Vicipéid gawiki https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADomhleathanach MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Meán Speisialta Plé Úsáideoir Plé úsáideora Vicipéid Plé Vicipéide Íomhá Plé íomhá MediaWiki Plé MediaWiki Teimpléad Plé teimpléid Cabhair Plé cabhrach Catagóir Plé catagóire TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 5688 1330989 1235914 2026-10-30T11:42:07Z CommonsDelinker 440 Ag baint [[:Íomhá:1st_INC1885.jpg|1st_INC1885.jpg]] amach, agus ag chur [[:Íomhá:First_meeting_session_of_the_Indian_National_Congress_in_Bombay,_1885.jpg|First_meeting_session_of_the_Indian_National_Congress_in_Bombay,_1885.jpg]] isteach mar ionadúchán. 1330989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Bliain}} == Tarluithe == * [[28 Nollaig]] – Cuireadh [[Páirtí Náisiúnta na Comhdhála]] ar bun in [[Bombay]] na h[[India]]. [[Íomhá:First meeting session of the Indian National Congress in Bombay, 1885.jpg|mion|230px|28 Nollaig 1885: [[Páirtí Náisiúnta na Comhdhála]] bunaithe in [[Bombay]] na h[[India]]]] == Breitheanna == * [[8 Eanáir]] — [[John Curtin]], polaiteoir Astrálach agus 14ú Príomh-Aire na hAstráile * [[12 Eanáir]] — [[Tomás Ághas]], ceannaire [[Óglaigh na hÉireann (1913-1919)|Óglaigh na hÉireann]] (b. [[1917]]) * [[21 Eanáir]] — [[Umberto Nobile]], innealtóir agus eitleoir [[An Iodáil|Iodálach]] (b. [[1978]]) * [[7 Feabhra]] — [[Sinclair Lewis]], scríbhneoir [[SAM|Meiriceánach]] (b. [[1951]]) * [[24 Feabhra]] — [[Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz]], ealaíontóir Polannach * [[1 Aibreán]] — [[Wallace Beery]], aisteoir Meiriceánach * [[3 Aibreán]] — [[Michael Heffernan]], polaiteoir Éireannach * [[12 Aibreán]] — [[Robert Delaunay]], péintéir Francach * [[1 Bealtaine]] — [[Michael Staines]], Polaiteoir Éireannach agus Oifigeach Póilíní * [[7 Bealtaine]] — [[Bridget Rice]], polaiteoir Éireannach * [[7 Bealtaine]] — [[George "Gabby" Hayes]], aisteoir Meiriceánach * [[22 Bealtaine]] — [[Giacomo Matteotti]], polaiteoir Iodálach * [[25 Bealtaine]] — [[Gearroid Ua Beolláin]], polaiteoir Éireannach * [[3 Meitheamh]] — [[Yakov Sverdlov]], polaiteoir Sóivéadach * [[19 Meitheamh]] — [[Pól Breathnach]], sagart Éireannach * [[23 Meitheamh]] — [[Fionn Mac Cumhaill (scríbhneoir)|Fionn Mac Cumhaill]], scríbhneoir Éireannach * [[5 Iúil]] — [[André Lhote]], dealbhóir agus péintéir Francach * [[8 Iúil]] — [[Hugo Boss]], dearthóir faisin Gearmánach * [[18 Lúnasa]] — [[Nettie Palmer]], file, scríbhneoir aistí, agus criticeoir Astrálach * [[28 Lúnasa]] — [[Vance Palmer]], scríbhneoir Astrálach * [[11 Meán Fómhair]] — [[D. H. Lawrence]], scríbhneoir agus file Sasanach * [[22 Meán Fómhair]] — [[Ben Chifley]], polaiteoir Astrálach agus 16ú Príomh-Aire na hAstráile * [[22 Meán Fómhair]] — [[Erich von Stroheim]], aisteoir agus stiúrthóir Ostarach * [[5 Deireadh Fómhair]] — [[Daniel Byrne]], polaiteoir Éireannach * [[31 Deireadh Fómhair]] — [[Karl Radek]], réabhlóidí Rúiseach * [[7 Deireadh Fómhair]] – An [[fisiceoir]] [[An Danmhairg|Danmhairgeach]] [[Niels Bohr]] (b. [[1962]]) * [[11 Deireadh Fómhair]] — [[François Mauriac]], údar Francach * [[11 Deireadh Fómhair]] — [[Kathleen O'Callaghan]], polaiteoir agus scoláire Éireannach * [[14 Deireadh Fómhair]] — [[Jack Britton]], dornálaí Meiriceánach * [[30 Deireadh Fómhair]] — [[Ezra Pound]], file Meiriceánach * [[9 Samhain]] — [[Hermann Weyl]], matamaiticeoir Gearmánach * [[2 Nollaig]] — [[George Richards Minot]], dochtúir Meiriceánach == Básanna == * [[22 Bealtaine]] — [[Victor Hugo]], urscéalaí [[an Fhrainc|Francach]] (r. [[1802]]) * [[6 Iúil]] — [[Jonathan Pim (1806–1885)|Jonathan Pim]], politician * [[23 Iúil]] — [[Ulysses S. Grant]], an 18ú [[uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe|uachtarán]] [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá]] (r. [[1822]]) * [[10 Deireadh Fómhair]] — [[John McCloskey]], cairdinéal Caitliceach Meiriceánach (r. [[1810]]) * [[16 Samhain]] — [[Louis Riel]], ceannaire polaitiúil agus reibiliúnach [[Ceanada]]ch (r. [[1844]]) [[Catagóir:Blianta]] cunvgeqwl0b8ymerwzipv1whaf0he7f 0 6878 1330938 1330633 2026-10-29T14:34:17Z Renamed user b35fad33e3f6d948593dbb481fa3bd4d 78137 1330938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} Polaiteoir de chuid na heite clé, [[Uachtarán na Brasaíle|iaruachtarán na Brasaíle]], agus uachtarán tofa sa bhliain 2022, is ea '''Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva''', a rugadh ar [[6 Deireadh Fómhair]] [[1945]]. == Beatha == Tháinig Lula ar an saol ar [[6 Deireadh Fómhair]] [[1945]] in oirthuaisceart thur thirim na Brasaíle. Nuair a bhí sé seacht mbliana d’aois, shocraigh a mháthair teitheadh ón triomach agus ón anachain. Thug sí a muirear go cathair [[São Paulo]]: trí lá dhéag ar chúl leoraí.<ref name=":0" /> [[Íomhá:Dep. lula.jpg|clé|mion|Lula sa [[Parlaimint|pharlaimint]], 1988]] === Ceardchumannaí === Chaith Lula an chuid is mó de na 1970idí agus tús na 1980idí ag troid i gcoinne na [[deachtóireacht]]a pm, a bhí i réim ag an am sin. Agus é ina ard-rúnaí ar [[Ceardchumann|Cheardchumann]] na nOibrithe Miotail in São Bernardo do Campo, cathair thionsclaíoch i mór-réigiún São Paulo, bhí sé i gceannas ar shraith [[stailc]]<nowiki/>eanna ollmhóra a rinne dochar mór millteach d’eacnamaíocht na Brasaíle ar fad – ceann de na cúiseanna gur tháinig deireadh, sa bhliain 1985, le réimeas na nginearál.<ref name=":0" /> Bhunaigh Lula agus daoine eile Páirtí na nOibrithe (nó an 'PT') sa bhliain 1980. Bhí Lula ina uachtarán ar an bpáirtí ó na 1980idí ar aghaidh.<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Workers' Party (Brazil)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_Party_(Brazil)&oldid=1119417545|journal=Wikipedia|date=2022-11-01|language=en}}</ref> [[Íomhá:President Lula and Marisa.jpg|clé|mion|Lula agus a bhean, Marisa Letícia, sa bhliain 2003]] === Uachtaránacht 2003-2011 === In 2002, tar éis gur theip air faoi thrí, toghadh é ina uachtarán ar an mBrasaíl den chéad uair agus atoghadh é in 2006. Bhí Lula ina uachtarán ar an mBrasaíl idir an 1 Eanáir 2003 agus an 1 Eanáir 2011. Tháinig feabhas mór millteach ar chaighdeán saoil na cosmhuintire agus na meánaicme araon. Thug a chuid polasaithe sóisialta dhá scór milliún duine slán ón mbochtanas, tháinig deireadh leis an ocras agus tháinig fás as cuimse ar an meánaicme.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Scannal ==== Le linn do Lula a bheith i gceannas ar an mBrasaíl, tharla an scannal calaoise is mó riamh i stair na tíre sin: scéim cheannaithe vótaí a cuireadh ar bun d’fhonn a chinntiú go dtabharfadh ionadaithe páirtithe eile i gcomhrialtas Lula tacaíocht do pholasaithe Pháirtí na nOibrithe. Shéan Lula i gcónaí go raibh sé féin ar an eolas faoin scéim sin agus cé gur cuireadh ar neamhní téarma príosúin a gearradh air cúig bliana ó shin maidir le líomhaintí eile, lean boladh na caimiléireachta é féin agus Páirtí na nOibrithe ó shin. === As oifig, 2011-2022 === Táinsíodh comharba Lula, Dilma Rousseff, ar bhealach conspóideach sa bhliain 2016 agus tháinig Jair Bolsonaro chun cinn. Toghadh Bolsonaro in 2018 agus tá sé ina uachtarán ar an mBrasaíl ón 1 Eanáir 2019 i leith. Is é an chéad uair riamh é i stair na tíre nár atoghadh uachtarán don dara tréimhse, agus is dócha gur léargas ann féin an méid sin ar a oidhreacht. [[Íomhá:2022 - Convenção Nacional do PSB - Lula (cropped).jpg|clé|mion|2022: Lula ag an Convenção Nacional do PSB ]] === 2022 === Bhuaigh Lula an toghchán uachtaránachta arís ar [[31 Deireadh Fómhair]] [[2022]]. D'éirigh an Lúlach ina uachtarán ar an mBrasaíl den tríú huair, in aois 77 dó ag an am.<ref name=":0">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/tuairisc-on-mbrasail-la-eile-ag-an-lulach-agus-e-ina-uachtaran-don-triu-huair/|teideal=TUAIRISC ON mBRASAÍL: Lá eile ag an Lúlach agus na tinte ealaíne ag pléascadh os mo chionn…|údar=Alex Hijmans|dáta=31 Deireadh Fómhair 2022|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2022-10-31}}</ref> Fíorbheagán — 50.9% den vóta le hais 49.1% — a bhí idir é agus a chéile comhraic, [[Jair Bolsonaro]], [[pobalóir]] i bhfad amach ar an eite dheis.<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=An Bhrasaíl: Lula caithréimeach, Bolsonaro ciúin|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2022/1031/1332383-an-bhrasail-lula-caithreimeach-bolsanoro-ciuin/|date=2022-10-31|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> Ní raibh idir an bheirt iarrthóirí ach oiread na fríde: níos lú ná 2 mhilliún vótaí. === 2023 === Ar 2 Eanáir 2023, bhí Lula insealbhaithe mar uachtarán don dara huair. Go gairid ina dhiaidh, bunaíodh Roinn na bPobal Bundúchasach – roinn rialtais nach raibh a leithéid ann riamh cheana. Athsheoladh na scéime leasa shóisialta ''Bolso Família'' agus athsheoladh na scéime ''Mais Médicos'' (an aidhm aici líon na ndochtúirí sa Bhrasaíl a mhéadú faoi dhó).<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/tuairisc-on-mbrasail-100-la-caite-i-gcumhacht-ag-lula-ach-ni-feidir-le-daoine-picanha-a-cheannach-fos/|teideal=TUAIRISC ÓN mBRASAÍL: 100 lá caite i gcumhacht ag Lula ach ní féidir le daoine picanha a cheannach fós|údar=Alex Hijmans|dáta=12 Aibreán 2023|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2023-04-13}}</ref> == Féach freisin == * [[Olltoghchán na Brasaíle, 2022]] * [[Uachtarán na Brasaíle]] == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio}} [[Catagóir:Polaiteoirí na Brasaíle]] [[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1945]] [[Catagóir:Daoine beo]] [[Catagóir:Ceardchumannaithe]] [[Catagóir:Uachtaráin na Brasaíle]] [[Catagóir:Fir]] 6p0dfblnbkgem7ja2eo90ygk2pnhajz 0 8759 1330969 1330534 2026-10-29T22:53:02Z TGcoa 21229 1330969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} [[Ceoltóir]] agus léiritheoir ceoil [[Éire|Éireannach]] ba ea '''Donal Lunny''' (nó '''Dónal Lunny'''; [[10 Márta]] [[1947]] – [[23 Deireadh Fómhair]] [[2026]]).<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/donal-lunny-dublin-rathgar-646385|teideal=Fógra báis|údar=rip.ie|language=ga-IE|work=rip.ie|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> <ref name="IT">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/2026/10/23/tributes-paid-to-musician-donal-lunny-after-his-death-aged-79/|teideal=Tributes paid to musician Dónal Lunny after his death aged 79|údar=Ronan McGreevy|dáta=2026-10-23|language=en|work=The Irish Times|dátarochtana=2026-10-23}}</ref> Bhain sé cáil amach mar cheoltóir aonair agus leis na bannaí [[Planxty]], [[The Bothy Band]] agus [[Moving Hearts]].<ref name="RTÉ">{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Donal Lunny ar shlí na fírinne|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2026/1023/1596635-donal-lunny-ar-shli-na-firinne/|date=2026-10-23|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> Bhí sé ar dhuine de phríomhphearsana an cheoil thraidisiúnta in Éirinn ar feadh trí scór bliain, agus is mar sheinnteoir [[basúcaí]] is mó a bhí cáil air.<ref name="IT" /> [[Íomhá:Movinghearts.jpg|clé|mion|220x220px|Moving Hearts: an dara duine ón taobh clé]] [[Íomhá:Movinghearts-anoriant2008.png|clé|mion|321x321px|Lorient, 2008: [[An Fhéile Idirnáisiúnta Pan Cheilteach]]]] [[Íomhá:Donal_Lunny-www.TG4.ie-855950503_87dd5a3b7b.jpg|clé|mion|220x220px|Clár le [[TG4]]]] [[Íomhá:Lunny_irvine_o_flynn_glackin.jpg|clé|mion|220x220px|Donal Lunny, Andy Irvine, Liam Óg Ó Floinn agus Paddy Glackin ag Celtic Connections, [[Glaschú]], 31 Eanáir 2012]] [[Íomhá:Dónal_Lunny_Bristol_2012.jpg|clé|mion|220x220px|Dónal Lunny ag Bristol Folk Festival, 2012]] [[Íomhá:394-0149_donal-lunny_hinnerk-ruemenapf.jpg|clé|mion|315x315px|Craiceann Bodhrán Festival 2016, [[Inis Oírr]]]] == Tús a shaoil == Rugadh Lunny i [[Tulach Mhór|dTulach Mhór]] i [[Contae Uíbh Fhailí|gContae Uíbh Fhailí]]. B'as [[Rann na Feirste]] i nGaeltacht [[Contae Dhún na nGall|Dhún na nGall]] a mháthair, Mary Mhic Ruairí, nó Mary Mhaggie (Phadaí Fheidhlimigh Ó Gallchóir), agus b'as [[Inis Ceithleann]] i g[[Contae Fhear Manach|Contae Fhear Manach]] a athair, Frank Lunny.<ref name="RTÉ" /> Tógadh Lunny i dteaghlach mór, agus bhí triúr deartháireacha aige agus cúpla deirfiúr (4 nó 5).<ref name="RSVP2026">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rsvplive.ie/news/celebs/irish-musician-donal-lunny-died-37805040|teideal=Irish musician Donal Lunny has died aged 79|údar=Erica Carter|dáta=2026-10-23|language=en|work=RSVP Live|dátarochtana=2026-10-24}}</ref> Bhog an teaghlach go dtí [[Droichead Nua|an Droichead Nua]] i gContae Chill Dara nuair a bhí sé cúig bliana d'aois.<ref name="RTÉ" /> Chuir Lunny spéis sa [[Ceol|cheol]] ó bhí sé an-óg. Agus é ina dhéagóir, bhunaigh sé The Rakes of Kildare lena dheartháir ba shine, Frank, agus lena chomharsa [[Christy Moore]].<ref name="IT" /> Sheinn Lunny an [[giotár]], bhí Christy ag canadh agus sheinn Frank an [[feadóg stáin|fheadóg stáin]]. Nuair a bhí sé ina fhear óg, chuaigh Lunny go [[Baile Átha Cliath]] chun triail a bhaint as an dearadh grafach agus as an miotalóireacht. Bhuaigh sé dhá scoláireacht, agus rinne sé staidéar sa [[Coláiste Náisiúnta Ealaíne is Deartha|Choláiste Náisiúnta Ealaíne is Deartha]] ó 1965 go 1968. Ar feadh breis is dhá bhliain, rinne sé earraí airgid agus seodra i gceardlann a bhí aige i bpáirt leis an dealbhóir Vincent Browne. Níorbh fhada, áfach, gur thug sé é féin go hiomlán don cheol.<ref name="RSVP2026" /> == Gairm == Ba leis an ngrúpa [[Emmet Spiceland]], grúpa bailéad ó dheireadh na 1960idí, a bhain sé a chéad rath amach, nuair a bhí ''Mary from Dungloe'' ag barr na gcairteacha in Éirinn.<ref name="IT" /><ref name="RTÉ" /> Is ó [[Andy Irvine]] a fuair sé an basúcaí, agus sa bhliain [[1970]] thosaigh an bheirt acu ag obair le chéile; spreagadh Lunny chun triail a bhaint as bealaí úra chun ceol Gaelach a sheinm.<ref name="IT" /> Sheinn Lunny le Christy Moore ar an albam ''[[Prosperous (albam)|Prosperous]]'', a taifeadadh in [[1971]]. Chruthaigh sé a stíl cheoil féin. Ó shin i leith, bhí baint aige le cuid mhór de na grúpaí agus de na ceoltóirí is cáiliúla in Éirinn. Tháinig bláth bán ar a bhuanna leis na grúpaí ba mhó tionchair in athbheochan an cheoil thraidisiúnta sna 1970idí agus sna 1980idí – Planxty, The Bothy Band agus Moving Hearts.<ref name="RTÉ" /> In [[1972]], cuireadh an grúpa [[Planxty]] le chéile: Donal Lunny, Andy Irvine, Christy Moore agus [[Liam Óg Ó Floinn]].<ref name="IT" /> Bhí an-cháil ar an ngrúpa ar feadh na mblianta agus mheall siad na sluaite chun an cheoil in Éirinn agus thar lear. D'fhág Lunny an grúpa sa bhliain 1974, cé go raibh baint aige le léiriú a gcuid ceirníní go fóill.<ref name="IT" /> Timpeall an ama chéanna, tháinig grúpa ceoltóirí le chéile chun comóradh 21 bliain a dhéanamh ar Cheirníní [[Gael Linn|Ghael Linn]]: seachtar de na ceoltóirí ab fhearr sa tír ag an am. Tugadh [[The Bothy Band]] orthu agus chuaigh a gcáil ar fud an domhain; sheinn Lunny an giotár agus an basúcaí leo.<ref name="IT" /> Bhunaigh Lunny lipéad ceoil ar leith, Mulligan, chun ceirníní an ghrúpa a eisiúint, agus bhí a sheinm ar an mbasúcaí le cloisteáil go binn orthu. Ba é tionlacan docht, dearfa Lunny a thiomáin fuaim an Bothy Band – fuaim a mhúscail na seachtóidí as a suan. Ó 1975 go 1979, d'aimsigh an grúpa cur chuige úrnua don cheol Gaelach agus do na grúpaí a tháinig ina dhiaidh.<ref name="RTÉ" /> Ansin thosaigh Lunny ag seinm le [[Kevin Burke]] agus Midnight Well. Ó [[1977]] i leith, bhí sé páirteach le go leor grúpaí agus ceoltóirí aonair eile. Bhí a thionchar le haithint ar na ceirníní iomadúla a léirigh sé ar feadh na mblianta. Tháinig deireadh leis an Bothy Band sa bhliain [[1979]]. Ach ansin tháinig Planxty le chéile arís agus rinneadh trí cheirnín eile (ina measc ceirnín speisialta chun cabhair a thabhairt do na [[Stailc ocrais 1981|stailceoirí ocrais]] in [[1980]]–[[1981]]). Sa bhliain [[1981]], bhunaigh Lunny agus Christy Moore [[Moving Hearts]] (1981–1985) in éineacht leis an bpíobaire Davy Spillane.<ref name="IT" /> Grúpa eile ba ea é a raibh an-cháil air agus an-tionchar aige ar fhorbairt an cheoil in Éirinn. Bhain níos mó polaitíochta le hamhráin an ghrúpa seo, agus chuir siad rithimí an rac-cheoil leis an gceol traidisiúnta.<ref name="IT" /> Le Moving Hearts, chuir Lunny [[Píoba uilleann|an phíb uilleann]] agus an sacsafón le huirlisí eile ar nós an ghiotáir, an mhéarchláir, an doird agus na ndrumaí. Pósadh gléigeal a bhí ann idir an traidisiún Gaelach, an [[snagcheol]] agus an [[rac-cheol]], agus ba é Lunny a d'fhigh le chéile iad.<ref name="RTÉ" /> Breathnaíodh ar Lunny mar phríomhoirfideach agus mar mháistir an bhasúcaí. Rinneadh basúcaí nua go speisialta dó, le bolg cothrom agus muineál níos giorra: bhain sé [[an Ghréig]] as bunainm na huirlise agus chuir sé Cill Dara agus Éire ina háit.<ref name="RTÉ" /> Tar éis do Moving Hearts scaipeadh in 1985, dhírigh Lunny ar a chuid oibre mar léiritheoir, ar a lipéad féin, Mulligan, agus ar a ghrúpa féin, Coolfin.<ref name="IT" /><ref name="RTÉ" /> Bhí sé ina léiritheoir agus ina stiúrthóir ceoil ar fhuaimrian ''Bringing It All Back Home'' (1990), sraith faisnéise cúig chlár de chuid an BBC faoi thionchar an cheoil Éireannaigh ar fud an domhain.<ref name="IT" /> In 1996, chuir sé i láthair an chéad mhórshraith ceoil ar [[TG4|Theilifís na Gaeilge]], ''Sult''.<ref name="RTÉ" /> Léirigh sé na céadta albam, agus tá lorg a láimhe le sonrú ar an iliomad tograí ceoil.<ref name="RTÉ" /> Mar shampla, léirigh sé albaim do [[Paul Brady]], [[Elvis Costello]], Indigo Girls, [[Maighread Ní Dhomhnaill]]<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.beo.ie/alt-maighread-ni-dhomhnaill.aspx|teideal=Maighread Ní Dhomhnaill|údar=Éamonn Ó Dónaill|dáta=Iúil 2007|language=ga-IE|work=Beo!|dátarochtana=2026-10-24}}</ref> agus [[Sinéad O'Connor]], i measc daoine eile.<ref name="IT" /> Sheinn sé agus chum sé ceol le cuid de na ceoltóirí ba cháiliúla ar domhan, ar nós [[Van Morrison]], Mark Knopfler, [[Kate Bush]], [[U2]] agus [[Rod Stewart]].<ref name="RTÉ" /><ref name="RSVP2026" /> Bhí Christy Moore féin, [[Clannad]], Planxty, [[Altan]] agus mórán ealaíontóirí traidisiúnta eile faoi chomaoin mhór aige de bharr a ndearna sé chun a gcuid ceoil a chur os comhair an tsaoil mhóir. Chum Lunny ceol don amharclann freisin, d'[[Amharclann na Mainistreach]] agus do chomhlacht amharclainne Field Day ina measc, agus scóir do dhrámaí agus do chláir faisnéise teilifíse de chuid [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]], an [[BBC]] agus [[Channel 4]]. Chum sé ceol scannáin chomh maith, mar shampla do ''This Is My Father'' (1998), ina raibh [[Aidan Quinn]] agus [[James Caan]] i measc na n-aisteoirí.<ref name="RSVP2023">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rsvplive.ie/news/dnal-lunnys-family-life-career-30583464|teideal=Dónal Lunny's family life, career and relationship with Sinead O'Connor|údar=Tara McCormack|dáta=2023-07-29|language=en|work=RSVP Live|dátarochtana=2026-10-24}}</ref> Toghadh é ina bhall d'[[Aosdána]] ar [[8 Feabhra]] 2006.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2006/0209/406227-aosdana/|teideal=Dónal Lunny, Eugene McCabe elected to Aosdána|dáta=2006-02-09|language=en|work=RTÉ|dátarochtana=2026-10-24}} Deir ''The Irish Times'' (23 Deireadh Fómhair 2026) gur sa bhliain 2007 a toghadh é, ach is í seo an tuairisc a foilsíodh an lá i ndiaidh an toghcháin.</ref> In 2017, chuir Lunny an clár ''Geantraí'' i láthair óna bhaile féin, an Droichead Nua, i gContae Chill Dara – an bhliain chéanna a bhronn [[TG4]] Gradam Saoil air.<ref name="RTÉ" /><ref name="IT" /> Sa bhliain 2025, bronnadh gradam saoil air ag RTÉ Radio 1 Folk Awards, agus i mí Eanáir 2026 ba é an chéad duine é a cuireadh isteach sa Trad Music Hall of Fame.<ref name="IT" /> == Saol pearsanta == * Bhí mac, Oisín, ag Lunny lena chéad bhean chéile, Judy Slott.<ref name="IT" /> * Bhí iníon aige sna 1980idí, Cora Venus Lunny, leis an ngrianghrafadóir Gearmánach Julia Buthe. Is ceoltóir í Cora, mar atá Oisín.<ref name="IT" /> * Phós sé an ceoltóir Seapánach Itami Hideko in 2002, agus bhí iníon acu, Sola.<ref name="RSVP2026" /> * Bhí mac aige leis an amhránaí [[Sinéad O'Connor]], Shane O'Connor, a rugadh sa bhliain 2004.<ref name="RSVP2026" /> Chuir Shane lámh ina bhás féin in 2022, agus é seacht mbliana déag d'aois.<ref name="InTime">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/tv-radio/2026/08/10/in-time-donal-lunny-review-intense-portrait-of-an-enigmatic-folk-artist-waylaid-by-tragedy/|teideal=In Time – Dónal Lunny review: Intense portrait of an enigmatic folk artist waylaid by tragedy|údar=Ed Power|dáta=2026-08-10|language=en|work=The Irish Times|dátarochtana=2026-10-24}}</ref> * Fágann Lunny a pháirtí Úna Ní Bhaoighill ina dhiaidh. === Bás === Fuair Lunny bás d'ailse in [[Ospidéal San Séamas]], [[Baile Átha Cliath]], maidin Dé hAoine, 23 Deireadh Fómhair 2026, agus é naoi mbliana is seachtó d'aois.<ref name="IT" /> Dúirt an [[Taoiseach]], [[Micheál Martin]], gur "fathach de chuid cheol na hÉireann" a bhí ann.<ref>"''A colossus of Irish music, as a performer, songwriter and producer.''" — Micheál Martin, luaite in: {{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/2026/10/23/tributes-paid-to-musician-donal-lunny-after-his-death-aged-79/|teideal=Tributes paid to musician Dónal Lunny after his death aged 79|údar=Ronan McGreevy|dáta=2026-10-23|language=en|work=The Irish Times|dátarochtana=2026-10-23}}</ref> == Dioscliosta == Seo a leanas na príomhcheirníní a raibh baint ag Lunny leo.<ref name="enwiki">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B3nal_Lunny#Discography|teideal=Dónal Lunny – Discography|language=en|work=Wikipedia|dátarochtana=2026-10-24}}</ref> {{Col-begin|style=color:inherit;}} {{Col-2}} ;Albaim aonair * ''Dónal Lunny'' (1987), Gael Linn, CEFCD133 * ''Coolfin'' (1998) * ''Journey: The Best of Dónal Lunny'' (2001) ;Le Christy Moore * ''Prosperous'' (1972) * ''Christy Moore'' (1976) * ''Whatever Tickles Your Fancy'' (1976) * ''Live in Dublin'' (1978) * ''AntiNuclear'' (1979), ar na hamhráin "People Will Die" agus "Trip to Carnsore" * ''H-Block'' (1980) * ''Christy Moore and Friends'' (1981) * ''The Time Has Come'' (1983) * ''Ride On'' (1984) * ''The Spirit of Freedom'' (1985) * ''Ordinary Man'' (1985) * ''Unfinished Revolution'' (1987) * ''Voyage'' (1989) ;Le Planxty * ''Planxty'' (1973) * ''The Well Below the Valley'' (1973) * ''Cold Blow and the Rainy Night'' (1974) * ''After the Break'' (1979, 1992) * ''The Woman I Loved So Well'' (1980, 1992) * "Timedance" (1981), ceirnín 12 orlach (30 cm) * ''Words & Music'' (1983) * ''Arís!'' (1984) * ''Live 2004'' (2004), CD agus DVD * ''Between the Jigs and the Reels: A Retrospective'' (2016), CD agus DVD ;Le hAndy Irvine agus Paul Brady * ''Andy Irvine/Paul Brady'' (1976) * ''Welcome Here Kind Stranger'' (1978) * ''Andy Irvine/70th Birthday Concert at Vicar St 2012'' (2014) ;Le Mozaik * ''Live from the Powerhouse'' (2004) * ''Changing Trains'' (2007) * ''The Long and the Short of It'' (2019) ;Le hUsher's Island * ''Usher's Island'' (2017) {{Col-2}} ;Le The Bothy Band * ''1975'' (1975) * ''Old Hag You Have Killed Me'' (1976) * ''Out of the Wind, Into the Sun'' (1977, 1985) * ''After Hours (Live in Paris)'' (1978, 1984) * ''Live in Concert'' (1994) ;Le Moving Hearts * ''Moving Hearts'' (1982) * ''Dark End of the Street'' (1982) * ''Live Hearts'' (1984) * ''The Storm'' (1985) * ''Live in Dublin'' (2008) ;Le ceoltóirí eile * ''Celtic Folkweave'' le Mick Hanly agus [[Mícheál Ó Domhnaill]] (1974) * ''Matt Molloy with Donal Lunny'' le Matt Molloy (1976), Green Linnet, GLCD3008 * ''Patrick Street'' le Patrick Street (1986), Green Linnet, GLCD1071 * ''Altan'' le Frankie Kennedy agus [[Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh]] (1987), Green Linnet, GLCD1078 * ''The Rough Guide to Irish Music'' le ceoltóirí éagsúla (1996) * ''Idir an Dá Sholas'' le [[Maighread Ní Dhomhnaill|Maighread]] agus [[Tríona Ní Dhomhnaill]] (1999) * ''Marginal Moon'' le Soul Flower Union (1999), eisithe sa tSeapáin * ''Hey-Ho Believe'' le Jimmy MacCarthy (2010) ;Mar aoi * ''Midnight Well'' le Midnight Well (1976), Mulligan * "Night of the Swallow" le [[Kate Bush]] (1981) * ''No Frontiers'' le [[Mary Black]] (1989), Dara * ''Golden Heart'' le Mark Knopfler (1996) * ''Sean-Nós Nua'' le [[Sinéad O'Connor]] (2002), Hummingbird Records * ''Tráthnóna Beag Aréir'' le [[Albert Fry]] (2008), Gael Linn * ''[[Imeall]]'' le Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh (2008), Moon * ''Ceol Cheann Dubhrann'' le ceoltóirí éagsúla (2009) {{Col-end}} == Scannánliosta == * ''Sult le Dónal Lunny'' (dhá shraith: 1996 agus 1997), Hummingbird Productions do [[TG4|Theilifís na Gaeilge]]<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://itmacatalogues.ie/Portal/Default/en-GB/RecordView/Index/19342|teideal=Sult le Dónal Lunny, Series 1|language=en|work=Irish Traditional Music Archive|dátarochtana=2026-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://itmacatalogues.ie/Portal/Default/en-GB/RecordView/Index/19355|teideal=Sult le Dónal Lunny, Series 2|language=en|work=Irish Traditional Music Archive|dátarochtana=2026-10-24}}</ref> * ''Planxty Live 2004'' (2004), DVD * ''Transatlantic Sessions'', sraith 3 (2007), DVD * ''Moving Hearts Live in Dublin'' (2008), DVD * ''Andy Irvine 70th Birthday Concert at Vicar St 2012'' (2014), DVD * ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EtvB0cz6xA Mozaik on Tour 2014]'' (2014), físeán YouTube == Féach freisin == * [[Planxty]] * [[The Bothy Band]] * [[Christy Moore]] * [[Liam Ó Floinn]] * [[Ceol traidisiúnta na hÉireann]] == Naisc sheachtracha == * [https://www.donallunny.com/ Suíomh oifigiúil] * [http://www.xs4all.nl/~hspeek/bouzouki/lunny.html Liosta de na grúpaí agus na ceirníní, chomh maith leis na cláir theilifíse a rinne Donal Lunny] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qW1qEu-iGpY Donal Lunny i g''Cúirt an Mheán Oíche''], ó [[1985]] ar [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]] (le haisteoirí ó [[Amharclann na Mainistreach]]). == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lunny, Dónal}} [[Catagóir:Ceoltóirí Éireannacha]] [[Catagóir:Ceoltóirí traidisiúnta na hÉireann]] [[Catagóir:Léiritheoirí ceirníní Éireannacha]] [[Catagóir:Baill d'Aosdána]] [[Catagóir:Daoine as Contae Chill Dara]] [[Catagóir:Daoine as Contae Uíbh Fhailí]] [[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1947]] [[Catagóir:Básanna in 2026]] ohxg4mha38w01b7r2l4gl4saozn1jvl 0 8793 1330984 1323737 2026-10-30T10:12:24Z InternetArchiveBot 47196 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1330984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}} Is í '''Inis Ceithleann''' (''Enniskillen'') an príomhbhaile atá i g[[Contae Fhear Manach]].