaduithe
! Caillteanais
! Glan-mhéadú &lt;br/&gt;nó caillteanas
! Suíocháin %	
! Vótaí %	
! Vótaí 
! +/−
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | 
| [[PAD]] ||14||0	||1	||{{decrease}}1	||35.00||'''34.02'''||'''19,187'''||{{decrease}}2.69
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};&quot;  | 
| [[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||13	||4	||0	||{{increase}}4	||32.50||28.48||16,064||{{increase}}4.84
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};&quot;  | 
| [[PAU]] ||6	||0	||5	||{{decrease}}5	||15.00||13.97	||7,877||{{decrease}}3.61
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};&quot;  | 
| [[Sinn Féin]] ||4	||2||0	||{{increase}}2||10.00||10.98||6,193||{{increase}}5.57
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};&quot;  | 
| [[PSDLO]] ||2	||	0||0|| {{steady}}0||5.00||6.69||3,774||{{decrease}}1.99
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{Neamhspleách/meta/color}};&quot;  | 
| [[Comhalta neamhspleách|Neamhspleách]] ||1	||1	||0||{{increase}}1	||2.50||1.80||1,017||{{increase}}0.05
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};&quot;  | 
| [[Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe|GTA]] ||0||	0	||0	||{{steady}}0||	0.00	||2.33||1,317||{{increase}}0.01
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};&quot;  | 
| [[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas TÉ]] ||0||	0||	1||{{decrease}}1	||0.00	||1.73||975||{{decrease}}0.02
|-
! colspan =&quot;2&quot;  | Iomlán: || 40 || || || || || || 56,402|| 
|- 
|}
&lt;small&gt;'''Nóta''': Is iad &quot;vótaí&quot; an chéad rogha vótaí&lt;/small&gt;

==Achoimre dhúiche==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|- class=&quot;unsortable&quot; align=&quot;centre&quot;
!rowspan=2 align=&quot;left&quot;|Ceantar
! % &lt;br /&gt;
!Comhairleoirí&lt;br /&gt;
! %&lt;br /&gt;
!Comhairleoirí&lt;br /&gt;
! %&lt;br /&gt;
!Comhairleoirí&lt;br /&gt;
! %&lt;br /&gt;
!Comhairleoirí&lt;br /&gt;
! %&lt;br /&gt;
!Comhairleoirí&lt;br /&gt;
! %&lt;br /&gt;
!Comhairleoirí&lt;br /&gt;
!rowspan=2|Iomlán&lt;br /&gt;Comhairleoirí&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&quot;unsortable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! colspan=2| PAD
!colspan=2 | PCTÉ
!colspan=2 | PAU
!colspan=2 | Sinn Féin
! colspan=2 | PSDLO
!colspan=2 | Neamhspleách &lt;br/&gt; agus eile
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|An Caisleán Riabhach Thoir
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|50.92
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|'''3''' {{steady}}
|30.78
|'''2''' {{steady}}
|9.03
|'''1''' {{steady}}
|0.00
|0 {{steady}}
|0.00
|0 {{steady}}
|9.28
|0 {{steady}}
|'''6'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|An Caisleán Riabhach Theas
|15.05
|'''1''' {{steady}}
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6CB2F&quot;|32.36
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6CB2F&quot;|'''3''' {{increase}} 1
|7.46
|0 {{decrease}} 1
|21.61
|'''2''' {{increase}} 1
|17.05
|'''1''' {{steady}}
|6.92
|0 {{decrease}} 1
|'''7'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|Downshire Thoir
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|41.34
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|'''2''' {{steady}}
|30.06
|'''2''' {{increase}} 1
|17.47
|'''1''' {{decrease}} 1
|0.00
|0 {{steady}}
|4.51
|0 {{steady}}
|5.73
|0 {{steady}}
|'''5'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|Downshire Thiar
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|40.19
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|'''2''' {{steady}}
|36.62
|'''2''' {{increase}} 1
|17.26
|'''1''' {{decrease}} 1
|4.21
|0 {{steady}}
|0.00
|0 {{steady}}
|1.73
|0 {{steady}}
|'''5'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|Coill Ultaigh
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|33.49
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|'''2''' {{steady}}
|22.22
|'''1''' {{steady}}
|15.66
|'''1''' {{steady}}
|23.36
|'''1''' {{steady}}
|4.34
|0 {{steady}}
|0.93
|0 {{steady}}
|'''5'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|Lios na gCearrbhach Thuaidh
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|26.47
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|'''1''' {{decrease}} 1
|23.61
|'''1''' {{steady}}
|13.65
|'''1''' {{decrease}} 1
|14.67
|'''1''' {{increase}} 1
|11.07
|'''1''' {{steady}}
|10.54
|'''1''' {{increase}} 1
|'''6'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|Lios na gCearrbhach Theas
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|38.20
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|'''3''' {{steady}}
|23.81
|'''2''' {{increase}} 1
|19.95
|'''1''' {{decrease}} 1
|6.58
|0 {{steady}}
|6.30
|0 {{steady}}
|5.16
|0 {{steady}}
|'''6'''
|- class=&quot;unsortable&quot; class=&quot;sortbottom&quot; style=&quot;background:#C9C9C9&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;| '''Iomlán'''
|'''34.02'''
|'''14''' {{decrease}} 1
|'''28.48'''
|'''13''' {{increase}} 4
|'''13.97'''
|'''6''' {{decrease}} 5
|'''10.98'''
|'''4''' {{increase}} 2
|'''6.69'''
|'''2''' {{steady}}
|'''5.87'''
|'''1''' {{steady}}
|'''40'''
|-
|}

==Torthaí na ndúichí==
===An Caisleán Riabhach Thoir===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;&quot;
|-
! align=center colspan=16| An Caisleán Riabhach Thoir - 6 shuíochán 
|-
! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[PAD]] || '''Sharon Skillen*'''||	21.04%	||'''1,655	'''|| || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Martin Gregg*'''||	17.50%	||'''1,377'''|| || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[PAD]] || '''Samantha Burns'''||	11.17%	||879	||'''1,165.72'''|| || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Sharon Lowry*'''||	13.28%	||1,045	||1,057.16	||'''1,192.16'''|| ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[PAD]] || '''John Laverty*'''||	11.31%	||890	||960.72	||966.68	||980.62	||'''1,130.62'''
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};&quot; | || [[PAU]] ||'''Hazel Legge*'''||	9.03%	||710	||735.28	||763.92	||959.08	||'''1,086.60'''
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[PAD]] || David Drysdale*	||7.40%	||582	||678	||682.96	||703.70	||931.76
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};&quot;| || [[Glór Traidisiúnta Aontachtach|GTA]] ||Andrew Girvin	||6.79%	||534	||558.32	||566.64	||589.76	||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas (TÉ)]]||Terry Winchcombe||	2.49%	||195	||199.48	|| || ||
|-
| align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 16,289''' Bailí:'''7,867''' Millte:''' 90''' Cuóta:'''1,124''' Vótóirí:''' 7,957 (48.85%)    
|}

===An Caisleán Riabhach Theas===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;&quot;
|-
! align=center colspan=16| An Caisleán Riabhach Theas - 7 suíochán 
|-
! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 !! Comhair 7 !! Comhair 8
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''[[Michelle Guy]]* †'''||	14.26%	||'''1,452'''|| || || || || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[PAD]] || '''Brian Higginson'''||	9.88%	||1,006	||1,009	||1,009.60	||'''1,507.72'''|| || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Nancy Eaton †'''||	10.96%	1,116	||1,121	||1,183.16	||1,186.16	||1,188.76	||'''1,416.76'''|| ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};&quot; | || [[PSDLO]]||'''	John Gallen*'''||	10.61%	||1,035	||1,035	||1,042.08	||1,044.08	||1,046.16	||1,147.12	||'''1,613.12	'''||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[Sinn Féin]] || '''Ryan Carlin*'''	||11.82%	||1,204	||1,207	||1,213.24	||1,214.24	||1,214.76	||1,260.76	||'''1,314.76'''||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Martin McKeever'''||	7.14%	||727	||734	||793.88	||795.88	||803.12	||926.04	||1,048.76	||'''1,269.89'''
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[Sinn Féin]] || '''Daniel Bassett'''||	9.79%	||997	||998	||1,000.88	||1,000.88	||1,000.88	||1,036.24	||1,095.60	||'''1,192.80'''
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};&quot; | || [[PAU]] ||Michael Henderson*	||7.46%	||760	||764	||768.92	||786.92	||1,001.68	||1,039.08	||1,059.60	||1,077.42
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};&quot; | || [[PSDLO]]||Simon Lee*||	6.44%	||656	||662	||683.36	||686.36	||688.44	||761.64|| ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas (TÉ)]]||Jacinta Hamley	||6.44%	||656	||667	||675.16	||675.16	||677.76	|| || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[PAD]] || William Traynor||	5.17%	||527	||528	||528.18|| || || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Neamhspleách/meta/color}};&quot; | || Neamhspleách ||Andrew Miller||	0.48%	||49|| || || || || || ||

|-
| align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 18,120''' Bailí:'''10,185''' Millte:''' 95''' Cuóta:'''1,274''' Vótóirí:'''10,280 (56.73%)         
|}

===Downshire Thoir ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;&quot;
|-
! align=center colspan=16| Downshire Thoir - 5 shuíochán 
|-
! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[PAD]] || '''Andrew Gowan*'''||	26.01%	||'''1,798	'''|| || || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[PAD]] || '''Uel Mackin*'''	||15.33%	||1,060	||'''1,576.96'''||  || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Aaron McIntyre*||	15.94%	||1,102	||1,123.96	||1,139.00	||'''1,253.00'''	|| ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Kurtis Dickson'''||14.12%	||976	||981.04	||985.84	||'''1,147.84'''|| ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};&quot; | || [[PAU]] ||'''James Baird*'''||	10.50%	||726	||768.48	||938.40	||945.76	||959.76	||'''1,154.76'''
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};&quot; | || [[PAU]] ||Alex Swan*	||6.97%	||482	||498.92	||600.36	||605.36	||626.36	||749.36
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};&quot;| || [[Glór Traidisiúnta Aontachtach|GTA]] ||Stewart Ferris||	5.73%	||396	||428.76	||564.12	||566.48	||570.48	||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};&quot; | || [[PSDLO]]||John Drake||	4.51%	||312	||314.52	||317.08|| || ||
|-
| align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:'''12,763''' Bailí:'''6,914''' Millte:'''62''' Cuóta:'''1,143''' Vótóirí:''' 6,976 (54.66%)  
|}

===Downshire Thiar	===
===Coill Ultaigh===
===Lios na gCearrbhach Thuaidh	===
===Lios na gCearrbhach Theas	===

==Athruithe i rith an téarma==
===† Comhthofa===


== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
{{Toghcháin agus reifrinn i dTuaisceart Éireann}}
[[Catagóir:2023]]
[[Catagóir:Polaitíocht Thuaisceart Éireann]]
[[Catagóir:Stair Thuaisceart Éireann]]
[[Catagóir:Toghcháin Áitiúla Thuaisceart Éireann 2023]]</text>
      <sha1>luxblpm969qqv9c2ux3gevprn2u0foh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1330860</id>
      <parentid>1330859</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T21:03:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Conradder</username>
        <id>34685</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Downshire Thiar */</comment>
      <origin>1330860</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14330" sha1="ivts523mm4xgiuh6z12bcsh5m4v8jqh" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Toghchán}}
Reáchtáladh '''Chomhairle Cathrach Lios na gCearrbhach agus an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh''' ar 18 Bealtaine 2023, le gach dara [[Toghcháin Áitiúla Thuaisceart Éireann 2023|Toghcháin Áitiúla]] i d[[Tuaisceart Éireann|Tuaisceart Éireann, coicís tar éis na dtoghchán áitiúil i Sasana.]]. Cuireadh moill coicíse ar thoghcháin Thuaisceart Éireann chun comhthráth a sheachaint le [[Corónú Shéarlais III agus Camilla]]. Toghadh 40 ar [[Comhairle Cathrach Lios na gCearrbhach agus an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh|an chomhairle]] trí [[Aonvóta inaistrithe]]

== Torthaí==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot; 
! colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Toradh Toghcháin 2023 in [[Comhairle Cathrach Lios na gCearrbhach agus an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh|Lios na gCearrbhach agus An Caisleán Riabhach]] 
|-
! colspan =&quot;2&quot; |Páirtí
! Suíocháin
! Méaduithe
! Caillteanais
! Glan-mhéadú &lt;br/&gt;nó caillteanas
! Suíocháin %	
! Vótaí %	
! Vótaí 
! +/−
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | 
| [[PAD]] ||14||0	||1	||{{decrease}}1	||35.00||'''34.02'''||'''19,187'''||{{decrease}}2.69
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};&quot;  | 
| [[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||13	||4	||0	||{{increase}}4	||32.50||28.48||16,064||{{increase}}4.84
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};&quot;  | 
| [[PAU]] ||6	||0	||5	||{{decrease}}5	||15.00||13.97	||7,877||{{decrease}}3.61
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};&quot;  | 
| [[Sinn Féin]] ||4	||2||0	||{{increase}}2||10.00||10.98||6,193||{{increase}}5.57
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};&quot;  | 
| [[PSDLO]] ||2	||	0||0|| {{steady}}0||5.00||6.69||3,774||{{decrease}}1.99
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{Neamhspleách/meta/color}};&quot;  | 
| [[Comhalta neamhspleách|Neamhspleách]] ||1	||1	||0||{{increase}}1	||2.50||1.80||1,017||{{increase}}0.05
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};&quot;  | 
| [[Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe|GTA]] ||0||	0	||0	||{{steady}}0||	0.00	||2.33||1,317||{{increase}}0.01
|-
! style=&quot;background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};&quot;  | 
| [[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas TÉ]] ||0||	0||	1||{{decrease}}1	||0.00	||1.73||975||{{decrease}}0.02
|-
! colspan =&quot;2&quot;  | Iomlán: || 40 || || || || || || 56,402|| 
|- 
|}
&lt;small&gt;'''Nóta''': Is iad &quot;vótaí&quot; an chéad rogha vótaí&lt;/small&gt;

==Achoimre dhúiche==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|- class=&quot;unsortable&quot; align=&quot;centre&quot;
!rowspan=2 align=&quot;left&quot;|Ceantar
! % &lt;br /&gt;
!Comhairleoirí&lt;br /&gt;
! %&lt;br /&gt;
!Comhairleoirí&lt;br /&gt;
! %&lt;br /&gt;
!Comhairleoirí&lt;br /&gt;
! %&lt;br /&gt;
!Comhairleoirí&lt;br /&gt;
! %&lt;br /&gt;
!Comhairleoirí&lt;br /&gt;
! %&lt;br /&gt;
!Comhairleoirí&lt;br /&gt;
!rowspan=2|Iomlán&lt;br /&gt;Comhairleoirí&lt;br /&gt;
|- class=&quot;unsortable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;
! colspan=2| PAD
!colspan=2 | PCTÉ
!colspan=2 | PAU
!colspan=2 | Sinn Féin
! colspan=2 | PSDLO
!colspan=2 | Neamhspleách &lt;br/&gt; agus eile
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|An Caisleán Riabhach Thoir
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|50.92
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|'''3''' {{steady}}
|30.78
|'''2''' {{steady}}
|9.03
|'''1''' {{steady}}
|0.00
|0 {{steady}}
|0.00
|0 {{steady}}
|9.28
|0 {{steady}}
|'''6'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|An Caisleán Riabhach Theas
|15.05
|'''1''' {{steady}}
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6CB2F&quot;|32.36
|bgcolor=&quot;#F6CB2F&quot;|'''3''' {{increase}} 1
|7.46
|0 {{decrease}} 1
|21.61
|'''2''' {{increase}} 1
|17.05
|'''1''' {{steady}}
|6.92
|0 {{decrease}} 1
|'''7'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|Downshire Thoir
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|41.34
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|'''2''' {{steady}}
|30.06
|'''2''' {{increase}} 1
|17.47
|'''1''' {{decrease}} 1
|0.00
|0 {{steady}}
|4.51
|0 {{steady}}
|5.73
|0 {{steady}}
|'''5'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|Downshire Thiar
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|40.19
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|'''2''' {{steady}}
|36.62
|'''2''' {{increase}} 1
|17.26
|'''1''' {{decrease}} 1
|4.21
|0 {{steady}}
|0.00
|0 {{steady}}
|1.73
|0 {{steady}}
|'''5'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|Coill Ultaigh
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|33.49
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|'''2''' {{steady}}
|22.22
|'''1''' {{steady}}
|15.66
|'''1''' {{steady}}
|23.36
|'''1''' {{steady}}
|4.34
|0 {{steady}}
|0.93
|0 {{steady}}
|'''5'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|Lios na gCearrbhach Thuaidh
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|26.47
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|'''1''' {{decrease}} 1
|23.61
|'''1''' {{steady}}
|13.65
|'''1''' {{decrease}} 1
|14.67
|'''1''' {{increase}} 1
|11.07
|'''1''' {{steady}}
|10.54
|'''1''' {{increase}} 1
|'''6'''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|Lios na gCearrbhach Theas
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|38.20
|bgcolor=&quot;#D46A4C&quot;|'''3''' {{steady}}
|23.81
|'''2''' {{increase}} 1
|19.95
|'''1''' {{decrease}} 1
|6.58
|0 {{steady}}
|6.30
|0 {{steady}}
|5.16
|0 {{steady}}
|'''6'''
|- class=&quot;unsortable&quot; class=&quot;sortbottom&quot; style=&quot;background:#C9C9C9&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;| '''Iomlán'''
|'''34.02'''
|'''14''' {{decrease}} 1
|'''28.48'''
|'''13''' {{increase}} 4
|'''13.97'''
|'''6''' {{decrease}} 5
|'''10.98'''
|'''4''' {{increase}} 2
|'''6.69'''
|'''2''' {{steady}}
|'''5.87'''
|'''1''' {{steady}}
|'''40'''
|-
|}

==Torthaí na ndúichí==
===An Caisleán Riabhach Thoir===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;&quot;
|-
! align=center colspan=16| An Caisleán Riabhach Thoir - 6 shuíochán 
|-
! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[PAD]] || '''Sharon Skillen*'''||	21.04%	||'''1,655	'''|| || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Martin Gregg*'''||	17.50%	||'''1,377'''|| || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[PAD]] || '''Samantha Burns'''||	11.17%	||879	||'''1,165.72'''|| || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Sharon Lowry*'''||	13.28%	||1,045	||1,057.16	||'''1,192.16'''|| ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[PAD]] || '''John Laverty*'''||	11.31%	||890	||960.72	||966.68	||980.62	||'''1,130.62'''
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};&quot; | || [[PAU]] ||'''Hazel Legge*'''||	9.03%	||710	||735.28	||763.92	||959.08	||'''1,086.60'''
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[PAD]] || David Drysdale*	||7.40%	||582	||678	||682.96	||703.70	||931.76
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};&quot;| || [[Glór Traidisiúnta Aontachtach|GTA]] ||Andrew Girvin	||6.79%	||534	||558.32	||566.64	||589.76	||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas (TÉ)]]||Terry Winchcombe||	2.49%	||195	||199.48	|| || ||
|-
| align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 16,289''' Bailí:'''7,867''' Millte:''' 90''' Cuóta:'''1,124''' Vótóirí:''' 7,957 (48.85%)    
|}