<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://enniskillen.com/|teideal=Enniskillen, County Town for Fermanagh : Enniskillen.com for information on Towns & Villages in Fermanagh|language=en-US|dátarochtana=2019-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Enniskillen|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enniskillen&oldid=928373589|journal=Wikipedia|date=2019-11-28|language=en}}</ref> Is baile agus paróiste sibhialta í Inis Ceithleann i dTuaisceart Éireann. Tá sé suite go díreach i lár an chontae, idir na codanna uachtaracha agus íochtaracha de Loch Éirne. == Stair agus áiteanna stairiúla == Ar an [[8 Samhain]] [[1987]], ag 10:43 AM, phléasc [[buama]] [[An tIRA Sealadach|IRA]].<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Remembrance Day bombing|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remembrance_Day_bombing&oldid=925142944|journal=Wikipedia|date=2019-11-08|language=en}}</ref> Tugtar '[[Ár Lá Cuimhneacháin (1987)|Ár Lá Cuimhneacháin]]' nó '[[Buamáil Lá Cuimhneacháin, 1987|Buamáil Lá Cuimhneacháin]]' air. Maraíodh aon duine dhéag agus gortaíodh trí scór. Bhí searmanas comórtha ar siúl. Dúirt an IRA níos déanaí gur 'botún' a bhí ann. Phléasc an buama in aice le cuimhneachán cogaidh an bhaile le linn searmanas Dé Domhnaigh. {{Main|Ár Lá Cuimhneacháin (1987)}} === Caisleán Inis Ceithleann === Tógadh [https://www.enniskillencastle.co.uk/ Caisleán Inis Ceithleann], atá suite in aice le hAbhainn an Éirne i gContae Fhear Manach, sa 16ú haois.<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Enniskillen Castle|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enniskillen_Castle&oldid=1116943810|journal=Wikipedia|date=2022-10-19|language=en}}</ref> [[Íomhá:Enniskillen Castle 01.jpg|mion|Caisleán Inis Ceithleann|alt=]]Is é an Caisleán an foirgneamh is sine sa bhaile.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.enniskillencastle.co.uk/|teideal=Enniskillen Castle Museums|údar=enniskillencastle.co.uk|work=www.enniskillencastle.co.uk|dátarochtana=2019-12-05}}</ref> === Uaimheanna Marble Arch === Tá <u>''[https://enniskillen.com/portfolio/marble-arch-caves/ Uaimheanna Marble Arch]''</u> ar cheann de na pluaiseanna is fearr san Eoraip.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://enniskillen.com/portfolio/marble-arch-caves/|teideal=Marble Arch Caves|language=en-US|work=Enniskillen.com|dátarochtana=2019-12-05}}</ref> == Spórt == === '''Peil''' === Tá dá fhoireann ann: 'Enniskillen Rangers' agus 'Enniskillen Town United F.C'.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/enniskillen-rangers-fc/19122/|teideal=Enniskillen Rangers FC - Soccer - Team Profile - Results, fixtures, squad, statistics - Global Sports Archive|work=globalsportsarchive.com|dátarochtana=2019-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205200628/https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/enniskillen-rangers-fc/19122/|archivedate=2019-12-05}}</ref> ==='''An pheil ghaelach'''=== Bunaíodh an club Cumann Lúthchleas Gael I 1927. Imríonn siad i bPáirc Brewster, Inis Ceithleann. ==='''Rugbaí'''=== Bunaíodh an club rugbaí<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.enniskillenrfc.com/|teideal=Enniskillen R.F.C.|work=www.enniskillenrfc.com|dátarochtana=2022-11-08}}</ref> an 28 Lúnasa 1925, nuair a d'fhreastail 37 ar chruinniú sa Halla Bhaile. Ghlac an club nua le rialacha Ollscoil Bhaile Átha Cliath. Imríodh an chéad chluiche ar 30 Meán Fómhair 1925 i gcoinne Bhéal Átha Seanaidh i gContae Dhún na nGall. Faoi láthair, cuireann an club 4 fhoireann fear chun páirce, foireann ban sinsearach, agus raon d'fhoirne óige. Bhuaigh Enniskillen XV Corn na gCailte Uladh sa bhliain 2018/19. Tá an fhoireann ag imirt faoi láthair i Roinn 1, Craobh Rugbaí Uladh Kukri. [[Íomhá:Enniskillen from the air at 2000ft - geograph.org.uk - 611018.jpg|mionsamhail|Inis Ceithleann|alt=]] == Daoine cáiliúla == * [[Samuel Beckett]], drámadóir, a fuair oideachas i Scoil Ríoga Portora. * Denis Burkitt, FRS, máinlia agus eipidéimeolaí. * Declan Burns, lúthchleasaí cadhcála Éireannach, ionadaí trí uaire Oilimpeacha na hÉireann agus iar-Superstars Domhanda * Roy Carroll, cúl báire a imríonn ar Lin. F.C. agus ar chuir Tuaisceart Éireann teorainn leis. * Adrian Dunbar, aisteoir, a rugadh agus a tógadh i Inis Ceithleann. * Claire Falconer, aisteoir agus péintéir. * Gordon Wilson, feachtasóir síochána agus seanadóir na hÉireann. * Joan Trimble, pianódóir agus cumadóir * William Scott, ealaíontóir * Frank Ormsby, file * Seán Quinn, fiontraí agus fear is saibhre in Éirinn roimhe seo (ó Dhoirelin ó dhúchas) * Ciarán McMenamin, aisteoir teilifíse * Lisa McHugh, amhránaí; rugadh sí i nGlaschú, Albain, bhog sí go hInis Ceithleann mar dhuine fásta. == Oideachas == Tá go leor scoileanna agus coláistí in Inis Ceithleann agus sa cheantar máguaird, ón mbunleibhéal go dtí an dara leibhéal, lena n-áirítear roinnt coláistí breisoideachais ar nós an choláiste theicniúil. Tá a lán bunscoileanna, mar shampla, Bunscoil Chomhtháite an Éirne, Múnla bunscoil, Bunscoil na Tríonóide Naofa, Bunscoil Chuimhneacháin Jones agus Bunscoil Mhuileann na Sléibhe. Tá a lán meánscoileanna; Coláiste Comhtháite an Éirne, Coláiste Devenish, Scoil Gramadaí Ríoga Inis Ceithleann, Mount Lourdes Inis Ceithleann; scoil ghramadaí do na cailíní, Coláiste Mhichíl; scoil ghramadaí do na mbuachaillí, Coláiste Naomh Fanchea agus Coláiste Naomh Seosamh. Tá dhá choláiste in Inis Ceithleann. Tá Campas Inis Ceithleann an Choláiste Talmhaíochta, Bia agus Fhiontair Thuaithe (CAFRE), Campas Inis Ceithleann Coláiste an Iardheiscirt.<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Category:Secondary schools in County Fermanagh|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Secondary_schools_in_County_Fermanagh&oldid=840174527|journal=Wikipedia|date=2018-05-08|language=en}}</ref> == Taisteal == === An t-Iarnród === Osclaíodh iarnród idir Inis Ceithleann agus Doire, 1854, Dún Dealgan, 1861, Bun Dobhráin, 1868 agus Sligeach, 1882. '''Bus''' Reáchtálann Ulsterbus busanna Goldline Uimhir 261, 261b agus X261 ó Bhéal Feirste go hInis Ceithleann, agus Bus Éireann Bealach 30 ó Dhún na nGall go h[[Aerfort Bhaile Átha Cliath]] / Cathair Bhaile Átha Cliath trí Inis Ceithleann. ===Bóithre=== Tá an baile ar phríomhbhealach A4 / N16, a nascann Béal Feirste agus Sligeach, agus ar an bpríomhbhealach idir Baile Átha Cliath agus Béal Átha Seanaidh, an N3 / A46 / A509. ==Féach freisin== * [[Ár Lá Cuimhneacháin (1987)]] == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} [[Catagóir:Bailte i gContae Fhear Manach]] [[Catagóir:Bailte le ardeaglaisí in Éirinn]] [[Catagóir:Bailte contae i dTuaisceart Éireann]] hdcucfep4ggpi9p1zie1qxoybkroxbt 0 9871 1330966 1262284 2026-10-29T21:33:46Z InternetArchiveBot 47196 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1330966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}} Is é '''Cathair Eoin''' ([[Béarla]]: City of St. John's) príomhchathair chúige [[Talamh an Éisc|Thalamh an Éisc]] agus [[Labradar]]. Dar le daonaireamh na bliana 2006, tá 100,646 duine ina gcónaí ann, agus 181,113 sa cheantar uirbeach. Is é Cathair Eoin an chathair is mó i d[[Talamh an Éisc agus Labradar]], agus an chathair is sine i g[[Ceanada]]. Tá Baile Eoin suite ar [[Leithinis Avalon]]. === Stair === Rinne na heitleoirí Briotanacha [[John William Alcock|John Alcock]] agus [[Arthur Whitten Brown|Arthur Brown]] an chéad eitilt thrasatlantach gan stad ar an 14 go 15 Meitheamh 1919.. D'eitil siad ó 'Lester's Field',<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nfldherald.com/taking-off-from-the-rock/|teideal=Taking Off From the Rock – Newfoundland Herald|údar=nfldherald.com|dáta=2019-06-20|work=web.archive.org|dátarochtana=2022-06-15|archivedate=2019-06-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620154419/https://nfldherald.com/taking-off-from-the-rock/}}</ref><ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/130+Blackmarsh+Rd,+St.+John%27s,+NL+A1E+1S8,+Canada/@47.5478733,-52.7363607,17z/am=t/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x4b0ca30dfa6d70ad:0x845cb04ba4d4a346!8m2!3d47.5481751!4d-52.7368546?shorturl=1&hl=en|teideal=· 130 Blackmarsh Rd, St. John's, NL A1E 1S8, Canada|údar=Inniu, cúinne Sráid Albany agus Bóthar Blackmarsh|dáta=2022|language=en|work=Google maps|dátarochtana=2022-06-15}}</ref> ar 14 Meitheamh ag 1:45 p.m. == Cathair chúplach == * [[Port Láirge]], [[Poblacht na hÉireann|Éire]] == Féach freisin == * [[Eitilt thrasatlantach Alcock agus Brown]] == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} == Naisc sheachtracha == {{commons|St. John's|Baile Sheáin}} * [http://www.stjohns.ca Cathair Eoin] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130602061322/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/early.html Scéimeanna réitigh Sean-Thalaimh an Éisc] * [http://www.vinlandphotography.com Cathair Eoin :Grianghrafanna ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416035615/http://vinlandphotography.com/ |date=2018-04-16 }} * [http://www.stjohns.ecanuck.com Cathair Eoin agus a Cheantar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820091039/http://www.stjohns.ecanuck.com/ |date=2008-08-20 }} {{stumpa}} [[Catagóir:Cathracha Cheanada]] 66tv1p9r2xl3i978zrtsv379oy98b9d 0 11747 1330982 1328314 2026-10-30T09:06:38Z InternetArchiveBot 47196 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1330982 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Íomhá:Google 2015 logo.svg|mion|Lógó Google, in úsáid ó bhí 2015 ann]] Is é '''Google LLC''', nó '''Google''' mar a thugtar air de ghnáth, an comhlacht [[Ríomhaire|ríomhaireachta]] is mó ar domhan atá dírithe ar an iliomad réimsí, an teicneolaíocht faisnéise, fógraíocht ar líne, teicneolaíocht innill chuardaigh, seirbhísí ríomhphoist, néalríomhaireacht, leictronaic do thomhaltóirí agus an intleacht shaorga ina measc. [[Íomhá:Googleplex HQ (cropped).jpg|mion|Ceanncheathrú Google, ar a dtugtar "''the Googleplex''"]] Tá é mar aidhm ag an chomhlacht eagar a chur ar eolas, agus é a chur ar fáil ar gach duine.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.pressreader.com/ireland/irish-independent-seachtain/20141217/281715497961280|teideal=PressReader - Irish Independent - Seachtain: 2014-12-17 - Gmail ar fáil as Gaeilge...|dáta=2018-12-01|work=web.archive.org|dátarochtana=2023-03-02|archivedate=2018-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201152446/https://www.pressreader.com/ireland/irish-independent-seachtain/20141217/281715497961280}}</ref> Láimhseálann Google níos mó ná 70 faoin gcéad d’iarrataí cuardaigh ar líne ar fud an domhain, agus é á chur i gcroílár eispéireas fhormhór na n-úsáideoirí Idirlín. Tá a cheanncheathrú i Mountain View, [[California]].<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://prosperitymedia.com.au/21-mind-boggling-google-facts/|teideal=“Google” Facts|údar=James Norquay|language=en-AU|work=|dátarochtana=2021-10-22}}</ref> Is é mana neamhoifigiúil an chomhlachta "''Don't be evil''". I measc innill chuardaigh an idirlín, is é Google an fathach<ref>L. 32 http://belfastmediagroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Barr50_06.pdf{{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>.Tá a chuid seirbhísí le fáil i níos mó ná 90 teanga, [[Gaeilge|an Ghaeilge]] ina measc (féach ar [http://www.google.com/language_tools?hl=ga Uirlisí Teanga Google],). == Bunús == Bhunaigh Sergey Brin agus Larry Page Google ar an 4 Meán Fómhair 1998<ref>http://www.beo.ie/alt-tri-bliana-deag-i-gcumhacht.aspx</ref> nuair a bhí an bheirt ag freastal ar an [[ollscoil]] i [[Ollscoil|Stanford]], [[California]]. Cé gur thosaigh an comhlacht ar an 4 Meán Fómhair, bíonn lá breithe ann gach bliain ar an 27 Meán Fómhair.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brin|first=Sergey|author-link=Sergey Brin|last2=Page|first2=Lawrence|author-link2=Larry Page|year=1998|title=The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine|url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf|journal=Computer Networks and ISDN Systems|volume=30|issue=1–7|pages=107–117|citeseerx=10.1.1.115.5930|doi=10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927004511/http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf |date=2015-09-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Barroso|first=L.A.|last2=Dean|first2=J.|last3=Holzle|first3=U.|date=April 29, 2003|title=Web search for a planet: the google cluster architecture|journal=IEEE Micro|volume=23|issue=2|pages=22–28|doi=10.1109/mm.2003.1196112|quote=We believe that the best price/performance tradeoff for our applications comes from fashioning a reliable computing infrastructure from clusters of unreliable commodity PCs.|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8db8e53c92af2f97974707119525aa089f6ed53a}}</ref> Tá ceanncheathrú domhanda Google lonnaithe in California, agus tá a cheanncheathrú Eorpach i mBaile Átha Cliath. [[Íomhá:Google's HQ in Dublin, Ireland (Unsplash).jpg|clé|mion|Ceanncheathrú Eorpach Google i mBaile Átha Cliath]] == Conspóidí == An [[27 Meitheamh]] [[2017]], ghearr [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] fíneáil €2.42 billiún ar Google as mí-úsáid a bhaint as a cheannasacht sa mhargadh<ref>{{Lua idirlín |url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history/2010-today/2017_ga |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2017-12-17 |archivedate=2018-06-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621093506/https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history/2010-today/2017_ga }}</ref>. Líomhain an Coimisiún Eorpach gur thug Google tús áite a thabhairt dá sheirbhís comparáide praghsanna féin sna torthaí cuardaigh ar Google, agus gur thug sé céim níos ísle do sheirbhísí a iomaitheoirí. [[Íomhá:Google Complex (1) - geograph.org.uk - 1010392.jpg|clé|mion|Sráid Barrow, BÁC]] == Google Images == An 23 Feabhra, ag [[Gradam Grammy|Duaiseanna Grammy]] na bliana 2000 chaith an t-amhránaí agus aisteoir [[Jennifer Lopez]] gúna glas [[Versace]]. De shíoda chiffon a bhí sé déanta agus bhí duilleoga tropaiceacha agus bambú priontáilte air. Bhí com an ghúna maisithe le tópáis bhréige, agus bhí muineál an ghúna an-íseal go deo. Arsa [[Eric Schmidt]], iar-phríomhfheidhmeannach Google. "Tar éis an tsaoil theastaigh níos mó ná téacs ó dhaoine. Ba léir seo den chéad uair tar éis Dhuaiseanna Grammy 2000, nuair a chaith Jennifer Lopez gúna glas, bhuel, a mheall aird an domhain mhóir. Ag an am, ba é an cheist chuardaigh ba mhó í a bhí feicthe againn riamh. Ach ní raibh aon bhealach cinnte againn leis an rud díreach a theastaigh ó úsáideoirí a thabhairt dóibh. Jlo sa ghúna glas sin. Ba as sin a tháinig Google Image Search.'' D’fhorbair [[Susan Wotchitski]], Príomhfheidhmeannach [[YouTube]] ina dhiaidh sin, agus an t-innealtóir [[Huican Zhu]] inneall cuardaigh nua do phictiúir, agus seoladh é in Iúil 2001. Tá an gúna úd fós á chuardach ag daoine ar google. == Google in Éirinn == D'oscail Google oifig in [[Éirinn]] in 2003, agus tháinig fás rábach ar an chomhlacht in Éirinn idir 2011 agus 2014. Tá ceanncheathrú Eorpach Google lonnaithe i m[[Baile Átha Cliath]]. Tá leathanach baile, torthaí cuardaigh agus seirbhís ríomhphoist Google ar fáil go hiomlán i nGaeilge. Ag tús na bliana 2023, bhí 5,500 duine fostaithe ag Google in Éirinn.<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Google le 240 oibrí in Éirinn a ligean chun siúil|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2023/0222/1358147-google-le-240-oibri-in-eirinn-a-ligean-chun-siuil/|date=2023-02-22|language=ga-IE|author=Nuacht RTÉ}}</ref> == Naisc sheachtracha == * [https://abc.xyz/ Alphabet] - lárshuíomh oifigiúil * [http://www.google.ie/webhp?hl=ga www.google.ie] - suíomh Éireannach == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} [[Catagóir:Gréasán Domhanda]] [[Catagóir:Comhlachtaí ríomhaireachta]] [[Catagóir:Google| ]] [[Catagóir:Alphabet Inc.]] [[Catagóir:Comhlachtaí Meiriceánacha]] [[Catagóir:Láithreáin gréasáin]] 17i3ip7ztuy0x9gkpkh5egx3anpc4np 0 31593 1330972 1105911 2026-10-30T02:26:56Z InternetArchiveBot 47196 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1330972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{glanadh}} {{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}} Is cathair sa [[An tSile|tSile]] agus príomhchathair an [[Réigiún Biobío|réigiúin Biobío]] é '''Concepción'''. Sa bhliain 2006 bhí thart ar 250,000 daoine ina gcónaí sa chathair. == Stair == Bunaíodh Concepción sa bhliain [[1550]] ag [[Pedro de Valdivia]].<ref>Ida Stevenson Weldon Vernon, ''Pedro de Valdivia, Conquistador of Chile'', Greenwood Press (1969)</ref> == Íomhánna == <gallery perrow=4> Íomhá:Arco de Medicina UdeC.jpg|Arco de Medicina Íomhá:Ex Catedral de Concepción.jpg|Sean-ardeaglais Concepción. Leagadh í sa bhliain 1939 mar gheall ar dhamáiste on g[[crith talún]] sa bhliain chéanna. Íomhá:Flag of Concepcion, Chile.svg|Bratach Íomhá:Coat of arms of Concepcion, Chile.svg|Armas </gallery> == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} == Naisc sheachtracha == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100211124604/http://www.concepcion.cl/ Bardas Concepción] (Spáinnis) * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/130916/Concepcion Encyclopedia Britannica — Concepción] (Béarla) {{síol}} [[Catagóir:Cathracha na Sile]] 1alnzsut9lzu2a66ou92gimdtfkgo8w 0 31635 1330967 1282231 2026-10-29T21:36:37Z InternetArchiveBot 47196 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1330967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil|mapa_localitzador=Ballarat, Victoria.jpg}} [[Cathair (lonnaíocht)|Cathair]] i stát [[Victoria (An Astráil)|Victoria]] san Astráil is ea '''Ballarat'''. Tá sí suite ar mhachaire íochtarach an Ardáin Láir agus ar abhantrach [[Abhainn Yarrowee]]. Tá sí ar an gcathair intíre is mó san Astráil agus timpeall 96,000 duine ina gcónaí ann, daonra atá ag méadú i gcónaí.<ref>>'Ballarat population nears 10,000,' Jordan Oliver, ''The Courier'', 22 Aibreán 2010 [http://www.thecourier.com.au/news/local/news/general/ballarat-population-nears-100000/2142374.aspx]</ref> [[Archibald Yuille]], lonnaitheoir [[Albain|Albanach]], ba chúis le Ballarat a thabhairt ar an áit, ós eisean a thug an t-ainm ar réimse caorach dá chuid sa bhliain [[1837]].<ref>[http://www.ballaratreformleague.org.au/buninyong.htm Buninyong monument] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706124237/http://www.ballaratreformleague.org.au/buninyong.htm |date=2011-07-06 }}. Ballarat Reform League.</ref> Tagann an t-ainm ó "balla arat", fhocail ó theanga Bhundúchasach na [[Wathaurong]] a chiallaíonn "áit scíthe," más fíor. [[Íomhá:Poverty Point memorial.JPG|thumb|left|Plaic chuimhneacháin faoi nochtadh an óir ag Fód na hAinnise.]] Tháinig borradh suntasach faoin gcathair de bharr an óir a fuarthas ann sa [[19ú haois]]. Thángthas ar [[ór]] ag Fód na hAinnise (''Poverty Point'', a dtugtar ''Golden Point'' anois air) ar 18 Lúnasa 1851, agus ba ghearr go bhfuair siad amach gur cheantar glárach é arbh fhurasta ór a bhaint as. Tharraing an scéal na mílte as gach cearn agus a lán Éireannach san áireamh, agus i gceann bliana bhí baile mór san áit a mbíodh crainn agus caoirigh.<ref>Féach Bates, 1978.</ref> Tógadh an chéad mhuileann stampála san Astráil ann sa bhliain 1854. Lean imeachtaí eile an [[Mianadóireacht|mhianadóireacht]]. Tharla [[Éirí Amach Eureka]] (an t-aon éirí amach armtha i [[Stair na hAstráile|stair na tíre]]) ar [[3 Nollaig]] [[1854]] ag Síog Mhiandóireachta Eureka mar agóid i gcoinne chostas ard na gceadúnas [[Mianadóireacht|mianadóireachta]]. Eachtra í arb í siombail an [[Daonlathas|daonlathais]] san Astráil í ó shin i leith, agus tá bratach na hócáide ar caomhnú fós. I rith na ré céanna, sa bhliain 1857, leagadh amach Luibhghairdíní Ballarat, agus iad ar na luibhghairdíní is fearr sa tír.<ref>[http://www.nattrust.com.au/trust_register/search_the_register/ballarat_botanic_gardens BALLARAT BOTANIC GARDENS | National Trust of Australia (Victoria)]. Nattrust.com.au.</ref>Is cuid suntais é an méid dealbh atá iontu, agus sraith bustaí de [[Príomh-Aire na hAstráile|Phríomh-Airí]] na tíre ann chomh maith. Tá Her Majesty's ann, [[amharclann]] a tógadh sa bhliain 1875 agus í ar an gceann is buaine san Astráil,<ref>Freund, Peter & Sarah, Val: ''Her Maj: A History of Her Majesty's Theatre, Ballarat''. ISBN 978-0-9757483-1-2.</ref> agus an chéad [[réadlann]] bhardach san Astráil, a bunaíodh sa bhliain 1886.<ref>[http://observatory.ballarat.net Ballaarat Astronomical Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724201611/http://observatory.ballarat.net/ |date=2011-07-24 }}. Observatory.ballarat.net.</ref> Fógraíodh Ballarat ina chathair sa bhliain 1871, ach mheath a rath de bharr lagú a tháinig ar an mianadóireacht. Mar sin féin, tá tábhacht leis an tráchtáil agus leis an [[turasóireacht]] fós. == Stair == === Na Bundúchasaigh === Ba iad na Wathaurong, pobal Bundúchasach, an chéad chine a bhí ann. Timpeall sé dhíorma dhéag a bhí ag baint leis na Wathaurong, agus iad le fáil trí chuid mhaith de dheisceart Victoria. Tá a n-áiteanna cónaithe, a gcuid cairéal agus crainn ar baineadh roinnt coirte díobh le fáil timpeall Bhallarat.<ref>Morris, John (Ballarat Aboriginal Co-operative), 'Ballarat's Indigenous Heritage,' Research Notes for Secondary Schools': http://sheducationcom.ascetinteractive.biz/uploads//SovHill%20indigenousheritage%20notes%20ss1.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706144302/http://sheducationcom.ascetinteractive.biz/uploads//SovHill%20indigenousheritage%20notes%20ss1.pdf |date=2011-07-06 }}.</ref> Ba iad na Burrumbeet Balug a bhí ina gcónaí i limistéar Ballarat, agus iad ag pósadh daoine ó na Dja Dja wurrung sa chríoch thuaidh agus ó na Djap wurrung thiar. Chuaigh teacht na nEorpach go dona do na Wathaurong agus do na Dja Dja Wurrung. Chaill siad a dtailte agus rinne an t-ól an-díobháil dóibh. Fuair cuid acu dídean i Stáisiún Coimearcais na mBundúchasach (Aboriginal Protectorate Station) ag Daylesford, tamall maith ó Bhallarat, agus chuaigh cuid eile ag obair ar na réimsí caorach. Chruinnigh cuid eile fós ar imeall na cathrach agus iad ag iarraidh déirce nó ag díol éisc, ciseán agus craicinn phasam. Bhí galracha agus ól á ndíothú, agus chuir roinnt acu fúthu ag stáisiúin rialtais ag Framlingham agus Coranderrk.<ref>Morris, 'Ballarat's Indigenous Heritage'.</ref> Níl mórán eolais ar fáil ar Wathaurong Ballarat i ré an óir. Tá tuairiscí ar chuid acu a bheith sa chúirt ó am go chéile, agus tá cuntas ón mbliain 1852 ar iad a bheith ina n-ula mhagaidh ag mianadóirí. I Mí Mhárta na bliana 1867 rinne daoine de chuid na Wathaurung agus na Djab wurrung rince (carabairí) ar fhaiche áitiúil do phobal na cathrach. === Mullawallah (Frank Wilson) === Bhí Mullawallah ar dhuine de thriúr fear de na Wathaurong ar a laghad ar bhronn na hEorpaigh teideal "King Billy" orthu. Ba iad Bullip Bullip ó dhíorma Beerekwart Balug (a cailleadh ag Coranderrk sa bhliain 1881) agus Boni-no-Yarrum ó dhíorma Wardeyallok Gundidj (a cailleadh ag Linton sa bhliain 1882) na daoine eile. Rugadh Mullawallah timpeall na bliana 1821 agus baint aige, más fíor, leis na Burrumbeet Balug, díorma a bhí ina gcónaí timpeall Loch Burrumbeet agus Ballarat. Thóg sé a shloinne Eorpach ón Ridire Samuel Wilson, úinéir réimse caorach Ercildoune in aice le Ballarat. Fear aithnidiúil ba ea Mullawallah i limistéar Bhallarat, agus i Lúnasa na bliana 1880 thaispeáin sé conas búmaraing a chaitheamh i Sráid Sturt. Ar 23 Meán Fómhair 1996 fuair sé bás in ospidéal i mBallarat. Bhí an t-iomrá leis gurbh eisean an duine deireanach den Wathaurong, scéal nach raibh bunús leis, ó tá daoine de shliocht an phobail sin ann i gcónaí. === Meamram Comhthuisceana === Ar 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2007 shínígh Cumann Iarsmalanna Sovereign Hill agus Lárionad Bundúchasach Kirrit Barreet Meamram Comthuisceana. Tugann sé aitheantas do na Wathaurong agus do na Bundúchasaigh eile atá ina gcónaí i mBallarat. Táthar chun caidreamh cultúrtha a neartú agus léargas a thabhairt ar oidhreacht Bhunduchasach na n-órcheantar.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.thecourier.com.au/story/596982/step-forward-for-heritage/|teideal=Step forward for heritage|dáta=2007-10-24|language=en-AU|work=The Courier|dátarochtana=2020-12-03}}</ref> === Na chéad Eorpaigh === Tháinig Archibald Buchanan Yuille agus a dheartháir William Cross Yuille, Albannaigh, sa bhliain 1837 agus lonnaigh ar réimse caorach 10,000 acra. Thóg William bothán ag an Riasc Dubh sa bhliain 1838. Ar dtús thugadh daoine "Yuille's Station" agus "Yuille's Swamp" ar an áit, ach thug Archibald "Ballaarat" uirthi. Síltear gur thóg sé an t-ainm seo ó "balla arat," dhá fhocal Wathaurong. "Uillinn lúbtha" an bhrí atá le "balla" i gcanúintí éigin ("áit scíthe," mar sin), agus "áit" an bhrí atá le "arat". === Ruathar óir === [[Íomhá:Ballarat 1853-54 von guerard.jpg|thumb|clé|Pubaill na mianadóirí ag Ballarat i samhradh na bliana 1854. [[Eugene von Guerard]].]] Ar 18-25 Lúnasa 1851, tháinig John Dunlop agus James Regan cúpla unsa óir ag Fód na hAinnise, agus ba leor sin chun na sluaite a tharraingt ar an áit. Is iomaí mianach glárach agus mianach domhain a bhí le fáil sa limistéar, agus bhí fir ann as gach cearn, in éineacht le mná agus páistí. Bhí órcheantair le fáil sa limistéar ba leithne, leithéidí Berringa, Clunes, Creswick, Talbot agus Enfield, ach ba é ceantar Ballarat an ceann ba thábhachtaí. Leagadh cuid mhaith den [[Foraois|fhoraois]] chun an t-éileamh ar chláir agus ar chuaillí a shásamh, agus bhí an [[talamh]] greagnaithe le poill. Bhí a lán Éireannach ann agus [[An Ghaeilge|Gaeilge]] ag cuid mhór acu. Bhí daoine de gach [[Aicme shóisialta|aicme]] ann, ach ba iad na fir a bhí cleachtach le [[sclábhaíocht]] na fir ab oiriúnaí chun na hoibre. D'oscail oifig an phoist ar 1 Samhain 1851.<ref>Premier Postal History: Post Office List: https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&country=</ref> Rinne [[William Urquhart]] suirbhéireacht ar an gceantar i Mí Dheireadh Fómhair 1851.<ref>James, Ken. ''The surveying career of William Swan Urquhart, 1845–1864'': http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/provenance/no8/SurveyingCareer1.asp|work=Public{{Dead link|date=Deireadh Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Record Office Victoria</ref> Faoin mbliain 1852 bhí plean eangaí curtha ar fáil aige do Bhallarat Thiar, baile nua, agus sráideanna leathana ann.<ref>Jacobs, Wendy. ''Ballarat: A Guide to Buildings and Areas 1851–1940''. Jacob Lewis Vines Conservation Architects and Planners (1981), lch 11.</ref> Ba mhór idir sin agus Ballarat Thoir, an áit ba thúisce ar chuir daoine fúthu ann agus í lán de shráideanna cúnga fánacha, de loganna agus de phubaill. === Eureka stockade === [[Íomhá:Eureka stockade battle.jpg|mion|le John Black Henderson]] {{Main|Éirí Amach Eureka}} Faoin mbliain 1854 bhí breis is 25,000 mianadóir i mBallarat. B’as Éirinn cuid mhaith acu ach bhí daoine ann freisin as an [[An tSín|tSín]], as na [[Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá|Stáit Aontaithe]], as Sasana agus tíortha ar fud an [[Domhan|domhain]]. Bhí siad ag clamhsán go géar faoi na ceadúnais mhianadóireachta agus faoin gcaimiléireacht a bhain leo. Bhí siad míshásta freisin nach raibh aon [[Teachta Parlaiminte|ionadaíocht]] acu i b[[Parlaimint]] [[Victoria (An Astráil)|Victoria]].<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.beo.ie/alt-comoradh-ar-vinegar-hill-agus-eureka-stockade.aspx|teideal=Comóradh ar Vinegar Hill agus Eureka Stockade|údar=Dáithí Ó Colchúin|dáta=|language=ga|work=Beo!|dátarochtana=2020-12-03}}</ref> [[Íomhá:Doudiet Swearing allegiance to the Southern Cross.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Móid dílseachta á déanamh do bhratach na Croise Theas ag Bábhún Eureka ar 1 Nollaig 1854. Uiscedhath le Charles Doudiet]] Bhíodh na [[Mianadóir|mianadóirí]] á gciapadh ag na húdaráis maidir le ceadúnais [[Mianadóireacht|mhianadóireachta]], rud a raibh praghas ard air. Ar an gcúis seo agus ar chúiseanna eile, chruinnigh cuid de na mianadóirí le chéile faoi cheannas [[Peter Lalor]], [[Éire|Éireannach]], agus thóg siad [[bábhún]]. D'ionsaigh [[Saighdiúir|saighdiúirí]] an bábhún ar [[3 Nollaig]] [[1854]], agus Éireannaigh ag troid ar an dá thaobh. Maraíodh dhá mhianadóir is fiche. Nuair a cuireadh cúirt as tréas 13 mianadóir in [[Melbourne]], scaoil an giúiré saor iad.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://prov.vic.gov.au/explore-collection/online-galleries-and-exhibitions/eureka-trial|teideal=Eureka on trial {{!}} PROV|work=prov.vic.gov.au|dátarochtana=2020-12-03}}</ref> [[Íomhá:Map of eureka stockade 1854.jpg|clé|mion|220x220px]] D'éirigh le Lalor éalú, cé gur chaill sé lámh. Toghadh é ina [[Teachta Parlaiminte|theachta parlaiminte]] ina dhiaidh sin. Thugtaí "Cathair an Óir" ar Bhallarat i rith caogaidí an 19ú haois.<ref>Perkin, Corrie: 'Golden city of Ballarat comes into the picture,' ''The Australian'', 1 September 2009: [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/arts/golden-city-of-ballarat-comes-into-the-picture/story-e6frg8n6-1225768084821 {{Dead link|date=Deireadh Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> agus bhí rath mór ar an áit sna seascaidí de bharr na mianadóireachta. D'fhág sin a rian ar na [[Foirgneamh|foirgnimh]] phoiblí, ar na faichí, ar chuid de na siopaí agus ar a lán tithe. Tháinig an bóthar iarainn freisin sa bhliain 1862 agus é ina nasc idir Ballarat agus [[Geelong]], caladh ar chósta an deiscirt.<ref> http://www.railgeelong.com/lineguide/geelong: Rail Geelong – Geelong Line Guide.</ref> {{Main|Éirí Amach Eureka}} === Éireannaigh === Is iomaí Éireannach a thug a aghaidh ar órcheantair Ballarat i gcaogaidí an 19ú haois, agus míchlú ar roinnt acu (an "Tipperary mob") mar ghrabálaithe réimsí lamháilte. Is dócha gurbh Éireannach é Terence McManiss, fear botháin, ar mharaigh na Wathaurong é ag Murdering Valley taobh thiar theas de cheantar Sebastopol sa bhliain 1838. Bhí na hÉireannaigh chun tosaigh in achrann Eureka toisc an oiread sin díobh a bheith ag obair ar an tsíog a bhí ann, agus iadsan is mó a bhí sa [[Bábhún|bhábhún]] nuair a d'ionsaigh na h[[Rialtas|údaráis]] é.<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Lalor, Peter (1827–1889)|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lalor-peter-3980|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|journal=Australian Dictionary of Biography|location=Canberra|author=Ian Turner|archive-date=2017-08-02|access-date=2011-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802214440/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lalor-peter-3980|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bhí Gaeilge ag cuid mhaith de na mianadóirí agus ag na hÉireannaigh eile a chuir fúthu timpeall Ballarat i limistéar Clark's Hill ([[Bungaree, Victoria|Bungaree]], [[Springbank, Victoria|Springbank]] agus áiteanna eile), i Sruthán an Mhuilinn ([[Millbrook, Victoria|Millbrook]]) agus in aice le [[Gordon, Victoria|Gordon]]. B'as Contae an Chláir do mhórán acu.<ref>I gcaogaidí agus i seascaidí an 19ú haois bhí an Ghaeilge láidir fós i gContae an Chláir agus i ndeisceart Thiobraid Árann. Féach [[Gearóid Mac Gearailt|Fitzgerald, Garret]], ‘Estimates for baronies of minimal level of Irish-speaking amongst successive decennial cohorts, 117-1781 to 1861-1871,’ Volume 84, ''Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy'', 1984.</ref> Bhí Éireannaigh (ar [[Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach|Chaitlicigh]] a bhformhór) ina gcónaí i mBallarat féin. Sa bhliain 1875 bhí [[Foclóir|foclóirí]] Gaeilge ar liosta leabhar Richard Vale, an díoltóir leabhar ba mhó sa chathair.<ref>Ba bhall den Ord Oráisteach é Richard Vale. Féach a bheathaisnéis: http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/vale-richard-tayler-4949 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504195819/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/vale-richard-tayler-4949 |date=2015-05-04 }} Parnaby, Joy E., 'Vale, Richard Tayler (1836–1916)', Australian Dictionary of Biography.</ref> Ar na díograiseoirí Gaeilge ba mhó bhí [[Pádraig Ó Fearghail]] (1853-1917), Corcaíoch a chuir faoi in [[Sebastopol, Ballarat|Sebastopol]] agus a mbíodh cruinnithe Gaeilge ina theach aige ó na 1870í amach. D'fhaigheadh sé ''[[Irisleabhar na Gaedhilge]]'', páipéar a gcuireadh sé ar aghaidh i measc a lucht aitheantais, agus ba mhinic ag scríobh chun páipéar eile é.<ref>Noone, Val: ''Hidden Ireland in Ballarat, c.1900'', páipéar a léadh ag seimineár de chuid ''Melbourne Irish Studies Seminars'' (http://www.isaanz.org/events) ar 6 Meán Fómhair 2011.</ref> === Meath agus athneartú === I seachtóidí an 19ú haois thosaigh Ballarat ag aistriú ó ré an óir go dtí ré na tionsclaíochta. Bhí mianadóireacht dhomhain ar siúl, rud ba chúis le tionscail agus ceardlanna a bhunú. Rinneadh cathair de Bhallarat sa bhliain 1871 agus tógadh taiscumar Gong Gong sa bhliain 1877 chun tuilte a mhaolú agus foinse huan uisce a sholáthar. I Mí na Nollag 1889 críochnaíodh bóthar iarainn idir Ballarat agus Melbourne.<ref>' Tracks Across the State,' Sid Brown, Australian Railway Historical Society (Victorian Division), March 1990, lgh 71–76</ref> Tar éis na bliana 1900, áfach, stad fás na cathrach, agus thit an daonra le linn an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, rud a lig do Geelong tosach a bhaint de Bhallarat.<ref>'Progressive Geelong – Industrial Expansion. Development of the Harbour.' ''The Argus'', Melbourne, 14 October 1921, lch 8.</ref> Ach bhí na brúscocairí ar a ndícheall ag iarraidh tionscail nua, agus i Mí Aibreáin na bliana 1917 osclaíodh Ceardlanna Iarnróid Ballarat Thuaidh.<ref>Lee, Robert. The Railways of Victoria 1854–2004 . Melbourne University Publishing Ltd 2007, lch 144. ISBN 978-0-522-85134-2</ref> Ach lagaigh [[an Spealadh Mór]] an geilleagar áitiúil, agus cailleadh mórán gnólachtaí dá bharr. Mar sin féin, thosaigh an chathair ag teacht chuici féin ar feadh na tréimhse sin. Feabhsaíodh an bonneagar agus séarachas nua san áireamh. Tógadh aerfort sa bhliain 1930 agus mhéadaigh an daonra. Chuidigh an Dara Cogadh Domhanda leis an neartú seo, ó ba é an t-aerfort bunáit Scoil Raidió Aerghunnadóirí an RAAF agus scuaidríní de bhuamálaithe Liberator an USAAF. Lean an chathair uirthi ag fás tar éis an Chogaidh, agus thóg [[Coimisiún Tithíochta Victoria]] eastát mór ar an seanchoimín (Wendouree Thiar).<ref>Wendouree West Profile and History|url=http://www.wendoureewest.com/renewal/wendwest.htm#history|work=Wendouree {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709075704/http://www.wendoureewest.com/renewal/wendwest.htm#history{{!}}work=Wendouree |date=2010-07-09 }} West Community Renewa.</ref> Idir na blianta 1951 agus 1962 a tógadh formhór na dtithe, agus a lán tithe príobháideacha á dtógáil ag an am céanna in Wendouree, an fo-bhaile is gaire. Is é an limistéar seo uile lárcheantar meánaicmeach na cathrach. Faoi na seachtóidí bhí na chéad rialacha á gcur i bhfeidhm chun seanoidhreacht na cathrach a chaomhnú. Osclaíodh ionad oidhreachta [[Sovereign Hill]] chun léargas a thabhairt ar ré na mianadóireachta, agus cuireadh dlús leis an turasóireacht dá bharr. Sa bhliain 2008 moladh go méadófaí fás Ballarat laistiar de lár na cathrach agus go mbainfí feidhm as blocanna ionchathrach tithíochta. == Tíreolaíocht == [[Íomhá:Lake wendouree.jpg|thumb|right|Ag féachaint soir thar Loch Wendouree.]] Tá Ballarat le fáil faoi bhun an Ardáin Láir, raon cnoc gan sléibhte móra, agus é suite ar mhachaire atá ag síneadh ó Chreswick sa tuaisceart ó dheas chun Rokewood, agus ó Lal Lal san oirthuaisceart siar go dtí Pittong. Is éard atá sa mhachaire dríodar glárach agus sreabha bolcánacha, agus tá ithir an-mhéith ann .<ref>City of Ballarat (Maps, Population & Location – http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/Global/Maps/index.aspx)</ref> === Loch Wendouree === Tá Loch Wendouree in oirthuaisceart na cathrach agus crainn le fáil ina mórthimpeall. Riasc a bhí ann ar dtús agus thugadh na chéad Eorpaigh "Yuille's Swamp" air. Roimh theacht na nEorpach dhéanadh na Burrumbeet Balug campáil ar ardán ar imeall iardheisceartach an réisc. Bhí luachair ann le haghaidh ciseán agus iasc nó éin ann mar bhia. Dhéantaí na héin a ruaigeadh le búmaraing i dtreo líon a bhíodh sínte idir dhá chrainn, agus mharófaí iasc le ga, líon nó dorú adhmaid. Sa bhliain 1838 rinne G.A. Robinson, Príomh-Chaomhnóir na mBundúchasach, tagairt dó mar "mhurlach tirim". Deireadh na Burrumbeet Balug gurbh iad na hEorpaigh ba chúis leis an tiormacht. === Faoraois agus uisce === Tá lár na cathrach suite ar ísleán abhantrach Yarrowee, rud a fhágann nach féidir Ballarat a fheiceáil ach ó na cnoic agus ón ísleán thoir. Tá abhainn Yarrowee clúdaithe i lár na cathrach agus gan inti anois ach draein. Is iomaí dlúthchoill atá timpeall Ballarat agus a lán lochanna, aibhneacha agus sruthán a bhaintear tairbhe astu chun uisce a sholáthar don chathair agus d’fheirmeoirí. == Geilleagar == Tá Ballarat i dtaobh go mór le seirbhísí, turasóireacht, déantúsaíocht, oideachas agus teicneolaíocht eolais. Tá tábhacht freisin le talmhaíocht, mianadóireacht agus fuinneamh athnuaite. Tá mealanna siopadóireachta ann agus stóir ilrannacha, ar nós Myer agus Target, iontu. Tá ollmhargaí náisiúnta ann, siopaí speisialtachta agus na ceithre bhanc mhóra. Bunaíodh Ollscoil Ballarat sa bhliain 1994 ar bhonn seaninstitiúidí a bhí ann cheana, agus tá ainm an dea-oideachais uirthi. Tá clár mór ann do mhic léinn idirnáisiúnta agus tá a cuid clár cianoideachais le fáil ar fud na tíre. Tá os cionn 1,400 ar fostú i bPáirc Teicneolaíochta Ollscoil Ballarat. === Déantúsaíocht === Sa bhliain 2006 bhí 14.8% d’oibrithe na cathrach ar fostú san earnáil déantúsaíochta.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/search?keys=council%20communications%20publications%20media%20releases%20february%20ballarat%20city%20council%20representatives%20to%20meet%20with%20federal%20minister%20for%20innovation%20industry%20science%20research%20aspx|teideal=Search Content {{!}} City of Ballarat|work=www.ballarat.vic.gov.au|dátarochtana=2020-12-03}}</ref> Tá déantóirí idirnáisiúnta ann. Tá Mars, Incorporated ann ón mbliain 1979 i leith,<ref>Sobey, Emily [http://www.thecourier.com.au/news/local/news/general/mars-celebrates-30-years-in-ballarat/1688226.aspx ‘Mars celebrates 30 years in Ballarat’] ''The Courier'', 24 Samhain 2009</ref> agus tá ceanncheathrú McCain Foods Limited, comhlacht próiseála prátaí, ann ón mbliain 1970 i leith.<ref>{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.mccain.com.au/our-company_about-mccain_company-history.aspx |teideal=Company History |dátarochtana=2011-08-29 |archivedate=2012-01-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110133016/http://mccain.com.au/our-company_about-mccain_company-history.aspx }}</ref> Tá earraí iompair phoiblí á ndéanamh ag Ceardlanna Ballarat Thuaidh, agus infheistíocht faighte ó Alstom.<ref>[http://tandlnews.com.au/2010/08/31/article/XTrapolis-train-manufacturing-under-way-in-Ballarat/HQBRJFWKRB.html X'trapolis Train Manufacturing Under Way in Ballarat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421095020/http://tandlnews.com.au/2010/08/31/article/XTrapolis-train-manufacturing-under-way-in-Ballarat/HQBRJFWKRB.html |date=2012-04-21 }}.</ref> Tá a lán comhlachtaí áitiúla ann chomh maith, agus éadach, earraí innealtóireachta, bia, brící agus sclátaí, ábhar tógála agus baill uathghluaisneacha á ndéanamh acu. == Aeráid == {{Bosca Aimsire | metric_first= Yes | single_line= Yes | location=Ballarat |Jan_REC_Hi_°C=42.0 |Feb_REC_Hi_°C=44.1 |Mar_REC_Hi_°C=37.7 |Apr_REC_Hi_°C=31.5 |May_REC_Hi_°C=26.1 |Jun_REC_Hi_°C=21.6 |Jul_REC_Hi_°C=19.1 |Aug_REC_Hi_°C=23.0 |Sep_REC_Hi_°C=27.9 |Oct_REC_Hi_°C=33.4 |Nov_REC_Hi_°C=37.3 |Dec_REC_Hi_°C=40.6 |Year_REC_Hi_°C=44.1 |Jan_Hi_°C =25.1 |Feb_Hi_°C =25.0 |Mar_Hi_°C =22.2 |Apr_Hi_°C =17.6 |May_Hi_°C =13.6 |Jun_Hi_°C =10.8 |Jul_Hi_°C =10.0 |Aug_Hi_°C =11.4 |Sep_Hi_°C =13.8 |Oct_Hi_°C =16.6 |Nov_Hi_°C =19.6 |Dec_Hi_°C =22.5 |Year_Hi_°C =17.3 |Jan_Lo_°C =10.8 |Feb_Lo_°C =11.4 |Mar_Lo_°C =9.9 |Apr_Lo_°C =7.5 |May_Lo_°C =5.7 |Jun_Lo_°C =4.0 |Jul_Lo_°C =3.2 |Aug_Lo_°C =3.7 |Sep_Lo_°C =4.8 |Oct_Lo_°C =6.2 |Nov_Lo_°C =7.8 |Dec_Lo_°C =9.4 |Year_Lo_°C =7.0 |Jan_REC_Lo_°C =0.7 |Feb_REC_Lo_°C =-1.4 |Mar_REC_Lo_°C =-0.6 |Apr_REC_Lo_°C =-4.1 |May_REC_Lo_°C =-4.5 |Jun_REC_Lo_°C =-4.6 |Jul_REC_Lo_°C =-6.0 |Aug_REC_Lo_°C =-5.0 |Sep_REC_Lo_°C =-4.5 |Oct_REC_Lo_°C =-3.6 |Nov_REC_Lo_°C =-1.0 |Dec_REC_Lo_°C =-1.0 |Year_REC_Lo_°C =-6.0 |Jan_Precip_mm =38.1 |Feb_Precip_mm = 43.0 |Mar_Precip_mm = 43.0 |Apr_Precip_mm = 51.8 |May_Precip_mm = 64.8 |Jun_Precip_mm = 63.0 |Jul_Precip_mm = 66.4 |Aug_Precip_mm = 75.3 |Sep_Precip_mm = 72.1 |Oct_Precip_mm = 67.4 |Nov_Precip_mm = 56.3 |Dec_Precip_mm = 51.4 |Year_Precip_mm = 693.1 |source= [http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_089002_All.shtml Bureau of Meteorology]<ref>'''(Béarla)''' [http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_089002_All.shtml "Climate statistics for Australian locations – Ballarat Aerodrome"], Bureau of Meteorology (20 Eanáir, 2011).</ref> |accessdate = Eanáir 2011 }} == Nasc-Bhailte == * {{bratach|Japan}} [[Inagawa, Hyōgo]], [[An tSeapáin]], 1988. * {{bratach|China}} [[Taixing]], [[An tSín]], 1998. * {{bratach|United Kingdom}} [[Peterborough]], [[An Ríocht Aontaithe]]. * {{bratach|East Timor}} [[Ainaro]], [[An Tíomór Thoir]]. == Féach freisin == * [[Peter Lalor]] - Polaiteoir * [[Éirí Amach Eureka]] == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} {{Cathracha i Victoria}} 4ox09u7wo8brda1nkratgsvygut2yzd 0 37639 1330988 1296384 2026-10-30T11:40:22Z InternetArchiveBot 47196 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1330988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Grúpa Daonna}} Dream [[an Tasmáin|Tasmánach]] is ea na '''Lia Pootah''' agus iad barúlach gur de shliocht [[Bundúchasaigh na hAstráile|Bundúchasach]] mná ó fhinte difriúla iad agus de shliocht Eorpach fir (lonnaitheoirí saora, saighdiúirí agus daoránaigh) a bhí ag cur fúthu in [[Van Diemen's Land]] ón mbliain 1803 amach. Deir siad go bhfuil siad dealaithe amach ó na Palawa, dream de shliocht Bundúchasach a bhaineann le hoileáin Chaolas Bass. == Áiteanna dúchais == Deir na Lia Pootah go bhfuil baint acu le dhá dhream mhóra - muintir na Waddamanna (i.e. na haibhneacha móra) agus muintir an Huon. Tugtar Teen Toomele Menennye (Abhainn Mhór) agus Tahune Linah (Huon) orthu faoi seach. Deir cuid de na Lia Pootah go mbaineann siad le muintir Oileán Bruny nó leis na Toogee ar chósta thiar na Tasmáine. Deir cuid eile go mbaineann siad leis an gcósta thoir nó leis na Sléibhte Láir.<ref>{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.tasmanianaboriginal.com.au/liapootah/liapootah.htm |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2012-08-29 |archivedate=2012-03-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317074048/http://www.tasmanianaboriginal.com.au/liapootah/liapootah.htm }}</ref> [[Íomhá:Huon river tasmania in summer.JPG|thumb|deis|An Huon i bhForaois Tahune]] Deir na Lia Pootah nach ceart a rá (mar a rinne roinnt staraithe) gur tógadh na Bundúchasaigh go léir ó mhór-roinn na Tasmáine sa 19ú haois lena mbunú i gCaolas Bass. Is é a dtuairim gur fhan mórán daoine de shliocht Bundúchasach nó de shliocht measctha sa Tasmáin, go háirithe ar an iargúil, agus gan deis ag lonnaitheoirí Eorpacha cur fúthu in 80% den Tasmáin chomh déanach leis na 1870í.<ref>{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.tasmanianaboriginal.com.au/liapootah/liapootah.htm |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2012-08-29 |archivedate=2012-03-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317074048/http://www.tasmanianaboriginal.com.au/liapootah/liapootah.htm }}</ref> == Gnóthaí cultúrtha == Is í craobh chultúrtha na Lia Pootah Manuta Tunapee Puggaluggalia (Tasmanian Aboriginal Historical Cultural Association and Publishing House). Tá sé d'aidhm aige eolas a spré agus fáil réidh leis na seantuairimí faoi Bhundúchasaigh sa Tasmáin féin agus sa phobal mór. Deir sé nach bhfuil a fhios ag an bpobal mór go bhfuil a lán mionphobal Bundúchasach sa Tasmáin a threabhann a n-iomaire féin agus a fhoilsíonn a n-ábhar féin. Dá bhrí sin soláthraíonn sé leabhair chultúrtha, acmhainní teagaisc, leabhair do pháistí agus ábhar eile.<ref>http://www.tasmanianaboriginal.com.au/publishing.htm</ref> == Aitheantas == Áitíonn na Lia Pootah go bhfuil deimhniú an Bhundúchasachais Thasmánaigh faoi smacht na bPalawa, dream ar leith a mbaineann an Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre (TAC) leo agus a bhfuil trí ghinealach aitheanta acu - muintir Oileáin Chaolas Bass, Dolly Dalrymple agus [[Fanny Cochrane Smith]]. Measann na Lia Pootah go bhfuil aitheantas oifigiúil ceilte orthu dá bharr agus go mbactar orthu a bheith lánpháirteach i ngnóthaí Bundúchasacha.<ref>{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.tasmanianaboriginal.com.au/voting2001/index.htm |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2012-08-29 |archivedate=2012-05-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503030747/http://www.tasmanianaboriginal.com.au/voting2001/index.htm }}</ref> Is é an ceannaire Palawa is mó a shéanann nach Bundúchasaigh iad na Lia Pootah [[Michael Mansell]], dlíodóir agus gníomhaí a raibh lámh aige i mbunú an TAC<ref>'Mansell insists the Lia Pootah are white fellas who "don't have a single drop of Aboriginal blood in their veins"': Matthew Denholm, 'A bone to pick with the Brits,' ''The Australian'', 17 Feabhra 2007: http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/a-bone-to-pick-with-the-brits/story-e6frg6z6-1111113008054 {{Dead link|date=Deireadh Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Deirtear go sainmhínítear "Bundúchasach Tasmánach" mar dhuine a deir go bhfuil pór éigin Bundúchasach ann. Tá na cáipéisí tearc agus fabhtach, rud a fhágann go mbeadh an dearbhú ag brath ar thástáil ghéiniteach, ach chuirfeadh mórán ina choinne sin.<ref>{{Lua idirlín |url=http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter52/4-Tasmania-survivors/survivors.htm |teideal=Cóip cartlainne |dátarochtana=2012-08-29 |archivedate=2012-08-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805204418/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter52/4-Tasmania-survivors/survivors.htm }}</ref> == Nótaí == {{reflist}} == Féach freisin == * [[Palawa kani]] == Naisc sheachtracha == * [http://www.tasmanianaboriginal.com.au Suíomh na Lia Pootah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815180846/http://www.tasmanianaboriginal.com.au/ |date=2012-08-15 }} * [http://www.tacinc.com.au/ Suíomh an Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre] [[Catagóir:An Tasmáin]] ahfrf8jcqlq124zywkp5dmc6sflj1pa 0 43632 1330986 1160700 2026-10-30T11:12:24Z Guliolopez 313 The town (baile) is Littleton 1330986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Geografaíocht Pholaitiúil}} Is [[baile]] suite i g[[Contae Thiobraid Árann]] é '''an Baile Beag'''.<ref name="Logainm">{{Cite web-en|url=https://www.logainm.ie/47155.aspx|title=An Baile Beag/Littleton {{!}} logainm.ie|publisher=[[An Coimisiún Logainmneacha]]|access-date=2026-10-30|language=ga|work=[[Logainm.ie|Bunachar Logainmneacha na hÉireann]] (Logainm.ie)}}</ref> == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{Síol-tír-ie}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Baile Beag, An}} [[Catagóir:Contae Thiobraid Árann]] qa03gsc386ezggzx7x2842om050jscx 0 46845 1330976 1320267 2026-10-30T04:22:47Z InternetArchiveBot 47196 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1330976 wikitext text/x-wiki Is éard atá sa '''deargaistriú''' (nó iarmhairt Doppler), i gcás [[Solas|solais]] ó rinn spéire a bhíonn ag druidim amach ón [[An Domhan|Domhan]], ná athrú tonnfhaid a bhraitear mar dhathy dearg. Thaispeáin [[Edwin Hubble|Hubble]] gur chiallaigh an deargaistriú braite go raibh gach [[réaltra]] ag gluaiseacht amach uainn, agus go raibh deargaistriú níos mó i gceist i leith na réaltraí is faide amach uainn, de bhrí go bhfuil siad ag gluaiseacht níos tapa ná [[Réalta|réaltaí]] is gaire. Uaidh seo shaothraigh Hubble coincheap na [[An Chruinne|Cruinne]] forleathnaithe agus [[Ollphléasc|na hOllphléisce]].<ref name='Freamh'>{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hussey|first=Matt|author-link=Matthew Hussey|title=Deargaistriú|encyclopedia=[[Fréamh an Eolais]]|language=ga|date=2011|publisher=[[Coiscéim]]|page=203}}</ref> [[Íomhá:Redshift.svg|thumb|upright|Línte ionsúcháin i speictream optach sárbhraisle réaltraí imigéiniúla (ar thaobh na láimhe deise) le hais línte ionsúcháin i speictream optach na Gréine (ar thaobh na láimhe clé).]] I gcúrsaí fisice titeann deargaistriú amach nuair a thagann méadú ar [[tonnfhad|thonnfhad]] de réir a mar atá solas nó radaíocht leictreamaighnéadach eile ó rinn neimhe ag imeacht ón mbreathnóir. Aistrítear an solas nó an radaíocht go dtí an ceann dearg den speictream leictreamaighnéadach. Tríd is tríd, taispeánann an “deargadh” go bhfuil méadú ar thonnfhad, rud is ionann agus minicíocht níos ísle agus fuinneamh fótón níos laige, de réir theoiric thonnach agus theoiric chandamach an tsolais. Deirtear gurb éard is cúis le deargaistriú ná fairsingiú na cruinne. Iarmhairt de chuid na coibhneasachta ginearálta atá sa deargaistriú imtharraingthe agus radaíocht leictreamaighnéadach ag fágáil réimse imtharraingteach. [[Íomhá:Redshift blueshift.svg|thumb|Deargaistriú agus gormaistriú]] == Stair == As [[Christian Doppler]] a ainmníodh an feiniméan, ós eisean ba thúisce a thug cuntas air sa bhliain 1842. Dúirt Doppler, agus an ceart aige, go bhfágfadh an feiminéan a rian ar gach tonn, agus thug sé le fios gurbh fhéidir dáthanna difriúla na réaltaí a chur síos dá ngluaiseacht ó thaobh an Domhain de.