===An Caisleán Riabhach Theas===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;&quot;
|-
! align=center colspan=16| An Caisleán Riabhach Theas - 7 suíochán 
|-
! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 !! Comhair 7 !! Comhair 8
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''[[Michelle Guy]]* †'''||	14.26%	||'''1,452'''|| || || || || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[PAD]] || '''Brian Higginson'''||	9.88%	||1,006	||1,009	||1,009.60	||'''1,507.72'''|| || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Nancy Eaton †'''||	10.96%	1,116	||1,121	||1,183.16	||1,186.16	||1,188.76	||'''1,416.76'''|| ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};&quot; | || [[PSDLO]]||'''	John Gallen*'''||	10.61%	||1,035	||1,035	||1,042.08	||1,044.08	||1,046.16	||1,147.12	||'''1,613.12	'''||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[Sinn Féin]] || '''Ryan Carlin*'''	||11.82%	||1,204	||1,207	||1,213.24	||1,214.24	||1,214.76	||1,260.76	||'''1,314.76'''||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Martin McKeever'''||	7.14%	||727	||734	||793.88	||795.88	||803.12	||926.04	||1,048.76	||'''1,269.89'''
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[Sinn Féin]] || '''Daniel Bassett'''||	9.79%	||997	||998	||1,000.88	||1,000.88	||1,000.88	||1,036.24	||1,095.60	||'''1,192.80'''
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};&quot; | || [[PAU]] ||Michael Henderson*	||7.46%	||760	||764	||768.92	||786.92	||1,001.68	||1,039.08	||1,059.60	||1,077.42
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};&quot; | || [[PSDLO]]||Simon Lee*||	6.44%	||656	||662	||683.36	||686.36	||688.44	||761.64|| ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas (TÉ)]]||Jacinta Hamley	||6.44%	||656	||667	||675.16	||675.16	||677.76	|| || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[PAD]] || William Traynor||	5.17%	||527	||528	||528.18|| || || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Neamhspleách/meta/color}};&quot; | || Neamhspleách ||Andrew Miller||	0.48%	||49|| || || || || || ||

|-
| align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 18,120''' Bailí:'''10,185''' Millte:''' 95''' Cuóta:'''1,274''' Vótóirí:'''10,280 (56.73%)         
|}

===Downshire Thoir ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;&quot;
|-
! align=center colspan=16| Downshire Thoir - 5 shuíochán 
|-
! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[PAD]] || '''Andrew Gowan*'''||	26.01%	||'''1,798	'''|| || || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[PAD]] || '''Uel Mackin*'''	||15.33%	||1,060	||'''1,576.96'''||  || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Aaron McIntyre*||	15.94%	||1,102	||1,123.96	||1,139.00	||'''1,253.00'''	|| ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Kurtis Dickson'''||14.12%	||976	||981.04	||985.84	||'''1,147.84'''|| ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};&quot; | || [[PAU]] ||'''James Baird*'''||	10.50%	||726	||768.48	||938.40	||945.76	||959.76	||'''1,154.76'''
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};&quot; | || [[PAU]] ||Alex Swan*	||6.97%	||482	||498.92	||600.36	||605.36	||626.36	||749.36
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};&quot;| || [[Glór Traidisiúnta Aontachtach|GTA]] ||Stewart Ferris||	5.73%	||396	||428.76	||564.12	||566.48	||570.48	||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};&quot; | || [[PSDLO]]||John Drake||	4.51%	||312	||314.52	||317.08|| || ||
|-
| align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:'''12,763''' Bailí:'''6,914''' Millte:'''62''' Cuóta:'''1,143''' Vótóirí:''' 6,976 (54.66%)  
|}

===Downshire Thiar	===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;&quot;
|-
! align=center colspan=16| Downshire Thiar - 5 shuíochán 
|-
! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Owen Gawith*'''||	23.58%	||'''1,693	'''|| || || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Gretta Thompson'''	||13.04%||	936	||'''1,353.02	'''|| || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};&quot; | || [[PAU]] ||'''Alan Martin	'''||8.69%	||624	||641.98	||693.33	||776.91	||'''1,315.91'''||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[PAD]] || '''Caleb McCready*'''||13.87%	||996	||1,014.56	||1,020.85	||1,032.40	||1,059.86	||'''1,093.46'''
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[PAD]] || '''Allan Ewart*'''||	13.53%	||971	||975.06	||987.35	||992.81	||1,039.51	||'''1,082.56'''
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[PAD]] || William Leathem	||12.79%	||918	||921.48	||925.48	||928.21	||947.26	||988.56
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};&quot; | || [[PAU]] ||Liz McCord	||8.57%	||615	||621.38	||691.12	||739.42	|| ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};&quot;  | || [[Sinn Féin]] || Siobhán Murphy||	4.21%	||302	||310.70|| || || ||
|-
| style=&quot;background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};&quot; | || |[[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas (TÉ)]]||Luke Robinson	||1.73%	||124	||135.02	|| || || ||
|-
| align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:'''13,284 ''' Bailí:'''7,179 ''' Millte:'''72''' Cuóta:'''1,1197''' Vótóirí:'''  7,251 (54.58%)   
|}

===Coill Ultaigh===
===Lios na gCearrbhach Thuaidh	===
===Lios na gCearrbhach Theas	===

==Athruithe i rith an téarma==
===† Comhthofa===


== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
{{Toghcháin agus reifrinn i dTuaisceart Éireann}}
[[Catagóir:2023]]
[[Catagóir:Polaitíocht Thuaisceart Éireann]]
[[Catagóir:Stair Thuaisceart Éireann]]
[[Catagóir:Toghcháin Áitiúla Thuaisceart Éireann 2023]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Antinatalachas</title>
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      <text bytes="13501" sha1="rco7m7guufmdyx2f69fw7j84ijaivbj" xml:space="preserve">{{Scrios}}
'''Antinatalachas''' (Béarla: ''antinatalism'') is seasamh san [[eitic|eitic mhorálta]] é a mhaíonn go bhfuil sé mícheart daoine nua a thabhairt ar an saol. Áitíonn lucht a thacaíochta go háirithe go mbaineann fulaingt agus rioscaí leis an saol nach féidir a sheachaint go hiomlán, agus nach mbíonn údar morálta le hatáirgeadh dá bharr. Tá leaganacha éagsúla den antinatalachas ann: meastar i roinnt acu go bhfuil atáirgeadh mícheart i ngach cás, agus díríonn cinn eile ar na himthosca ina mbeadh cúiseanna láidre gan leanbh a bheith ag duine.&lt;ref name=&quot;sep&quot;&gt;Elizabeth Brake agus Joseph Millum, “[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/parenthood/ Parenthood and Procreation]”, in Edward N. Zalta agus Uri Nodelman (eag.), ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', 2012, athbhreithnithe go substainteach in 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;benatar&quot;&gt;David Benatar, ''Better Never to Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence'', Oxford University Press, 2006. [https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296422.001.0001 doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296422.001.0001].&lt;/ref&gt;

Baineann na príomhargóintí le cáilíocht na beatha, leis an mbaol go bhfulaingeodh duine go mór, le heaspa toilithe roimh bhreith agus leis an gcaoi a ndéantar dochar agus tairbhe a mheas. Tá an t-antinatalachas ar cheann de na seasaimh is conspóidí san fhealsúnacht atáirgthe, go háirithe mar gheall ar argóint David Benatar gur dochar é teacht ar an saol féin.&lt;ref name=&quot;benatar&quot; /&gt;

== Forbairt stairiúil ==

Tá ceisteanna faoi fhulaingt agus faoi luach na beatha le fáil i dtraidisiúin éagsúla na fealsúnachta. Is minic a nasctar an t-antinatalachas le fealsúnacht dhoirbh Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860), a chuir béim ar an bhfulaingt mar ghné bhunúsach den saol daonna.

[[Íomhá:Arthur Schopenhauer by J Schäfer, 1859.jpg|mion|deas|alt=Portráid d’Arthur Schopenhauer a tógadh in 1859|Arthur Schopenhauer in 1859.]]

Bhí cosúlachtaí idir cuid de na smaointe a chuir Schopenhauer chun cinn agus argóintí an antinatalachais níos déanaí. Níor chosain sé, áfach, dualgas ginearálta morálta gan páistí a bheith ag duine. Léiríonn an difríocht sin nach ionann an doirbhíocht fhealsúnach agus an t-antinatalachas féin.&lt;ref name=&quot;janaway&quot;&gt;Christopher Janaway, “[https://doi.org/10.1080/09608788.2025.2589084 Schopenhauer and anti-natalism]”, ''British Journal for the History of Philosophy'', imleabhar 34, uimhir 2 (2026), lgh. 312–336.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sa díospóireacht chomhaimseartha, tá ról lárnach ag David Benatar, fealsamh de chuid Ollscoil Cape Town. Ina leabhar ''Better Never to Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence'', a foilsíodh in 2006, áitíonn sé go ndéanann teacht ar an saol dochar don duine a bheirtear agus gur mícheart go morálta atáirgeadh. Is í an argóint faoin neamhshiméadracht idir pian agus pléisiúr ceann de na príomhargóintí a úsáideann sé.&lt;ref name=&quot;benatar&quot; /&gt;

Tá argóintí eile forbartha ag fealsúna ar nós Seana Valentine Shiffrin, a dhíríonn ar dhochar agus ar easpa toilithe, agus Matti Häyry agus Amanda Sukenick, a scrúdaíonn an chaoi a bhféadfadh ionchais shóisialta maidir le pósadh, tuismíocht agus atáirgeadh roghanna daoine atá beo cheana féin a shrianadh.&lt;ref name=&quot;shiffrin&quot;&gt;Seana Valentine Shiffrin, “[https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352325299052015 Wrongful Life, Procreative Responsibility, and the Significance of Harm]”, ''Legal Theory'', imleabhar 5, uimhir 2 (1999), lgh. 117–148.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hayry&quot;&gt;Matti Häyry agus Amanda Sukenick, “[https://doi.org/10.1017/S0963180123000385 Imposing a Lifestyle: A New Argument for Antinatalism]”, ''Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics'', imleabhar 33, uimhir 2 (2024), lgh. 238–259.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Príomhargóintí ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Argóintí a úsáidtear san antinatalachas
! Argóint !! Bunús na hargóna !! An cheist fhealsúnach
|-
| Fulaingt agus cáilíocht na beatha
| Bíonn pian, breoiteacht, caillteanas agus bás mar chuid den saol daonna.
| An féidir leis na tairbhí a bhaineann leis an saol an fhulaingt agus an baol a bhaineann leis a chúiteamh?
|-
| Riosca
| Ní féidir a chinntiú roimh bhreith duine go mbeidh saol sásúil aige ná go seachnóidh sé fulaingt thromchúiseach.
| Cén leibhéal riosca a fhágann go bhfuil atáirgeadh mícheart go morálta?
|-
| Easpa toilithe
| Ní féidir le duine toiliú lena bhreith féin sula mbíonn sé ann.
| An féidir ceist an toilithe a chur i bhfeidhm ar dhuine nach ann dó fós?
|-
| Neamhshiméadracht idir pian agus pléisiúr
| Áitíonn Benatar gur buntáiste é pian a sheachaint, fiú mura dtagann duine ar an saol, ach nach gá gur caillteanas í easpa pléisiúir nuair nach bhfuil duine ann chun é a chailleadh.
| An bhfuil údar maith leis an dá chás a mheas ar bhealaí éagsúla?
|-
| Dochar do dhaoine eile agus d'ainmhithe
| D'fhéadfadh daoine nua cur leis an bhfulaingt a chruthaíonn daoine cheana féin do dhaoine eile, d'ainmhithe agus don chomhshaol.
| An bhfuil dualgas morálta ann gan saol nua a chruthú má bhíonn iarmhairtí díobhálacha aige do dhaoine eile?
|}

=== Fulaingt, cáilíocht na beatha agus riosca ===

Baineann argóint lárnach an antinatalachais leis an bhfulaingt a ghabhann leis an saol. Is féidir le daoine breoiteacht, pian, uaigneas, bochtaineacht, leatrom agus caillteanas a fhulaingt. Ní féidir na heispéiris sin a thuar go hiomlán roimh bhreith duine, ná a chinntiú nach dtarlóidh siad dó.

Áitíonn Benatar go bhfuil cáilíocht an tsaoil níos measa ná mar a shíleann daoine go minic, agus nach leor na heispéiris dhearfacha chun teacht ar an saol a chosaint go morálta. Dar leis, is dochar é teacht ar an saol fiú nuair a bhíonn taitneamh, caidrimh agus éachtaí ag duine, mar ní bheadh na heispéiris dhiúltacha sin ann mura mbeadh an duine ann ar chor ar bith.&lt;ref name=&quot;benatar&quot; /&gt;

Ní ghlacann gach fealsamh leis an gconclúid sin. Áitíonn criticeoirí gur féidir le saol a bheith fiúntach le maireachtáil in ainneoin na fulaingthe, agus gur féidir leis an duine a bheirtear luach a chur ar a shaol féin. Measann Daniel Pallies, mar shampla, go bhféadfadh atáirgeadh a bheith inghlactha fiú dá mbeadh an tuairim dhoirbh faoin saol ceart, mar go bhféadfadh duine amach anseo a bheith sásta gur rugadh é.&lt;ref name=&quot;pallies&quot;&gt;Daniel Pallies, “[https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.13007 Pessimism and Procreation]”, ''Philosophy and Phenomenological Research'', imleabhar 108, uimhir 3 (2024), lgh. 751–771.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá argóint an riosca gaolmhar leis an argóint faoin gcáilíocht beatha. Ní gá a chruthú go mbeidh gach saol dona; is leor, dar le roinnt antinatalaithe, go bhféadfadh duine saol a bheith aige atá chomh dona sin nach fiú é a chaitheamh. Is í an cheist ná an leor an fhéidearthacht sin chun atáirgeadh a dhéanamh mícheart i ngach cás, nó an féidir rioscaí na beatha a mheas ar bhealach níos teoranta.&lt;ref name=&quot;hayry&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pallies&quot; /&gt;

=== Toiliú agus forchur ===

Ní féidir le duine a thoiliú a thabhairt lena chruthú féin. Nuair a bheirtear duine, cuirtear saol, rioscaí agus dualgais air gan é a bheith in ann glacadh leo ná diúltú dóibh roimh ré. Áitíonn roinnt antinatalaithe gur cúis mhorálta é sin gan daoine nua a thabhairt ar an saol.&lt;ref name=&quot;shiffrin&quot; /&gt;

Tá dhá cheist ag croílár na hargóna. Ar an gcéad dul síos, an bhfuil sé ceart go morálta coinníollacha maireachtála a fhorchur ar dhuine nach raibh in ann iad a roghnú? Ar an dara dul síos, conas is féidir easpa toilithe a mheas i gcás duine nach bhfuil ann fós? Ní hionann easpa toilithe agus éagóir i ngach cás; dá bhrí sin, ní mór a léiriú cén chaoi a mbaineann an prionsabal seo le cruthú duine nua.

Díríonn Häyry agus Sukenick freisin ar an mbrú sóisialta a bhaineann le hatáirgeadh. Dar leo, is minic a ghlactar leis gur gnáthchuid den saol é páistí a bheith ag duine, agus go bhféadfadh sé a bheith deacair do dhaoine rogha eile a dhéanamh gan breithiúnas sóisialta ná brú cultúrtha. Athraíonn an argóint seo fócas an phlé ón duine nach ann dó fós chuig na daoine atá ann cheana féin agus na hionchais a gcuirtear orthu.&lt;ref name=&quot;hayry&quot; /&gt;

=== Argóint na neamhshiméadrachta ===

Is í argóint na neamhshiméadrachta an argóint is mó a bhaineann le hobair Benatar. Déanann sí idirdhealú idir pian agus pléisiúr, agus idir easpa pian agus easpa pléisiúir.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Na ceithre mhaíomh in argóint Benatar
! Staid !! Measúnú !! An bhrí atá leis
|-
| Pian a bheith ann
| Is olc é.
| Fulaingíonn an duine a bhraitheann pian.
|-
| Easpa pian
| Is maith í, fiú mura bhfuil duine ann chun tairbhe a bhaint aisti.
| Má dhéantar duine a sheachaint, seachnaítear an fhulaingt a d'fhéadfadh a bheith aige.
|-
| Pléisiúr a bheith ann
| Is maith é.
| Baineann an duine a bhíonn ann tairbhe as eispéiris dhearfacha.
|-
| Easpa pléisiúir
| Ní olc í mura bhfuil duine ann a bhaintear de.
| Mura dtagann duine ar an saol, níl duine ann a chaillfidh na heispéiris dhearfacha sin.
|}

De réir Benatar, léiríonn an neamhshiméadracht seo gur fearr gan duine a chruthú: seachnaítear an fhulaingt a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann, ach ní bhíonn duine ann a fhulaingíonn cailliúint na n-eispéireas dearfach a d'fhéadfadh a bheith aige. Mar sin, ní mheasann sé gur cúis le duine a thabhairt ar an saol é an fhéidearthacht go mbeadh saol sona aige.&lt;ref name=&quot;benatar&quot; /&gt;

Tá an argóint seo faoi chaibidil i measc fealsúna. Áitíonn Erik Magnusson go bhfuil lochtanna sna bunphrionsabail a úsáideann Benatar agus nach leanann an chonclúid antinatalach astu. Cuireann Christian Piller ceisteanna eile faoin réasúnaíocht agus faoin gconclúid mhorálta a bhaintear aisti.&lt;ref name=&quot;magnusson&quot;&gt;Erik Magnusson, “[https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12582 How to Reject Benatar's Asymmetry Argument]”, ''Bioethics'', imleabhar 33, uimhir 6 (2019), lgh. 674–683.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;piller&quot;&gt;Christian Piller, “[https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-022-00560-6 Benatar’s Anti-Natalism: Philosophically Flawed, Morally Dubious]”, ''Philosophia'', imleabhar 51 (2023), lgh. 897–917.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== An fhadhb a bhaineann le daoine amach anseo ===

Baineann an [[Fadhb an neamhaitheantais|fhadhb an neamhaitheantais]] le deacracht faoi dhochar agus tairbhe i gcásanna ina gcinnfidh rogha cé na daoine a thiocfaidh ar an saol. Má dhéantar cinneadh atáirgthe faoi chúinsí áirithe, tiocfaidh duine amháin ar an saol; faoi chúinsí eile, d'fhéadfadh duine eile teacht ar an saol, nó gan aon duine teacht ar an saol. Dá bhrí sin, ní furasta a rá go mbeadh an duine céanna níos fearr as mura rugadh é, ós rud é nach mbeadh sé ann faoin rogha mhalartach.&lt;ref name=&quot;nonidentity&quot;&gt;M. A. Roberts, “[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nonidentity-problem/ The Nonidentity Problem]”, ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', athbhreithnithe go substainteach an 19 Iúil 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Cuireann an fhadhb seo dúshlán faoi na hargóintí a mhaíonn go ndéanann breith duine dochar dó. Ní bhaineann sí deireadh leis an gceist an bhfuil atáirgeadh ceart go morálta, ach cuireann sí iallach ar fhealsúna míniú níos cruinne a thabhairt ar an gcaoi a ndéantar dochar do dhuine trí é a thabhairt ar an saol.&lt;ref name=&quot;nonidentity&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shiffrin&quot; /&gt;