<ref>O'Connor, John J.; Roberston, Edmund F. (1998). http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Doppler.html Christian Andreas Doppler. MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews]</ref> == Féach freisin == * [[Réaltfhisic]] == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} == Naisc sheachtracha == * [http://www.worldscinet.com/ijmpd/ijmpd.shtml ''International Journal of Modern Physics D''] from World Scientific * [http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/index.htm ''Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021070242/http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/index.htm |date=2008-10-21 }} '' from the American Institute of Physics * [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/subseries/16 Prof. Sir Harry Kroto, NL], Astrophysical Chemistry Lecture Series. Ocht léacht “Freeview” a sholáthair an Vega Science Trust. * [http://home.slac.stanford.edu/ppap.html Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, California] * [http://www.iasfbo.inaf.it Institute for Space Astrophysics and Cosmic Physics] * [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/ ''Astrophysical Journal''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970619012400/http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/ |date=1997-06-19 }} * [http://www.aanda.org/ ''Astronomy and Astrophysics'', iris Eorpach] * [http://www.scienceresourceworld.com/publications/journals/astronomy_journals.html Liosta irisí réaltfhisice piarmheasúnaithe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718122530/http://www.scienceresourceworld.com/publications/journals/astronomy_journals.html |date=2012-07-18 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081114165225/http://master.obspm.fr/ Master of Science in Astronomy and Astrophysics] * [http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmolog.htm Ned Wright's Cosmology Tutorial, UCLA] * Suíomh Philippe Stee: [http://www.oca.eu/stee/page1/page3/page3.html Hot and Active Stars Research] {{Fréamh an Eolais}} {{síol}} hbk1bxia3ibjspw8wv7sny880nfucl2 0 49490 1330959 1152221 2026-10-29T19:33:13Z R. Henrik Nilsson 65582 Íomhá : Late 20th century EGMA Botanika G45 40W 240V E27 pale purple incandescent light bulb.jpg | mion | Lampa gealbhruthach 1330959 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Íomhá:Late 20th century EGMA Botanika G45 40W 240V E27 pale purple incandescent light bulb.jpg|mion|Lampa gealbhruthach]] [[Gealbhruthaíl]] is bun le hastaíocht [[Solas|solais]] sa ghnáthlampa leictreach. Seoltar [[sruth leictreach]] trí shreang tungstain, éiríonn an tsreang te dá bharr, agus má bhíonn an tsreang te go leor — thar 800&nbsp;°C, abair — astaítear solas infheicthe chomh maith le méid mór radaíochta infridheirge. Tugtar ''an filiméad'' ar an tsreang théite. De réir mar a ardaíonn [[teocht]] na sreinge, léiríonn dlí Stefan is [[dlí Wien]] conas a athraíonn [[speictream]] na radaíochta uaithi. Chun lampa gealbhruthach éifeachtach a dhéanamh, ba bhreá dá bhféadfaí an teocht a ardú chuig 6000&nbsp;°C, teocht dhromchla [[An Ghrian|na Gréine]], sa dóigh is go mbeadh buaic speictream an lampa i lár an réimse infheicthe, díreach mar atá buaic speictream na Gréine. Ach fiú le [[tungstan]], an miotal is airde [[leáphointe]], is deacair dul mórán thar 3000&nbsp;°C, an ghnáth-theocht feidhmithe, mar galaíonn an tungstan ón tsreang, rud a lagaíonn í, agus tuirlingíonn an ghal ar an ngloine, rud a dhorchaíonn é. De bharr na teochta ísle seo, 3000&nbsp;°C, astaítear cuid mhór radaíochta infridheirge ó lampa gealbhruthach ar bith, agus ní astaítear mar sholas infheicthe ach b'fhéidir 5% den [[Fuinneamh|fhuinneamh]] leictreach. Is ar éigin a astaítear [[radaíocht ultraivialait]] ar chor ar bith ó lampa gealbhruthach tungstain.<ref name="FreamhanEolais">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hussey|first=Matt|author-link=Matthew Hussey|title=Lampa gealbhruthach|encyclopedia=[[Fréamh an Eolais]]|language=ga|date=2011|publisher=[[Coiscéim]]|page=393}}</ref> {{Commons|Incandescent light bulb|An bolgán gealbhruthach}} == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{Fréamh an Eolais}} {{síol}} epywfwlyouczez9l5yttv78edon2vkz 0 51713 1330928 1271940 2026-10-29T12:01:08Z Ziv 56238 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Alfred Sisley 002.jpg]] → [[File:Alfred Sisley - Aqueduct at Marly, 1874.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] · Name of the painting and not just a generic number 1330928 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Íomhá:Alfred_Sisley_photo_full.jpg|thumb|Alfred Sisley (1882))]]{{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}}[[Péintéir]] is eitseálaí impriseanaíoch a rugadh i [[Páras|bPáras]] ab ea '''Alfred Sisley''' ([[30 Deireadh Fómhair]] [[1839]] – [[29 Eanáir]] [[1899]]). Bhí Sisley ina [[Duine|dhuine]] ba mhó a raibh tionchar aige ar ealaín nua-aimseartha sa dara leath den 19ú céad. === Saothar === Bhain sé leis na h[[Impriseanachas|Impriseanaithe]] agus ghlac páirt ina dtaispeántais. Ghlac Sisley leis na prionsabail ghinearálta a bhain leis an Impriseanachas. Ach ag an am céanna d’fhorbair sé a stíl phearsanta féin. Níor phéinteáil Sisley ach radhairc tíre, [[Abhainn|abhantracha]] an Seine, an Loire is na [[Abhainn na Tamaise|Tamaise]] go háirithe. I measc a shaothar cáiliúil, tá ''Rest along the Stream. Edge of the Wood'', 1878, i Musée d'Orsay inniu. === Saol === Bhain Sisley cion céadach as an saol. Bhí cáil air mar ''bon vivant'' agus banaí. Tugtha don tobac, tháinig ailse air. D'éag ar [[29 Eanáir]] [[1899]], in aois 59 bliain dó. == Galerie == <gallery mode="packed" caption="Saothar Alfred Sisley"> Íomhá:Sisley-argenteuil-aixB.jpg|''La Seine à Argenteuil'' (1872), Aix-les-Bains, Musée Faure (Aix-les-Bains)|musée Faure. Íomhá:Alfred Sisley 008.jpg|''Le Pont de Villeneuve-la-Garenne'' (1872), New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Íomhá:Sisley, Alfred - Passerelle d'Argenteuil.jpg|''Passerelle d'Argenteuil'' (1872), Paris, musée d'Orsay. Íomhá:Alfred Sisley 031.jpg|''Champ de maïs'' (1873), Hambourg, Kunsthalle de Hambourg|Kunsthalle. Íomhá:Alfred Sisley, L'automne - Bords de la Seine pres Bougival (Autumn - Banks of the Seine near Bougival), 1873.jpg|''L'Automne - Bord de Seine près de Bougival'' (1873), Montréal, Musée des beaux-arts de Montréal|musée des beaux-arts. Íomhá:Alfred Sisley 043.jpg|''La Machine de Marly'', 1873, par Sisley, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. Íomhá:Sisley-Chemin de la Machine Louveciennes.jpg|''Le Chemin de la Machine, Louveciennes'' (1873), Paris, musée d'Orsay. Íomhá:Sisley-Route de Louveciennes.jpg|''Route de Louveciennes'' (1873-1874), Bruxelles, musées royaux des beaux-arts de Belgique. Íomhá:Sisley-Snow on the Road Louveciennes.jpg|''Neige sur la route de Louveciennes'' (1874), collection particulière. Íomhá:Alfred Sisley - Aqueduct at Marly, 1874.jpg|''L'Aqueduc de Marly'' (1874), Toledo (Ohio)|Toledo, musée d'art de Toledo. Íomhá:Alfred Sisley - The Terrace at Saint-Germain, Spring - Google Art Project.jpg|''La Terrasse à Saint-Germain, Printemps'' (1875), Baltimore, Walters Art Museum. Íomhá:Alfred Sisley 053.jpg|''L'Abreuvoir à Marly'' (1875), Zurich, Kunsthaus de Zurich|Kunsthaus. Íomhá:La inundación en Port Marly, por Alfred Sisley.jpg|''L'Inondation à Port-Marly'' (1876), Paris, musée d'Orsay. Íomhá:Alfred Sisley 018.jpg|''La Seine à Bougival'' (1876), New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Íomhá:A Street in Marly by Alfred Sisley.jpg|''Une rue à Marly'' (1876), Mannheim, Kunsthalle de Mannheim|Kunsthalle. Íomhá:Boulevard Héloïse, Argenteuil (3296807106).jpg|''Boulevard Héloïse, Argenteuil'' (1872), Washington (district de Columbia)|Washington, National Gallery of Art. Íomhá:Alfred Sisley 065.jpg|''Bord de Seine en automne'' (1879), Francfort-sur-le-Main, Städel. Íomhá:Alfred Sisley 057.jpg|''Nature morte'' (vers 1880), Boston, Musée des beaux-arts de Boston|musée des beaux-arts. Íomhá:Alfred Sisley 047.jpg|''Un Verger au printemps, By'' (1881), Rotterdam, Musée Boijmans Van Beuningen. Íomhá:Alfred Sisley - June Morning in Saint-Mammès - Google Art Project.jpg|''Matinée de juin à Saint-Mammès'' (1884), Tokyo, musée d'art Bridgestone. Íomhá:Un soir à Moret - Fin d'octobre.jpg|''Un soir à Moret - Fin d'octobre'' (1888), Madrid, musée Thyssen-Bornemisza. Íomhá:Alfred Sisley 038.jpg|''L'Église de Moret'' (1893), Rouen, Musée des beaux-arts de Rouen|musée des beaux-arts. Íomhá:Musée Calvet Sisley.jpg|''L'Église de Moret'' (1894), Avignon, musée Calvet. Íomhá:Alfred Sisley 045.jpg|''Normandie, voie d'eau, au soir'' (1894), Rouen, Musée des beaux-arts de Rouen|musée des beaux-arts.<ref name="FreamhanEolais">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hussey|first=Matt|author-link=Matthew Hussey|title=Alfred Sisley|encyclopedia=[[Fréamh an Eolais]]|language=ga|date=2011|publisher=[[Coiscéim]]|page=604}}</ref> </gallery> == Tagairtí == {{Reflist}} {{Fréamh an Eolais}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sisley, Alfred}} [[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1839]] [[Catagóir:Básanna i 1899]] [[Catagóir:Péintéirí Francacha]] 6bwd8lrfje8vxlzubk8brehqssvv9xy 0 78794 1330973 1330434 2026-10-30T03:06:31Z Stephan1000000 39047 145 1330973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Sraith Teilifíse|num_episodes=145}} Is sraith [[teilifís|theilifís]]e [[SAM|Mheiriceánach]] í '''''American Horror Story''''' nó '''''AHS''''' a bhíonn ag plé leis na hábhair a bhaineann leis na h[[osnádúr]], ábhair uafáis, agus na [[beatha eachtardhomhanda]]. [[Ryan Murphy]] agus [[Brad Falchuk]] a cruthaíodh an clár, agus cuireadh tús leis sa bhliain [[2011]]. ==Eipeasóidí== ''Príomhalt: [[Liosta eipeasóidí American Horror Story]]'' ===Murder House ([[2011]])=== ''Príomhalt: [[American Horror Story: Murder House]]'' ===Asylum ([[2012]]-[[2013|3]])=== ''Príomhalt: [[American Horror Story: Asylum]]'' ===Coven ([[2013]]-[[2014|4]])=== ''Príomhalt: [[American Horror Story: Coven]]'' ===Freak Show ([[2014]]-[[2015|5]])=== ''Príomhalt: [[American Horror Story: Freak Show]]'' ===Hotel ([[2015]]-[[2016|6]])=== ''Príomhalt: [[American Horror Story: Hotel]]'' ===Roanoke ([[2016]])=== ''Príomhalt: [[American Horror Story: Roanoke]]'' ===Cult ([[2017]])=== ''Príomhalt: [[American Horror Story: Cult]]'' ===Séasúr 8 ([[2018]])=== ===Séasúr 9 ([[2019]])=== ==Foireann aisteoirí== <blockquote class="toccolours" style="text-align:justify; float:center; padding: 5px 5px 5px 5px; display:table;"> '''{{center|List indicator(s)}}''' * {{legend|#ddffdd|Léiríonn cill ghlas an t-aisteoir mar príomhaisteoir.}} * {{legend|#ffe3e3|Léiríonn cill dhearg an t-aisteoir mar aisteoir athfhillteach nó aoi-réalta.}} * {{legend|#DAEBFF|Léiríonn cill spéirghorm an t-aisteoir mar aisteoir aoi-réalta speisialta.}} * {{legend|lightgrey|Léiríonn cill liath níor ghlac an t-aisteoir seo páirt sa séasúr faoi seach.}} </blockquote> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="80%" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="11%" | Aisteoir ! scope="col" colspan="7" | Carachtar sa séasúr |- ! scope="col" style="width: 10%" | ''[[American Horror Story: Murder House|Murder House]]'' ! scope="col" style="width: 10%" | ''[[American Horror Story: Asylum|Asylum]]'' ! scope="col" style="width: 10%" | ''[[American Horror Story: Coven|Coven]]'' ! scope="col" style="width: 10%" | ''[[American Horror Story: Freak Show|Freak Show]]'' ! scope="col" style="width: 10%" | ''[[American Horror Story: Hotel|Hotel]]'' ! scope="col" style="width: 10%" | ''[[American Horror Story: Roanoke|Roanoke]]'' ! scope="col" style="width: 10%" | ''[[American Horror Story: Cult|Cult]]'' |- ! colspan="9" style="background-color:#ccf;" | ===Príomhfhoireann Aisteoirí=== |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Connie Britton]] | [[Vivien Harmon]] || colspan="6" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Dylan McDermott]] | [[Dr. Ben Harmon]] || [[Johnny Morgan]] || colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Evan Peters]] | [[Tate Langdon]] || [[ Kit Walker]] || [[Kyle Spencer]] || [[Jimmy Darling]] || [[James Patrick March]] || [[Rory Monahan]] || [[Kai Anderson]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Taissa Farmiga]] | [[Violet Harmon]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Zoe Benson]] || colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Sophie Green]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Denis O'Hare]] | [[Larry Harvey]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Spalding]] || [[Stanley]] || [[Liz Taylor]] || [[William van Henderson]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Jessica Lange]] | [[Constance Langdon]] || [[Sister Jude Martin]] || [[Fiona Goode]] || [[Elsa Mars]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Zachary Quinto]] | [[Chad Warwick]] || [[Dr. Oliver Thredson]] || colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Joseph Fiennes]] | style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Msgr. Timothy Howard]] || colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Sarah Paulson]] | [[Billie Dean Howard]] || [[Lana Winters]] || [[Cordelia Foxx]] || [[Bette and Dot Tattler]] || [[Sally McKenna]] <hr/> Billie Dean Howard || [[Audrey Tindall]] <hr/> Lana Winters || [[ Allyson "Ally" Mayfair-Richards]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Lily Rabe]] | [[Nora Montgomery]] || [[Sister Mary Eunice McKee]] || [[Misty Day]] || [[Sister Mary Eunice McKee]] || [[Aileen Wuornos]] || [[Shelby Miller]] || bgcolor="lightgrey" | |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Lizzie Brocheré]] | style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Grace Bertrand]] || colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[James Cromwell]] | style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Dr. Arthur Arden]] || colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Frances Conroy]] | [[Moira O'Hara]] || [[Shachath]] || [[Myrtle Snow]] || [[Gloria Mott]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Mama Polk]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Emma Roberts]] | colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Madison Montgomery]] || [[Maggie Esmeralda]] || colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Serina Belinda]]<ref name="emma">{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BXQ5t-TAZ95/|title=Look who showed up on the set of Cult looking glamorous and ready for action.|website=[[Instagram]]|first=Ryan|last=Murphy|date=August 1, 2017|accessdate=August 1, 2017]]</ref><ref name="tvlineaugust"><nowiki>{{cite web|url=</nowiki>http://tvline.com/2017/08/25/ahs-cult-spoilers-lena-dunham-valerie-solanas-emma-roberts/|title=Lena{{Dead link|date=Meán Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Dunham, Emma Roberts' Cult Characters Revealed, More AHS Scoop|publisher=[[TVLine]]|first=Andy|last=Swift|date=August 25, 2017|accessdate=August 25, 2017]]</ref> |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Kathy Bates]] | colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Marie Delphine LaLaurie|Delphine LaLaurie]] || [[Ethel Darling]] || [[Iris]] || [[Agnes Mary Winstead]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Michael Chiklis]] | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Dell Toledo]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Finn Wittrock]] | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Dandy Mott]] || [[Tristan Duffy]] <hr/> [[Rudolph Valentino]] || [[Jether Polk]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Angela Bassett]] | colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp;|| [[Marie Laveau]] || [[Desiree Dupree]] || [[Ramona Royale]] || [[Monet Tumusiime]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Wes Bentley]] | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Edward Mordrake]] || [[Det. John Lowe]] || [[Dylan]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Matt Bomer]] | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Andy]] || [[Donovan]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Chloë Sevigny]] | style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Shelley]] || colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Dr. Alex Lowe]] || colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Cheyenne Jackson]] | colspan="4" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Will Drake]] || [[Sidney Aaron James]] || [[Dr. Rudy Vincent]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Lady Gaga]] | colspan="4" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Elizabeth Johnson]] || [[Scathach]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Cuba Gooding, Jr.]] | colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Dominic Banks]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[André Holland]] | colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Matt Miller]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Billie Lourd]] | colspan="6" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Winter Anderson]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Alison Pill]] | colspan="6" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Ivy Mayfair-Richards]] |- ! colspan="9" style="background-color:#ccf;" | ===Foireann Aisteoirí Athfhillteach=== |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Alexandra Breckenridge]] | [[Young Moira O'Hara]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Kaylee]] || colspan="4" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Christine Estabrook]] | [[Marcy]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Marcy]] || colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Jamie Brewer]] | [[Adelaide Langdon]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Nan]] || [[Marjorie]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Matt Ross (actor)|Matt Ross]] | [[Dr. Charles Montgomery]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Dr. Charles Montgomery]] || colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Adina Porter]] | [[Sally Freeman]] || colspan="4" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Lee Harris]] || [[Beverly Hope]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Teddy Sears]] | [[Patrick]] || colspan="6" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Anthony Ruivivar]] | [[Miguel Ramos]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Richard Ramirez]] || colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Adam Levine]] | style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Leo Morrison]] || colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Jenna Dewan-Tatum]] | style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Teresa Morrison]] || colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Clea DuVall]] | style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Wendy Peyser]] || colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Naomi Grossman]] | style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Pepper]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Pepper]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Fredric Lehne]] | style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Frank McCann]] || colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Britne Oldford]] | style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Alma Walker]] || colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Robin Bartlett]] | style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Dr. Miranda Crump]] || [[Cecily Pembroke]] || colspan="4" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Robin Weigert]] | style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Cynthia Potter]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Mama Polk]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Josh Hamilton]] | colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Hank Foxx]] || colspan="4" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Alexander Dreymon]] | colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Luke Ramsey]] || colspan="4" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Lance Reddick]] | colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Papa Legba]] || colspan="4" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Leslie Jordan]] | colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Quentin Fleming]] || colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Ashley Gilbert]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Grace Gummer]] | colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Millie]] || [[Penny]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[John Carroll Lynch]] | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Twisty the Clown]] || [[John Wayne Gacy]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Twisty the Clown]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Skyler Samuels]] | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Bonnie Lipton]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Patti LaBelle]] | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Dora Brown]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Lee Tergesen]] | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Vince]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Chrissy Metz]] | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Barbara]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Malcolm-Jamal Warner]] | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Angus T. Jefferson]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Matthew Glave]] | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Larry Gayheart]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Angela Sarafyan]] | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Alice]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[David Burtka]] | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Michael Beck]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Richard T. Jones]] | colspan="4" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Det. Andrew Hahn]] || colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Max Greenfield]] | colspan="4" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Gabriel]] || colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Alexandra Daddario]] | colspan="4" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Natacha Rambova]] || colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Saniyya Sidney]] | colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Flora Harris]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Chaz Bono]] | colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Brian Wells]] || [[Gary Longstreet]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Shannon Lucio]] | colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Diana Cross]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Jacob Artist]] | colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Todd Allan Connors]] || colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Brian Howe (aisteoir)|Brian Howe]] | colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Mark Phillips]] || colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Emma Bell]] | colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Tracy Logan]] || colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | James Morosini | colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Bob Kinnaman]] || [[R.J]]<ref>{{cite tweet|number=912416446214483974|user=AHSFX|date=September 25, 2017|accessdate=September 26, 2017|title=Lights. Camera. Chaos. James Morosini is R.J. Tuesday 10 PM on FX. #AHSCult]]</ref> |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Colton Haynes]] | colspan="6" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Det. Jack Samuels]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Cooper Dodson | colspan="6" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Ozymandias "Oz" Mayfair-Richards]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Leslie Grossman]] | colspan="6" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Meadow Wilton]] |- ! colspan="9" style="background-color:#ccf;" | ===Foireann Aisteoirí Eile=== |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Kate Mara]] | [[Hayden McClaine]] || colspan="6" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Charles S. Dutton]] | [[Detective Granger]] || colspan="6" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Eric Stonestreet]] | [[Derek]] || colspan="6" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Ian McShane]] | style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Leigh Emerson]] || colspan="5" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Gabourey Sidibe]] | colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Queenie]] || [[Regina Ross]] || [[Queenie]] || colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Danny Huston]] | colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[The Axeman of New Orleans|The Axeman]] || [[Massimo Dolcefino]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Mare Winningham]] | colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Alicia Spencer]] || [[Rita Gayheart]] || [[Hazel Evers]] || style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || ''níos déanaí'' |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Patti LuPone]] | colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Joan Ramsey]] || colspan="4" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Stevie Nicks]] | colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Stevie Nicks]] (''í féin'') || colspan="4" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Celia Weston]] | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Lillian Hemmings]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Neil Patrick Harris]] | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Chester Creb]] || colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Naomi Campbell]] | colspan="4" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Claudia Bankson]] || colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Billy Eichner]] | colspan="6" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || [[Harrison Wilton]] |- ! colspan="9" style="background-color:#ccf;" | ===Foireann eile=== |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Lena Dunham]] | colspan="6" style="background-color:lightgrey;" | &nbsp; || |[[Valerie Solanas]]<ref>{{cite tweet|user=MrRPMurphy|author=Ryan Murphy|number=887844862426468352|title=Thrilled that my talented friend Lena Dunham is joining the AMERICAN HORROR STORY family. Always wanted to work together, and now we r!