== Gaol le seasaimh eile ==

=== Rogha phearsanta gan leanaí a bheith agat ===

Ní hionann antinatalachas agus rogha phearsanta gan leanaí a bheith ag duine. D'fhéadfadh duine gan leanaí a bheith aige ar chúiseanna pearsanta, sláinte, eacnamaíocha nó sóisialta, gan a chreidiúint gur mícheart atáirgeadh i ngach cás. Os a choinne sin, maíonn antinatalachas mar sheasamh fealsúnach go bhfuil cúiseanna morálta ann gan daoine nua a thabhairt ar an saol.&lt;ref name=&quot;sep&quot; /&gt;

=== Prónatalachas ===

Is seasamh é [[prónatalachas]] a chuireann luach dearfach ar atáirgeadh nó a leagann béim ar an tábhacht a bhaineann le daoine nua a thabhairt ar an saol. Sa díospóireacht idir an dá sheasamh, pléitear luach na beatha, dualgais tuismitheoirí, leas daoine amach anseo agus an tsaoirse atáirgthe. Ní chiallaíonn tacaíocht don atáirgeadh go gcaithfear a mheas gur dualgas é páistí a bheith ag gach duine.&lt;ref name=&quot;sep&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wasserman&quot;&gt;David Wasserman, “[https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199333547.003.0008 Against Anti-Natalism]”, in David Benatar agus David Wasserman (eag.), ''Debating Procreation: Is It Wrong to Reproduce?'', Oxford University Press, 2015, lgh. 148–181.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Beartas daonra agus comhéigean ===

Ní hionann argóint fhealsúnach in aghaidh atáirgthe agus beartas a chuireann srian comhéigneach ar dhaoine páistí a bheith acu. Is féidir le duine a mhaíomh go bhfuil cúiseanna morálta ann gan atáirgeadh agus, ag an am céanna, cur i gcoinne cosc dlíthiúil nó comhéigean stáit. Baineann an t-antinatalachas le moráltacht an chinnidh atáirgthe; ní thugann sé údar leis féin le dochar a dhéanamh do dhaoine atá beo cheana féin.&lt;ref name=&quot;sep&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wasserman&quot; /&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Eitic]]
* [[Fealsúnacht]]
* [[Atáirgeadh]]
* [[Fadhb an oilc]]
* [[Fadhb an neamhaitheantais]]
* [[Prónatalachas]]

== Tagairtí ==

{{reflist}}

{{Catcómhaoin|Antinatalism}}

[[Catagóir:Fealsúnacht]]
[[Catagóir:Eitic]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5524" sha1="0zsewiuq5rgej5iw3ugc1kzrilmrckm" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

Reáchtáladh '''Olltoghchán Iosrael 2026''' ar an 27 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. B'é seo an chéad toghchán in Iosrael ó [[Cogadh Iosrael-Gaza|ionsaí Hamas ar an 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2023]] agus léirscrios agus [[Cinedhíothú ar Phalaistínigh Gaza|cinedhíothú]] Iosrael i nGaza ina dhiaidh sin agus an [[Cogadh na hIaráine 2026|cogadh a d’fhear an tír sin agus na Stáit Aontaithe ar an Iaráin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/a-vota-caite-ag-an-lion-is-mo-votoiri-le-fada-i-dtoghchan-cinniunach-iosrael/|teideal=A vóta caite ag an líon is mó vótóirí le fada i dtoghchán cinniúnach Iosrael|dáta=2026-10-27|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cúlra ==
I ndiaidh an olltoghcháin i 2022, bhuaigh [[Likud]] 32 suíochán. Chuaigh [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] i bpáirt le páirtithe ar an eite dheis chun comhrialtas a dhéanamh, agus 64 suíochán ag an mbloc sin sa Knesset. Idir 2022-2026, bhí Netanyahu i gceannas ar an rialtas is faide ar dheis ó bunaíodh Iosrael

Dar leis na pobalbhreitheanna, bhí an Príomh-Aire Netanyahu agus a bhloc gob ar ghob leis an iarcheannasaí míleata, [[Gadi Eisenkot]]&lt;ref&gt;Ba cheann foirne le hArm Iosrael, an IDF, é Eisenkot sula ndeachaigh sé leis an bpolaitíocht. Maraíodh a mhac sa gcogadh in Gaza

&lt;/ref&gt; agus a bhloc féin. Bhí caint go leor ann nach mbeadh dóthain tacaíochta ag ceachtar taobh, comhrialtas Netanyahu le ceartchreidmhigh dhochta ná an freasúra, leis an 61 suíochán a fháil a theastaíonn le rialtas a chur i dtoll a chéile.

Bhí an freasúra faoi cheannas Eisenkot ag éileamh go mbeadh ar Netanyahu íoc as an teip, mar a fheiceann siadsan é, ionsaí an 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 a chosc, ionsaí a d’fhág 1,200 duine marbh.

Bhí sé geallta freisin ag ceannairí an fhreasúra go mbeidís an-dian ar antoiscigh Iosraelacha a bhíonn sáite i bhforéigean in aghaidh na bPalaistíneach ar an m[[An Bruach Thiar|Bruach Thiar]] gafa agus go dtabharfaidís faoi cháil Iosrael thar lear a athbhunú. I ráiteas ó Choimisiún Idirnáisiúnta Fiosrúcháin na Náisiún Aontaithe ar Chríocha Gafa na Palaistíne roimh an olltoghcháin, dúradh go raibh údaráis Iosrael fós i mbun “gníomhartha cinedhíothaithe a raibh d’aidhm chinedhíothaithe leo na Palaistínigh in Gaza a scrios go hiomlán nó cuid díobh”.  Ach ní raibh an [[Cinedhíothú ar Phalaistínigh Gaza|cinedhíothú]] in Gaza ina chnámh spairne le linn an fheachtais toghchánaíochta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2026-10-27/with-75000-killed-gaza-is-conspicuously-absent-from-the-israeli-elections.html|teideal=With 75,000 killed, Gaza is conspicuously absent from the Israeli elections|údar=Beatriz Lecumberri|dáta=2026-10-27|language=en-us|work=EL PAÍS English|dátarochtana=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí 15 milliún duine ina gcónaí i gcríocha faoi riail Iosrael in 2026, agus astu sin bhí breis is 5.5 milliún Palaistíneach ar an mBruach Thiar gafa nach raibh aon vóta acu, an scéal céanna a bhí ag breis is 350,000 Palaistíneach a bhí ag cur fúthu in Oirthear Iarúsailéim gafa agus an dá mhilliún Palaistíneach in Gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid|teideal=A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid|údar=btselem.org|dáta=DF|dátarochtana=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Eachtra'''

Bhí amhras ann gur iarracht a bhí in Tel Aviv  ceannaire pháirtí na nDaonlathach, Yair Golan, a shá.  Tháinig “fear anaithnid a raibh seaicéad air” faoi dhéin Golan “agus gothaí bagrach” air.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-election-2026/article-913026|teideal=Man suspected of trying to stab Democrats' Golan during Election Day {{!}} The Jerusalem Post|údar=ByMIRIAM SELA-EITAM|dáta=2026-10-27|language=en|work=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com|dátarochtana=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Torthaí ==
Tá 120 suíochán sa Knesset, parlaimint Iosrael. Caithfidh bloc 61 suíochán a bhuachaint, le go mbeidh siad in ann comhrialtas a chur ar bun eatarthu.  Bíonn comhrialtais i gceist in Iosrael i gcónaí, agus níor bhuaigh aon pháirtí amháin go leor suíochán riamh le rialtas a dhéanamh as a stuaim féin.

Fuair na páirtithe a thacaíonn le Benjamin Netanyahu 53 suíochán in aghaidh 48 suíochán ag an bhfreasúra. Fuair na páirtithe Arabacha naoi suíochán déag.  Le 27 suíochán, tá páirtí Benjamin Netanyahu, an [[Likud]], ar an bpáirtí is mó sa Knesset aon uair amháin eile.  Tá Yashar&lt;ref&gt;Bhunaigh Gadi Eisenkot an páirtí sin in 2025. Is páirtí é atá sa lár, ó thaobh na polaitíochta de.

&lt;/ref&gt; ar an bpáirtí is mó sa bhfreasúra; bhuaigh siadsan 21 suíochán.

Ní raibh aon bhloc in ann rialtas a dhéanamh as a stuaim féin.   Thug fórmhór na bpáirtithe sa bhfreasúra le fios i rith an fheachtais nach mbeadh sásta dul i mbun comhrialtais leis na na páirtithe Arabacha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Deacair a thuar cén cruth a bheas ar rialtas Iosrael amach anseo|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2026/1028/1597099-deacair-a-thuar-cen-cruth-a-bheas-ar-rialtas-iosrael-amach-anseo/|date=2026-10-28|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Cinedhíothú ar Phalaistínigh Gaza]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Olltoghcháin]]
[[Catagóir:2026]]
[[Catagóir:Iosrael]]
[[Catagóir:Benjamin Netanyahu]]</text>
      <sha1>0zsewiuq5rgej5iw3ugc1kzrilmrckm</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1330874</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-28T22:14:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
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      <comment>/* Cúlra */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5524" sha1="pnvud9bd3mrrfox8bygd9uvgxiij0nq" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

Reáchtáladh '''Olltoghchán Iosrael 2026''' ar an 27 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. B'é seo an chéad toghchán in Iosrael ó [[Cogadh Iosrael-Gaza|ionsaí Hamas ar an 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2023]] agus léirscrios agus [[Cinedhíothú ar Phalaistínigh Gaza|cinedhíothú]] Iosrael i nGaza ina dhiaidh sin agus an [[Cogadh na hIaráine 2026|cogadh a d’fhear an tír sin agus na Stáit Aontaithe ar an Iaráin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/a-vota-caite-ag-an-lion-is-mo-votoiri-le-fada-i-dtoghchan-cinniunach-iosrael/|teideal=A vóta caite ag an líon is mó vótóirí le fada i dtoghchán cinniúnach Iosrael|dáta=2026-10-27|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cúlra ==
I ndiaidh an olltoghcháin i 2022, bhuaigh [[Likud]] 32 suíochán. Chuaigh [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] i bpáirt le páirtithe ar an eite dheis chun comhrialtas a dhéanamh, agus 64 suíochán ag an mbloc sin sa Knesset. Idir 2022-2026, bhí Netanyahu i gceannas ar an rialtas is faide ar dheis ó bunaíodh Iosrael

Dar leis na pobalbhreitheanna, bhí an Príomh-Aire Netanyahu agus a bhloc gob ar ghob leis an iarcheannasaí míleata, [[Gadi Eisenkot]]&lt;ref&gt;Ba cheann foirne le hArm Iosrael, an IDF, é Eisenkot sula ndeachaigh sé leis an bpolaitíocht. Maraíodh a mhac sa gcogadh in Gaza

&lt;/ref&gt; agus a bhloc féin. Bhí caint go leor ann nach mbeadh dóthain tacaíochta ag ceachtar taobh, comhrialtas Netanyahu le ceartchreidmhigh dhochta ná an freasúra, leis an 61 suíochán a fháil a theastaíonn le rialtas a chur i dtoll a chéile.

Bhí an freasúra faoi cheannas Eisenkot ag éileamh go mbeadh ar Netanyahu íoc as an teip, mar a fheiceann siadsan é, ionsaí an 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2023 a chosc, ionsaí a d’fhág 1,200 duine marbh.

Bhí sé geallta freisin ag ceannairí an fhreasúra go mbeidís an-dian ar antoiscigh Iosraelacha a bhíonn sáite i bhforéigean in aghaidh na bPalaistíneach ar an m[[An Bruach Thiar|Bruach Thiar]] gafa agus go dtabharfaidís faoi cháil Iosrael thar lear a athbhunú. I ráiteas ó Choimisiún Idirnáisiúnta Fiosrúcháin na Náisiún Aontaithe ar Chríocha Gafa na Palaistíne roimh an olltoghcháin, dúradh go raibh údaráis Iosrael fós i mbun “gníomhartha cinedhíothaithe a raibh d’aidhm chinedhíothaithe leo na Palaistínigh in Gaza a scrios go hiomlán nó cuid díobh”.  Ach ní raibh an [[Cinedhíothú ar Phalaistínigh Gaza|cinedhíothú]] in Gaza ina chnámh spairne le linn an fheachtais toghchánaíochta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2026-10-27/with-75000-killed-gaza-is-conspicuously-absent-from-the-israeli-elections.html|teideal=With 75,000 killed, Gaza is conspicuously absent from the Israeli elections|údar=Beatriz Lecumberri|dáta=2026-10-27|language=en-us|work=EL PAÍS English|dátarochtana=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí 15 milliún duine ina gcónaí i gcríocha faoi riail Iosrael in 2026, agus astu sin bhí breis is 5.5 milliún Palaistíneach ar an mBruach Thiar gafa nach raibh aon vóta acu, an scéal céanna a bhí ag breis is 350,000 Palaistíneach a bhí ag cur fúthu in Oirthear Iarúsailéim gafa agus an dá mhilliún Palaistíneach in Gaza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid|teideal=A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid|údar=btselem.org|dáta=DF|dátarochtana=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Eachtra'''

Bhí amhras ann gur iarracht a bhí in Tel Aviv  ceannaire pháirtí na nDaonlathach, Yair Golan, a shá.  Tháinig “fear anaithnid a raibh seaicéad air” faoi dhéin Golan “agus gothaí bagrach” air.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-election-2026/article-913026|teideal=Man suspected of trying to stab Democrats' Golan during Election Day {{!}} The Jerusalem Post|údar=ByMIRIAM SELA-EITAM|dáta=2026-10-27|language=en|work=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com|dátarochtana=2026-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Torthaí ==
Tá 120 suíochán sa Knesset, parlaimint Iosrael. Caithfidh bloc 61 suíochán a bhuachaint, le go mbeidh siad in ann comhrialtas a chur ar bun eatarthu.  Bíonn comhrialtais i gceist in Iosrael i gcónaí, agus níor bhuaigh aon pháirtí amháin go leor suíochán riamh le rialtas a dhéanamh as a stuaim féin.

Fuair na páirtithe a thacaíonn le Benjamin Netanyahu 53 suíochán in aghaidh 48 suíochán ag an bhfreasúra. Fuair na páirtithe Arabacha naoi suíochán déag.  Le 26 suíochán, tá páirtí Benjamin Netanyahu, an [[Likud]], ar an bpáirtí is mó sa Knesset aon uair amháin eile.  Tá Yashar&lt;ref&gt;Bhunaigh Gadi Eisenkot an páirtí sin in 2025. Is páirtí é atá sa lár, ó thaobh na polaitíochta de.

&lt;/ref&gt; ar an bpáirtí is mó sa bhfreasúra; bhuaigh siadsan 21 suíochán.

Ní raibh aon bhloc in ann rialtas a dhéanamh as a stuaim féin.   Thug fórmhór na bpáirtithe sa bhfreasúra le fios i rith an fheachtais nach mbeadh sásta dul i mbun comhrialtais leis na na páirtithe Arabacha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Deacair a thuar cén cruth a bheas ar rialtas Iosrael amach anseo|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2026/1028/1597099-deacair-a-thuar-cen-cruth-a-bheas-ar-rialtas-iosrael-amach-anseo/|date=2026-10-28|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Cinedhíothú ar Phalaistínigh Gaza]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Olltoghcháin]]
[[Catagóir:2026]]
[[Catagóir:Iosrael]]
[[Catagóir:Benjamin Netanyahu]]</text>
      <sha1>pnvud9bd3mrrfox8bygd9uvgxiij0nq</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128706</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330847</id>
      <parentid>1330820</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T20:14:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Taghdtaighde</username>
        <id>60452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cuid mhaith curtha leis agus roinnt athruithe</comment>
      <origin>1330847</origin>
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      <text bytes="3076" sha1="sqjbj0ixqi46wvxv4u8apjwhk824zmy" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

Déanann '''[[Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais]]''' ceiliúradh ar an ardchaighdeán na [[:Catagóir:Meáin na Gaeilge|meán Gaeilge]] i rith na bliana. Bronntar ag searmanas speisialta ag [[Oireachtas na Samhna]] iad. Is iad moltóirí a roghnaíonn na buaiteoirí, ach amháin Réalta Óg na Bliana a roghnaítear ar bhonn bhóta poiblí.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|author=[[Catherine Foley]]|date=27 Deireadh Fómhair 2026|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/gaeilge/sceal/2026/10/27/stadas-agus-sceitimini-na-ngradam-cumarsaide/|title=Stádas agus sceitimíní na nGradam Cumarsáide|journal=[[Scéal (nuachtán)|Scéal]]|pages=lch 13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De réir [[Catherine Foley]], bronnann ainmniúchán ar an ngearrliosta aitheantas tábhachtach ar oibrithe meán, ar an hardáin Ghaeilge, agus ar stáisiúin Béarla a chothaíonn cláracha Gaeilge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Dar leis an láithreoir raidió [[Cormac Ó hEadhra]] tugann na gradaim chumarsáide &quot;sprioc duit le caighdeán iriseoireachta/craoltóireachta níos airde a bhaint amach&quot; agus tá &quot;mórmheas ar na gradaim sa tionscal&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==Na Gradaim==
Seo a leanas catagóirí na nGradam:&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/|teideal=Gradaim Chumarsáide|work=[[Oireachtas na Gaeilge|www.antoireachtas.ie]]|dátarochtana=2026-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sraith Teilifíse na Bliana
* Scannán/Clár Teilifíse na Bliana
* [[Pearsa Theilifíse na Bliana|Pearsa Teilifíse na Bliana]]
* Sraith Raidió na Bliana
* Clár Gaeilge na Bliana ar Raidió Pobail
* Clár Gaeilge na Bliana ar Raidió Tráchtála
* [[Pearsa Raidió na Bliana]]
* Colúnaí na Bliana
* Craoltóir Solabhartha na Bliana
* [[Iriseoir na Bliana]]
* Réalta Óg na Bliana
* [[Buaic-Ghradam Cumarsáide an Oireachtais]]

==Nascanna amach==
* [https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/ antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide]

==Féach freisin==
* [[Comórtais Liteartha an Oireachtais]]
* [[Gradaim Fhoilsitheoireachta an Oireachtais]]
* [[Corn Uí Riada]]
* [[Duais an Oireachtais]]

==Tagairtí==
{{Reflist}}
====Nótaí====
{{reflist|group=nóta}}

[[Catagóir:Gradaim Chumarsáide an Oireachtais| ]]
[[Catagóir:Oireachtas na Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Meáin na Gaeilge|*]]
[[Catagóir:Tionscal na meán]]
[[Catagóir:Gradaim na Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Dámhachtainí]]
[[Catagóir:Iriseoireacht|*]]
[[Catagóir:Craoltóireacht|*]]
[[Catagóir:Aisteoireacht|*]]
[[Catagóir:Gradaim teilifíse|*]]
[[Catagóir:Tionscal na teilifíse|*]]
[[Catagóir:Cláir theilifíse i nGaeilge|*]]
[[Catagóir:Scannáin Ghaeilge|*]]
[[Catagóir:Raidió]]
[[Catagóir:Colúnaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Meáin na hÉireann]]
[[Catagóir:Meáin na mac léinn]]
[[Catagóir:Comórtais in ealaíona teangabhunaithe na Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Comórtais sna healaíona teangabhunaithe]]
[[Catagóir:Ealaíona teangabhunaithe na Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Duaiseanna Liteartha na Gaeilge]]
[[Catagóir:Duaiseanna Idirnáisiúnta]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sa bhliain 1999]]
[[Catagóir:Bunaithe sna 1990í]]

{{Síol}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prótacal Nagoya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128708</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330834</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcas.oduinn</username>
        <id>33120</id>
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      <comment>Síol cruthaithe ó enwiki</comment>
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      <text bytes="3339" sha1="69ry35xz25taltd85ca9lhxys6q67c8" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

[[Íomhá:NagoyaProtocol.svg | mion | Ballstáit Phrótacal Nagoya]]

Is comhaontú a rinneadh sa bhliain 2010 é '''Prótacal Nagoya maidir le rochtain agus comhroinnt acmhainní''' (Béarla: ''Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing'')&lt;ref group=n name=ainm /&gt;&lt;ref name=iate /&gt;  de bhreis ar an 1992 [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] 1992 (CBD).  Tá sé mar aidhm aige ná aidhm amháin as trí cinn den CBD maidir le roinnt [[acmhainní géiniteacha]] a chur i bhfeidhm, chun caomhnú [[bithéagsúlacht]]a a chur chun cinn.