|date=July 19, 2017|accessdate=July 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2017/08/american-horror-story-cult-ryan-murphy-john-landgraf-donald-trump-hillary-clinton-1202156645/|title='American Horror Story: Cult': Ryan Murphy On Lena Dunham's Portrayal Of Valerie Solanas|website=Deadline.com|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=August 25, 2017|accessdate=August 25, 2017}}</ref> |- |} <!-- ==Buntuiscint== ==Miotaseoalíocht American Horror Story== ==Foireann aisteoirí agus carachtair== ==Táirgeadh== ===Ceol agus sraitheog tosaigh=== ==Craoladh agus eisiúint== ==Seachshraitheanna theilifíseanna== ==Tionchar== --> ==Nótaí== == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} ==Naisc Sheachtracha== * [http://www.fxnetworks.com/shows/originals/ahs/ Suíomh oifigiúil Fox] * [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1844624/ American Horror Story] ar [[IMDb]] * [http://www.tv.com/shows/american-horror-story/ American Horror Story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408122839/http://www.tv.com/shows/american-horror-story |date=2012-04-08 }} at [[TV.com]] {{americanhorrorstory}} [[Catagóir:American Horror Story|*]] [[Catagóir:Sraitheanna teilifíse Meiriceánacha a thosaigh i 2011]] [[Catagóir:Cláir Teilifíse Mheiriceánacha]] [[Catagóir:Cláir ficsean uafáis]] [[Catagóir:Cláir ficsean eolaíochta a bhaineann leis na beatha eachtardhomhanda]] [[Catagóir:Cláir teilifíse a bhaineann leis na beatha eachtardhomhanda]] [[Catagóir:Cláir Fox]] 60d5crq6zp99nbj4rqutp7eptzs0oox 0 91455 1330990 1266432 2026-10-30T11:43:11Z InternetArchiveBot 47196 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1330990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} Úrscéalaí, scríbneoir aistí agus file ón Astráil is ea '''Lily Brett''' (a rugadh mar '''Lilijahne Brajtsztajn''' in 1946 i gcampa Feldafing do dhaoine easáitithe sa Bhaváir). Bhí sí ina cónaí in [[Melbourne]] idir 1948 agus 1968, i Londain idir 1968 agus 1871 agus in Melbourne arís idir 1971-1989. Tá sí ina cónaí i Nua-Eabhrac ó 1989 i leith. Bhí a tuismitheoirí Max (a rugadh mar Mojsze Brajtsztajn in 1916) agus Rose (née Rozka Szpindler, ca. 1921–1986) ina gcónaí in [[Łódź]] sa [[an Pholainn|Pholainn]] roimh an Dara Cogadh Domhanda.<ref>Brett, Lily, "Papers of Lily Brett, circa 1946-2007," 2007: http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/35152930, National Library of Australia</ref><ref>Overington, Caroline: http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/lily-brett-dad-max-manhattan-and-me/news-story/ccd01d84631ce888408f4aa02b0e150a?nk=af91f3565d1563e382fd20b5920167fc-1465547822 {{Dead link|date=Deireadh Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, "Lily Brett: Dad Max, Manhattan, and me," The Australian, 7 May 2016</ref> Phós siad i nGeiteo Łódź sular cuireadh chun an tsluachampa géibhinn ag Auschwitz iad.<ref name="NLA Bio Papersref>Brett, Lily, "Papers of Lily Brett, circa 1946-2007," 2007: http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/35152930, National Library of Australia</ref><ref>Overington, Caroline: http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/lily-brett-dad-max-manhattan-and-me/news-story/ccd01d84631ce888408f4aa02b0e150a?nk=af91f3565d1563e382fd20b5920167fc-1465547822 {{Dead link|date=Deireadh Fómhair 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, "Lily Brett: Dad Max, Manhattan, and me," The Australian, 7 May 2016</ref> Tháinig siad le chéile arís tar éis an chogaidh agus rugadh Brett sa Ghearmáin.<ref name="Nentwich">{{cite news | url = http://www.zeit.de/2001/17/Eine_Entgleisung | teideal = Eine Entgleisung | last = Nentwich | first = Andreas | work = [[Die Zeit]] | language = German | date = 19 April 2001 | accessdate = }}</ref> Chuaigh an teaghlach chun Melbourne in 1948. Rugadh Doris, an deirfiúr ab óige, in 1950. Bhí a fhios ag Brett go raibh tubaiste ann roimhe sin ach níor lig a tuismitheoirí léi ach cuid den scéal. I gceann tamaill thosaigh sí ag léamh faoi mharú na nGiúdach. Fuair sí oideachas maith in Melbourne ach sheachain sí na scrúduithe a ligfeadh isteach san ollscoil í. Fuair sí post mar iriseoir popcheoil,<ref name="KentThesis">{{cite journal |title=The place of Go-Set in rock and pop music culture in Australia, 1966 to 1974 |last=Kent |first=David Martin |publisher=[[University of Canberra]] |date=September 2002 |location=Canberra, ACT |url=http://erl.canberra.edu.au/uploads/approved/adt-AUC20050509.095456/public/02whole.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |pages=9, 13, 54, 60–64, 68, 73, 128, 139–140, 226, 237 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6YiGE4tE6?url=http://erl.canberra.edu.au/uploads/approved/adt-AUC20050509.095456/public/02whole.pdf |archivedate=22 May 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904073704/http://erl.canberra.edu.au/uploads/approved/adt-AUC20050509.095456/public/02whole.pdf |date=4 Meán Fómhair 2015 }}</ref> post a thug go Sasana agus go Meiriceá í. Tar éis di filleadh abhaile phós sí Rob Lovett (iarghiotáraí ón ngrúpa The Loved Ones) agus rugadh dhá pháiste dóibh.<ref name="Robey">{{cite news | url = http://shelterislandreporter.timesreview.com/2016/01/15/islander-lily-brett%E2%80%82%E2%80%82nothing-is-valuable-except-for-love/ | teideal = Islander Lily Brett – Nothing is valuable, except for love | last = Robey | first = Charity | work = Shelter Island Reporter | date = 15 January 2016 | accessdate = }}{{Dead link|date=Bealtaine 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="NYT Wedding">{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/fashion/weddings/09bernstein.html?_r=0 | teideal = Weddings: Rivka Bernstein, Paris Lovett | work = The New York Times | date = 9 September 2007 | accessdate = }}</ref> I gceann tamaill scar siad ó chéile agus phós sí an t-ealaíontóir [[David Rankin (ealaíontóir)|David Rankin]]. Ó 1979 amach bhí sí ag scríobh filíochta, ficsin agus neamhfhicsin. D’fhoilsigh sí an chéad chnuasach filíochta aici, ''The Auschwitz poems'', in 1986, agus é maisithe ag David Rankin.<ref>Brett, Lily; Rankin, David: ''The Auschwitz Poems'', 1986, Scribe: isbn = 978-0-908011-10-0</ref> Bhain an leabhar a lán duaiseanna, agus moladh a gearrscéal "Luba" chomh maith. In 1989 d’aistrigh sí féin agus Rankin go Nua-Eabhrac.<ref name="Robey"/><ref name="Nat Portrait">{{cite web | url = http://www.portrait.gov.au/people/lily-brett-1946 | teideal = Lily Brett b. 1946 | publisher = [[National Portrait Gallery (Australia)|National Portrait Gallery]] | date = | accessdate = }} </ref> Tháinig an chéad leabhar ficsin aici, ''Things Could Be Worse'', amach in 1990. Foilsíodh a cúigiú húrscéal, ''Too Many Men'', an ceann is iomráití dá cuid, in 2001.<ref name="Publishers Weekly">{{cite web | url = https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-688-17755-3/ | teideal = ''Too Many Men'' by Lily Brett | work = [[Publishers Weekly]] | date = 13 August 2001 | accessdate = }}</ref> Bhuaigh a seachtú húrscéal, ''Lola Bensky'' (2013), an Prix Medicis étranger sa Fhrainc in 2014. Tá deich gcnuasach filíochta, ceithre chnuasach aistí agus seacht n-úrscéal foilsithe aici. Tá píosaí scríofa aici do roinnt mhaith nuachtán agus irisí liteartha, leithéidí [[Die Zeit]], [[The Australian]], [[Die Welt]], [[Sydney Morning Herald]], [[The Age]] agus [[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitungfrankfurter]].<ref>{{cite web|teideal=Lily Brett articles: |work=[[Die Zeit Standard]]|url=http://www.zeit.de/autoren/B/Lily_Brett/index.xml|date=November 23, 2015|accessdate=}}</ref> ===Ficsean=== * "Luba" (gearrscéal, 28 Nollaig 1988) *''Things Could Be Worse'' (1990) *''What God Wants'' (1992) *''Just Like That'' (1994) *''Collected Stories'' (1999) *''Too Many Men'' (2001) *''You Gotta Have Balls'' (2005) *''Lola Bensky'' (2013) ===Neamhfhicsean=== *''In Full View'' (1997) Macmillan Australia {{ISBN|978-0-7329-0895-9}} *''New York'' (2001) Picador Australia {{ISBN|978-0-330-36245-0}} *''Between Mexico and Poland'' (2002) Picador Australia {{ISBN|978-0-330-36386-0}} *''Only in New York'' (2014) ===Filíocht=== *''The Auschwitz poems'' (1986) Scribe, ISBN 978-0-908011-10-0 *''Poland and other poems (1987) Scribe ISBN 978-0-908011-13-1 *''After the war: poems'' (1990) Melbourne University Press ISBN 978-0-522-84415-3 *''Unintended Consequences'' (1992) *''In Her Strapless Dresses'' (1994) Picador Australia {{ISBN|978-0-330-35589-6}} *''Mud in My Tears'' (1997) Picador Australia {{ISBN|978-0-330-36011-1}} *''Poems by Lily Brett'' (2001) Picador Australia {{ISBN|978-0-330-36291-7}} *''Blistered Days'' (2007) Picador Australia {{ISBN|978-0-330-42287-1}} *''Liebesgedichte'' (Love Poems) (2008)'' *''Wenn Wir Bleiben Könnten'' (If We Could Stay) (2014) ==Nótaí== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Naisc sheachtracha== *[http://www.nla.gov.au/openpublish/index.php/jasal/article/view/91/746 Shannon Dowling 'Traces of Trauma: Loss and Longing in ''Too Many Men''' ''JASAL'' 6 (2007)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053309/http://www.nla.gov.au/openpublish/index.php/jasal/article/view/91/746 |date=2016-03-04 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130517184621/http://www.milesfranklin.com.au/2013/2013_longlist Miles Franklin Literary Award] * [http://digital.slv.vic.gov.au/view/action/nmets.do?DOCCHOICE=1185671.xml&dvs=1465544298228~630&locale=en_GB&search_terms=&adjacency=&VIEWER_URL=/view/action/nmets.do?&DELIVERY_RULE_ID=4&divType=&usePid1=true&usePid2=true "Lily Brett"]{{Dead link|date=Deireadh Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (grianghraf le Elizabeth Gilliam, 1989; stóráilte i Leabharlann Stáit Victoria) * {{cite web | url = https://subjectgroups.research.uwa.edu.au/bitstream/123456789/1361/13/Papers%20of%20Lily%20Brett.pdf | teideal = Papers of Lily Brett | last = Williams | first = M | format = PDF | publisher = [[Australian Defence Force Academy]] | date = October 2000 | accessdate = | dátarochtana = 2019-12-29 | archivedate = 2016-08-03 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160803165406/https://subjectgroups.research.uwa.edu.au/bitstream/123456789/1361/13/Papers%20of%20Lily%20Brett.pdf }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brett, Lily}} [[Catagóir: Scríbhneoirí Astrálacha]] [[Catagóir: Filí Astrálacha]] [[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1946]] [[Catagóir:Daoine beo]] 5fzrkjup7ldjoo1f6zn90mr66o82jno 0 93161 1330981 1053809 2026-10-30T08:42:14Z InternetArchiveBot 47196 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1330981 wikitext text/x-wiki Ainm de dhá dhream agus a ríochtaí in Éirinn na [[meánaois]]e ba ea '''Gaileanga''' ([[Meán-Ghaeilge]] '''Gailenga'''<ref>[http://dil.ie/25142 Gailenga] ar eDIL</ref>), suite i [[Brega|mBreá]] agus i g[[cúige Chonnacht]]. [[File:Breifne700AD.png|mion|200px|Léarscáil [[Bréifne|Bhréifne]] c. AD 700, le Gaileanga san oirthear]] ==Stair== I dteannta leis na [[Luíne]], [[Dealbhna]], Saitne agus [[Ciannachta]], mhaígh na Gailenga gur de shliocht [[Tadhg mac Céin|Thaidhg mhic Céin]], trína a mhac, Cormac Gaileang.<ref>[http://dil.ie/25141 Gaileng] ar eDIL</ref> Creideann [[Francis John Byrne]] agus [[Eoin Mac Néill]] beirt: :gur threibheanna gaiscíoch a bhí ann a lonnaigh na [[Connachta]] agus [[Uí Néill]] iad ... ar thailte cloíte acu (IKHK, lch.&nbsp;69). De réir ginealach luaite i bh[[Foras Feasa ar Éirinn]] le [[Seathrún Céitinn]]: :Seo a leanas na críocha a bhain siad amach: Gaileanga, san oirthear a agus iarthar; Ciannachta, sa deisceart agus tuaisceart; Luighne, san oirthear a agus iarthar Cé gur chreid Byrne agus MacNeill gurbh as Connachta iad ó dhúchas, mholfadh taighde a rinneadh le gairid ar shanasaíocht an fhocail '[[Connachta]]' gurbh as [[Brega|Breá]] iad i ndáiríre, agus gur lonnaíodh trasna na [[Sionainn]]e ag na the Connachta iad. Deir Byrne fosta go raibh gaol láidir idir na Gailenga agus na Luigne mar chomharsana agus comhghuaillithe i gConnacht: :suite taobh ó dheas de [[Sliabh Gamh|Shliabh Gamh]], ba bhloc mór iad idir [[Uí Fiachrach]] agus [[Uí Bhriuin]]. Bhí siad féin i gceannas ar threibheanna níos lú, agus tá ceart éigin acu bheith san áireamh mar ard-ríocht nó [[ríthe Éireann|ríocht ruire]], agus aithníodh seo sa dara haois déag nuair a tógadh a gcuid críoch i n[[Deoise Achadh Conaire]] isteach. Bhíodh a rítheaghlaigh, [[Uí Gadhra]] agus [[Uí hEaghra]], chun cinn fós sa seachtú haois déag. Bhíodh na barúntachtaí [[Gaileanga|Gaileang]] i Maigh Eo agus [[Luíne]] i Sligheach ... dubh le treibheanna beaga, agus dlúthghaol ag roinnt acu siúd le scéalta bunúis na gConnacht.<ref>Byrne, lch. 233</ref> ==Ginealaigh== Deir [[ginealach]] luaite ag [[Seathrún Céitinn]]: :''"Bhí beirt mhac ag Tadhg mac Céin mhic Ailealla Óloim, mar a bhí, Connla agus Cormac Gaileang. De shliocht Iomchaidhe mhic Connla iad Uí Chearbhaill, agus d'Fhionnachta mac Connla iad Uí Meachair. De shliocht Chormac Gaileang mhic Thadhg mhic Céin iad Uí Eadhra agus Uí Ghadhra agus Uí Conchúir Chiannacht." Faightear i ''[[Rawlinson B 502]] agus/nó [[Rawlinson B 512]] an ginealach a leanas: :''Léocán m. Laidgneáin m. Máeláin m. Éicnich m. Dúnchada m. Cináeda m. Léocáin m. Donngaile m. Conchobair m. Moínaich m. Máel Mórda m. Adamra m. Dechraich m. Dergscáil m. Leae nó oe m. Cormaicc [Gaileang] m. Taidg m. Céin m. Ailella Auluimm. ==Ríochtaí na nGaileang== * Gaileanga Móra: suite i g[[Contae na Mí]], taobh ó thuaidh den Abhainn Dhubh agus [[An Bhóinn]]. Faighter an t-ainm i [[Machaire Gaileang]]. * Gaileanga Breá: suite i dtuaisceart [[Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath|Chontae Bhaile Átha Cliath]], idir [[an Life]] agus na Saithne ([[Seantrabh]]). * Gaileanga Connacht: suite i m[[barúntacht]] [[Gaileanga|Ghaileang]], [[Contae Mhaigh Eo]]. Ghlac clanna na nGaileang Mór agus Breá na sloinnte [[Uí Lóthcháin]], [[Uí Aonghasa]] agus [[Mhic Maoláin]]. Sna liostaí a leanas, tógadh gach taigairt ó [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]], muna deirtear a mhalairt. ===Ríthe Ghaileang Mór=== {| class=wikitable ! width=10% | # ! width=45% | Meán-Ghaeilge ! width=45% | Gaeilge |- valign=top || M978.3 || ''Cath Temhra ... Torcratar bheós h-i frithghuin an catha ... Conghalach mac Flainn, tigherna Gaileng, & a mac .i. Maolán || ''Conghalach, son of Flann, lord of Gaileanga, and his son, i.e. Maelan, killed in the [[Cath Theamhrach]] |- valign=top || M990.8 || ''An Siondach ua Leochan, tighearna Gaileng, d'écc || An Sionnach Ó Leocháin, tiarna Ghaileang, d'éag |- valign=top || M1001.15 || ''Meirlechán, .i. mac Cuind, tigherna Gaileng, & Brodubh, .i. mac Diarmata, do mharbhadh lá Mael Sechlainn || Meirleachan, .i. mac Coinn, tiarna Ghaileang, agus Brodubh, .i. mac Dhiarmada, do mharú ag Maol Seachlainn |- valign=top || M1002.7 || ''Dondghal, mac Duind Cothaigh, tigherna Gaileng, do mharbhadh lá Trotan, mac Builcc Argait, mic Maoil Dora, tigherna Fer Cúl ina thigh budhdhein || Donnghal mac Doinn Cothaigh, tiarna Ghaileang, do mharú ag Trotan mac Boilg Airgid mhic Mhaoil ''Dhora'', tiarna Fhear Cúl, ina thigh féin |- valign=top || M1005.6 || ''Cathal, mac Dunchadha, tigherna Gaileng Mór, do marbhadh || Cathal mac Dunchadha, tiarna Ghaileang Mór, do mharú |- valign=top || 1013 || '' || ''Senán ua Leocháin king of Gailenga, fell in battle in a raid by Ualgarg ua Ciardha king of Cairbre |- valign=top || M1017.7 || ''Maolán mac Eccnígh uí Leochain, tigherna Gaileng & Tuath Luicchne (Luigne) uile, do mharbhadh dona Saithnibh || Maolán mac Éicnígh Uí Leocháin, tiarna Ghaileng agus Tuatha Luigne uile, do mharú ag na Saithne |- valign=top || M1038.11 || ''Laidhgnén h-Ua Leocáin, tigherna Gaileng, do erghabhail || ''Laidhgnén'' Ó Leocháin, tiarna Ghaileang, d'urghabháil |- valign=top || M1051.11 || ''Laidcenn mac Maolain h-Uí Leocáin, tigherna Gaileng, & a bhen inghen an Ghuitt, do dhol dia n-ailithre do Roimh, co n-erbaltattar thoir oc tiachtain on Róimh || ''Laidcenn'' mac Maoláin Uí Leocháin, tiarna Ghaileang, agus a bhean iníon an Ghoitt, do chuaigh ar oilithreacht go Róimh, agus d'éag san oirthear ag teacht ar ais |- valign=top || M1053.14 || ''Creach lá Lethlobhar, mac Laidhgnén, tigherna Oirghiall, for Gailengaibh, & for techeda Fer Midhe & Bregh, co rug mór do bhuaibh & braitt, co n-dechaidh ina n-diaidh Congalach, mac Senáin, tigherna Gaileng co t-taraidh<ref>[http://dil.ie/40149 1 tárr(th)aigid], tarrtháil, ar eDIL</ref> bú Fer Manach cona tairthetar<ref>[http://dil.ie/17156 do-airret], tarrtháil, ar eDIL</ref> iaramh Fir Mhanach imo tigherna .i. Domhnall mac Maol Ruanaidh, co t-torchair<ref>[http://dil.ie/18533 do-tuit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411140656/http://dil.ie/18533 |date=2020-04-11 }}, tit, ar eDIL</ref> leó Conghalach, mac Senáin, tighearna Gaileng co sochaidhe oile cenmótha-somh<ref>[http://dil.ie/8621 cenmothá], ''Compd. of cen [gan] and -tá'', freisin, le cois</ref> || Creach ag Leathlobhar mac ''Laidhgnen'', tiarna Oiriall, in éadan na nGaileang agus theifigh Fhear Mí agus Breá, agus rug mór de bhó agus ''braitt'', ach chuaigh ina ndiaidh Conghalach mac Seanáin, tiarna Ghaileang, agus tharrtháil siad creach-bhó na bhFear Manach, ach sheas na Fir-Manach, lena dtiarna, .i. Domhnall mac Maol Ruanaidh, agus thit Conghalach mac Seanáin, tiarna Ghaileang, agus sochaí eile freisin |- valign=top || M1130.10 || ''Cathraoineadh ria Tighernán Ua Ruairc & ria n-Uibh Briuin i Sleibh Guaire for Feraibh Mídhe, dú i t-torchair Diarmaitt Ua Maoilechlainn, rí Temhrach, & Amhlaoibh, mac Mic Senain, tigherna Gaileng, & Oengus Ua Caoindelbháin, tigherna Ua Laoghaire, mac Mic Giolla Fhulartaigh, tigherna Deisceirt Bregh, & drong oile nach airimhthir || Buadh cath ag Tiarnán Ó Ruairc agus Uí Bhriuin i Sliabh Guaire in éadan Fhear Mí, inar thit Diarmaid Ó Maoileachlainn, rí Teamhrach, agus Amhlaoibh mac Mhic Seanáin, tiarna Gaileang, agus Aonghas Ó Caoindealbháin, tiarna Uí -Laoghaire mac Mhic Giolla Fhulartaigh, tiarna Deiscirt Bhreá, agus drong eile nach áirítear |- valign=top || M1144.14 || ''Mac Mic Maoláin, tigherna Gaileang Breagh, do mharbhadh || Mac Mhic Mhaoláin, tiarna Ghaileang Breá, do mharú |} ===Ríthe Ghaileang Breá=== {| class=wikitable ! width=10% | # ! width=45% | Meán-ghaeilge ! width=45% | Gaeilge |- valign=top || M1076.2 || ''Murchadh, mac Floinn Ui Maoileachlainn, do marbhadh, i c-cend teora n-oidhche cona láibh iar n-gabháil forlámhais Temhra, i c-cloictheach Cenannsa tré fhéill lá tigherna Gaileng .i. la h-Amhlaoibh, mac mic Maoláin, & a mharbhadh-sidhe fein fo chédóir, tria fhertaibh Dé & Cholaim Chille, la Maol Seachlain, mac Concobhair || Murchadh mac Floinn Uí Mhaoilseachlainn, do mharú, i gceann trí oíche agus trí lá tar éis dó forlámhas Teamhrach a ghabháil, i gclogtheach Cheannannais, trí fheall ag tiarna Ghaileang, .i. Amhlaoibh mac mhic Mhaoláinalenga, agus do mharúsa féin fá céadóir,<ref>[https://www.teanglann.ie/ga/fgb/céadóir céadóir], céaduair, ar teanglann</ref> trí fheart Dé agus [[Colm Cille]], ag Maolseachlainn mac Conchúir |- valign=top || M1144.14 || ''Mac Mic Maoláin, tigherna Gaileang Breagh, do mharbhadh || Mac Mhic Mhaoláin, tiarna Gaileang Breá, do mharú |} ===Ríthe Ghaileang Connacht=== * [[Toichleach ua Gadhra]], bás 964. * [[Conghalach mac Laidhgnen ua Gadhra]], bás 993. ==Féach freisin== * [[Ríthe Luighne Connacht]] * [[Ríthe Sliabh Lugha]] * Barúntacht [[Gaileanga|Ghaileang]] ==Foinsí== * ''Medieval Ireland: Territorial, Political and Economic Divisions'', Paul MacCotter, Four Courts Press, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-84682-098-4}} * ''Irish Kings and High Kings'', ll.&nbsp;68–9, 88, 101n., 132-3, 231, 233, 249, 291, [[Francis John Byrne]], 3ú heagrán, 2001. ==Naisc sheachtracha== * Dennis Walsh ** [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/province.htm Ancient Kingdoms, Kings, and Territories] ** The Kingdom of Mide *** [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/suineill.htm#map léarscáil] *** [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/suineill.htm#gail Gailenga] ==Tagairtí== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gailenga}} [[Catagóir:Ríochtaí Éireann]] hs1euxzhvf6pn8c8yhxnsovp6wuojen 0 95671 1330974 1121373 2026-10-30T03:41:51Z InternetArchiveBot 47196 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1330974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta|imatge=[[Íomhá:Irish aid.gif|220px]]‎}} Clár [[Rialtas na hÉireann|Rialtais na hÉireann]] maidir leis an bhforbairt thar lear, atá ag obair chun an [[Bochtaineacht|bhochtaineacht]] agus an t-ocras a laghdú ar domhan, is ea '''Cúnamh Éireann''' nó ''Irish Aid'' as Béarla.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.irishaid.ie/ie/maidir-linne/|teideal=Maidir Linne - Department of Foreign Affairs|language=ie|work=www.irishaid.ie|dátarochtana=2021-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=http://www.worldwiseschools.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/GCE-how-to-guidebook-irish.pdf|teideal=OIDEACHAS SAORÁNACHTA DOMHANDA LÁMHLEABHAR AN MHÚINTEORA|údar=worldwiseschools.ie|dátarochtana=2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424220118/http://www.worldwiseschools.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/GCE-how-to-guidebook-irish.pdf|archivedate=2021-04-24}}</ref> [[File:Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Ireland).jpg|thumb|An Roinn Gnóthaí Eachtracha, Teach Uíbh Eachach]] Tá an clár á bhainistiú ag Rannóg an Chomhair um Fhorbairt de chuid na Roinne Gnóthaí Eachtracha agus Trádála. Tá a gcuid oibre bunaithe ar an bPáipéar Bán ar Chúnamh Éireann, ina gcuirtear an comhrac in aghaidh an ocrais agus na bochtaineachta ar fud an domhain ag croílár bheartas eachtrach na hÉireann.     Is é an aidhm atá lena chuid clár cúnaimh an bhochtaineacht agus an t‑ocras a laghdú, go háirithe san Afraic fho-Shahárach san áit is mó gátar.  Trí thacú le forbairt fhadtéarmach agus cabhair dhaonnúil a sholáthar in os cionn ochtó tír thar ceann mhuintir na hÉireann, tá Cúnamh Éireann ag iarraidh cabhrú chun todhchaí níos fearr a thógáil do chuid de na pobail is boichte ar domhan. Cé go dtacaíonn Cúnamh Éireann le hobair i líon mór tíortha ar fud an domhain forbraíochta, is ar an Afraic fho-Shahárach is mó atá siad dírithe- go háirithe [[An Aetóip]], [[An Mhaláiv]], [[An Chéinia]], [[Mósaimbíc]], [[Siarra Leon]], [[An Tansáin]], [[Uganda]], [[Vítneam]] agus [[An tSaimbia]].  