Glacadh an prótacal ar an Deireadh Fómhair i [[Nagoya]] na Seapáine, agus tháinig i bhfeidhm ar an Deireadh Fómhair.  As an mbliain 2025 i leith, tá sé daingnithe ag 141 [[ballstáit na Náisiún Aontaithe|ballstáit na Náisiún Aontaithe]] agus ag an [[Aontas Eorpach]] sa bhreis.&lt;ref name=signatories /&gt;

Bronnann an prótacal cearta ardcheannasacha ar achmainní bitheolaíochta.&lt;ref name=dsmz1 /&gt;  Deirtear ámh go bhféadfadh é go ndéanfadh an [[maorlathas]] agus [[reachtaíocht]] a bhaineann leis dochar do bhailiúcháin sonraí maidir le bithéagsúlacht, do chaomhantas, do freagairt idirnáisiúnta ar galair thógálacha, agus do thaighde.&lt;ref name=:7 /&gt;&lt;ref name=:1 /&gt;

== Nótaí ==
{{reflist | group = n | refs =
&lt;ref group=n name=ainm&gt;Lánainm: '''Prótacal Nagoya maidir le rochtain ar acmhainní géiniteacha agus na tairbhí a bhaineann leis na hacmhainní sin mar aon lena n-úsáid a roinnt go cóir agus go cothromasach''' (Béarla: ''Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity'')&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist | refs =

&lt;ref name=iate&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3529241 | teideal = Téarma: Nagoya Protocol | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=signatories&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Parties to the Nagoya Protocol | foilsitheoir = Convention on Biological Diversity | url = https://www.cbd.int/abs/nagoya-protocol/signatories/ | dátarochtana = 26 Lúnasa 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=dsmz1&gt;{{lua idirlín | teideal = Leibniz Institute DSMZ: Nagoya Protocol | url = https://www.dsmz.de/collection/nagoya-protocol | work = dsmz.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:1&gt;{{lua idirlín | url = http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/05/05/biosci.biv056.short?rss=1 | teideal = The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing—International treaty poses challenges for biological collections |journal= BioScience| dáta = Meitheamh 2015 | volume = 65 | issue = 6 | pages= 543–550 | doi= 10.1093/biosci/biv056 | sloinne = Watanabe | ainm = Myrna E.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=:7&gt;{{cite journal |url= https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aat9844 | title= When the cure kills—CBD limits biodiversity research|journal=Science|year= 2018 | doi= 10.1126/science.aat9844|access-date=2018-11-28 | last1= Prathapan | first1= K. Divakaran| last2= Pethiyagoda | first2= Rohan|last3= Bawa|first3= Kamaljit S.|last4= Raven|first4= Peter H.|last5= Rajan|first5= Priyadarsanan Dharma|volume= 360| issue= 6396| pages= 1405–1406|pmid= 29954970| bibcode= 2018Sci...360.1405P|s2cid= 206667464|hdl= 11336/84106| hdl-access= free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{síol}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Coláiste Phádraig</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128709</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330857</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T20:52:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Taghdtaighde</username>
        <id>60452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Leathanach cruthaithe le '{{idirdhealú}}  * [[Coláiste Phádraig Ceatharlach|Coláiste Phádraig, Ceatharlach]] (tríú leibhéal, 1782) * [[Coláiste Naomh Pádraig, Contae an Chabháin]] (dara leibhéal, 1871) * [[Coláiste Phádraig, Droim Conrach]] (tríú leibhéal, 1875) * [[Coláiste Phádraig, Dúrlas Éileis]] (tríú leibhéal, 1837) * [[Coláiste Phádraig, Maigh Nuad]] (tríú leibhéal, 1795)'</comment>
      <origin>1330857</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="384" sha1="8e8j0kowtg57me5f5j6fdwxxu6kog0l" xml:space="preserve">{{idirdhealú}}

* [[Coláiste Phádraig Ceatharlach|Coláiste Phádraig, Ceatharlach]] (tríú leibhéal, 1782)
* [[Coláiste Naomh Pádraig, Contae an Chabháin]] (dara leibhéal, 1871)
* [[Coláiste Phádraig, Droim Conrach]] (tríú leibhéal, 1875)
* [[Coláiste Phádraig, Dúrlas Éileis]] (tríú leibhéal, 1837)
* [[Coláiste Phádraig, Maigh Nuad]] (tríú leibhéal, 1795)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>TG4+</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128710</id>
    <redirect title="TG4" />
    <revision>
      <id>1330862</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T21:06:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Taghdtaighde</username>
        <id>60452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ag athdhíriú go [[TG4#Seinnteoir TG4]]</comment>
      <origin>1330862</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="35" sha1="6dfp9z5r23fdj8631nl3hffyvr5br3x" xml:space="preserve">#athsheoladh [[TG4#Seinnteoir TG4]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>PlayStation 3</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>128711</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1330868</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T21:44:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sanduíche de Presunto</username>
        <id>78137</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cruthaíodh an leathanach seo — alt nua faoin PlayStation 3</comment>
      <origin>1330868</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="8516" sha1="j87tb1txdojctu12w7py8fcpjf5oar3" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí}}
[[Íomhá:Sony-PlayStation-3-CECHA01-wController-L.jpg|mion|deas|alt=PlayStation 3 dubh le rialtán DualShock 3|PlayStation 3 ó bhunleagan an chonsóil, le rialtán DualShock 3.]]
Is consól cluichíochta baile é an '''PlayStation 3''' (giorraithe mar '''PS3'''), arna fhorbairt ag Sony Computer Entertainment agus arna scaoileadh sa bhliain 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot;&gt;[https://www.playstation.com/en-us/playstation-history/2007-ps3-ps-vita/ &quot;2007 PlayStation 3 – PlayStation Vita&quot;], ''PlayStation History'', Sony Interactive Entertainment. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Ba é an tríú consól sa tsraith PlayStation é, ag teacht i gcomharbacht ar an PlayStation 2, agus bhí sé ina chuid den seachtú glúin de chonsóil. Bhí sé in iomaíocht leis an Xbox 360 ó Microsoft agus leis an Wii ó Nintendo. Scaoileadh sa tSeapáin é ar 11 Samhain 2006, i Meiriceá Thuaidh ar 17 Samhain 2006, agus san Eoraip ar 23 Márta 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt; Ba é an chéad consól baile a bhí in ann dioscaí Blu-ray a sheinm, agus bhí feidhmchláir ilmheán aige chomh maith le cluichíocht.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4554025.stm &quot;Sony shows off new PlayStation 3&quot;], ''BBC News'', 17 Bealtaine 2005. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Cáineadh a phraghas ard ag seoladh, ach díoladh os cionn 87 milliún aonad de faoi dheireadh.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCMinter&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5156938.stm &quot;Video game legend criticises Sony&quot;], ''BBC News'', 7 Iúil 2006. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stair ==
=== Forbairt ===
Thosaigh Sony ag obair ar chomharba don PlayStation 2 sna luath-2000idí. Bhí an fhorbairt faoi stiúir Ken Kutaragi, ar a dtugtaí “athair an PlayStation” go minic. Cuireadh an consól i láthair go poiblí den chéad uair ag taispeántas E3 sa bhliain 2005, áit ar cuireadh béim ar an bpróiseasar Cell agus ar an gcumas Blu-ray.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot; /&gt;

Bhí moill ar sheoladh an chonsóil san Eoraip go dtí Márta 2007, roinnt míonna tar éis sheoladh Mheiriceá Thuaidh agus na Seapáine.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCLaunchEU&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6295359.stm &quot;PS3 European launch date revealed&quot;], ''BBC News'', 25 Eanáir 2007. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samhlacha ===
Seoladh dhá phríomhshamhail ar dtús: samhail le tiomántán crua 20 GB agus samhail le tiomántán 60 GB.&lt;ref name=&quot;EngadgetLaunch&quot;&gt;[https://cdnedge.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4760553.stm &quot;Sony defends PlayStation 3 models&quot;], ''BBC News'', 11 Bealtaine 2006. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Sa tSeapáin agus i Meiriceá Thuaidh, bhí an dá shamhail ar fáil ag seoladh, agus iad ar phraghas US$499 agus US$599 faoi seach.&lt;ref name=&quot;EngadgetLaunch&quot; /&gt; Tháinig samhlacha breise amach ina dhiaidh sin, lena n-áirítear samhail 40 GB sa bhliain 2007, samhail 80 GB, agus an tSlim (athrúchán níos lú agus níos éadroime) sa bhliain 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;EngadgetChart&quot;&gt;[https://www.engadget.com/2007/11/22/joystiq-holidaze-explaining-the-ps3-skus/ &quot;Joystiq Holidaze: explaining the PS3 SKUs&quot;], ''Engadget'', 22 Samhain 2007. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt;

[[Íomhá:PS3-slim-console.png|mion|clé|alt=PlayStation 3 Slim le rialtán|An PlayStation 3 Slim, a scaoileadh sa bhliain 2009.]]

Bhí comhoiriúnacht siar le cluichí PlayStation agus PlayStation 2 ag samhlacha tosaigh áirithe, ach baineadh an ghné seo de shamhlacha níos déanaí chun costais a laghdú.&lt;ref name=&quot;EngadgetChart&quot; /&gt; Fógraíodh an tsamhail 40 GB san Eoraip gan aon chomhoiriúnacht siar le cluichí PlayStation 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;EngadgetChart&quot; /&gt;

== Crua-earraí ==
=== Próiseálaí Cell ===
Bhí an PS3 ag úsáid an phróiseasóra Cell, arna fhorbairt ag Sony, Toshiba agus IBM i gcomhpháirtíocht.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot; /&gt; Bhí an próiseálaí seo bunaithe ar ailtireacht ilchroíoch agus bhí sé deartha le haghaidh feidhmchlár ilmheán agus ríomhaireachta ard-fheidhmíochta. Bhí croí PowerPC agus seacht n-aonad speisialaithe ag an bpróiseálaí, agus é ag rith ag 3.2 GHz, le cumas 218 gigaflop in aghaidh an tsoicind.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot; /&gt; Cé go raibh cumhacht ríomhaireachta suntasach ann, bhí sé deacair ag forbróirí cluichí leas a bhaint as go hiomlán.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCFactfile&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/mobile/technology/6132212.stm &quot;Factfile: The PlayStation 3&quot;], ''BBC News'', 10 Samhain 2006. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Grafaicí ===
Bhí próiseálaí grafaice RSX “Reality Synthesizer” ag an gconsól, arna fhorbairt ag NVIDIA agus Sony.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot; /&gt; Bhí sé ag rith ag 550 MHz agus bhí sé in ann grafaicí ardtaifigh a rindreáil, lena n-áirítear aschur suas go 1080p.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCFactfile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt;

=== Stóráil agus meáin ===
Bhí tiomántán Blu-ray ag an PS3, rud a thug an cumas dioscaí Blu-ray ardghléine a sheinm.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt; Bhí crua-dhiosca inmheánach ag an gconsól freisin, agus bhí sé ar cheann de na chéad chonsóil a thug stóráil inmheánach mhór mar chaighdeán.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCFactfile&quot; /&gt; Bhí an consól in ann suas le 50 GB de shonraí a stóráil ar dhiosca Blu-ray déchiseal.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot; /&gt;

== Bogearraí ==
=== XrossMediaBar ===
Ba é XrossMediaBar (XMB) an comhéadan úsáideora don PS3.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt; Bhí sé bunaithe ar dhealú cothrománach agus ingearach, agus úsáideadh é freisin ar an PlayStation Portable.&lt;ref name=&quot;TechMonitor&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4834940.stm &quot;Sony gears up PS3 online network&quot;], ''BBC News'', 23 Márta 2006. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Rinneadh catagóirí feidhme a eagrú go cothrománach, agus bhí míreanna gnímh le feiceáil go hingearach faoi gach catagóir.&lt;ref name=&quot;TechMonitor&quot; /&gt;

=== PlayStation Network ===
Seoladh PlayStation Network (PSN) mar sheirbhís ar líne don chonsól.&lt;ref name=&quot;TechMonitor&quot; /&gt; Thairg sé cluichíochta ar líne, íoslódálacha cluichí agus meán, agus cumarsáid shóisialta.&lt;ref name=&quot;TechMonitor&quot; /&gt; Seoladh an tseirbhís in éineacht le seoladh an chonsóil i Meiriceá Thuaidh i Samhain 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;TechMonitor&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WiredPSN&quot;&gt;[https://www.wired.com/2006/11/playstation-net/ &quot;PlayStation Network Goes Live in North America&quot;], ''Wired'', 16 Samhain 2006. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt;

== Cluichí ==
Bhí leabharlann mhór cluichí ag an PS3, lena n-áirítear teidil eisiacha ar nós an tsraith ''Uncharted'' agus ''The Last of Us''.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt; Bhí go leor cluichí il-ardáin ar fáil freisin. Díoladh níos mó ná 6.6 milliún cóip de ''Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guinness&quot;&gt;[https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/98595-best-selling-playstation-3-exclusive-videogame-series &quot;Best-selling PlayStation 3 exclusive videogame series&quot;], ''Guinness World Records'', 2 Aibreán 2015. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fáiltiú ==
Fuair an PS3 fáiltiú measctha ag seoladh. Cáineadh a phraghas ard go forleathan, ach moladh a chrua-earraí cumhachtacha agus a chumas Blu-ray.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCMinter&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot; /&gt; Dúirt an léirmheastóir cluichíochta Jeff Minter go raibh an consól “expensive” agus go raibh easpa cluichí seolta aige, agus chosain an consól timpeall £400 ag seoladh.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCMinter&quot; /&gt; Thit praghas an chonsóil le himeacht aimsire agus tháinig níos mó cluichí ar fáil.&lt;ref name=&quot;EngadgetChart&quot; /&gt;

== Oidhreacht ==
Meastar go raibh tionchar suntasach ag an PS3 ar thionscal na gcluichíochta. Chuidigh sé le Blu-ray a bhunú mar fhormáid meán, agus chuir sé le forbairt na gcluichíochta ar líne ar chonsóil.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCBluray&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/ukfs_news/mobile/newsid_7250000/newsid_7252500/7252506.stm &quot;How the PS3 led Blu-ray's triumph&quot;], ''BBC News'', 19 Feabhra 2008. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí an PS3 ina “secret weapon” chun Blu-ray a chur i láthair i seomraí suite na gcustaiméirí ar fud an domhain, rud a chabhraigh le Sony an cogadh formáide in aghaidh HD DVD a bhuachan.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCBluray&quot; /&gt;

== Féach freisin ==
* [[PlayStation 2]]
* [[PlayStation 4]]
* [[Sony]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commonscat|PlayStation 3}}

[[Catagóir:Consóil cluichíochta]]
[[Catagóir:Sony]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1330870</id>
      <parentid>1330868</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T22:00:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sanduíche de Presunto</username>
        <id>78137</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Bhog Sanduíche de Presunto an leathanach [[Sony PlayStation 3]] go [[PlayStation 3]]: Misspelled title</comment>
      <origin>1330868</origin>
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      <text bytes="8516" sha1="j87tb1txdojctu12w7py8fcpjf5oar3" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí}}
[[Íomhá:Sony-PlayStation-3-CECHA01-wController-L.jpg|mion|deas|alt=PlayStation 3 dubh le rialtán DualShock 3|PlayStation 3 ó bhunleagan an chonsóil, le rialtán DualShock 3.]]
Is consól cluichíochta baile é an '''PlayStation 3''' (giorraithe mar '''PS3'''), arna fhorbairt ag Sony Computer Entertainment agus arna scaoileadh sa bhliain 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot;&gt;[https://www.playstation.com/en-us/playstation-history/2007-ps3-ps-vita/ &quot;2007 PlayStation 3 – PlayStation Vita&quot;], ''PlayStation History'', Sony Interactive Entertainment. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Ba é an tríú consól sa tsraith PlayStation é, ag teacht i gcomharbacht ar an PlayStation 2, agus bhí sé ina chuid den seachtú glúin de chonsóil. Bhí sé in iomaíocht leis an Xbox 360 ó Microsoft agus leis an Wii ó Nintendo. Scaoileadh sa tSeapáin é ar 11 Samhain 2006, i Meiriceá Thuaidh ar 17 Samhain 2006, agus san Eoraip ar 23 Márta 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt; Ba é an chéad consól baile a bhí in ann dioscaí Blu-ray a sheinm, agus bhí feidhmchláir ilmheán aige chomh maith le cluichíocht.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4554025.stm &quot;Sony shows off new PlayStation 3&quot;], ''BBC News'', 17 Bealtaine 2005. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Cáineadh a phraghas ard ag seoladh, ach díoladh os cionn 87 milliún aonad de faoi dheireadh.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCMinter&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5156938.stm &quot;Video game legend criticises Sony&quot;], ''BBC News'', 7 Iúil 2006. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stair ==
=== Forbairt ===
Thosaigh Sony ag obair ar chomharba don PlayStation 2 sna luath-2000idí. Bhí an fhorbairt faoi stiúir Ken Kutaragi, ar a dtugtaí “athair an PlayStation” go minic. Cuireadh an consól i láthair go poiblí den chéad uair ag taispeántas E3 sa bhliain 2005, áit ar cuireadh béim ar an bpróiseasar Cell agus ar an gcumas Blu-ray.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot; /&gt;

Bhí moill ar sheoladh an chonsóil san Eoraip go dtí Márta 2007, roinnt míonna tar éis sheoladh Mheiriceá Thuaidh agus na Seapáine.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCLaunchEU&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6295359.stm &quot;PS3 European launch date revealed&quot;], ''BBC News'', 25 Eanáir 2007. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samhlacha ===
Seoladh dhá phríomhshamhail ar dtús: samhail le tiomántán crua 20 GB agus samhail le tiomántán 60 GB.&lt;ref name=&quot;EngadgetLaunch&quot;&gt;[https://cdnedge.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4760553.stm &quot;Sony defends PlayStation 3 models&quot;], ''BBC News'', 11 Bealtaine 2006. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Sa tSeapáin agus i Meiriceá Thuaidh, bhí an dá shamhail ar fáil ag seoladh, agus iad ar phraghas US$499 agus US$599 faoi seach.&lt;ref name=&quot;EngadgetLaunch&quot; /&gt; Tháinig samhlacha breise amach ina dhiaidh sin, lena n-áirítear samhail 40 GB sa bhliain 2007, samhail 80 GB, agus an tSlim (athrúchán níos lú agus níos éadroime) sa bhliain 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;EngadgetChart&quot;&gt;[https://www.engadget.com/2007/11/22/joystiq-holidaze-explaining-the-ps3-skus/ &quot;Joystiq Holidaze: explaining the PS3 SKUs&quot;], ''Engadget'', 22 Samhain 2007. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt;

[[Íomhá:PS3-slim-console.png|mion|clé|alt=PlayStation 3 Slim le rialtán|An PlayStation 3 Slim, a scaoileadh sa bhliain 2009.]]

Bhí comhoiriúnacht siar le cluichí PlayStation agus PlayStation 2 ag samhlacha tosaigh áirithe, ach baineadh an ghné seo de shamhlacha níos déanaí chun costais a laghdú.&lt;ref name=&quot;EngadgetChart&quot; /&gt; Fógraíodh an tsamhail 40 GB san Eoraip gan aon chomhoiriúnacht siar le cluichí PlayStation 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;EngadgetChart&quot; /&gt;

== Crua-earraí ==
=== Próiseálaí Cell ===
Bhí an PS3 ag úsáid an phróiseasóra Cell, arna fhorbairt ag Sony, Toshiba agus IBM i gcomhpháirtíocht.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot; /&gt; Bhí an próiseálaí seo bunaithe ar ailtireacht ilchroíoch agus bhí sé deartha le haghaidh feidhmchlár ilmheán agus ríomhaireachta ard-fheidhmíochta. Bhí croí PowerPC agus seacht n-aonad speisialaithe ag an bpróiseálaí, agus é ag rith ag 3.2 GHz, le cumas 218 gigaflop in aghaidh an tsoicind.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot; /&gt; Cé go raibh cumhacht ríomhaireachta suntasach ann, bhí sé deacair ag forbróirí cluichí leas a bhaint as go hiomlán.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCFactfile&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/mobile/technology/6132212.stm &quot;Factfile: The PlayStation 3&quot;], ''BBC News'', 10 Samhain 2006. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Grafaicí ===
Bhí próiseálaí grafaice RSX “Reality Synthesizer” ag an gconsól, arna fhorbairt ag NVIDIA agus Sony.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot; /&gt; Bhí sé ag rith ag 550 MHz agus bhí sé in ann grafaicí ardtaifigh a rindreáil, lena n-áirítear aschur suas go 1080p.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCFactfile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt;

=== Stóráil agus meáin ===
Bhí tiomántán Blu-ray ag an PS3, rud a thug an cumas dioscaí Blu-ray ardghléine a sheinm.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt; Bhí crua-dhiosca inmheánach ag an gconsól freisin, agus bhí sé ar cheann de na chéad chonsóil a thug stóráil inmheánach mhór mar chaighdeán.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCFactfile&quot; /&gt; Bhí an consól in ann suas le 50 GB de shonraí a stóráil ar dhiosca Blu-ray déchiseal.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot; /&gt;

== Bogearraí ==
=== XrossMediaBar ===
Ba é XrossMediaBar (XMB) an comhéadan úsáideora don PS3.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt; Bhí sé bunaithe ar dhealú cothrománach agus ingearach, agus úsáideadh é freisin ar an PlayStation Portable.&lt;ref name=&quot;TechMonitor&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4834940.stm &quot;Sony gears up PS3 online network&quot;], ''BBC News'', 23 Márta 2006. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Rinneadh catagóirí feidhme a eagrú go cothrománach, agus bhí míreanna gnímh le feiceáil go hingearach faoi gach catagóir.&lt;ref name=&quot;TechMonitor&quot; /&gt;

=== PlayStation Network ===
Seoladh PlayStation Network (PSN) mar sheirbhís ar líne don chonsól.&lt;ref name=&quot;TechMonitor&quot; /&gt; Thairg sé cluichíochta ar líne, íoslódálacha cluichí agus meán, agus cumarsáid shóisialta.&lt;ref name=&quot;TechMonitor&quot; /&gt; Seoladh an tseirbhís in éineacht le seoladh an chonsóil i Meiriceá Thuaidh i Samhain 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;TechMonitor&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WiredPSN&quot;&gt;[https://www.wired.com/2006/11/playstation-net/ &quot;PlayStation Network Goes Live in North America&quot;], ''Wired'', 16 Samhain 2006. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt;

== Cluichí ==
Bhí leabharlann mhór cluichí ag an PS3, lena n-áirítear teidil eisiacha ar nós an tsraith ''Uncharted'' agus ''The Last of Us''.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt; Bhí go leor cluichí il-ardáin ar fáil freisin. Díoladh níos mó ná 6.6 milliún cóip de ''Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guinness&quot;&gt;[https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/98595-best-selling-playstation-3-exclusive-videogame-series &quot;Best-selling PlayStation 3 exclusive videogame series&quot;], ''Guinness World Records'', 2 Aibreán 2015. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fáiltiú ==
Fuair an PS3 fáiltiú measctha ag seoladh. Cáineadh a phraghas ard go forleathan, ach moladh a chrua-earraí cumhachtacha agus a chumas Blu-ray.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCMinter&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot; /&gt; Dúirt an léirmheastóir cluichíochta Jeff Minter go raibh an consól “expensive” agus go raibh easpa cluichí seolta aige, agus chosain an consól timpeall £400 ag seoladh.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCMinter&quot; /&gt; Thit praghas an chonsóil le himeacht aimsire agus tháinig níos mó cluichí ar fáil.&lt;ref name=&quot;EngadgetChart&quot; /&gt;

== Oidhreacht ==
Meastar go raibh tionchar suntasach ag an PS3 ar thionscal na gcluichíochta. Chuidigh sé le Blu-ray a bhunú mar fhormáid meán, agus chuir sé le forbairt na gcluichíochta ar líne ar chonsóil.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCBluray&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/ukfs_news/mobile/newsid_7250000/newsid_7252500/7252506.stm &quot;How the PS3 led Blu-ray's triumph&quot;], ''BBC News'', 19 Feabhra 2008. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí an PS3 ina “secret weapon” chun Blu-ray a chur i láthair i seomraí suite na gcustaiméirí ar fud an domhain, rud a chabhraigh le Sony an cogadh formáide in aghaidh HD DVD a bhuachan.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCBluray&quot; /&gt;

== Féach freisin ==
* [[PlayStation 2]]
* [[PlayStation 4]]
* [[Sony]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commonscat|PlayStation 3}}

[[Catagóir:Consóil cluichíochta]]
[[Catagóir:Sony]]</text>
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[[Íomhá:Sony-PlayStation-3-CECHA01-wController-L.jpg|mion|deas|alt=PlayStation 3 dubh le rialtán DualShock 3|PlayStation 3 ó bhunleagan an chonsóil, le rialtán DualShock 3.]]
Is consól cluichíochta baile é an '''PlayStation 3''' (giorraithe mar '''PS3'''), arna fhorbairt ag Sony Computer Entertainment agus arna scaoileadh sa bhliain 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot;&gt;[https://www.playstation.com/en-us/playstation-history/2007-ps3-ps-vita/ &quot;2007 PlayStation 3 – PlayStation Vita&quot;], ''PlayStation History'', Sony Interactive Entertainment. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Ba é an tríú consól sa tsraith PlayStation é, ag teacht i gcomharbacht ar an PlayStation 2, agus bhí sé ina chuid den seachtú glúin de chonsóil. Bhí sé in iomaíocht leis an Xbox 360 ó Microsoft agus leis an Wii ó Nintendo. Scaoileadh sa tSeapáin é ar 11 Samhain 2006, i Meiriceá Thuaidh ar 17 Samhain 2006, agus san Eoraip ar 23 Márta 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt; Ba é an chéad consól baile a bhí in ann dioscaí Blu-ray a sheinm, agus bhí feidhmchláir ilmheán aige chomh maith le cluichíocht.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4554025.stm &quot;Sony shows off new PlayStation 3&quot;], ''BBC News'', 17 Bealtaine 2005. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Cáineadh a phraghas ard ag seoladh, ach díoladh os cionn 87 milliún aonad de faoi dheireadh.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCMinter&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5156938.stm &quot;Video game legend criticises Sony&quot;], ''BBC News'', 7 Iúil 2006. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stair ==
=== Forbairt ===
Thosaigh Sony ag obair ar chomharba don PlayStation 2 sna luath-2000idí. Bhí an fhorbairt faoi stiúir Ken Kutaragi, ar a dtugtaí “athair an PlayStation” go minic. Cuireadh an consól i láthair go poiblí den chéad uair ag taispeántas E3 sa bhliain 2005, áit ar cuireadh béim ar an bpróiseasar Cell agus ar an gcumas Blu-ray.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot; /&gt;

Bhí moill ar sheoladh an chonsóil san Eoraip go dtí Márta 2007, roinnt míonna tar éis sheoladh Mheiriceá Thuaidh agus na Seapáine.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCLaunchEU&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6295359.stm &quot;PS3 European launch date revealed&quot;], ''BBC News'', 25 Eanáir 2007. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samhlacha ===
Seoladh dhá phríomhshamhail ar dtús: samhail le tiomántán crua 20 GB agus samhail le tiomántán 60 GB.&lt;ref name=&quot;EngadgetLaunch&quot;&gt;[https://cdnedge.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4760553.stm &quot;Sony defends PlayStation 3 models&quot;], ''BBC News'', 11 Bealtaine 2006. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Sa tSeapáin agus i Meiriceá Thuaidh, bhí an dá shamhail ar fáil ag seoladh, agus iad ar phraghas US$499 agus US$599 faoi seach.&lt;ref name=&quot;EngadgetLaunch&quot; /&gt; Tháinig samhlacha breise amach ina dhiaidh sin, lena n-áirítear samhail 40 GB sa bhliain 2007, samhail 80 GB, agus an tSlim (athrúchán níos lú agus níos éadroime) sa bhliain 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;EngadgetChart&quot;&gt;[https://www.engadget.com/2007/11/22/joystiq-holidaze-explaining-the-ps3-skus/ &quot;Joystiq Holidaze: explaining the PS3 SKUs&quot;], ''Engadget'', 22 Samhain 2007. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt;

[[Íomhá:PS3-slim-console.png|mion|clé|alt=PlayStation 3 Slim le rialtán|An PlayStation 3 Slim, a scaoileadh sa bhliain 2009.]]

Bhí comhoiriúnacht siar le cluichí PlayStation agus PlayStation 2 ag samhlacha tosaigh áirithe, ach baineadh an ghné seo de shamhlacha níos déanaí chun costais a laghdú.&lt;ref name=&quot;EngadgetChart&quot; /&gt; Fógraíodh an tsamhail 40 GB san Eoraip gan aon chomhoiriúnacht siar le cluichí PlayStation 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;EngadgetChart&quot; /&gt;

== Crua-earraí ==
=== Próiseálaí Cell ===
Bhí an PS3 ag úsáid an phróiseasóra Cell, arna fhorbairt ag Sony, Toshiba agus IBM i gcomhpháirtíocht.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot; /&gt; Bhí an próiseálaí seo bunaithe ar ailtireacht ilchroíoch agus bhí sé deartha le haghaidh feidhmchlár ilmheán agus ríomhaireachta ard-fheidhmíochta. Bhí croí PowerPC agus seacht n-aonad speisialaithe ag an bpróiseálaí, agus é ag rith ag 3.2 GHz, le cumas 218 gigaflop in aghaidh an tsoicind.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot; /&gt; Cé go raibh cumhacht ríomhaireachta suntasach ann, bhí sé deacair ag forbróirí cluichí leas a bhaint as go hiomlán.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCFactfile&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/mobile/technology/6132212.stm &quot;Factfile: The PlayStation 3&quot;], ''BBC News'', 10 Samhain 2006. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Grafaicí ===
Bhí próiseálaí grafaice RSX “Reality Synthesizer” ag an gconsól, arna fhorbairt ag NVIDIA agus Sony.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot; /&gt; Bhí sé ag rith ag 550 MHz agus bhí sé in ann grafaicí ardtaifigh a rindreáil, lena n-áirítear aschur suas go 1080p.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCFactfile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt;

=== Stóráil agus meáin ===
Bhí tiomántán Blu-ray ag an PS3, rud a thug an cumas dioscaí Blu-ray ardghléine a sheinm.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt; Bhí crua-dhiosca inmheánach ag an gconsól freisin, agus bhí sé ar cheann de na chéad chonsóil a thug stóráil inmheánach mhór mar chaighdeán.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCFactfile&quot; /&gt; Bhí an consól in ann suas le 50 GB de shonraí a stóráil ar dhiosca Blu-ray déchiseal.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot; /&gt;

== Bogearraí ==
=== XrossMediaBar ===
Ba é XrossMediaBar (XMB) an comhéadan úsáideora don PS3.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt; Bhí sé bunaithe ar dhealú cothrománach agus ingearach, agus úsáideadh é freisin ar an PlayStation Portable.&lt;ref name=&quot;TechMonitor&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4834940.stm &quot;Sony gears up PS3 online network&quot;], ''BBC News'', 23 Márta 2006. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Rinneadh catagóirí feidhme a eagrú go cothrománach, agus bhí míreanna gnímh le feiceáil go hingearach faoi gach catagóir.&lt;ref name=&quot;TechMonitor&quot; /&gt;

=== PlayStation Network ===
Seoladh PlayStation Network (PSN) mar sheirbhís ar líne don chonsól.&lt;ref name=&quot;TechMonitor&quot; /&gt; Thairg sé cluichíochta ar líne, íoslódálacha cluichí agus meán, agus cumarsáid shóisialta.&lt;ref name=&quot;TechMonitor&quot; /&gt; Seoladh an tseirbhís in éineacht le seoladh an chonsóil i Meiriceá Thuaidh i Samhain 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;TechMonitor&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WiredPSN&quot;&gt;[https://www.wired.com/2006/11/playstation-net/ &quot;PlayStation Network Goes Live in North America&quot;], ''Wired'', 16 Samhain 2006. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt;

== Cluichí ==
Bhí leabharlann mhór cluichí ag an PS3, lena n-áirítear teidil eisiacha ar nós an tsraith ''Uncharted'' agus ''The Last of Us''.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSHistory&quot; /&gt; Bhí go leor cluichí il-ardáin ar fáil freisin. Díoladh níos mó ná 6.6 milliún cóip de ''Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guinness&quot;&gt;[https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/98595-best-selling-playstation-3-exclusive-videogame-series &quot;Best-selling PlayStation 3 exclusive videogame series&quot;], ''Guinness World Records'', 2 Aibreán 2015. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fáiltiú ==
Fuair an PS3 fáiltiú measctha ag seoladh. Cáineadh a phraghas ard go forleathan, ach moladh a chrua-earraí cumhachtacha agus a chumas Blu-ray.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCMinter&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2005&quot; /&gt; Dúirt an léirmheastóir cluichíochta Jeff Minter go raibh an consól “expensive” agus go raibh easpa cluichí seolta aige, agus chosain an consól timpeall £400 ag seoladh.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCMinter&quot; /&gt; Thit praghas an chonsóil le himeacht aimsire agus tháinig níos mó cluichí ar fáil.&lt;ref name=&quot;EngadgetChart&quot; /&gt;

== Oidhreacht ==
Meastar go raibh tionchar suntasach ag an PS3 ar thionscal na gcluichíochta. Chuidigh sé le Blu-ray a bhunú mar fhormáid meán, agus chuir sé le forbairt na gcluichíochta ar líne ar chonsóil.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCBluray&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/ukfs_news/mobile/newsid_7250000/newsid_7252500/7252506.stm &quot;How the PS3 led Blu-ray's triumph&quot;], ''BBC News'', 19 Feabhra 2008. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Bhí an PS3 ina “secret weapon” chun Blu-ray a chur i láthair i seomraí suite na gcustaiméirí ar fud an domhain, rud a chabhraigh le Sony an cogadh formáide in aghaidh HD DVD a bhuachan.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCBluray&quot; /&gt;

== Féach freisin ==
* [[PlayStation 2]]
* [[PlayStation 4]]
* [[Sony]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commonscat|PlayStation 3}}

[[Catagóir:Consóil cluichíochta]]
[[Catagóir:Sony]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Éalú Flávio Bolsonaro ó cheartas, 2026</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1330869</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T21:56:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sanduíche de Presunto</username>
        <id>78137</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cruthaíodh an leathanach — alt nua faoi éalú Flávio Bolsonaro ó cheartas, 2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="14472" sha1="rk0xi26xvs5isourf5ko1anetf9qxiq" xml:space="preserve">[[Íomhá:Foto oficial do senador Flávio Bolsonaro (v. AgSen) (3x4).jpg|mion|deas|alt=Flávio Bolsonaro|Flávio Bolsonaro, an seanadóir a d'fhág an Bhrasaíl i nDeireadh Fómhair 2026.]]
{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; font-size:90%;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot; | Éalú Flávio Bolsonaro ó cheartas, 2026
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Cuid de
| [[Olltoghchán na Brasaíle, 2026]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Dáta
| 27–28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Áit
| An Bhrasaíl · An Airgintín · Eacuadór · Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Cúiseanna
| Teip Flávio Bolsonaro i gcoinne Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in olltoghchán 2026; ordú ón gCúirt Uachtarach Chónaidhme (STF) pasanna an tseanadóra a thabhairt ar láimh agus cosc a chur air an tír a fhágáil; imscrúdú ar sciúradh airgid.
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Toradh
| D'éirigh leis an éalú; tháinig Flávio Bolsonaro i dtír i Miami ar 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Páirtithe
| Flávio Bolsonaro, Fernanda Bolsonaro, Eduardo Bolsonaro
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Tacaíocht sheachtrach líomhnaithe
| Rialtas Javier Milei (An Airgintín; rannpháirtíocht líomhnaithe) · Rialtas Donald Trump (Stáit Aontaithe; glacadh agus víosaí)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Ceannairí
| Flávio Bolsonaro; Javier Milei; Donald Trump
|}