Oibríonn Cúnamh Éireann le bpairtnéirí ins na dtíortha ina n-oibríonn siad, pairtneirí ar nós [[EU AID]] agus [[na Náisiúin Aontaithe]]. Is tacadóirí iad Cúnamh Éireann leis na Spriocanna Forbartha Inbhuanaithe ag na Náisiúin Aontaithe a bhaint amach agus in 2019 d'fhoilsigh siad beartas nua le aghaidh stiúradh a gcuid obair de sna mblianta atá amach romhainn darb ainm '''Domhan Níos Fearr''' nó ''A Better World'' as Béarla. == Féach freisin == * [[An Roinn Gnóthaí Eachtracha agus Trádála]] * [[Dóchas - An Scátheagras Éireannach d'Eagraíochtaí Forbartha Neamhrialtasacha]] * [[Na Náisiúin Aontaithe]] * [[An tAontas Eorpach]] * [[Spriocanna Forbartha Inbhuanaithe]] == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Rialtas na hÉireann]] [[Catagóir:Cúnamh forbartha]] b19nh72lbeqhqizl61vpqgbinpb41p3 0 95993 1330980 1329612 2026-10-30T08:15:47Z InternetArchiveBot 47196 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1330980 wikitext text/x-wiki Seo thíos liosta des na féilte arb í [[an Ghaeilge]] príomhtheanga na n-imeachtaí. {| class="sortable wikitable" !'''Ainm na Féile''' !'''Cá hÁit''' !'''Mí''' !'''Cineál Féile''' !'''Uimhir''' !'''Ríomhphost''' !'''Láthair Ghréasáin''' |- | | |'''EANÁIR''' | | | | |- |'''[[Cumann Merriman#Scoil Gheimhridh Merriman|SCOIL GHEIMRIDH MERRIMAN]]''' |'''Ionaid Éagsúla chuile bhliain''' |Eanáir 29-31ú |[[Brian Merriman]], Gaeilge, saíocht na hÉireann, agus Contae an Chláir á gceiliúradh. |086 382 0671 |eolas@merriman.ie |www.merriman.ie/ga/geimhreadh/2017g |- |'''ÉIGSE NA BRIÍDEOIGE''' |'''Uíbh Ráthach''' |Eanáir 29-01 Feabhra | | | | |- |'''TONNTA''' |'''Cathair Na Gaillimhe''' |Eanáir 29-01 Feabhra |Ceiliúradh ar dhá-theangachais na cathrach - ceol, ceardaíocht, mór-shiúl ealaíonta. | | |https://tonnta.eu/ |- | | |'''FEABHRA''' | | | | |- |'''IMBOLC''' |'''[[Baile Bhuirne|Baile Mhuirne]], Corcaigh''' |Feabhra 1ú |Féile cainteanna suimiúla ó dhaoine suimiúla, saghas Ted Talks na Gaeilge. |085 144 7789 |tomas@imbolc.ie |www.imbolc.ie |- |'''LEABHRA FEABHRA''' |'''Náisiúnta''' |Feabhra 1ú |Féile ina mbronntar leabhair Gaeilge ar chairde. | | |www.leabhrafeabhra.com |- |'''FÉILE RUA''' |'''An Cheathrú Rua, Gaillimh''' |Feabhra 16-17ú |Dírithe ar dhaltaí scoileSiúlóid ealaíne, comórtas amhránaíochta nuachumtha, siompósiam, fiach focal. | | |https://www.facebook.com/Oireachtas19832023/ |- |'''SCOIL CHEOIL AN EARRAIGH''' |'''[[Baile an Fheirtéaraigh|Baile an Fheirtéirigh]], Ciarraí''' |Feabhra 22-26ú |Béim ar stíl cheoil is amhránaíocht Chorca Dhuibhne. |(087) 7820429 |scoilcheoilciarrai@gmail.com |www.scoilcheoil.com |- |'''SEAN-NÓS NA FEARSAIDE''' |CC Mhic Reachtain Béal Feriste |Feabhra 26-28ú |Amhránaíocht ar an tsean-nós. | | |https://www.antoireachtas.ie/imeachtai-eile/sean-nos-na-fearsaide.html |- |'''ÉIGSE CHOILM CILLE''' |[[Contae Dhoire|Doire]], Éire 32 |Feabhra 28ú - 1ú Márta |Seoltaí leabhair, léachtanna, cainteanna -le léamh agus scríobh na Gaeilge a chur chun cinn agus le ceiliúradh a dhéanamh ar scríbhneoirí an cheantair mhóir. | | |www.facebook.com/EigseCholmCille |- | | |'''MÁRTA''' | | | | |- |'''[[Seachtain na Gaeilge|SEACHTAIN NA GAEILGE]]''' |Éire / An Domhain |Márta 1 -17 |Féile Náisiúnta ina n-eagraitear imeachtaí féiliúla in ngach contae sa tír. |01 475 7401 |snag@cnag.ie |www.snag.ie |- |'''ÉIGSE NA TRÍONÓIDE''' |[[Coláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath|Coláiste na Tríonóide]], BÁC |Márta 1-5ú |Turais, díospóireachtaí, cainteanna, béiltí, aifreann, rince. | | |www.facebook.com/events/1803236279925462 |- |'''ÉIGSE AN SPIDÉIL''' |[[An Spidéal]], Gaillimh |Márta 3ú- 5ú |Ceol agus imeachtaí ealaíne do phobal Chois Fharraige. |091 553 124 |deirdrenic@gmail.com |www.eigseanspideil.ie |- |'''SPRAOI COIS LAO''' |BÉAL FEIRISTE |Márta 7ú |Lá Gaeilge teallaigh mar chuid d'fhíle an Phobail. | | |https://feilebelfast.com/events/irish-language-family-funday-spraoi-cois-lao/ |- |'''FÉILE AN EARRAIGH''' |[[Béal Feirste]], An Cheathrú Gaeltachta |Márta 1-17ú |Coimreacha ceol Gaelach, ceiliúradh teangan, ranganna Gaeilge, turais, siúlóidí, cluichí Gaelacha. |028 9560 9984 |info@feilebelfast.com |<nowiki>https://feilebelfast.com/about/</nowiki> |- |'''GAELSPRAOI''' |[[Baile Átha Cliath|BÁC]] - Imeachtaí Lá 'le Pádraig |Márta 15-17 |Ceol-choirmeacha, Ceardlanna leannaí. |01 604 0090 |info@stpatricksfestival.ie |www.stpatricksfestival.ie |- |'''FÉILE RAIFTEIRÍ''' |[[Baile Locha Riach]], an [[Creachmhaoil]] Gaillimh |Márta 26-29ú |Ceolchoirmeach, ceardlanna fillíocht is amhránaíocht, seó puipéidí. |090 967 5957 |padraigrua@gmail.com |www.facebook.com/events/1024638137680782 |- | | |'''AIBREÁiN''' | | | | |- |'''SEAN-NÓS COIS LIFE''' |[[Baile Átha Cliath]] |Aibreán 1-3ú |Cantaireacht ar an tSean-nós. |01 453 8192 |sncl2009@gmail.com |<nowiki>http://www.seannos.ie</nowiki> |- |'''FÉILE NÁISIÚNTA SCOIL DRÁMAÍOCHTA''' |[[An Muileann gCearr|An Mhuileann Gearr]], An Iar-Mhí |Aibreán 20ú |Féile na ndrámaí is fearr as na féilte réigiúnda. |01-8531945 | |www.scoildramaiocht.ie/feile-naisiunta-2016-2 |- |'''[[Éigse Dara Beag|ÉIGSE DARA BEAG]]''' |Inis Meáin, Gaillimh |Aibreán 16-18ú |Ceiliúradh ar oidhreacht dhúchasach Inis Meáin. | | | |- |'''FÉILE NA BEALTAINE (dhátheangach)''' |[[An Daingean]], Ciaraí |Aibreáin 28ú - 2ú Bealtaine |Scanáin, ceoil, cainteanna, taispeántais, seoltaí leabhair ⁊rl. | |info@feilenabealtaine.ie |www.feilenabealtaine.ie |- |'''FÉILE NÁISIÚNTA DRÁMAÍOCHTA''' |[[Conamara]], Gaillimh |Aibreáin 29ú - 1ú Bealtaine |Buaiteoirí na comórtais réigiúnda ag léiriú a ndrámaí don bhríomhdhuais. |091 574146 |eolas@drama-gaeilge.com |www.drama-gaeilge.com |- | | |'''BEALTAINE''' | | | | |- |'''FÉILE RÓISE RUA''' |Arann Mhóir Dún na nGall |Bealtaine 15-17ú |Féile i gcuimhne an t-amhránaí áitiúil, Róise na nAmhrán, ceolchoimeacha ⁊rl | | |https://feileroiserua.com/ |- | | |'''MEITHEAMH''' | | | | |- |'''[[Comórtas Peile na Gaeltachta|FÉILE PEIL NA GAELTACHTA]]''' |Láthair Gaeltacht éigin achan bhliain. |An chéad deireadh seachtaine de Mheitheamh |Comórtaisí 1/4, 1/2 agus Ceannais, Peil Gaeltachta na bhFear ⁊ na mBan agus Liatróid Láimhe leis. Coirmeacha ceoil. | | | |- |'''[[Féile na Gealaí|FÉILE NA GEALAÍ]]''' |[[Ráth Chairn]], An Mhí |Meithimh 10-11ú |Féile d'ilchineáil cheoil i nGaeilge. | |feilenagealai@gmail.com |www.facebook.com/Féile-na-Gealaí-239363916432323 |- |'''FÉILE AN DÓILÍN''' |[[An Cheathrú Rua]], Gaillimh |Meitheamh 11-12ú |An fhéile ghleoiteoga is sine agus is mó in Éirinn. Seoltóirecht, Ceoltóireacht, Siamsaíocht ⁊rl. | | |www.galwayhookers.ie |- |'''FÉILE AN DAINGIN''' |Teach an Daingen, [[An Daingean]], Ciaraí |Meitheamh 14ú |Rásaí gleoteoga, curachaí, reathaíocht, saighid, seisiúin, comórtas an chailín is áille. | | | |- |'''FÉILE NA mBÁD''' |Inis Meáin |Meitheamh 13ú |Ceiliúradh ar na Báid Móra, Gleoiteoga, Leathbháid agus na Púcáin. | | | |- |'''FÉILE NA gCLOIGINÍ GORMA''' |Béal Feiriste |26ú Meitheamh |Ceiliúradh ar phobal, ar dhlúthpháirtíocht, ar shláinte agus ar an timpeallacht áitiúil. | | | |- |'''OIREACHTAS GAEILGE CHEANADA''' |[[Ontario]], [[Ceanada]] |Meitheamh 24-26ú |Céiliúradh Cultúir, traidisiúnta agus nua-aimsire, na Gaeltachta trí na taibh-ealaíona: ealaíona labhartha, dráma, litríocht, amhránaíocht, damhsa agus ceol uirlise. |001 613 731-1857 |aralt@gaeilge.ca |www.oireachtas.ca |- |'''FÉILE TEANGA SHLIABH BHEATHA''' |[[Contae Mhuineacháin|Muineacháin]], [[Contae Fhear Manach|Fear Manach]], [[Contae Thír Eoghain|Tír Eoghain]] |Meitheamh 3-6ú |Ranganna Gaeilge as gach leibhéal, Scéalaíocht, Filíocht, Ealaíon, Ceol, Amhránaíocht, Damhsa ar an tsean-nós, Siúlóidí faoin aer, Gríscin. | | | |- | | |'''IÚIL''' | | | | |- |'''SOMA GAEILGE''' |[[Caisleán Uidhilín|Caisleán Uídhilín]], Co. An Dúin |Iúil |Ardán Gaeilge ag an Soma Festival. | | | |- |'''FÉILE MHIC DARA''' |[[Carna]] / [[Oileán Mhic Dara]] |Iúil 16ú |Féile currachaí is gleoiteoga. | | |www.facebook.com/feile.mhicdara |- |'''SCOIL SAMHRAIDH SHÉAMUIS UÍ NÉILL''' |[[Caisleán Uidhilín]], Co. An Dúin |Iúil 16ú |Féile litriochta ag an am céanna le féile ceoil SOMA. | | |https://www.gloruachtartire.com/ranganna |- |'''SCOIL SAMHRAIDH MHIC REACHTAIN''' |[[Béal Feirste]] |Iúil 25-30ú |Féile buíon ceoil na Gaeilge. |028 9074 9688 |eolas@mhicreachtain.com |https://mhicreachtain.com/scoil-samhraidh-mhic-reachtain/?lang=en |- | | |'''LÚNASA''' | | | | |- |'''FÉILE INIS BÓ FINNE''' |[[Inis Bó Finne (Contae Dhún na nGall)|Inis Bó Finne]], Tír Chonaill |Lúnasa 6-7ú |Aifreann, siúilóid, rásaí curraigh, léachtanna, céilí. | | | |- |'''[[Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann|FLEADH CEOIL NA hÉIREANN]])''' |In Éirinn |Lúnasa 14 -2ú |iliomad imeachtaí i nGaeilge dírithe ar an gCeoil, Stair an cheoil, imeachtai do leanaí leis. |065 684 5918 |eolas@fleadhcheoil.ie |www.fleadhcheoil.ie |- |'''DAONSCOIL NA MUMHAN''' |[[An Rinn (Contae Phort Láirge)|An Rinn]], Port Láirge |Lúnasa 14-19ú |Seachtain caidrimh is oilliúna le Léachtanna, Ceol agus Craic is imeachtaí eile. |087 7938709 |micheal@anrinn.com |www.daonscoilnamumhan.com |- |'''FLEADH NA bPRÁTAÍ''' |[[Baile Locha Riach|Baile Loch Riach]], Gaillimh |Lúnasa 14-16ú |Campáil, Comhrá Ceol, ól agus Fataí. |091 967 5958 |padraigrua@gmail.com |https://sceal.ie/imeachtai/flea-na-pratai-2026/ |- |'''FÉILE NA n-OILEÁIN''' |[[Leitir Móir|Leitir Mór]], Gaillimh |Lúnasa 18-19ú |Rásaí báid, agus go leor imeachtaí ar thalaimh don teaghlach ar fad. | | | |- |'''[[Liú Lúnasa|LIÚ LÚNASA]]''' |[[Béal Feirste]], Aontroim |Lúnasa 24ú-28ú |Féile ceoil nua phobalbhunaithe eagraithe ag an óige i gcroílár [[Gaeltacht Bhéal Feirste|Ghaeltacht Uirbeach Bhéal Feirste]]. 13 imeacht, Ceolchoimeachcha agus Slam-fhilíocht. | |liulunasa@gmail.com |[https://www.facebook.com/liulunasa/][https://web.archive.org/web/20240827210347/https://www.culturlann.ie/ga/imeachta%C3%AD-agus-eile https://www.facebook.com/liulunasa/] |- |'''FÉILE AN DROICHEAD''' |[[Béal Feirste]], Aontroim |Lúnasa 25-28ú |Féile chultúir Ghaelaigh agus Cheoil Traidisiúnta. |0048 90 288818 |eolas@androichead.com |www.androichead.com |- |'''FÉILE NA BHFLAITHEARTACH (2 theangach)''' |[[Inis Mór]], Gaillimh |Lúnasa 27-28ú |Cur chun cinn scíbhíní Liam Ó Flaithearta, Léachtanna, Drámaí, Ceoil. |095-33428 |ocuaig@hotmail.com |www.dannymorrison.com/feile-na-bhflaitheartach-26-27-august-2017 |- | | |'''M. FÓMHAIR''' | | | | |- |'''[[An Puball Gaeilge|AN PUBALL GAEILGE]]''' |[[An Sráidbhaile (Laois)|An tSráidbhaile]], Port Laoise |Meán Fómhair 1-3ú |Trí lá shiamsaíocht cainteanna, fillíocht, ceolchoirmeacha, fuirseoirí, Geabairí, Podchraoltaí Gaeilge ag an [[An Phicnic Leictreach|EP]]. |086 8260860 |eolas@anpuballgaeilge.com |www.anpuballgaeilge.com |- |'''[[An Chollchoill|AN COLLCHOILL]]''' |[[An tSráidbhaile, Contae Phort Láirge|An tSráidbhaile]], Port Laoise |Meán Fómhair 1-3ú |Ceol Ccmaiseartha Gaeilge ar ardán na Collchoille (''Hazelwood'') óna 7-12 ag an b[[An Phicnic Aibhléiseach|Picnic Aibhléiseach]] | |siomha@cnag.ie |www.cnag.ie |- |'''SEAN-NÓS ARD MHACA THEAS''' |Ard Mhaca |Meán Fómhair 6-7´ú |Amhránaíocht ar an tsean-nós. | | |https://ardmhachatheas.com/what-we-do/sean-nos-ard-mhacha-theas/ |- |'''FÉILE NAOMH CIARÁN''' |[[Cill Chiaráin]], Gaillimh |Meán Fómhair 7-11ú |Rásaí curach, Peil, Aifreann, Seisiúin. | | | |- |'''DÚCHAS, ÉIGSE DO THIOBRAID ÁRAINN''' |[[Cloch Shiurdáin|Cloch Shiúrdáin]], Tiobrad Árainn |Meán Fómhair 9-11ú |Léachtanna, fillíocht, dráma, siúil Ceolchoirm, agus Aifreann |067 41570 |cnagantaonach@gmail.com | |- |'''FÉILE AINM CLEITE''' |Ceantar na nOileán, Conamara |Meán Fómhair 11-13ú |Féile na bhFilí agus Scríbhneoirí | | | |- |'''OIREACHTAS CHOIS FHARRAIGE''' |[[Conamara]], Gaillimh |Meán Fómhair 16-25ú |ceol, damhsa, ealaín, drámaíocht, taispeántais agus go leor eile | | |www.coisfharraige.ie/oireachtas-chois-fharraige |- |'''[[Aon Scéal (féile)|AON SCÉAL]]''' |[[Uíbh Ráthach]], Ciarraí |Meán Fómhair 22-23ú |Oíche Ceoil, Reic na n-Óg, Siúlóid |087 215 3671 |pleanteangaur@gmail.com |https://www.briur.ie/ga/nuacht |- |'''FÉILE NA bPUITEACHAÍ''' |[[Inis Meáin]], Gaillimh |Meán Fómhair 23 |Ceiliúradh Sméara Dubha le ceardlanna déantus suibhe, Bácála agus Cróiseála | |feilenabpuiteachai@outlook.com |https://inismeainbeo.ie/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610045542/http://inismeainbeo.ie/ |date=2023-06-10 }} |- |'''[[Dorn san Aer|DORN SAN AER]]''' |[[Gaoth Dobhair]], [[Tír Chonaill]] |27-29 Meán Fómhair 2024 |Féile cheoil chomhaimseartha le ceiliúradh a dhéanamh ar shaol agus ar oidhreacht [[Rónán Mac Aodha Bhuí|Rónáin Mhic Aodha Bhuí]] | |eolas@dornsanaer.ie |https://www.dornsanaer.ie/ [https://www.instagram.com/dorn_san_aer/ Insta], [https://bsky.app/profile/dornsanaer.bsky.social Bluesky], [https://www.facebook.com/people/Dorn-San-Aer/61560842832925/ fb],[https://x.com/dornsanaer Twitter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624075835/https://x.com/dornsanaer |date=2024-06-24 }} |- |'''DAONSCOIL AN GHÚGÁIN''' |[[Guagán Barra|Gúgán Barra]], Corcaigh |Meán Fomhair 30ú - 1ú D. Fómhair |Léachtanna, fillíocht, dráma siúil agus Aifreann |087 2105002 |nodonnabhain@eircom.net |<nowiki>http://daonscoilanghugain.com</nowiki> |- |'''FÉILE AN FHÓMHAIR (dhá-theangach)''' |[[Ceatharlach|Baile Cheatharlach]], Ceatharlach |Meán Fómhair 25ú - 4ú D.Fómhair |''Drámaí Litríocht, Ealaíon, Ceol, Scéalaíocht, Scannáin, Fuirseoireacht and siamsaíocht de gach chineáil'' |059 9158105 |emma@glorcheatharlach.ie |https://web.archive.org/web/20261009215613/https://carlowtourism.com/event/glor-cheatharlach-feile-an-fhomhair-2026-bilingual-autumn-festival/2026-10-01/ |- | | |'''D. FÓMHAIR''' | | | | |- |'''FÉILE NA CARRAIGE''' |[[Béal Feirste]], Aontroim |Deireadh Fómhair 3-9ú |d'óg is aosta ceolchoimeacha, ceardlanna, léachtanna, turais, rith, maidineacha caifé, scanáin |02890 234442 |oifig@glornamona.com |www.glornamona.com |- |'''FÉILE NA SOLLÁIN''' |[[Na Solláin|Ná Solláin]], Cill Dara |Deireadh Fómhair 6-8ú |Féile Ceol Gaelach, seisiúin, céilithe, imeachtaí do leanaí, ceardlanna ceoil, amhránaíocht, agus rince. |087 1834406 |eolas@feilenasollan.com |<nowiki>http://www.feilenasollan.com/</nowiki> |- |'''[[Meanmanra|MEANMANRA]]''' |[[Baile Átha Cliath]] |Dereadh Fómhair 6-12ú |Féile fealsúnachta, [[Seaghan Mac an tSionnaigh|Seaghan Mac a' tSionnaigh]] | | | |- |'''ÉIGSE OIRIALLA''' |[[Ó Méith]], Lú |Deireadh Fómhair 7-9ú |Féile Ealaíon Ghaeilge, le béim ar fhillíocht, amhráin, agus ceoil dúchasach. | |eigseoirialla@gmail.com |www.eigseoirialla.org |- |'''ÉIGSE DHARACH UÍ CHATHÁIN''' |[[Ráth Chairn]], An Mhí |Deireadh Fómhair 7-9ú |Amhráin, scéalta, Damhsa thraidisiúnta, ceolchoirm |046-9432381 |rathcairn@eircom.net |www.rathchairn.com/eigse-dharach-ui-chathain |- |'''FEILE NA CARRAIGE''' |Béal Feriste |Deireadh Fómhair 8-17ú |arna eagrú ag Glór na Móna | | |https://www.facebook.com/glor.mona/posts/f%C3%A9ile-na-carraige-2026beidh-an-fh%C3%A9ile-spreag%C3%BAil-ar-ais-ar%C3%ADs-the-inspiring-commun/1378194381066816/ |- |'''SNOD''' '''26''' |UCD |Deireadh Fómhair 10ú |Siompóisiam Náisiúnta Oidhreachta agus Dúchas | | | |- |'''FÉILE CHEOIL NA nDAOINE / Dingle Folk Fest''' |[[An Daingean]], Ciaraí |Deireadh Fómhair 14-16ú |Ceoil Gaelach áitiúil ⁊rl - Mórán bunaithe ar an Bhéarla faraor |086-850-4551 |dingletradfest@gmail.com |www.dingletradfest.ie |- |'''SPLANC''' |BÁC 7 |Deireadh Fómhair 16-18ú |Ceolchoirmeacha, Tob-Aonach Ealaíona, Ceardlann Lúibíní ⁊ Fiadóireacht, Rince, Réabh |083 445 2966 |@craobhbhac7 |cbhac7.com/splanc |- |'''FÉILE PHEADAIR JOE UÍ EOCHAIDH''' |[[An Creagán, Contae Thír Eoghain|An Creagán]], Tír Eoghan |Deireadh Fómhair 19-22ú |Féile in ómóis an tseanachaí deirneach Thearmainn Mhic Oirc amhránaíocht, cheol, scéalaíocht, siúlóid, ceardlannaí Gaeilge agus dea-chuideachta |0044 28 8076 1112 |info@ancreagan.com |hwww.an-creagan.com |- |'''ÉIGSE AN FHÓMHAIR''' |[[Aonach Urmhumhan]](?), Luimneach |Deireadh. Fómhair 21ú |drámaí, agalaimh beirte, lúibíní, ceapóga | | | |- |'''[[IMRAM]]''' |Ar fud chathair [[Baile Átha Cliath|BÁC]] |Deireadh Fómhair |Féile filíochta na Gaeilge |087 291 2797 |liamog62@mac.com |www.imram.ie |- |'''CEILIÚRADH COIS FHARRAIGE''' |An Spidéil, Na Forbacha, An Coill Rua, Gaillimh |Deireadh Fhómhair 25-28ú |Cultúir, Ceol Ealaíon, Oidhreacht, Traidisiún |083 0106294 / 086 0655520 |optcoisfharraige@gmail.com |https://coisfharraige.ie/pleanail-teanga/ |- |'''ÉIGSE MHICHAEL MHÁIRE GHABHA''' |[[Carna]], Gaillimh |Deireadh Fhómhair 25-28ú |Ceol, Damhsa, Amráin agus Siamsaíocht | | |<nowiki>https://www.facebook.com/eigsemhichael.mhaireghabha</nowiki> |- |'''[[Gáire As Gaeilge|GÁIRE AS GAEILGE]]''' |Gaillimh |Deireadh Fómhair |Oícheanta grinn mar chuid d'Fhéile Ghrinn na Gaillimhe | | | |- |'''ÉIGSE LOCH LAO''' |[[Béal Feirste]], Aontroim |Deireadh Fómhair |Comhdhául bhliantiúl de scoil na Gaeilge agus litríochta - Léachtanna stairiúla | |eolas@mhicreachtain.com |mhicreachtain.com/eigse-loch-lao |- | | |'''SAMHAIN''' | | | | |- |'''[[Oireachtas na Gaeilge|AN tOIREACHTAS]]''' |[[Cill Airne]], Ciarraí |Samhain 2-6ú |Féile ilghnéitheach, aonach Gaeilge, comórtais amhránaíochta is rince ar an sean-nós, drámaí, lúibíní, siamsaíocht istoíche. |01 475 3857 |eolas@antoireachtas.ie |www.antoireachtas.ie |- |'''AN FHÉILE BHEAG FILÍOCHTA''' |[[Baile an Fheirtéaraigh]], Ciaraí |Samhain 11-13ú |Reacaireacht agus Ceardlanna ag filí aitheanta, léacht na Féile, amhráin, ceol agus an maidhc oscailte |087 2549312 |eolas@feilebheagfiliochta.com |www.feilebheagfiliochta.com |- |'''FÉILE NA MÍ''' |Ráth Cairn, An Mhí |Samhain 13-15ú |amhránaíochta sean-nóis agus ar dhamhsa ar an sean-nós | | |https://www.gaeltachtnami.ie/copy-of-an-tseirbh%C3%ADs-taca%C3%ADochta-teagh |- |'''SLÓGADH SHINN FÉIN''' |Áiteacha éagsúla sa tír iomlán |Samhain 21 |Díospóireachtaí, ceoil agus craic | | | |- |'''ÉISGE CHLUAINÍN''' |[[Cluainín|Cluainín Uí Ruairc]], Liatroim |Samhain 19 -21 |Drámaí, Ceol Choirm Seoladh leabhair, Léachtaí, Scannáin |086 8260860 |rosnodaigh@gmail.com |http://www.theglenscentre.com/ |- | | |'''NOLLAIG''' | | | | |- |'''ÉIGSE DHIARMUIDÍN''' |[[Gaeltacht Mhúscraí|Múscraí]] ⁊ [[Cúil Aodha|Cuil Aodha]], Corcaigh |Nollaig 4-6ú |ceolchoirmeacha, ceardlanna ceoil, léachtanna, amhránaíocht, scanáin, aifreann, margadh Nollag |066 7126201 086-8509515 |info@eigse.ie |www.eigse.ie |- | '''SCOIL GHEIMRIDH GHEARÓID UÍ CHEARALLÁIN''' | An Cultúlann Bóthar na bhFál |Nollaig 6-7ú | | | | |- |'''SCOIL GHEIMRIDH GHAOTH DOBHAIR''' '''(2 theangach)''' |[[Contae Dhún na nGall|Tír Chonaill]] |Nollaig 27-2ú Eanáir |Féile seinnt agus foghlaim ceol dúchasach |(074) 956 0679 |info@scoilgheimhridh.com |www.scoilgheimhridh.com |} {| class="sortable wikitable" ! colspan="7"|'''Féilte nach n-Eagraítear a Thuilleadh''' |- !'''Ainm na Féile''' !'''Cá hÁit''' !'''Mí''' !'''Cineál Féile''' !'''Uimhir''' !'''Ríomhphost''' !'''Láthair Ghréasán''' |- |'''AN CABERET CRAICEÁLTA (ar ceal)''' |[[Gaoth Dobhair]] |Míosúil | | |Ronan.MacAodhaBhui@rte.ie | |- |'''SPRAOI COIS LAOI (ar ceal)''' |[[Coláiste na hOllscoile, Corcaigh|Ollscoil Chorcaigh]] |Feabhra |Ceol, dramaíocht filíocht agus céilí, | | | |- |'''ÉIGSE THÓRAÍ''' |[[Toraigh|Oileán Thóraí]], Tír Chonaill |Meitheamh | |091 574146 | | |- |'''TRAID PHICNIC''' |[[An Spidéal]], Gaillimh |Iúil 1-3ú |Féile Cheoil dúchasach ina bhfuil an ghaeilge lárnach sa gcur i láthair | |traidphicnic@gmail.com |www.traidphicnic.com |- |'''SOMA GAEILGE''' |[[Caisleán Uidhilín]], Co. An Dúin |Iúíl |ardán Gaeilge ag an Soma Festival | | | |- |'''SIAMSA CHOILM DE BHAILIS (ar ceal?)''' |[[Leitir Móir|Leitir Calaidh]], Gaillimh |Iúil 12–14 |Cuimhneachán agus comóradh ar an bhfile agus fear ceirde Colm de Bhailís a bhásaigh breis is 100 bliain ó shin | | | |- |'''RAVELÓID (ar ceal)''' |dhá ionad sa chathair, [[Baile Átha Cliath|BÁC]] |Iúil 9-11ú |Féile de bhuíon ceol na Gaeilge | | | |- |'''LOINNEOG LÚNASA (ar ceal)''' |[[Gaoth Dobhair]], Tír Chonaill |Lúnasa 6- 9ú |Ceolchoirm, seisiúin, siúlóid, cerdlanna, taispeántais | | | |- |'''ÉISGE EATHARLAÍ (ar ceal?)''' |[[Gleann Eatharlaí]], Tiobrad Árainn |Lúnasa 23ú |ceardlanna ceoil úirlise, rinne ar an tsean nós agus ceolchoirmeacha |087 2572281 |eolas@eatharlai.ie |www.eatharlai.ie |- |'''COMHDHÁIL NA GAILLIMHE''' |[[Ollscoil na Gaillimhe]] |Deireadh Fómhair 7-8ú 2016 |Seimieáir agus léachtan léinn ar litríocht na Geilge | | | |- |'''FÉILE NA bPÚCAÍ''' |[[Inis Mór]], Gaillimh |Deireadh Fómhair 28 - 30ú |Féile ina ngléastar i mbréag éide agus ina mbuailtear bobana ar a chéile, tóraíoch taisce, céilí, Ceolchoirm. |087 395 23 40 | |www.facebook.com/pg/Féile-na-Bpúcaí-Oíche-Shamhna-779758348713913 |- |'''COMHDHÁIL NÁISIÚNTA (2016 amháin)''' |[[Gaillimh]] |Samhain 10-12 |Cainteanna, Taispeántais, Drámaí, Scannáin, Ceolchoirmeacha bunaithe ar comóradh 100 bhliain an éirí Amach | | | |- |'''ÉIGSE SHEÁIN BHÁIN MHIC MHEANMAIN (ar Ceall)''' |[[Baile na Finne]], Tír Chonaill |Samhain |Féile in onóir an scríbhneora | | | |- |'''FÉILE NA Mí (ar ceal?)''' |[[Ráth Chairn]], An Mhí |Samhain 18-20ú |comórtais amhránaíocht agus damhsa ar an tsean nós d'óg is aosta |046-9432381 |rathcairn@eircom.net |www.rathchairn.com |- |'''FÉILE CHÓILÍN SHEÁIN DARACH (ar Ceall?)''' |[[Ros Muc]], Gaillimh |Deireadh Fómhair |féile díospóireacht is ceoil idir Ghael na halban is Éire. | | |<nowiki>https://www.cartlann.ie/items/show/487#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0</nowiki> |- |'''FÉILE CHÓILÍN SHEÁIN DARACH (ar Ceall?)''' |[[Ros Muc]], Gaillimh |Deireadh Fómhair |féile díospóireacht is ceoil idir Ghael na hAlban is Éire. | | |<nowiki>https://www.cartlann.ie/items/show/487#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0</nowiki> |- |'''FÉILE AN CHUMAINN DÍOSPÓIREACHTA''' |Buswells [[Baile Átha Cliath|BÁC]] | | | | | |} {{DEFAULTSORT:Feilte Gaeilge}} [[Catagóir: Féilte Gaeilge| ]] [[Catagóir: Féilte Éireannacha|*]] [[Catagóir: Féilte ealaíon|*]] [[Catagóir: Liostaí]] a4ug59719wr7z7wqmg15ihwd5q86tro 0 98689 1330985 1243299 2026-10-30T11:04:10Z InternetArchiveBot 47196 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1330985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} Scríbhneoir, iriseoir agus tráchtaire sóisialta Sasanach í '''Kerry-Anne Mendoza''' (rugadh 13 Meitheamh 1981 <ref>https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/1H752GXBknEXjzIQEJpJY7BkWd8/appointments</ref> ). Bhí sí ina príomh-eagarthóir ar The Canary, soláthraí nuachta nua ón [[Eite chlé|eite chlé.]] == Luathshaol agus oideachas == Tógadh Mendoza i [[Kingswood, Gloucestershire|Kingswood]], in aice le [[Briostó|Bristol]]. Cuireadh oideachas uirthi i Meánscoil Kingsfield, ansin chuir sí tús le céim staire in Ollscoil Sussex. Tar éis dul ar chuairt faisnéise in Iosrael / sa Phalaistín sa bhliain 2002 (le linn an intifada Al-Asqa, sé sin éirí amach na Palaistíne i gcoinne Iosrael), inar chonaic sí ionsaí Iosrael i gcathair Ramallah sa [[An Bruach Thiar|Bhruach Thiar]], tharraing sí siar ón gcúrsa ollscoile. Chuir sí síos ina dhiaidh sin ar a dhá chuairt ar an bPalaistín i 2002, agus ar [[Cogadh na hIaráice|Chogadh]] na hIaráice 2003, mar tráthanna ríthábhachtacha ina"radicalisation into [a] social justice warrior".<ref> Jewish News. https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/corbyn-doesnt-discuss-antisemitism-in-interview-with-left-wing-site-the-canary/</ref> == Gairmréim == Bhí Mendoza ina bainisteoir tionscadail ar bhainc na mórshráideanna agus b'iarchomhairleoir bainistíochta sa bhaincéireacht í, sa rialtas áitiúil agus sa tSeirbhís Náisiúnta Sláinte, a d’fhág a post chun a bheith páirteach san agóid Occupy.<ref >The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/profile/kerry-anne-mendoza|work=}}</ref> Chomhbhunaigh sí ''The Canary'' in 2015, agus is í a céad eagarthóir ceannais í. Foilsíodh a leabhar, ''Austerity: The Demolition of the Welfare State and the Rise of the Zombie Economy'' , sa bhliain 2015. Scríobh sí faoi "Scriptonite" ar bhlag ''Scriptonite Daily'' agus ar na húdair a chuir alt isteach sna mór-eagraíochtaí nuachta mar ''[[The Guardian]]'', <ref>The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/profile/kerry-anne-mendoza</ref> an ''New Internationalist'' agus RT UK. Ó 2017, bhí sí le feiceáil ar chláir dhíospóireachta tráthúla [[BBC|an BBC]] ''Question Time'' agus ''Any Questions?'' <ref >BBC.http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p060qdt7|work=}</ref><ref>HuffPost UK. https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/the-canary-editor-booed-question-time-diversity-media-white-men_uk_59561329e4b0da2c73229f3b</ref> Sa bhliain 2018, thug Comhairle na gComhaltaí Gorma (Black Members' Council) d’ Aontas Náisiúnta na nIriseoirí (ANI) cuireadh di léacht bhliantúil <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_History_Month" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Black History Month" class="cx-link" data-linkid="62">Black History Month</a> a thabhairt in onóir Claudia Jones, in oifigí an nuachtáin ''[[The Guardian|The Guardian.]]'' Chuir go leor d’iriseoirí an pháipéir sin ina aghaidh, áfach, mar gheall ar ''ról The Canary'' i gcoinneáil agus ionnarbadh saor-oibritheora an ''Guardian'', Carl David Goette-Luciak i [[Nicearagua]], agus níor lean an ócáid ar aghaidh.<ref >Press Gazette. https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/nuj-cancels-event-with-canary-editor-after-reports-targeting-guardian-freelancer-covering-protests-in-nicaragua-lead-to-his-deportation/|work=}}{{Dead link|date=Deireadh Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref >The Sunday Times. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/canary-editor-boycott-the-guardian-except-when-i-give-a-lecture-there-xktcr29h{{Dead link|date=Deireadh Fómhair 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref >BuzzFeed https://www.buzzfeed.com/markdistefano/carl-david-guelle-luciak-arrest</ref><ref >Global Current Affairs, Politics & Culture. https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2018/10/guardian-vs-canary-tribune-rises-dead-and-sitting-out-people-s-march</ref> == Barúlacha agus na meáin shóisialta == Ó thaobh na polaitíochta de, ba chosantóir láidir í Mendoza ar [[Jeremy Corbyn|thionacht Jeremy Corbyn]] 2015-2019 mar cheannaire Pháirtí an Lucht Oibre.<ref>POLITICO. https://www.politico.eu/blogs/on-media/2016/08/jeremy-corbyn-and-the-disruptive-canary-uk-politics-labour-leader/</ref> I mí Eanáir 2020, rinne Mendoza comparáid idir ceiliúradh na Breatimeachta [[Gearmáin na Naitsithe|agus an Ghearmáin Naitsíoch]], ag tabhairt le tuiscint go bhféadfadh ceiliúradh na Breatimeachta táirge deiridh amhail “Kristallnacht an 21ú haois” a bheith aige<ref>talkradio.co.uk. https://talkradio.co.uk/news/canary-editor-compares-brexit-celebrations-nazi-germany-20012732928 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824144058/https://talkradio.co.uk/news/canary-editor-compares-brexit-celebrations-nazi-germany-20012732928 |date=2020-08-24 }}</ref> agus, i mí Lúnasa 2020, tvuít sí “Get Brexit done Build, build, build Jobs, Jobs Jobs Arbeit macht frei ".<ref>Jewish News. https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/the-canary-editor-criticised-over-arbeit-macht-frei-tweet/</ref> Ag míniú an dara tweet dí, dúirt Mendoza le ''Nuacht na nGiúdach'' gurb é “ "the historical resonance of the phrase was the entire point" , ag rá “"The replacement of meaningful political debate with propagandist slogans, alongside the demonisation of refugees and people seeking asylum should be a source of national shame for England.". Mheas sí freisin gur "a compliment to be criticised by a Conservative MP helping drive that descent into fascism.". I bhFómhar 2020, chuaigh sí i bpáirt le feachtas neamhspleáchais na Breataine Bige YesCymru tar éis di bogadh go dtí an [[An Bhreatain Bheag|Bhreatain Bheag]]. i mí Feabhra 2021 chuir an grúpa tús le himscrúdú ar líomhnaithe i ndáil lena tvuít Arbeit macht frei. Dúirt sí go raibh na líomhaintí “gan bhunús” agus mar chuid d’fheachtas clúmhillte na heite deise ”.<ref>Western Mail via PressReader.com.https://www.pressreader.com/uk/western-mail/20210213/281865826171033</ref><ref>The Eye Magazine. https://the-eye.wales/work-sets-you-free-for-welsh-independence/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812191627/https://the-eye.wales/work-sets-you-free-for-welsh-independence/ |date=2021-08-12 }}</ref> == Saol pearsanta == Sa bhliain 2010, bhunaigh Kerry-Anne comhpháirtíocht shibhialta le Nancy Mendoza. Tá cónaí orthu i nGleannta Theas na Breataine Bige.<ref> YouTube.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z88ht6QqetM&t=41m13s</ref> == Tagairtí ==   {{DEFAULTSORT:Mendoza, Kerry-Anne}} [[Catagóir:Daoine beo]] [[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1981]] 51gp8kfo88zrsd1ropnpttbzz9t5sn5 0 98923 1330947 1277312 2026-10-29T18:00:21Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 Bhog Marcas.oduinn an leathanach [[Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]] go [[Maolú an athraithe aeráide]]: litreacha beaga 1277312 wikitext text/x-wiki Déantar '''maolú an athraithe aeráide''' trí shrian a chur leis an [[téamh domhanda]] agus lena thoradh. Ni mór astaíochtaí daonna gás ceaptha teasa a laghdú agus a gcarnadh san atmaisféar a laghdú chomh maith.