Ba eachtra pholaitiúil í '''éalú Flávio Bolsonaro ó cheartas''' a tharla idir 27 agus 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026, nuair a d'fhág an seanadóir Brasaíleach agus iarrthóir uachtaránachta a bhí curtha le ceart, Flávio Bolsonaro, an Bhrasaíl in ainneoin ordú ón gCúirt Uachtarach Chónaidhme (STF) a chuir cosc air an tír a fhágáil.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABArrival&quot;&gt;[https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/es/node/1707054 &quot;Flávio Bolsonaro desembarca nos EUA com a família após fugir do Brasil&quot;], ''Agência Brasil'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;[https://www.ctinsider.com/news/world/article/fl-vio-bolsonaro-flees-brazil-through-argentina-22497904.php &quot;Defeated presidential candidate Flávio Bolsonaro and his family land in Miami after fleeing Brazil&quot;], Associated Press, 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Thrasnaigh sé an teorainn go dtí an Airgintín ar an Droichead Idirnáisiúnta Tancredo Neves idir Foz do Iguaçu agus Puerto Iguazú, agus d'eitil sé ansin trí Guayaquil san Eacuadór go Miami sna Stáit Aontaithe, áit ar tháinig sé i dtír ar maidin 28 Deireadh Fómhair.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABArrival&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt; Bhí a bhean chéile, Fernanda, agus a dhá iníon in éineacht leis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Folha&quot;&gt;[https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2026/10/aviao-em-que-flavio-bolsonaro-estaria-pousa-em-miami.shtml &quot;Flávio Bolsonaro e família desembarcam em Miami após fuga do Brasil&quot;], ''Folha de S.Paulo'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tharla an t-éalú dhá lá tar éis do Lula da Silva Flávio Bolsonaro a bhualadh i ndara babhta olltoghchán na Brasaíle, 2026. Bhí Flávio Bolsonaro faoi imscrúdú ag an STF maidir le héilliú, sciúradh airgid agus seachaint cánach, agus bhí sé díreach tar éis a dhiúltú toradh an toghcháin a admháil go poiblí.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MoraesG1&quot;&gt;[https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2026/10/26/moraes-determina-que-flavio-bolsonaro-entregue-passaporte-e-proibe-que-ele-deixe-o-pais.ghtml &quot;Moraes determina que Flávio Bolsonaro entregue passaporte e proíbe que ele deixe o país&quot;], ''G1'', 26 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; D'eisigh sé litir ina dhiaidh sin inar thug sé “an fíor-uachtarán tofa” air féin agus inar mhaígh sé, gan fianaise, go raibh calaois sa toghchán.&lt;ref name=&quot;GloboLetter&quot;&gt;[https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/noticia/2026/10/28/flavio-bolsonaro-divulga-carta-com-teor-golpista-na-qual-se-autoproclama-presidente-eleito-do-brasil.ghtml &quot;Flávio divulga carta golpista em que se declara ‘presidente eleito’ e agradece a Trump e a Milei após fuga do Brasil&quot;], ''O Globo'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cúlra ==
=== Toghchán 2026 ===
Chuaigh an t-uachtarán reatha Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Páirtí na nOibrithe, PT) agus an seanadóir Flávio Bolsonaro (an Pháirtí Liobrálach, PL) chun babhta eile d'olltoghchán na Brasaíle ar 25 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Bhuaigh Lula le 51.79% de na vótaí bailí, nó 64,256,232 vóta, i gcomparáid le 48.21% (59,826,041 vóta) a fuair Flávio Bolsonaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;TSE&quot;&gt;[https://www.tse.jus.br/comunicacao/noticias/2026/Outubro/presidente-do-tse-anuncia-reeleicao-de-lula-e-faz-balanco-do-2o-turno-das-eleicoes-2026 &quot;Presidente do TSE anuncia reeleição de Lula e faz balanço do 2º turno das Eleições 2026&quot;], Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, 26 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Ba é an difríocht idir an bheirt ná 4,430,191 vóta.&lt;ref name=&quot;TSE&quot; /&gt;

Ar dtús, dhiúltaigh Flávio Bolsonaro an toradh a admháil. Thug sé óráid in Brasília inar dhírigh sé ar an gcinneadh ón Aire Cristiano Zanin den STF an tréimhse vótála a shíneadh go dtí 19h, agus d'fhógair sé go lorgódh sé an toghchán a chur ar ceal.&lt;ref name=&quot;EstadaoDiscurso&quot;&gt;[https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/eleicoes/flavio-bolsonaro-diz-ser-impossivel-reconhecer-resultado-da-eleicao-e-promete-recorrer-npr/ &quot;Flávio Bolsonaro diz ser ‘impossível reconhecer resultado da eleição’ e que pedirá anulação&quot;], ''Estadão'', 26 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Cuireadh ina leith gur lorg a fheachtas féin agus an PL síneadh ar an tréimhse vótála i roinnt áiteanna freisin.&lt;ref name=&quot;EstadaoDiscurso&quot; /&gt;

=== Ordú ón gCúirt Uachtarach ===
Ar 26 Deireadh Fómhair, d'ordaigh an tAire Alexandre de Moraes den STF do Flávio Bolsonaro a chuid pasanna Brasaíleacha agus taidhleoireachta a thabhairt don Phóilíní Cónaidhme faoi mheán lae an 27 Deireadh Fómhair, agus chuir sé cosc air an tír a fhágáil. Bhí an t-ordú mar chuid d'imscrúdú ar sciúradh airgid a bhain leis féin agus leis an dlíodóir Willer Tomaz.&lt;ref name=&quot;MoraesG1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Folha&quot; /&gt; Dúirt Flávio Bolsonaro go poiblí nach raibh sé ar intinn aige an tír a fhágáil agus go dtabharfadh sé a chuid pasanna ar láimh.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABArrival&quot; /&gt; Cuireadh na pasanna ar ceal go díreach ag an bPóilíní Cónaidhme nuair nár comhlíonadh an t-ordú in am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABLevy&quot;&gt;[https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2026-10/aliado-de-trump-diz-que-flavio-bolsonaro-chegou-aos-eua &quot;Aliado de Trump diz que Flávio Bolsonaro chegou aos EUA&quot;], ''Agência Brasil'', 27 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== An t-éalú ==
=== Trasnú na teorann ===
Tráthnóna an 27 Deireadh Fómhair, bhí Flávio Bolsonaro fós sa Bhrasaíl. D'fhág sé Brasília agus thaistil sé go dtí an teorainn le Paraná. Ag 22h50, thrasnaigh sé an Droichead Idirnáisiúnta Tancredo Neves, idir Foz do Iguaçu agus Puerto Iguazú i gCúige Misiones na hAirgintíne, in éineacht lena bhean agus lena dhá iníon. De réir na hAirgintíne, bhí páipéir thaistil bhailí ag an teaghlach uile agus níor cuireadh aon chosc dlí orthu teacht isteach.&lt;ref name=&quot;Folha&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Publica&quot;&gt;[https://apublica.org/2026/10/em-fuga-flavio-bolsonaro-embarcou-da-argentina-rumo-ao-equador-e-ainda-nao-chegou-aos-eua/ &quot;A fuga de Flávio Bolsonaro: a verdadeira rota que levou o senador de Brasília até Miami&quot;], ''Agência Pública'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

D'úsáid Flávio Bolsonaro pas Iodálach chun dul isteach san Airgintín, rud a bhí aige ó 2023; bhí pasanna Brasaíleacha ag a bhean agus ag a chuid iníonacha. Níor thug an teaghlach faoi deara aon phost rialaithe ag an bPóilíní Cónaidhme agus iad ag fágáil na Brasaíle, toisc nach mbíonn rialú ag teastáil le haghaidh teacht amach thar theorainn talún.&lt;ref name=&quot;Folha&quot; /&gt;

=== Eitilt trí Guayaquil go Miami ===
Ag 23h30, chuaigh an teaghlach ar bord eitleáin phríobháidigh de chuid na cuideachta Airgintíne Baires Fly S.A., Gulfstream G400 le huimhir chláraithe LV-JQW, a bhí ag dul go Guayaquil san Eacuadór. D'fhág an t-eitleán an tAerfort Idirnáisiúnta Puerto Iguazú ag 0h22 ar 28 Deireadh Fómhair. Chuaigh an t-eitleán timpeall ar aerspás na Brasaíle, bealach a d'úsáid níos mó breosla ach a sheachain údaráis na Brasaíle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Folha&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Publica&quot; /&gt;

Tháinig an t-eitleán i dtír i nGuayaquil beagán roimh 6h, agus d'eitil sé arís timpeall 6h22 i dtreo Miami. Tháinig sé i dtír ag Aerfort Feidhmiúcháin Miami-Opa Locka ag 10h23–10h24 de réir am Brasília ar 28 Deireadh Fómhair.&lt;ref name=&quot;Folha&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ABArrival&quot; /&gt; Bhí Flávio Bolsonaro gléasta go neamhfhoirmiúil agus é ag teacht amach as an eitleán lena bhean agus lena chuid iníonacha.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt;

=== Tuairiscí contrártha ===
Le linn an lae ar 27 Deireadh Fómhair, bhí go leor tuairiscí contrártha ann faoi áit a raibh Flávio Bolsonaro. Ar maidin, shéan an Stiúrthóireacht Náisiúnta Imirce san Airgintín go raibh aon taifead acu gur tháinig sé isteach sa tír, agus bhí tuairiscí ann go raibh an eitilt curtha ar ceal.&lt;ref name=&quot;EstadaoAliados&quot;&gt;[https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/aliados-propagaram-fuga-de-flavio-bolsonaro-enquanto-ele-ainda-estava-no-brasil/ &quot;Aliados propagaram fuga de Flávio Bolsonaro enquanto ele ainda estava no Brasil&quot;], ''Estadão'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Idir an dá linn, scaip comhghuaillithe de chuid Flávio Bolsonaro, lena n-áirítear an fear gnó Meicsiceach Simón Levy, an tuairisc go raibh sé slán sábháilte sna Stáit Aontaithe cheana féin, fiú agus é fós sa Bhrasaíl nó ar an mbóthar.&lt;ref name=&quot;EstadaoAliados&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ABLevy&quot; /&gt; Níor deimhníodh an fhíorscéal go luath ar maidin an 28 Deireadh Fómhair, nuair a d'fhoilsigh údaráis na hAirgintíne a gcuid taifead oifigiúil.&lt;ref name=&quot;Publica&quot; /&gt;

== Iarmhairtí ==
=== Litir “an t-uachtarán tofa” ===
Ar an 28 Deireadh Fómhair, tar éis dó teacht i dtír i Miami, d'fhoilsigh Flávio Bolsonaro litir inar thug sé “an fíor-uachtarán tofa” air féin agus inar mhaígh sé go raibh “calaois toghcháin” ann, gan aon fhianaise a chur ar fáil. Mhol sé do na huachtaráin Javier Milei agus Donald Trump as ucht a chur fáilte roimhe, agus dúirt sé go mbeadh sé i gceannas ar an bhfreasúra in aghaidh rialtas Lula óna áit sna Stáit Aontaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;GloboLetter&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EstadaoLetter&quot;&gt;[https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/eleicoes/apos-fuga-flavio-agradece-milei-e-trump-e-se-autodeclara-como-verdadeiro-presidente-eleito/ &quot;Após fuga, Flávio agradece Milei e Trump e se autodeclara como ‘verdadeiro presidente eleito’&quot;], ''Estadão'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí droch-chló ar an gcéad leagan den litir: úsáideadh armas stairiúil na Brasaíle air a raibh an inscríbhinn “Estados Unidos do Brazil”, seanainm a bhíodh ar an tír, agus dáta ó 1989. Eisíodh leagan ceartaithe ina dhiaidh sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;EstadaoLetter&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GloboLetter&quot; /&gt;

=== “Operação Alba” ===
An lá roimhe, an 27 Deireadh Fómhair, d'fhógair Simón Levy, fear gnó agus dlíodóir Meicsiceach a chuireann síos air féin mar chomhghuaillí de chuid Donald Trump, go raibh Flávio Bolsonaro tagtha slán sábháilte go dtí na Stáit Aontaithe. Dúirt sé go raibh an “oibríocht” á stiúradh ag Rúnaí Stáit na Stát Aontaithe, Marco Rubio, agus thug sé “Operação Alba” uirthi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABLevy&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JdBLevy&quot;&gt;[https://jornaldebrasilia.com.br/noticias/politica-e-poder/simon-levy-afirma-que-flavio-bolsonaro-chegou-aos-eua-em-operacao-ligada-a-marco-rubio/ &quot;Simón Levy afirma que Flávio Bolsonaro chegou aos EUA em operação ligada a Marco Rubio&quot;], ''Jornal de Brasília'', 27 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Níor dhearbhaigh aon údarás oifigiúil Brasaíleach ná Meiriceánach na líomhaintí sin, agus níor thug siad aon fhianaise phoiblí ar an líomhain go raibh baint ag an CIA nó ag rialtas Milei leis an éalú.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABLevy&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JdBLevy&quot; /&gt;

=== Freagairtí ===
Dúirt an tUachtarán Lula go raibh an t-éalú “náireach” agus gur chóir do Flávio Bolsonaro fanacht sa Bhrasaíl chun a neamhchiontacht a chruthú.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt; Dúirt Donald Trump go raibh Flávio Bolsonaro agus a theaghlach “daoine breátha” agus thug sé le fios go raibh an toghchán “aisteach” agus, gan fianaise, go raibh sé “rigged”; dúirt sé freisin go n-aontódh sé le teacht isteach Flávio Bolsonaro sna Stáit Aontaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt; D'fhormheas Roinn Stáit na Stát Aontaithe víosaí do Flávio Bolsonaro agus dá theaghlach.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ABArrival&quot; /&gt;

De réir tuairiscí, bhí a dheartháir Eduardo Bolsonaro, a bhí ina chónaí sna Stáit Aontaithe cheana féin, i láthair chun fáilte a chur roimhe.&lt;ref name=&quot;GloboReception&quot;&gt;[https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/noticia/2026/10/28/eduardo-bolsonaro-teria-recebido-flavio-nos-eua-apos-fuga-do-brasil.ghtml &quot;Eduardo Bolsonaro teria recebido Flávio nos EUA após fuga do Brasil&quot;], ''O Globo'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Dúirt an STF nach raibh aon oibríocht phóilíneach, cuardach ná urghabháil á meas acu ag an am sin i leith Flávio Bolsonaro ná a chuid seoltaí.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABArrival&quot; /&gt;

Ba é éalú Flávio Bolsonaro an dara heachtra de chineál den sórt sin sa teaghlach Bolsonaro le ceithre bliana anuas: theith a athair, an t-iaruachtarán Jair Bolsonaro, go Florida freisin tar éis dó an toghchán uachtaránachta 2022 a chailleadh, sular fhill sé ar an mBrasaíl trí mhí ina dhiaidh sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt;

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Olltoghchán na Brasaíle, 2026]]
* [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
* [[Jair Bolsonaro]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commonscat|Flávio Bolsonaro}}

[[Catagóir:An Bhrasaíl]]
[[Catagóir:Polaitíocht]]
[[Catagóir:2026]]
[[Catagóir:Eachtraí polaitiúla]]</text>
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      <text bytes="14575" sha1="cgt7yc1l5rftmwh1ksid6q12oi4omim" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; font-size:90%;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot; | Éalú Flávio Bolsonaro ó cheartas, 2026
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[Íomhá:Foto oficial do senador Flávio Bolsonaro (v. AgSen) (3x4).jpg|220px|alt=Flávio Bolsonaro]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%;&quot; | Flávio Bolsonaro, an seanadóir a d'fhág an Bhrasaíl i nDeireadh Fómhair 2026.
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Cuid de
| [[Olltoghchán na Brasaíle, 2026]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Dáta
| 27–28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Áit
| An Bhrasaíl · An Airgintín · Eacuadór · Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Cúiseanna
| Teip Flávio Bolsonaro i gcoinne Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in olltoghchán 2026; ordú ón gCúirt Uachtarach Chónaidhme (STF) pasanna an tseanadóra a thabhairt ar láimh agus cosc a chur air an tír a fhágáil; imscrúdú ar sciúradh airgid.
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Toradh
| D'éirigh leis an éalú; tháinig Flávio Bolsonaro i dtír i Miami ar 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Páirtithe
| Flávio Bolsonaro, Fernanda Bolsonaro, Eduardo Bolsonaro
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Tacaíocht sheachtrach líomhnaithe
| Rialtas Javier Milei (An Airgintín; rannpháirtíocht líomhnaithe) · Rialtas Donald Trump (Stáit Aontaithe; glacadh agus víosaí)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Ceannairí
| Flávio Bolsonaro; Javier Milei; Donald Trump
|}

Ba eachtra pholaitiúil í '''éalú Flávio Bolsonaro ó cheartas''' a tharla idir 27 agus 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026, nuair a d'fhág an seanadóir Brasaíleach agus iarrthóir uachtaránachta a bhí curtha le ceart, Flávio Bolsonaro, an Bhrasaíl in ainneoin ordú ón gCúirt Uachtarach Chónaidhme (STF) a chuir cosc air an tír a fhágáil.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABArrival&quot;&gt;[https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/es/node/1707054 &quot;Flávio Bolsonaro desembarca nos EUA com a família após fugir do Brasil&quot;], ''Agência Brasil'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;[https://www.ctinsider.com/news/world/article/fl-vio-bolsonaro-flees-brazil-through-argentina-22497904.php &quot;Defeated presidential candidate Flávio Bolsonaro and his family land in Miami after fleeing Brazil&quot;], Associated Press, 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Thrasnaigh sé an teorainn go dtí an Airgintín ar an Droichead Idirnáisiúnta Tancredo Neves idir Foz do Iguaçu agus Puerto Iguazú, agus d'eitil sé ansin trí Guayaquil san Eacuadór go Miami sna Stáit Aontaithe, áit ar tháinig sé i dtír ar maidin 28 Deireadh Fómhair.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABArrival&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt; Bhí a bhean chéile, Fernanda, agus a dhá iníon in éineacht leis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Folha&quot;&gt;[https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2026/10/aviao-em-que-flavio-bolsonaro-estaria-pousa-em-miami.shtml &quot;Flávio Bolsonaro e família desembarcam em Miami após fuga do Brasil&quot;], ''Folha de S.Paulo'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tharla an t-éalú dhá lá tar éis do Lula da Silva Flávio Bolsonaro a bhualadh i ndara babhta olltoghchán na Brasaíle, 2026. Bhí Flávio Bolsonaro faoi imscrúdú ag an STF maidir le héilliú, sciúradh airgid agus seachaint cánach, agus bhí sé díreach tar éis a dhiúltú toradh an toghcháin a admháil go poiblí.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MoraesG1&quot;&gt;[https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2026/10/26/moraes-determina-que-flavio-bolsonaro-entregue-passaporte-e-proibe-que-ele-deixe-o-pais.ghtml &quot;Moraes determina que Flávio Bolsonaro entregue passaporte e proíbe que ele deixe o país&quot;], ''G1'', 26 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; D'eisigh sé litir ina dhiaidh sin inar thug sé “an fíor-uachtarán tofa” air féin agus inar mhaígh sé, gan fianaise, go raibh calaois sa toghchán.&lt;ref name=&quot;GloboLetter&quot;&gt;[https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/noticia/2026/10/28/flavio-bolsonaro-divulga-carta-com-teor-golpista-na-qual-se-autoproclama-presidente-eleito-do-brasil.ghtml &quot;Flávio divulga carta golpista em que se declara ‘presidente eleito’ e agradece a Trump e a Milei após fuga do Brasil&quot;], ''O Globo'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cúlra ==
=== Toghchán 2026 ===
Chuaigh an t-uachtarán reatha Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Páirtí na nOibrithe, PT) agus an seanadóir Flávio Bolsonaro (an Pháirtí Liobrálach, PL) chun babhta eile d'olltoghchán na Brasaíle ar 25 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Bhuaigh Lula le 51.79% de na vótaí bailí, nó 64,256,232 vóta, i gcomparáid le 48.21% (59,826,041 vóta) a fuair Flávio Bolsonaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;TSE&quot;&gt;[https://www.tse.jus.br/comunicacao/noticias/2026/Outubro/presidente-do-tse-anuncia-reeleicao-de-lula-e-faz-balanco-do-2o-turno-das-eleicoes-2026 &quot;Presidente do TSE anuncia reeleição de Lula e faz balanço do 2º turno das Eleições 2026&quot;], Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, 26 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Ba é an difríocht idir an bheirt ná 4,430,191 vóta.&lt;ref name=&quot;TSE&quot; /&gt;