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG3|2014|p=vii}}</ref> Déantar 89% d’astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin agus 68% d’astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de thoradh dóchán breosla iontaise.<ref name="Trends12">{{harvnb|Olivier|Peters|2020|p=12}}</ref> Is é an cuspóir is tábhachtaí fáil réidh le gual, le hola agus le gás agus foinsí fuinnimh ghlan a chur ina n-áit. Tá [[cumhacht ghaoithe]] agus [[fótavoltachas gréine]] ag éirí i bhfad níos saoire anois ná gual, ola agus gás,<ref>{{cite web|teideal=Falling Renewable Power Costs Open Door to Greater Climate Ambition|url=https://www.irena.org/newsroom/pressreleases/2019/May/Falling-Renewable-Power-Costs-Open-Door-to-Greater-Climate-Ambition|publisher=IRENA|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> cé go bhfuil gá le [[stóráil fuinnimh]] agus [[eangach leictreachais|eangach fheabhsaithe leictreachais]]. Nuair a úsáidfear fuinneamh ar bheagán astaíochtaí ar mhórscála, is féidir leas a bhaint as i gcomhair iompair agus téimh, ó fhoinsí leictreachais den chuid is mó.<ref name="LUT">{{harvnb|Ram et al.|2019|p=1}}</ref> Ina theannta sin, is féidir an t-athrú aeráide a mhaolú trí athrú a dhéanamh ar thalmhaíocht, athfhoraoisiú, caomhnú foraoise agus cartadh bruscair.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG3 SPM|2007|p=10}}</ref> Is féidir astaíochtaí meiteáin a mhaolú tríd an méid eallaigh agus itheachán feola a laghdú, ó tá tionchar géar gearrthéarmach ag na hastaíochtaí sin. Is féidir feidhm a bhaint as bearta polaitiúla agus eacnamaíocha, leithéidí cánacha carbóin agus praghsáil astaíochtaí eile, fóirdheontais bhreosla iontaise a chealú, rialacha simplithe i gcomhair úsáid fuinnimh ar bheagán carbóin, agus dífheistiú i maoiniú breosla iontaise. Glacann beagnach gach tír páirt i gCoinbhinsiún Creatlaí na Náisiún Aontaithe um Athrú Aeráide (CCNAAA/UNFCCC)<ref>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</ref><ref>{{cite web |teideal=Introduction to the Convention |author=UNFCCC |url=http://unfccc.int/key_steps/the_convention/items/6036.php |publisher=UNFCCC |date=5 March 2013 }}</ref> Is é aidhm an CCNAAA gáis ceaptha teasa san atmaisféar a choinneáil ag leibhéal a choiscfeadh ar dhaoine córas na haeráide a chur i mbaol.<ref>{{cite web |teideal=Full Text of the Convention, Article 2: Objectives |author=UNFCCC |url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1353.php |publisher=UNFCCC |date=2002 }}</ref> In 2010, d’aontaigh páirtithe sa CCNAAA gur chóir an téamh domhanda a choinneáil faoi bhun 2˚ C le hais an leibhéil réamhthionsclaígh.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 March 2011 |author=UNFCCC. Conference of the Parties (COP) |teideal=Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010. Addendum. Part two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth session |publisher=United Nations |location=Geneva, Switzerland |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/cop16/eng/07a01.pdf#page=2 }}, p. 3, paragraph 4. Document [http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/6911.php?priref=600006173 available] in UN languages and text format.</ref> Dheimhnigh Comhaontú Phárás é sin in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|teideal=Paris Agreement|url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf|access-date=2021-06-08|website=unfccc.org}}</ref> Sa [[Tuarascáil Speisialta ar Théamh Domhanda 1.5° C]], chuir an [[Painéal Idir-Rialtais ar Athrú Aeráide]] béim ar na buntáistí a bhaineann leis an téamh domhanda a choinneáil faoi bhun an leibhéil sin.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC SR15 Technical Summary|2018|p=31}}</ref> Chun astaíochtaí a laghdú gan an cuspóir a shárú mórán, b’éigean athrú mór scioptha a dhéanamh ar fhuinneamh, talamh, bonneagar cathrach amhail iompar agus foirgnimh, agus córais thionsclaíocha.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC SR15 SPM|2018|p=15}}</ref> Má tá an méadú teochta le coinneáil mar 1.5° C faoi 2100 i ndiaidh sárú gearr, caithfear feidhm mhór a bhaint as [[glanadh dé-ocsaíde carbóin]], rud nach léir cén toradh a bheadh air agus a bhfuil contúirt ag gabháil leis.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC SR15 Technical Summary|2018|p=33}}</ref> Níl an méid astaíochtaí atá ann anois ag teacht leis an téamh domhanda a choinneáil faoi 1.5 or 2° C, cé go rachadh an teorainn sin chun sochair do gheilleagair an domhain agus go háirithe do na tíortha is mó a chuireann astaíochtaí amach amhail an India agus an Sín.<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite news |last1=Harvey |first1=Fiona |teideal=UN calls for push to cut greenhouse gas levels to avoid climate chaos |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/26/united-nations-global-effort-cut-emissions-stop-climate-chaos-2030 |access-date=27 November 2019 |agency=The Guardian |date=26 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="United Nations">{{cite web |teideal=Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target – UN Report |url=https://unfccc.int/news/cut-global-emissions-by-76-percent-every-year-for-next-decade-to-meet-15degc-paris-target-un-report |website=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=United Nations |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> ==Nótaí== {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Éiceolaíocht]] [[Catagóir:Aimsir]] [[Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] [[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]] 5g2sbry6f1f588wooou39pdbhbzqrjn 0 99209 1330979 1304322 2026-10-30T07:34:17Z InternetArchiveBot 47196 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1330979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} [[File]] agus [[Ollamh Éireann]] ba ea ''' Flann mac Lonáin ''' (bás 896). File mór le rá agus uaireanta conspóideach ba ea é. Is amhlaidh go rugadh Flann in oirthear [[Contae an Chláir|an Chláir]] nó in iarthar [[Contae Thiobraid Árann|Thiobraid Árann]]. Dhéantaí staidéar ar a chuid saothar agus thugtaí iad mar eiseamláirí i ndréachtaí mheánaoiseacha. Ina shaothar a foilsíodh tar éis a bháis, ''The Irish Tradition'' (1946), scríobh [[Robin Flower]] alt fada faoin bhfear agus na seanscéalta faoina bheatha. Luaitear Flann sa litir pearsanta is sine as Éirinn atá ar marthain, a théann siar go dtí lár na 12ú haoise, seolta chuig [[Áed Ua Crimthainn]], tiomsaitheoir den [[Leabhar Laighneach]], ag ''Find'' [[easpag Cill Dara]], a scríobh:<ref>O'Sullivan, William, 'Notes on the scripts and make-up of the Book of Leinster', in ''Celtica'' 7 (1966) ll. 1-31</ref> :''Let the poem book of Mac Lonáin be brought to me so that we may study the meanings of the poems that are in it, ''et vale in Christo''. == Rainn annálacha == Feictear i n[[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] dhá rann de [[caoineadh|chaoineadh]] a chum Flann tar éis do ''Tresach, mac Becáin, flaith Ua m-Bairrche Maighe, do mharbhadh la h-Aodh, mac Iolghuine'' sa bhliain 884:<ref>[[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]] ACM 884.11</ref> :'' Trom-cheó for chóiceadh m-Bresail, :''ó at-bath leo i Liphi lessaigh, :''tromm essnadha<ref>[http://dil.ie/20536 esnad], dos, dordán, ar eDIL; ''cf''. ''[[Esnada Tige Buchet]]''</ref> Assail, :''do brón tesbhadha Tressaigh.<br><br> :''Scith mo mheanma, muad<ref>[http://dil.ie/32627 1 muad], ar eDIL</ref> mo ghnas, :''ó l-luidh Treassach i tiughbhás :''osnadh Oenaigh Lifi láin, :''Laighin co muir mac Becáin :Trom-cheo ar chúige Bhreasail :ó básadh i Life leasa :trom osnaí Assail :do bhrón easpa Threasaigh.<br><br> :Scíth mo mheamna, dubhach mo ghnás, :ó luí Treasach i dtiugh-bhás<ref>[https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/tiugh- tiugh-], ''réimír Lit.'' deireanach, ar teanglann.ie</ref> :osna Aonaigh Life lán :Laighin go muir, mac Beacáin. Chum Flann na rainn a leanas chun bás [[Ceallach mac Flannagáin|Cheallaigh mhic Fhlannagáin]], [[ríthe Bhreá|rí Bhreá]] sa bhliain 890 a chomóradh: :''Amhra<ref>[http://dil.ie/3201 amrae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916164944/http://dil.ie/3201 |date=2021-09-16 }}, amhra, iontas, ar eDIL</ref> tréceng, :''trí meic Flainn :''im-luaidhet Odhba, :''Congalach Cuilt, :''Ceallach Cerna :''is Cionaodh Cnodhbha.<br><br> :''Ma ro bith Ceallach :''cintach dirsan<ref>[http://dil.ie/16756 dirsan], ochón, ar eDIL</ref> :''a dith ba belchath, :''Moruar :''ba rom<ref>[http://dil.ie/35512 rom], moch, luath</ref> a bhoeghal, :''nad rumalt saeghal :''seanchadh. :Amhra ceirdeanna :triúr mac Fhlainn :iomluaigh Óbha :Congalach Choilt :Ceallach Chearna :is Cionaoth Chnóbha.<br><br> :Má bhásaigh Ceallach :ciontach, ochón :go dtitfeadh ag béalchath :faraor! :ba luath a bhaol; :nach '' mairfeadh '' sé saol :seanchaí. == Tásca == D'éag sé i bPort Láirge. * [[Annála Uladh]], AU 896.10: '' Flann m. Lonain .h. Ghuaire do ghuin lasna Deise Muman. * [[Annála Inis Faithlinn]], AIF 896.3: '' Guin Flaind meicc Lonáin, rí filed n-Erend, la h-úa Fothaid Tíre. * [[Chronicon Scotorum]] CS 896: '' Flann mac Lonain [[Virgil|Firgil]] Gaedeal .i. primfile Gaoideal do marbadh d'Uíbh Cuirrbuide .i. o hUibh Fothaidh ag Loch da Caoch a n-Desibh Muman. * [[Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]], M891.14: '' Flann mac Lonáin, Uirghil Shil Scota primh-fhileGaoidheal uile, file as deach baí i n-Erinn ina aimsir, do mharbhadhla macaibh Cuirbhuidhe, do Uibh Fothaith iat-sen, h-in-duinetaidhe h-ic Loch Dá Caochi n-Deisibh Mumhán. == Foinsí == * Robert Welsh, ''Oxford Concise Companion to Irish Literature,'' 1996. {{ISBN|0-19-280080-9}} * Moore, Norman (1893). "Maclonan, Flann". In Lee, Sidney (eag.). Dictionary of National Biography. 35. Londain: Smith, Elder & Co. * [[Robin Flower]], ''The Irish Tradition'', 1946. * J. G. O’Keeffe (eag.), ''[http://www.ucc.ie/academic/smg/CDI/PDFs_textarchive/IrishTexts1.pdf Irish Texts]'', 1 (1931), ll. 22–24, 54–62 ** ‘Flann Mac Lonain in Repentant Mood’ agus ‘Eulogy on Ecnechan son of Dálach Kingof Tír Conaill' le Fland mc Lonain ollam Connacht ** ‘Ard do scela a meic nacuach’ * ''A Story of Flannmac Lonáin'', tras-scríofa ag [[Osborn Bergin|O. J. Bergin]], ''[http://www.ucc.ie/academic/smg/CDI/PDFs_textarchive/AnecdotaIpt2.pdf Anecdota from Irish Manuscripts]'', iml.1, lch.&nbsp;45 * Ubink, Jeanette, ''[https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/320467/Poems%20attributed%20to%20Flann%20mac%20Lonain%20-%20Final%20Version.pdf Poems attributed to Flann mac Lonáin: including a critical edition of Maiccni Echach ard a nglé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102155533/https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/320467/Poems%20attributed%20to%20Flann%20mac%20Lonain%20-%20Final%20Version.pdf |date=2021-11-02 }}'', [[University of Utrecht]]. 2015. == Naisc sheachtracha == * ''[https://archive.org/stream/historyandantiq01fahegoog/historyandantiq01fahegoog_djvu.txt The history and antiquities of the diocese of Kilmacduagh]'', archive.org == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} {{s-start}} {{s-bef | roimh = [[Máel Muire Othna]]}} {{s-ttl | teideal = [[Ollamh Éireann]] | bliain = 887–896}} {{s-aft | tar éis = [[Torpaid mac Taicthich]]}} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Flann mac Lonain}} [[Catagóir:Ollaimh Éireann]] [[Catagóir:Filí na hÉireann]] ry4hf78mf3l0rf1tyis0qmg2vybbezo 0 105992 1330949 1323796 2026-10-29T18:04:31Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 Ceannteidil 1330949 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Íomhá:Negative Externality and Deadweight Loss.svg|mion|Seachtracht dhiúltach agus [[soláthar agus éileamh]], mar shampla, [[truailliú]]]] Is éard is '''seachtracht'''<ref>(economic) externality i mBéarla</ref> ann ná costas nó buntáiste a bhaineann le gníomhaíocht eacnamaíoch nach bhfuil corpraithe sa phróiseas cinnteoireachta den tosca eacnamaíoch a dhéanann an gníomh. Mar sin, bheadh gá le hidirghabháil chun iompraíochtaí a chur chun cinn a mbíonn seachtrachtaí dearfacha mar thoradh orthu agus chun seachtrachtaí diúltacha a dhíspreagadh.<ref name=":0">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.comreg.ie/media/2021/12/ComReg-ECS-Strategy-Statement-Irish-Dec-7-Final-Web.pdf|teideal=Ráiteas Straitéise um Chumarsáid Leictreonach, 2021 go 2023|údar=comreg.ie|dáta=2020|dátarochtana=2022}}</ref> == Samplaí == === Seachtracht dhiúltach === Is seachtracht dhiúltach é an [[truailliú]] arna ghiniúint ag [[fuinneamh]] [[Acmhainní neamhinathnuaite|neamh-inathnuaite]]. Go minic, níl aon bhealach ag tríú páirtithe chun an truailliú sin a stopadh nó a laghdú tríd an margadh toisc nach ann do “mhargadh le haghaidh truailliú” ina bhféadfadh na tríú páirtithe sin an [[Monarcha|mhonarcha]] a íoc chun laghdú a dhéanamh ar a cuid truaillithe.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.gaois.ie/ga/corpora/parallel/|teideal=Rialachán Cur Chun Feidhme (AE) 2021/2239 ón gCoimisiún an 15 Nollaig 2021|údar=Coimisiún Eorpach|dáta=2021|work=Grúpa taighde Gaois|dátarochtana=2022-12-14}}</ref> [[Íomhá:Ocean water.jpg|mion|[[Farraige|An fharraige]]: acmhainn saor in aisce, gan rialacháin ?]] === Seachtracht dhearfach === Má nascann [[Tomhaltas|tomhaltóir]] le líonra cuirfear lena leasa, ach má nascann sé/sí, méadaíonn an líonra agus bíonn níos mó nasctha, a ardaíonn leas na n-úsáideoirí deiridh ar an líonra céanna (seachtrachtaí líonra dearfacha).<ref name=":0" /> == Réiteach na faidhbe: cáin nó rialacháin == B'fhéidir gur íocann 'údar an truaillithe" na damáistí. Mar shampla, ghlac [[Rialtas na hÉireann]] sa bhliain 2020 leis an bprionsabal an "truaillitheoir a íocann"; gheall Clár an Rialtais "sin á dhéanamh againn, díreoimid aon arduithe cánach ar na cánacha sin a ghearrann cáin ar seachtrachtaí diúltacha, ar nós [[cáin charbóin]], cáin ar shiúcra agus cáin ar phlaisteach". == Féach freisin == * [[Cóir aeráide]] * [[Cáin charbóin]] * [[Soláthar agus éileamh]] == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Eacnamaíocht]] [[Catagóir:Timpeallacht]] [[Catagóir:Truailliú]] o6qq9cesegqztqd7x1qfwenv9bwsomu 2 120000 1330932 1330927 2026-10-29T13:29:58Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1330932 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]] ** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] *** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] {| class= wikitable |+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s) ! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht |- | Grian | [[Grianfhuinneamh]] | [[Grianchumhacht]] |- | Gaoth | [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]] | [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]] |- | Uisce | [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]] | [[Hidrileictreachas]] |- | Geo | [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] | [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] |- | Bith | [[Bithbhreosla]] | [[]] |- | Tonn | [[Fuinneamh toinne]] | [[Cumhacht toinne]] |} == Ábhair == === Cúiseanna === * [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] # [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] #* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]] # ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]] # Climate action # Climate change denial * [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]] === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Náisiúin Aontaithe === * [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]] * [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]] * [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]] === Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar === * [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]] # ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]] # ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]] # ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] #* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]] # ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]] #* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] # ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]] # ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]] == Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide == <ref name=iate /> == Role of climate change conferences '' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources. '' The UN Climate Change Conferences<ref name=uncc /> serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts. == Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! Bliain ! Ainm ! Tír, cathair óstach ! Uachtarán ! Tír uachtaránachta ! Grúpa réigiúnach |- | 1995 | [[#1995|COP&nbsp;1]] | [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin | [[Angela Merkel]] | {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}} | [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]] |- |1996 |[[#1996|COP&nbsp;2]] |[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis |[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]] |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |[[Grúpa na hAfraice]] |- |1997 |[[#1997|COP&nbsp;3]] |[[Kyoto]], Japan |[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]] |{{flag|Japan}} |[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |- |1998 |[[#1998|COP&nbsp;4]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[María Julia Alsogaray]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |1999 |[[#1999|COP&nbsp;5]] |[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin |[[Jan Szyszko]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2000 |[[#2000|COP&nbsp;6]] |[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír |[[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#2001|COP&nbsp;6-2]] |[[Bonn]], Germany | [[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#COP&nbsp;7|COP&nbsp;7]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2002 |[[#2002|COP&nbsp;8]] |[[New Delhi]], India |[[T. R. Baalu]] |{{flag|India}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2003 |[[#2003|COP&nbsp;9]] |[[Milan]], Italy |[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}</ref> |{{flag|Hungary}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2004 |[[#2004|COP&nbsp;10]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[Ginés González García]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2005 |[[#2005|COP&nbsp;11]] |[[Montréal]], Canada |[[Stéphane Dion]] |{{flag|Canada}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2006 |[[#2006|COP&nbsp;12]] |[[Nairobi]], Kenya |[[Kivutha Kibwana]] |{{flag|Kenya}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2007 |[[#2007|COP&nbsp;13]] |[[Bali]], Indonesia |[[Rachmat Witoelar]] |{{flag|Indonesia}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2008 |[[#2008|COP&nbsp;14]] |[[Poznań]], Poland |[[Maciej Nowicki]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2009 |[[#2009|COP&nbsp;15]] |[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark |[[Connie Hedegaard]] |{{flag|Denmark}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2010 |[[#2010|COP&nbsp;16]] |[[Cancún]], Mexico |[[Patricia Espinosa]] |{{flag|Mexico}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2011 |[[#2011|COP&nbsp;17]] |[[Durban]], South Africa |[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]] |{{flag|South Africa}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2012 |[[#2012|COP&nbsp;18]] |[[Doha]], Qatar |[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]] |{{flag|Qatar}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2013 |[[#2013|COP&nbsp;19]] |[[Warsaw]], Poland |[[Marcin Korolec]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2014 |[[#2014|COP&nbsp;20]] |[[Líoma]], Peru |[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]] |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2015 |[[#2015|COP&nbsp;21]] |[[Páras]], France |[[Laurent Fabius]] |{{flag|France}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2016 |[[#2016|COP&nbsp;22]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Salaheddine Mezouar]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2017 |[[#2017|COP&nbsp;23]] |[[Bonn]], Germany |[[Frank Bainimarama]]<ref name=unfccc2017 /> |{{flag|Fiji}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2018 |[[#2018|COP&nbsp;24]] |[[Katowice]], Poland |[[Michał Kurtyka]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2019 |[[#2019|COP&nbsp;25]] |[[Maidrid]], Spain |[[Carolina Schmidt]] |{{flag|Chile}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |<s>2020</s> |<s>COP 26</s> |<s>Glasgow, United Kingdom</s> |Postponed due to COVID |<s>United Kingdom</s> |<s>Western Europe and Other Group</s> |- | 2021 |[[#2021|COP&nbsp;26]] |[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom |[[Alok Sharma]] |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2022 |[[#2022|COP&nbsp;27]] |[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt |[[Sameh Shoukry]] |{{flag|Egypt}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2023 |[[#2023|COP&nbsp;28]] |[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates |[[Sultan Al Jaber]] |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- | 2024 |[[#2024|COP&nbsp;29]] |[[Baku]], Azerbaijan |[[Mukhtar Babayev]], |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- | 2025 |[[#2025|COP&nbsp;30]] |[[Belém]], Brazil | [[André Corrêa do Lago]] |{{flag|Brazil}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- | 2026 |[[#2026|COP&nbsp;31]] |[[Antalya]], Turkey |[[Murat Kurum]] |{{flag|Turkey}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2027 |[[#2027|COP&nbsp;32]] |[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia |[[Gedion Timothewos]] <ref name=ethiopia>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}</ref> | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2028 | [[#2028|COP&nbsp;33]] | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |} <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}</ref> <ref name=uncc>{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=unfccc2017>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}</ref> == Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} == Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}} '' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].<ref name=UIA /> The 32 member countries and 13<ref name=Latvia /> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=:4 /> == Structure The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.<ref name=:6 /> == Ballraíocht The 32 member countries and 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal"/> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=":4" /> === Ballstáit Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=:1 /> Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.<ref name=:1 /> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 0.95em;" ! style="width:115px;" | Tír ! Ballraíocht ! Nótaí |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Australia}} | align="right" |1979<ref name=":03"/> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Austria}} | align="right" |18 November 1974 <ref name=:5>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}</ref> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Belgium}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Canada}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Czech Republic}} | align="right" |5 February 2001<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Denmark}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Estonia}} | align="right" |9 May 2014 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Finland}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|France}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Germany}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Greece}} | align="right" |1976<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Hungary}} | align="right" |3 June 1997<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Ireland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Italy}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Japan}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Latvia}} | align="right" | 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Lithuania}} | align="right" |2022 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Luxembourg}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Mexico}} | align="right" |2018 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Netherlands}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|New Zealand}} | align="right" |1977<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Norway}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member (under a special Agreement)<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Portugal}} | align="right" |1981<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Poland}} | align="right" |25 September 2008 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Slovakia}} | align="right" |30 November 2007 <ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|South Korea}} | align="right" |20 April 2001 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Spain}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Sweden}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Switzerland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Turkey}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|United States}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |} === Tíortha aontachais '' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat. <ref name=>{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}</ref> '' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:<ref name="AccessionAssociate">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries & Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> * {{Flag|Colombia}} * {{Flag|Brazil}} <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}</ref> * {{Flag|Chile}} * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} * {{Flag|Israel}} * {{Flag|Romania}} === Association countries '' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal" /> country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}</ref> India officially declared its "Association" status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}</ref> Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country. <ref name{>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}</ref> '' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:<ref name="AccessionAssociate"/> * {{Flag|Argentina}} * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Egypt}} * {{Flag|India}} * {{Flag|Indonesia}} * {{Flag|Kenya}} * {{Flag|Morocco}} * {{Flag|Nigeria}} * {{Flag|Senegal}} * {{Flag|Singapore}} * {{Flag|South Africa}} * {{Flag|Thailand}} * {{Flag|Ukraine}} * {{Flag|Vietnam}} == Areas of work '' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries. === Dáta === Scenarios IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes: * Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Net Zero Scenario (NZE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> === Key publications [[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]] * '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO) * '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector''' * '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) * '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO) * '''Oil Market Report''' * '''Electricity Market Report''' * '''Gas Market Report''' * '''Energy Efficiency''' * '''Renewable Energy Market Update''' * '''World Energy Investment''' * '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress''' * '''Country Reviews''' == Cáineadh === Bias against renewable energy [[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]] '' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.