Ar dtús, dhiúltaigh Flávio Bolsonaro an toradh a admháil. Thug sé óráid in Brasília inar dhírigh sé ar an gcinneadh ón Aire Cristiano Zanin den STF an tréimhse vótála a shíneadh go dtí 19h, agus d'fhógair sé go lorgódh sé an toghchán a chur ar ceal.&lt;ref name=&quot;EstadaoDiscurso&quot;&gt;[https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/eleicoes/flavio-bolsonaro-diz-ser-impossivel-reconhecer-resultado-da-eleicao-e-promete-recorrer-npr/ &quot;Flávio Bolsonaro diz ser ‘impossível reconhecer resultado da eleição’ e que pedirá anulação&quot;], ''Estadão'', 26 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Cuireadh ina leith gur lorg a fheachtas féin agus an PL síneadh ar an tréimhse vótála i roinnt áiteanna freisin.&lt;ref name=&quot;EstadaoDiscurso&quot; /&gt;

=== Ordú ón gCúirt Uachtarach ===
Ar 26 Deireadh Fómhair, d'ordaigh an tAire Alexandre de Moraes den STF do Flávio Bolsonaro a chuid pasanna Brasaíleacha agus taidhleoireachta a thabhairt don Phóilíní Cónaidhme faoi mheán lae an 27 Deireadh Fómhair, agus chuir sé cosc air an tír a fhágáil. Bhí an t-ordú mar chuid d'imscrúdú ar sciúradh airgid a bhain leis féin agus leis an dlíodóir Willer Tomaz.&lt;ref name=&quot;MoraesG1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Folha&quot; /&gt; Dúirt Flávio Bolsonaro go poiblí nach raibh sé ar intinn aige an tír a fhágáil agus go dtabharfadh sé a chuid pasanna ar láimh.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABArrival&quot; /&gt; Cuireadh na pasanna ar ceal go díreach ag an bPóilíní Cónaidhme nuair nár comhlíonadh an t-ordú in am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABLevy&quot;&gt;[https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2026-10/aliado-de-trump-diz-que-flavio-bolsonaro-chegou-aos-eua &quot;Aliado de Trump diz que Flávio Bolsonaro chegou aos EUA&quot;], ''Agência Brasil'', 27 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== An t-éalú ==
=== Trasnú na teorann ===
Tráthnóna an 27 Deireadh Fómhair, bhí Flávio Bolsonaro fós sa Bhrasaíl. D'fhág sé Brasília agus thaistil sé go dtí an teorainn le Paraná. Ag 22h50, thrasnaigh sé an Droichead Idirnáisiúnta Tancredo Neves, idir Foz do Iguaçu agus Puerto Iguazú i gCúige Misiones na hAirgintíne, in éineacht lena bhean agus lena dhá iníon. De réir na hAirgintíne, bhí páipéir thaistil bhailí ag an teaghlach uile agus níor cuireadh aon chosc dlí orthu teacht isteach.&lt;ref name=&quot;Folha&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Publica&quot;&gt;[https://apublica.org/2026/10/em-fuga-flavio-bolsonaro-embarcou-da-argentina-rumo-ao-equador-e-ainda-nao-chegou-aos-eua/ &quot;A fuga de Flávio Bolsonaro: a verdadeira rota que levou o senador de Brasília até Miami&quot;], ''Agência Pública'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

D'úsáid Flávio Bolsonaro pas Iodálach chun dul isteach san Airgintín, rud a bhí aige ó 2023; bhí pasanna Brasaíleacha ag a bhean agus ag a chuid iníonacha. Níor thug an teaghlach faoi deara aon phost rialaithe ag an bPóilíní Cónaidhme agus iad ag fágáil na Brasaíle, toisc nach mbíonn rialú ag teastáil le haghaidh teacht amach thar theorainn talún.&lt;ref name=&quot;Folha&quot; /&gt;

=== Eitilt trí Guayaquil go Miami ===
Ag 23h30, chuaigh an teaghlach ar bord eitleáin phríobháidigh de chuid na cuideachta Airgintíne Baires Fly S.A., Gulfstream G400 le huimhir chláraithe LV-JQW, a bhí ag dul go Guayaquil san Eacuadór. D'fhág an t-eitleán an tAerfort Idirnáisiúnta Puerto Iguazú ag 0h22 ar 28 Deireadh Fómhair. Chuaigh an t-eitleán timpeall ar aerspás na Brasaíle, bealach a d'úsáid níos mó breosla ach a sheachain údaráis na Brasaíle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Folha&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Publica&quot; /&gt;

Tháinig an t-eitleán i dtír i nGuayaquil beagán roimh 6h, agus d'eitil sé arís timpeall 6h22 i dtreo Miami. Tháinig sé i dtír ag Aerfort Feidhmiúcháin Miami-Opa Locka ag 10h23–10h24 de réir am Brasília ar 28 Deireadh Fómhair.&lt;ref name=&quot;Folha&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ABArrival&quot; /&gt; Bhí Flávio Bolsonaro gléasta go neamhfhoirmiúil agus é ag teacht amach as an eitleán lena bhean agus lena chuid iníonacha.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt;

=== Tuairiscí contrártha ===
Le linn an lae ar 27 Deireadh Fómhair, bhí go leor tuairiscí contrártha ann faoi áit a raibh Flávio Bolsonaro. Ar maidin, shéan an Stiúrthóireacht Náisiúnta Imirce san Airgintín go raibh aon taifead acu gur tháinig sé isteach sa tír, agus bhí tuairiscí ann go raibh an eitilt curtha ar ceal.&lt;ref name=&quot;EstadaoAliados&quot;&gt;[https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/aliados-propagaram-fuga-de-flavio-bolsonaro-enquanto-ele-ainda-estava-no-brasil/ &quot;Aliados propagaram fuga de Flávio Bolsonaro enquanto ele ainda estava no Brasil&quot;], ''Estadão'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Idir an dá linn, scaip comhghuaillithe de chuid Flávio Bolsonaro, lena n-áirítear an fear gnó Meicsiceach Simón Levy, an tuairisc go raibh sé slán sábháilte sna Stáit Aontaithe cheana féin, fiú agus é fós sa Bhrasaíl nó ar an mbóthar.&lt;ref name=&quot;EstadaoAliados&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ABLevy&quot; /&gt; Níor deimhníodh an fhíorscéal go luath ar maidin an 28 Deireadh Fómhair, nuair a d'fhoilsigh údaráis na hAirgintíne a gcuid taifead oifigiúil.&lt;ref name=&quot;Publica&quot; /&gt;

== Iarmhairtí ==
=== Litir “an t-uachtarán tofa” ===
Ar an 28 Deireadh Fómhair, tar éis dó teacht i dtír i Miami, d'fhoilsigh Flávio Bolsonaro litir inar thug sé “an fíor-uachtarán tofa” air féin agus inar mhaígh sé go raibh “calaois toghcháin” ann, gan aon fhianaise a chur ar fáil. Mhol sé do na huachtaráin Javier Milei agus Donald Trump as ucht a chur fáilte roimhe, agus dúirt sé go mbeadh sé i gceannas ar an bhfreasúra in aghaidh rialtas Lula óna áit sna Stáit Aontaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;GloboLetter&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EstadaoLetter&quot;&gt;[https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/eleicoes/apos-fuga-flavio-agradece-milei-e-trump-e-se-autodeclara-como-verdadeiro-presidente-eleito/ &quot;Após fuga, Flávio agradece Milei e Trump e se autodeclara como ‘verdadeiro presidente eleito’&quot;], ''Estadão'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí droch-chló ar an gcéad leagan den litir: úsáideadh armas stairiúil na Brasaíle air a raibh an inscríbhinn “Estados Unidos do Brazil”, seanainm a bhíodh ar an tír, agus dáta ó 1989. Eisíodh leagan ceartaithe ina dhiaidh sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;EstadaoLetter&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GloboLetter&quot; /&gt;

=== “Operação Alba” ===
An lá roimhe, an 27 Deireadh Fómhair, d'fhógair Simón Levy, fear gnó agus dlíodóir Meicsiceach a chuireann síos air féin mar chomhghuaillí de chuid Donald Trump, go raibh Flávio Bolsonaro tagtha slán sábháilte go dtí na Stáit Aontaithe. Dúirt sé go raibh an “oibríocht” á stiúradh ag Rúnaí Stáit na Stát Aontaithe, Marco Rubio, agus thug sé “Operação Alba” uirthi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABLevy&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JdBLevy&quot;&gt;[https://jornaldebrasilia.com.br/noticias/politica-e-poder/simon-levy-afirma-que-flavio-bolsonaro-chegou-aos-eua-em-operacao-ligada-a-marco-rubio/ &quot;Simón Levy afirma que Flávio Bolsonaro chegou aos EUA em operação ligada a Marco Rubio&quot;], ''Jornal de Brasília'', 27 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Níor dhearbhaigh aon údarás oifigiúil Brasaíleach ná Meiriceánach na líomhaintí sin, agus níor thug siad aon fhianaise phoiblí ar an líomhain go raibh baint ag an CIA nó ag rialtas Milei leis an éalú.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABLevy&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JdBLevy&quot; /&gt;

=== Freagairtí ===
Dúirt an tUachtarán Lula go raibh an t-éalú “náireach” agus gur chóir do Flávio Bolsonaro fanacht sa Bhrasaíl chun a neamhchiontacht a chruthú.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt; Dúirt Donald Trump go raibh Flávio Bolsonaro agus a theaghlach “daoine breátha” agus thug sé le fios go raibh an toghchán “aisteach” agus, gan fianaise, go raibh sé “rigged”; dúirt sé freisin go n-aontódh sé le teacht isteach Flávio Bolsonaro sna Stáit Aontaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt; D'fhormheas Roinn Stáit na Stát Aontaithe víosaí do Flávio Bolsonaro agus dá theaghlach.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ABArrival&quot; /&gt;

De réir tuairiscí, bhí a dheartháir Eduardo Bolsonaro, a bhí ina chónaí sna Stáit Aontaithe cheana féin, i láthair chun fáilte a chur roimhe.&lt;ref name=&quot;GloboReception&quot;&gt;[https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/noticia/2026/10/28/eduardo-bolsonaro-teria-recebido-flavio-nos-eua-apos-fuga-do-brasil.ghtml &quot;Eduardo Bolsonaro teria recebido Flávio nos EUA após fuga do Brasil&quot;], ''O Globo'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Dúirt an STF nach raibh aon oibríocht phóilíneach, cuardach ná urghabháil á meas acu ag an am sin i leith Flávio Bolsonaro ná a chuid seoltaí.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABArrival&quot; /&gt;

Ba é éalú Flávio Bolsonaro an dara heachtra de chineál den sórt sin sa teaghlach Bolsonaro le ceithre bliana anuas: theith a athair, an t-iaruachtarán Jair Bolsonaro, go Florida freisin tar éis dó an toghchán uachtaránachta 2022 a chailleadh, sular fhill sé ar an mBrasaíl trí mhí ina dhiaidh sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt;

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Olltoghchán na Brasaíle, 2026]]
* [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
* [[Jair Bolsonaro]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commonscat|Flávio Bolsonaro}}

[[Catagóir:An Bhrasaíl]]
[[Catagóir:Polaitíocht]]
[[Catagóir:2026]]
[[Catagóir:Eachtraí polaitiúla]]</text>
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{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; font-size:90%;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;&quot; | Éalú Flávio Bolsonaro ó cheartas, 2026
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | [[Íomhá:Foto oficial do senador Flávio Bolsonaro (v. AgSen) (3x4).jpg|220px|alt=Flávio Bolsonaro]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%;&quot; | Flávio Bolsonaro, an seanadóir a d'fhág an Bhrasaíl i nDeireadh Fómhair 2026.
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Cuid de
| [[Olltoghchán na Brasaíle, 2026]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Dáta
| 27–28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Áit
| An Bhrasaíl · An Airgintín · Eacuadór · Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Cúiseanna
| Teip Flávio Bolsonaro i gcoinne Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in olltoghchán 2026; ordú ón gCúirt Uachtarach Chónaidhme (STF) pasanna an tseanadóra a thabhairt ar láimh agus cosc a chur air an tír a fhágáil; imscrúdú ar sciúradh airgid.
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Toradh
| D'éirigh leis an éalú; tháinig Flávio Bolsonaro i dtír i Miami ar 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Páirtithe
| Flávio Bolsonaro, Fernanda Bolsonaro, Eduardo Bolsonaro
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Tacaíocht sheachtrach líomhnaithe
| Rialtas Javier Milei (An Airgintín; rannpháirtíocht líomhnaithe) · Rialtas Donald Trump (Stáit Aontaithe; glacadh agus víosaí)
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Ceannairí
| Flávio Bolsonaro; Javier Milei; Donald Trump
|}

Ba eachtra pholaitiúil í '''éalú Flávio Bolsonaro ó cheartas''' a tharla idir 27 agus 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026, nuair a d'fhág an seanadóir Brasaíleach agus iarrthóir uachtaránachta a bhí curtha le ceart, Flávio Bolsonaro, an Bhrasaíl in ainneoin ordú ón gCúirt Uachtarach Chónaidhme (STF) a chuir cosc air an tír a fhágáil.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABArrival&quot;&gt;[https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/es/node/1707054 &quot;Flávio Bolsonaro desembarca nos EUA com a família após fugir do Brasil&quot;], ''Agência Brasil'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;[https://www.ctinsider.com/news/world/article/fl-vio-bolsonaro-flees-brazil-through-argentina-22497904.php &quot;Defeated presidential candidate Flávio Bolsonaro and his family land in Miami after fleeing Brazil&quot;], Associated Press, 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Thrasnaigh sé an teorainn go dtí an Airgintín ar an Droichead Idirnáisiúnta Tancredo Neves idir Foz do Iguaçu agus Puerto Iguazú, agus d'eitil sé ansin trí Guayaquil san Eacuadór go Miami sna Stáit Aontaithe, áit ar tháinig sé i dtír ar maidin 28 Deireadh Fómhair.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABArrival&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt; Bhí a bhean chéile, Fernanda, agus a dhá iníon in éineacht leis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Folha&quot;&gt;[https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2026/10/aviao-em-que-flavio-bolsonaro-estaria-pousa-em-miami.shtml &quot;Flávio Bolsonaro e família desembarcam em Miami após fuga do Brasil&quot;], ''Folha de S.Paulo'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tharla an t-éalú dhá lá tar éis do Lula da Silva Flávio Bolsonaro a bhualadh i ndara babhta olltoghchán na Brasaíle, 2026. Bhí Flávio Bolsonaro faoi imscrúdú ag an STF maidir le héilliú, sciúradh airgid agus seachaint cánach, agus bhí sé díreach tar éis a dhiúltú toradh an toghcháin a admháil go poiblí.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MoraesG1&quot;&gt;[https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2026/10/26/moraes-determina-que-flavio-bolsonaro-entregue-passaporte-e-proibe-que-ele-deixe-o-pais.ghtml &quot;Moraes determina que Flávio Bolsonaro entregue passaporte e proíbe que ele deixe o país&quot;], ''G1'', 26 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; D'eisigh sé litir ina dhiaidh sin inar thug sé “an fíor-uachtarán tofa” air féin agus inar mhaígh sé, gan fianaise, go raibh calaois sa toghchán.&lt;ref name=&quot;GloboLetter&quot;&gt;[https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/noticia/2026/10/28/flavio-bolsonaro-divulga-carta-com-teor-golpista-na-qual-se-autoproclama-presidente-eleito-do-brasil.ghtml &quot;Flávio divulga carta golpista em que se declara ‘presidente eleito’ e agradece a Trump e a Milei após fuga do Brasil&quot;], ''O Globo'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cúlra ==
=== Toghchán 2026 ===
Chuaigh an t-uachtarán reatha Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Páirtí na nOibrithe, PT) agus an seanadóir Flávio Bolsonaro (an Pháirtí Liobrálach, PL) chun babhta eile d'olltoghchán na Brasaíle ar 25 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Bhuaigh Lula le 51.79% de na vótaí bailí, nó 64,256,232 vóta, i gcomparáid le 48.21% (59,826,041 vóta) a fuair Flávio Bolsonaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;TSE&quot;&gt;[https://www.tse.jus.br/comunicacao/noticias/2026/Outubro/presidente-do-tse-anuncia-reeleicao-de-lula-e-faz-balanco-do-2o-turno-das-eleicoes-2026 &quot;Presidente do TSE anuncia reeleição de Lula e faz balanço do 2º turno das Eleições 2026&quot;], Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, 26 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Ba é an difríocht idir an bheirt ná 4,430,191 vóta.&lt;ref name=&quot;TSE&quot; /&gt;

Ar dtús, dhiúltaigh Flávio Bolsonaro an toradh a admháil. Thug sé óráid in Brasília inar dhírigh sé ar an gcinneadh ón Aire Cristiano Zanin den STF an tréimhse vótála a shíneadh go dtí 19h, agus d'fhógair sé go lorgódh sé an toghchán a chur ar ceal.&lt;ref name=&quot;EstadaoDiscurso&quot;&gt;[https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/eleicoes/flavio-bolsonaro-diz-ser-impossivel-reconhecer-resultado-da-eleicao-e-promete-recorrer-npr/ &quot;Flávio Bolsonaro diz ser ‘impossível reconhecer resultado da eleição’ e que pedirá anulação&quot;], ''Estadão'', 26 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Cuireadh ina leith gur lorg a fheachtas féin agus an PL síneadh ar an tréimhse vótála i roinnt áiteanna freisin.&lt;ref name=&quot;EstadaoDiscurso&quot; /&gt;

=== Ordú ón gCúirt Uachtarach ===
Ar 26 Deireadh Fómhair, d'ordaigh an tAire Alexandre de Moraes den STF do Flávio Bolsonaro a chuid pasanna Brasaíleacha agus taidhleoireachta a thabhairt don Phóilíní Cónaidhme faoi mheán lae an 27 Deireadh Fómhair, agus chuir sé cosc air an tír a fhágáil. Bhí an t-ordú mar chuid d'imscrúdú ar sciúradh airgid a bhain leis féin agus leis an dlíodóir Willer Tomaz.&lt;ref name=&quot;MoraesG1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Folha&quot; /&gt; Dúirt Flávio Bolsonaro go poiblí nach raibh sé ar intinn aige an tír a fhágáil agus go dtabharfadh sé a chuid pasanna ar láimh.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABArrival&quot; /&gt; Cuireadh na pasanna ar ceal go díreach ag an bPóilíní Cónaidhme nuair nár comhlíonadh an t-ordú in am.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABLevy&quot;&gt;[https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2026-10/aliado-de-trump-diz-que-flavio-bolsonaro-chegou-aos-eua &quot;Aliado de Trump diz que Flávio Bolsonaro chegou aos EUA&quot;], ''Agência Brasil'', 27 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== An t-éalú ==
=== Trasnú na teorann ===
Tráthnóna an 27 Deireadh Fómhair, bhí Flávio Bolsonaro fós sa Bhrasaíl. D'fhág sé Brasília agus thaistil sé go dtí an teorainn le Paraná. Ag 22h50, thrasnaigh sé an Droichead Idirnáisiúnta Tancredo Neves, idir Foz do Iguaçu agus Puerto Iguazú i gCúige Misiones na hAirgintíne, in éineacht lena bhean agus lena dhá iníon. De réir na hAirgintíne, bhí páipéir thaistil bhailí ag an teaghlach uile agus níor cuireadh aon chosc dlí orthu teacht isteach.&lt;ref name=&quot;Folha&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Publica&quot;&gt;[https://apublica.org/2026/10/em-fuga-flavio-bolsonaro-embarcou-da-argentina-rumo-ao-equador-e-ainda-nao-chegou-aos-eua/ &quot;A fuga de Flávio Bolsonaro: a verdadeira rota que levou o senador de Brasília até Miami&quot;], ''Agência Pública'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

D'úsáid Flávio Bolsonaro pas Iodálach chun dul isteach san Airgintín, rud a bhí aige ó 2023; bhí pasanna Brasaíleacha ag a bhean agus ag a chuid iníonacha. Níor thug an teaghlach faoi deara aon phost rialaithe ag an bPóilíní Cónaidhme agus iad ag fágáil na Brasaíle, toisc nach mbíonn rialú ag teastáil le haghaidh teacht amach thar theorainn talún.&lt;ref name=&quot;Folha&quot; /&gt;

=== Eitilt trí Guayaquil go Miami ===
Ag 23h30, chuaigh an teaghlach ar bord eitleáin phríobháidigh de chuid na cuideachta Airgintíne Baires Fly S.A., Gulfstream G400 le huimhir chláraithe LV-JQW, a bhí ag dul go Guayaquil san Eacuadór. D'fhág an t-eitleán an tAerfort Idirnáisiúnta Puerto Iguazú ag 0h22 ar 28 Deireadh Fómhair. Chuaigh an t-eitleán timpeall ar aerspás na Brasaíle, bealach a d'úsáid níos mó breosla ach a sheachain údaráis na Brasaíle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Folha&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Publica&quot; /&gt;

Tháinig an t-eitleán i dtír i nGuayaquil beagán roimh 6h, agus d'eitil sé arís timpeall 6h22 i dtreo Miami. Tháinig sé i dtír ag Aerfort Feidhmiúcháin Miami-Opa Locka ag 10h23–10h24 de réir am Brasília ar 28 Deireadh Fómhair.&lt;ref name=&quot;Folha&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ABArrival&quot; /&gt; Bhí Flávio Bolsonaro gléasta go neamhfhoirmiúil agus é ag teacht amach as an eitleán lena bhean agus lena chuid iníonacha.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt;

=== Tuairiscí contrártha ===
Le linn an lae ar 27 Deireadh Fómhair, bhí go leor tuairiscí contrártha ann faoi áit a raibh Flávio Bolsonaro. Ar maidin, shéan an Stiúrthóireacht Náisiúnta Imirce san Airgintín go raibh aon taifead acu gur tháinig sé isteach sa tír, agus bhí tuairiscí ann go raibh an eitilt curtha ar ceal.&lt;ref name=&quot;EstadaoAliados&quot;&gt;[https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/aliados-propagaram-fuga-de-flavio-bolsonaro-enquanto-ele-ainda-estava-no-brasil/ &quot;Aliados propagaram fuga de Flávio Bolsonaro enquanto ele ainda estava no Brasil&quot;], ''Estadão'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Idir an dá linn, scaip comhghuaillithe de chuid Flávio Bolsonaro, lena n-áirítear an fear gnó Meicsiceach Simón Levy, an tuairisc go raibh sé slán sábháilte sna Stáit Aontaithe cheana féin, fiú agus é fós sa Bhrasaíl nó ar an mbóthar.&lt;ref name=&quot;EstadaoAliados&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ABLevy&quot; /&gt; Níor deimhníodh an fhíorscéal go luath ar maidin an 28 Deireadh Fómhair, nuair a d'fhoilsigh údaráis na hAirgintíne a gcuid taifead oifigiúil.&lt;ref name=&quot;Publica&quot; /&gt;

== Iarmhairtí ==
=== Litir “an t-uachtarán tofa” ===
Ar an 28 Deireadh Fómhair, tar éis dó teacht i dtír i Miami, d'fhoilsigh Flávio Bolsonaro litir inar thug sé “an fíor-uachtarán tofa” air féin agus inar mhaígh sé go raibh “calaois toghcháin” ann, gan aon fhianaise a chur ar fáil. Mhol sé do na huachtaráin Javier Milei agus Donald Trump as ucht a chur fáilte roimhe, agus dúirt sé go mbeadh sé i gceannas ar an bhfreasúra in aghaidh rialtas Lula óna áit sna Stáit Aontaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;GloboLetter&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EstadaoLetter&quot;&gt;[https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/eleicoes/apos-fuga-flavio-agradece-milei-e-trump-e-se-autodeclara-como-verdadeiro-presidente-eleito/ &quot;Após fuga, Flávio agradece Milei e Trump e se autodeclara como ‘verdadeiro presidente eleito’&quot;], ''Estadão'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhí droch-chló ar an gcéad leagan den litir: úsáideadh armas stairiúil na Brasaíle air a raibh an inscríbhinn “Estados Unidos do Brazil”, seanainm a bhíodh ar an tír, agus dáta ó 1989. Eisíodh leagan ceartaithe ina dhiaidh sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;EstadaoLetter&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GloboLetter&quot; /&gt;

=== “Operação Alba” ===
An lá roimhe, an 27 Deireadh Fómhair, d'fhógair Simón Levy, fear gnó agus dlíodóir Meicsiceach a chuireann síos air féin mar chomhghuaillí de chuid Donald Trump, go raibh Flávio Bolsonaro tagtha slán sábháilte go dtí na Stáit Aontaithe. Dúirt sé go raibh an “oibríocht” á stiúradh ag Rúnaí Stáit na Stát Aontaithe, Marco Rubio, agus thug sé “Operação Alba” uirthi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABLevy&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JdBLevy&quot;&gt;[https://jornaldebrasilia.com.br/noticias/politica-e-poder/simon-levy-afirma-que-flavio-bolsonaro-chegou-aos-eua-em-operacao-ligada-a-marco-rubio/ &quot;Simón Levy afirma que Flávio Bolsonaro chegou aos EUA em operação ligada a Marco Rubio&quot;], ''Jornal de Brasília'', 27 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Níor dhearbhaigh aon údarás oifigiúil Brasaíleach ná Meiriceánach na líomhaintí sin, agus níor thug siad aon fhianaise phoiblí ar an líomhain go raibh baint ag an CIA nó ag rialtas Milei leis an éalú.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABLevy&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JdBLevy&quot; /&gt;

=== Freagairtí ===
Dúirt an tUachtarán Lula go raibh an t-éalú “náireach” agus gur chóir do Flávio Bolsonaro fanacht sa Bhrasaíl chun a neamhchiontacht a chruthú.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt; Dúirt Donald Trump go raibh Flávio Bolsonaro agus a theaghlach “daoine breátha” agus thug sé le fios go raibh an toghchán “aisteach” agus, gan fianaise, go raibh sé “rigged”; dúirt sé freisin go n-aontódh sé le teacht isteach Flávio Bolsonaro sna Stáit Aontaithe.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt; D'fhormheas Roinn Stáit na Stát Aontaithe víosaí do Flávio Bolsonaro agus dá theaghlach.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ABArrival&quot; /&gt;

De réir tuairiscí, bhí a dheartháir Eduardo Bolsonaro, a bhí ina chónaí sna Stáit Aontaithe cheana féin, i láthair chun fáilte a chur roimhe.&lt;ref name=&quot;GloboReception&quot;&gt;[https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/noticia/2026/10/28/eduardo-bolsonaro-teria-recebido-flavio-nos-eua-apos-fuga-do-brasil.ghtml &quot;Eduardo Bolsonaro teria recebido Flávio nos EUA após fuga do Brasil&quot;], ''O Globo'', 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Dáta rochtana: 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Dúirt an STF nach raibh aon oibríocht phóilíneach, cuardach ná urghabháil á meas acu ag an am sin i leith Flávio Bolsonaro ná a chuid seoltaí.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABArrival&quot; /&gt;

Ba é éalú Flávio Bolsonaro an dara heachtra de chineál den sórt sin sa teaghlach Bolsonaro le ceithre bliana anuas: theith a athair, an t-iaruachtarán Jair Bolsonaro, go Florida freisin tar éis dó an toghchán uachtaránachta 2022 a chailleadh, sular fhill sé ar an mBrasaíl trí mhí ina dhiaidh sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot; /&gt;

== Féach freisin ==
* [[Olltoghchán na Brasaíle, 2026]]
* [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
* [[Jair Bolsonaro]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commonscat|Flávio Bolsonaro}}

[[Catagóir:An Bhrasaíl]]
[[Catagóir:Polaitíocht]]
[[Catagóir:2026]]
[[Catagóir:Eachtraí polaitiúla]]</text>
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      <comment>Bhog Sanduíche de Presunto an leathanach [[Sony PlayStation 3]] go [[PlayStation 3]]: Misspelled title</comment>
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    <title>2026 Tubaiste traenach Adamuz</title>
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      <comment>Bhog TGcoa an leathanach [[2026 Tubaiste traenach Adamuz]] go [[Tubaiste traenach Adamuz 2026]]</comment>
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    <title>Tubaiste traenach Toledo 2026</title>
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      <comment>Leathanach cruthaithe le '{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}  Tharla '''tubaiste traenach Toledo'''&lt;ref&gt;i mBéarla, ''2026 Toledo train collision''  &lt;/ref&gt; ar an 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026 nuair a bhuail dhá thraein faoina chéile i ndeisceart na Spáinne.   D'imigh ceann de na traenacha de na ráillí agus bhuail ceann ar aghaidh faoin traein eile in Los Yébenes i cúige  Toledo.    Maraíodh 68 duine.  == Cúlra == Ba í seo an tubaiste traenach is measa sa Spáinn ó 2013.  I mí Iúil 2013,...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="2222" sha1="4b78vgl2651nnm2g4z33etiun2idyq6" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

Tharla '''tubaiste traenach Toledo'''&lt;ref&gt;i mBéarla, ''2026 Toledo train collision''

&lt;/ref&gt; ar an 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026 nuair a bhuail dhá thraein faoina chéile i ndeisceart na Spáinne.   D'imigh ceann de na traenacha de na ráillí agus bhuail ceann ar aghaidh faoin traein eile in Los Yébenes i cúige  Toledo.   
Maraíodh 68 duine.

== Cúlra ==
Ba í seo an tubaiste traenach is measa sa Spáinn ó 2013.  I mí Iúil 2013, tharla tubaiste traenach gar le [[Santiago de Compostela]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://president.ie/index.php/ga/media-library/news-releases/president-higgins-pays-respects-to-the-victims-of-the-recent-rail-disaster|teideal=Media Library News Releases|údar=Office of the President of Ireland|language=ga|work=president.ie|dátarochtana=2026-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Maraíodh 79.   D'íoc Allianz Global agus comhlachtaí eile €25 milliún mar chúiteamh.... in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/train-driver,-safety-official-convicted-over-spain's-worst-train-crash-in-decades/85055244|teideal=Train driver, safety official convicted over Spain's worst train crash in decades|údar=S. W. I. swissinfo.ch|dáta=2024-07-26|language=en|work=SWI swissinfo.ch|dátarochtana=2026-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Santiago de Compostela derailment|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santiago_de_Compostela_derailment&amp;oldid=1333772472|journal=Wikipedia|date=2026-01-19|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá an líonra traenach ardluais is mó san Eoraip ag an Spáinn do thraenacha a théann os cionn 250 ciliméadar san uair, le níos mó ná 3,100 ciliméadar. Bhí níos mó ná 25 milliún paisinéir thraenacha ardluas ag Renfe in 2024, agus 40 milliún in iomlán.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.trenvista.net/en/news/flash/renfe-breaks-all-time-passenger-record-in-2024/|teideal=Renfe breaks all-time passenger record in 2024|údar=Miguel Bustos|dáta=2025-02-10|language=en-GB|dátarochtana=2026-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imeachtaí ==
 

== Fiosrúcháin ==

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Tubaistí]]
[[Catagóir:2026]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na Spáinne]]
[[Catagóir:Eachtraí traenach]]
[[Catagóir:Cúige Toledo]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>1330877</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>TGcoa</username>
        <id>21229</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Bhog TGcoa an leathanach [[2026 Tubaiste traenach Toledo]] go [[Tubaiste traenach Toledo 2026]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2222" sha1="4b78vgl2651nnm2g4z33etiun2idyq6" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

Tharla '''tubaiste traenach Toledo'''&lt;ref&gt;i mBéarla, ''2026 Toledo train collision''

&lt;/ref&gt; ar an 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026 nuair a bhuail dhá thraein faoina chéile i ndeisceart na Spáinne.   D'imigh ceann de na traenacha de na ráillí agus bhuail ceann ar aghaidh faoin traein eile in Los Yébenes i cúige  Toledo.   
Maraíodh 68 duine.

== Cúlra ==
Ba í seo an tubaiste traenach is measa sa Spáinn ó 2013.  I mí Iúil 2013, tharla tubaiste traenach gar le [[Santiago de Compostela]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://president.ie/index.php/ga/media-library/news-releases/president-higgins-pays-respects-to-the-victims-of-the-recent-rail-disaster|teideal=Media Library News Releases|údar=Office of the President of Ireland|language=ga|work=president.ie|dátarochtana=2026-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Maraíodh 79.   D'íoc Allianz Global agus comhlachtaí eile €25 milliún mar chúiteamh.... in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/train-driver,-safety-official-convicted-over-spain's-worst-train-crash-in-decades/85055244|teideal=Train driver, safety official convicted over Spain's worst train crash in decades|údar=S. W. I. swissinfo.ch|dáta=2024-07-26|language=en|work=SWI swissinfo.ch|dátarochtana=2026-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Santiago de Compostela derailment|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santiago_de_Compostela_derailment&amp;oldid=1333772472|journal=Wikipedia|date=2026-01-19|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá an líonra traenach ardluais is mó san Eoraip ag an Spáinn do thraenacha a théann os cionn 250 ciliméadar san uair, le níos mó ná 3,100 ciliméadar. Bhí níos mó ná 25 milliún paisinéir thraenacha ardluas ag Renfe in 2024, agus 40 milliún in iomlán.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.trenvista.net/en/news/flash/renfe-breaks-all-time-passenger-record-in-2024/|teideal=Renfe breaks all-time passenger record in 2024|údar=Miguel Bustos|dáta=2025-02-10|language=en-GB|dátarochtana=2026-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imeachtaí ==
 

== Fiosrúcháin ==

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Tubaistí]]
[[Catagóir:2026]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na Spáinne]]
[[Catagóir:Eachtraí traenach]]
[[Catagóir:Cúige Toledo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1330882</id>
      <parentid>1330879</parentid>
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        <id>21229</id>
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      <text bytes="3417" sha1="ikrbg7jrm68u4796x44b0h6a2og90e5" xml:space="preserve">{{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}}

Tharla '''tubaiste traenach Toledo'''&lt;ref&gt;i mBéarla, ''2026 Toledo train collision''

&lt;/ref&gt; ar an 28 Deireadh Fómhair 2026 nuair a bhuail dhá thraein faoina chéile i ndeisceart na Spáinne.   D'imigh ceann de na traenacha de na ráillí agus bhuail ceann ar aghaidh faoin traein eile in Los Yébenes i cúige Toledo.   Maraíodh 68 duine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=68, ar a laghad, maraithe sa Spáinn i dtimpiste iarnróid|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2026/1028/1597080-30-ar-a-laghad-maraithe-sa-spainn-i-dtimpiste-iarnroid/|date=2026-10-28|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cúlra ==
Ba í seo an tubaiste traenach is measa sa Spáinn ó 2013.  I mí Iúil 2013, tharla tubaiste traenach gar le [[Santiago de Compostela]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://president.ie/index.php/ga/media-library/news-releases/president-higgins-pays-respects-to-the-victims-of-the-recent-rail-disaster|teideal=Media Library News Releases|údar=Office of the President of Ireland|language=ga|work=president.ie|dátarochtana=2026-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Maraíodh 79.   D'íoc Allianz Global agus comhlachtaí eile €25 milliún mar chúiteamh.... in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/train-driver,-safety-official-convicted-over-spain's-worst-train-crash-in-decades/85055244|teideal=Train driver, safety official convicted over Spain's worst train crash in decades|údar=S. W. I. swissinfo.ch|dáta=2024-07-26|language=en|work=SWI swissinfo.ch|dátarochtana=2026-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Santiago de Compostela derailment|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santiago_de_Compostela_derailment&amp;oldid=1333772472|journal=Wikipedia|date=2026-01-19|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tá an líonra traenach ardluais is mó san Eoraip ag an Spáinn do thraenacha a théann os cionn 250 ciliméadar san uair, le níos mó ná 3,100 ciliméadar. Bhí níos mó ná 25 milliún paisinéir thraenacha ardluas ag Renfe in 2024, agus 40 milliún in iomlán.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.trenvista.net/en/news/flash/renfe-breaks-all-time-passenger-record-in-2024/|teideal=Renfe breaks all-time passenger record in 2024|údar=Miguel Bustos|dáta=2025-02-10|language=en-GB|dátarochtana=2026-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imeachtaí ==
 
Bhuail dhá thraein a chéile ar an líne traenach idir Maidrid agus an [[An Andalúis|Andalúis]] i ndeisceart na tíre. Tá an eachtra seo ar an tarna timpiste dá leithéid ar an líne chéanna le bliain anuas. Bhuail traein de chuid chomhlacht stáit iarnróid na Spáinne, Renfe, agus traein de chuid an chomhlachta phríobháidigh, Iryo, a chéile go gairid tar éis 9am, am na Spáinne, ar maidin. Cuireadh dhá charráiste de thraein Iryo de na ráillí de bharr an imbhuailte.

Bhí an traein de chuid Iryo stoptha ag bothán comharthaí, nuair a bhuail traein ardluais de chuid Renfe ina héadan. Theip ar an mbothán comharthaí agus ansin tugadh comhartha lochtach don traein de chuid Iryo tosú arís, nuair ba chóir dó fanacht.

Bhí trí lá oifigiúla dobhróin fógartha sa Spáinn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Fiosrúcháin ==

== Féach freisin ==

* [[Tubaiste traenach Adamuz 2026]]

== Tagairtí ==
{{reflist}}
[[Catagóir:Tubaistí]]
[[Catagóir:2026]]
[[Catagóir:Stair na Spáinne]]
[[Catagóir:Eachtraí traenach]]
[[Catagóir:Cúige Toledo]]
[[Catagóir:An Andalúis]]
[[Catagóir:Andalúis]]</text>
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