<ref name=Creutzig2017 /><ref name=Hoekstra2017 /><ref name=Mertens /> === Accuracy of forecasting '' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. <ref name=guardian2 /> === Restricting access to data '' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, "[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it".<ref name=ambrose-2021 /><ref name=ritchie-2021 /><ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /><ref name=schaefer-2021 /> The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that "countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding".<ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /> '' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.<ref name=Ritchie2024 /> '' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.<ref name=ieadataset /> == Féach freisin * [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=UIA>{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}</ref> <ref name=Latvia>{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=:4>{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="guardian2">{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Creutzig2017>[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]</ref> <ref name=Hoekstra2017>Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]</ref> <ref name=Mertens>Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.</ref> <ref name=ambrose-2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref name=ritchie-2021>{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=schaefer-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Ritchie2024>{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=ieadataset>{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{síol}} == Tairif carbóin == Is [[tairif|éiceo-tairif]] ar [[astaíochtaí leabaithe]] carbóin é '''tairif carbóin''' nó '''coigeartú carbóin ar theorainneacha (CCT)'''<ref name=iate /><ref name=:0 /> Is é mar phríomhaidhm aim is generally ná cuireadh a chur le [[sceitheadh carbóin]] ar tíortha gan {{h|praghsáil carbóin}} acu.<ref name=:0 /> Cuirtear san áireamh anseo táirgí ard-charbón amhail is leictreachas cinnte le [[gléasra cumhachta gualbhreoslaithe]], iarainn agus cruach déanta le [[foirnéis soinneáin]] agus leasachán ón b[[próiseas Haber]]. Go dtí an bhliain 2026, níl ann ach California atá CCT aige i gcomhair leictreachais. Beidh a leithéid ag an AE agus an RA óna blianta 2026 agus 2027 faoi seach. Tá CCTanna á phlé ag roinnt tíortha agus tuath.<ref name=eucram /> == I réim agus le teacht * [[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE|Aontas Eorpach]] * [[Sásra RA um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha|Ríocht Aontaithe]] * California: Tá sásra um choigeartú carbóin ar theorainneacha ag an ''[[California Cap-and-Trade Program]]'' le haghaidh leictreachais ón mbliain 2011.<ref name=lpddbca /> '' I dteannta le Québec agus Washington, rinneadh leathadh ar an sásra sa bhliain 2026 chun aisíocaíochtaí a laghdú le 85% faoin mbliain 2045.<ref name=jones2026 />. Níor chuir California táirgí fisiciúla (cosúil le cruach, stroighin nó alúmanam) lena sásra coigeartaithe carbóin ar theorainneacha go dtí seo.<ref name=icap2021 /> == Comhoiriúnacht WTO De réir rialacha reatha WTO, d'fhéadfadh é go bhfuil cosc ar roinnt coigeartuirhe carbóin. Sa bhliain 2024, mhol na Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá (faoi Na Daonlathaithe) nár [[cáin charbóin]] atá i gceist anseo, ach ina ionad sin gur táille í ceadaithe faoin [[Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Trádála]] (EDT / WTO) rules.<ref name=jec2024 /> Níl cinneadh déanta ag an WTO féin.<ref name=Porterfield /> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3579087 | teideal = Téarma: Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-10-29}}</ref> <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/#:~:text=A%20Carbon%20Border%20Adjustment%20Mechanism%20(CBAM)%20(also%20known%20as,gases%20emitted%20during%20their%20production. | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | foilsitheoir=Brookings | teanga = en-US}}</ref> <ref name=eucram>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU's CBAM to spur other countries to introduce carbon border levies: IETA | url = https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/041824-eus-cbam-to-spur-other-countries-to-introduce-carbon-border-levies-ieta}}</ref> <ref name=lpddbca>{{lua idirlín | teideal = California ETS Border Carbon Adjustment | url = https://lpdd.org/resources/california-ets-border-carbon-adjustment/ | foilsitheoir = Model Laws for Deep Decarbonization in the United States | dátarochtana = 21 Bealtaine 2023}}</ref> <ref name=carb2024>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = California Air Resources Board (CARB) | dáta = 9 Aibreán 2024 | teideal = Regulation for the California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and MarketBased Compliance Mechanisms 2024 Amendments | url = https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/nc-Cap-and-Trade_SRIA2024.pdf}}</ref> <ref name=jec2024>{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM)? | url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/democrats/2024/2/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-and-what-are-some-legislative-proposals-to-make-one | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | work = [[United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee]] | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=Porterfield>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Porterfield | ainm = Matthew | teideal = Carbon Import Fees and the WTO | url = https://clcouncil.org/reports/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf}}</ref> <ref name=jones2026>{{lua idirlín | url = https://clcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf | teideal = California's Cap-and-Invest Overhaul and the Expansion of North America's Largest Carbon Market | foilsitheoir = Jones Day | dátarochtana = 2026-10-29}}</ref> <ref name=icap2021>{{lua idirlín | url = https://icapcarbonaction.com/system/files/document/canz-paper_v06_final.pdf | teideal = Carbon Leakage and Competitiveness: California’s Treatment of Imported Electricity and New Zealand’s Synthetic Greenhouse Gas Levy | foilsitheoir = International Carbon Action Partnership | dátarochtana = 2026-10-29}}</ref> }} [[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]] [[Catagóir:Cáin chomhshaoil]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ nivdib5hq2cosg3uqi68hainnhfgpou 1330933 1330932 2026-10-29T13:31:46Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Tairif carbóin */ 1330933 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]] ** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] *** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] {| class= wikitable |+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s) ! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht |- | Grian | [[Grianfhuinneamh]] | [[Grianchumhacht]] |- | Gaoth | [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]] | [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]] |- | Uisce | [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]] | [[Hidrileictreachas]] |- | Geo | [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] | [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] |- | Bith | [[Bithbhreosla]] | [[]] |- | Tonn | [[Fuinneamh toinne]] | [[Cumhacht toinne]] |} == Ábhair == === Cúiseanna === * [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] # [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] #* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]] # ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]] # Climate action # Climate change denial * [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]] === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Náisiúin Aontaithe === * [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]] * [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]] * [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]] === Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar === * [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]] # ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]] # ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]] # ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] #* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]] # ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]] #* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] # ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]] # ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]] == Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide == <ref name=iate /> == Role of climate change conferences '' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources. '' The UN Climate Change Conferences<ref name=uncc /> serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts. == Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! Bliain ! Ainm ! Tír, cathair óstach ! Uachtarán ! Tír uachtaránachta ! Grúpa réigiúnach |- | 1995 | [[#1995|COP&nbsp;1]] | [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin | [[Angela Merkel]] | {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}} | [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]] |- |1996 |[[#1996|COP&nbsp;2]] |[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis |[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]] |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |[[Grúpa na hAfraice]] |- |1997 |[[#1997|COP&nbsp;3]] |[[Kyoto]], Japan |[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]] |{{flag|Japan}} |[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |- |1998 |[[#1998|COP&nbsp;4]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[María Julia Alsogaray]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |1999 |[[#1999|COP&nbsp;5]] |[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin |[[Jan Szyszko]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2000 |[[#2000|COP&nbsp;6]] |[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír |[[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#2001|COP&nbsp;6-2]] |[[Bonn]], Germany | [[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#COP&nbsp;7|COP&nbsp;7]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2002 |[[#2002|COP&nbsp;8]] |[[New Delhi]], India |[[T. R. Baalu]] |{{flag|India}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2003 |[[#2003|COP&nbsp;9]] |[[Milan]], Italy |[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}</ref> |{{flag|Hungary}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2004 |[[#2004|COP&nbsp;10]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[Ginés González García]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2005 |[[#2005|COP&nbsp;11]] |[[Montréal]], Canada |[[Stéphane Dion]] |{{flag|Canada}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2006 |[[#2006|COP&nbsp;12]] |[[Nairobi]], Kenya |[[Kivutha Kibwana]] |{{flag|Kenya}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2007 |[[#2007|COP&nbsp;13]] |[[Bali]], Indonesia |[[Rachmat Witoelar]] |{{flag|Indonesia}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2008 |[[#2008|COP&nbsp;14]] |[[Poznań]], Poland |[[Maciej Nowicki]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2009 |[[#2009|COP&nbsp;15]] |[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark |[[Connie Hedegaard]] |{{flag|Denmark}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2010 |[[#2010|COP&nbsp;16]] |[[Cancún]], Mexico |[[Patricia Espinosa]] |{{flag|Mexico}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2011 |[[#2011|COP&nbsp;17]] |[[Durban]], South Africa |[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]] |{{flag|South Africa}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2012 |[[#2012|COP&nbsp;18]] |[[Doha]], Qatar |[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]] |{{flag|Qatar}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2013 |[[#2013|COP&nbsp;19]] |[[Warsaw]], Poland |[[Marcin Korolec]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2014 |[[#2014|COP&nbsp;20]] |[[Líoma]], Peru |[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]] |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2015 |[[#2015|COP&nbsp;21]] |[[Páras]], France |[[Laurent Fabius]] |{{flag|France}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2016 |[[#2016|COP&nbsp;22]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Salaheddine Mezouar]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2017 |[[#2017|COP&nbsp;23]] |[[Bonn]], Germany |[[Frank Bainimarama]]<ref name=unfccc2017 /> |{{flag|Fiji}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2018 |[[#2018|COP&nbsp;24]] |[[Katowice]], Poland |[[Michał Kurtyka]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2019 |[[#2019|COP&nbsp;25]] |[[Maidrid]], Spain |[[Carolina Schmidt]] |{{flag|Chile}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |<s>2020</s> |<s>COP 26</s> |<s>Glasgow, United Kingdom</s> |Postponed due to COVID |<s>United Kingdom</s> |<s>Western Europe and Other Group</s> |- | 2021 |[[#2021|COP&nbsp;26]] |[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom |[[Alok Sharma]] |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2022 |[[#2022|COP&nbsp;27]] |[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt |[[Sameh Shoukry]] |{{flag|Egypt}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2023 |[[#2023|COP&nbsp;28]] |[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates |[[Sultan Al Jaber]] |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- | 2024 |[[#2024|COP&nbsp;29]] |[[Baku]], Azerbaijan |[[Mukhtar Babayev]], |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- | 2025 |[[#2025|COP&nbsp;30]] |[[Belém]], Brazil | [[André Corrêa do Lago]] |{{flag|Brazil}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- | 2026 |[[#2026|COP&nbsp;31]] |[[Antalya]], Turkey |[[Murat Kurum]] |{{flag|Turkey}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2027 |[[#2027|COP&nbsp;32]] |[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia |[[Gedion Timothewos]] <ref name=ethiopia>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}</ref> | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2028 | [[#2028|COP&nbsp;33]] | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |} <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}</ref> <ref name=uncc>{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=unfccc2017>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}</ref> == Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} == Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}} '' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].<ref name=UIA /> The 32 member countries and 13<ref name=Latvia /> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=:4 /> == Structure The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.<ref name=:6 /> == Ballraíocht The 32 member countries and 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal"/> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=":4" /> === Ballstáit Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=:1 /> Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.<ref name=:1 /> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 0.95em;" ! style="width:115px;" | Tír ! Ballraíocht ! Nótaí |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Australia}} | align="right" |1979<ref name=":03"/> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Austria}} | align="right" |18 November 1974 <ref name=:5>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}</ref> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Belgium}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Canada}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Czech Republic}} | align="right" |5 February 2001<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Denmark}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Estonia}} | align="right" |9 May 2014 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Finland}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|France}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Germany}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Greece}} | align="right" |1976<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Hungary}} | align="right" |3 June 1997<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Ireland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Italy}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Japan}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Latvia}} | align="right" | 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Lithuania}} | align="right" |2022 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Luxembourg}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Mexico}} | align="right" |2018 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Netherlands}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|New Zealand}} | align="right" |1977<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Norway}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member (under a special Agreement)<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Portugal}} | align="right" |1981<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Poland}} | align="right" |25 September 2008 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Slovakia}} | align="right" |30 November 2007 <ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|South Korea}} | align="right" |20 April 2001 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Spain}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Sweden}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Switzerland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Turkey}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|United States}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |} === Tíortha aontachais '' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat. <ref name=>{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}</ref> '' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:<ref name="AccessionAssociate">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries & Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> * {{Flag|Colombia}} * {{Flag|Brazil}} <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}</ref> * {{Flag|Chile}} * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} * {{Flag|Israel}} * {{Flag|Romania}} === Association countries '' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal" /> country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}</ref> India officially declared its "Association" status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}</ref> Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country. <ref name{>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}</ref> '' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:<ref name="AccessionAssociate"/> * {{Flag|Argentina}} * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Egypt}} * {{Flag|India}} * {{Flag|Indonesia}} * {{Flag|Kenya}} * {{Flag|Morocco}} * {{Flag|Nigeria}} * {{Flag|Senegal}} * {{Flag|Singapore}} * {{Flag|South Africa}} * {{Flag|Thailand}} * {{Flag|Ukraine}} * {{Flag|Vietnam}} == Areas of work '' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries. === Dáta === Scenarios IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes: * Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Net Zero Scenario (NZE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> === Key publications [[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]] * '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO) * '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector''' * '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) * '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO) * '''Oil Market Report''' * '''Electricity Market Report''' * '''Gas Market Report''' * '''Energy Efficiency''' * '''Renewable Energy Market Update''' * '''World Energy Investment''' * '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress''' * '''Country Reviews''' == Cáineadh === Bias against renewable energy [[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]] '' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.<ref name=Creutzig2017 /><ref name=Hoekstra2017 /><ref name=Mertens /> === Accuracy of forecasting '' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. <ref name=guardian2 /> === Restricting access to data '' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, "[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it".<ref name=ambrose-2021 /><ref name=ritchie-2021 /><ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /><ref name=schaefer-2021 /> The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that "countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding".<ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /> '' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.<ref name=Ritchie2024 /> '' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.<ref name=ieadataset /> == Féach freisin * [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=UIA>{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}</ref> <ref name=Latvia>{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=:4>{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="guardian2">{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Creutzig2017>[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]</ref> <ref name=Hoekstra2017>Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]</ref> <ref name=Mertens>Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.</ref> <ref name=ambrose-2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref name=ritchie-2021>{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=schaefer-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Ritchie2024>{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=ieadataset>{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{síol}} == Tairif carbóin == Is [[tairif|éiceo-tairif]] ar [[astaíochtaí leabaithe]] carbóin é '''tairif carbóin''' nó '''coigeartú carbóin ar theorainneacha (CCT)'''<ref name=iate /><ref name=:0 /> Is é mar phríomhaidhm aim is generally ná cuireadh a chur le [[sceitheadh carbóin]] ar tíortha gan {{h|praghsáil carbóin}} acu.<ref name=:0 /> Cuirtear san áireamh anseo táirgí ard-charbón amhail is leictreachas cinnte le [[gléasra cumhachta gualbhreoslaithe]], iarainn agus cruach déanta le [[foirnéis soinneáin]] agus leasachán ón b[[próiseas Haber]]. Go dtí an bhliain 2026, níl ann ach California atá CCT aige i gcomhair leictreachais. Beidh a leithéid ag an AE agus an RA óna blianta 2026 agus 2027 faoi seach. Tá CCTanna á phlé ag roinnt tíortha agus tuath.<ref name=eucram /> == I réim agus le teacht * [[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE|Aontas Eorpach]] * [[Sásra RA um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha|Ríocht Aontaithe]] * California: Tá sásra um choigeartú carbóin ar theorainneacha ag an ''[[California Cap-and-Trade Program]]'' le haghaidh leictreachais ón mbliain 2011.<ref name=lpddbca /> '' I dteannta le Québec agus Washington, rinneadh leathadh ar an sásra sa bhliain 2026 chun aisíocaíochtaí a laghdú le 85% faoin mbliain 2045.<ref name=jones2026 />. Níor chuir California táirgí fisiciúla (cosúil le cruach, stroighin nó alúmanam) lena sásra coigeartaithe carbóin ar theorainneacha go dtí seo.<ref name=icap2021 /> == Comhoiriúnacht WTO De réir rialacha reatha WTO, d'fhéadfadh é go bhfuil cosc ar roinnt coigeartuirhe carbóin. Sa bhliain 2024, mhol na Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá (faoi Na Daonlathaithe) nár [[cáin charbóin]] atá i gceist anseo, ach ina ionad sin gur táille í ceadaithe faoin [[Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Trádála]] (EDT / WTO) rules.<ref name=jec2024 /> Níl cinneadh déanta ag an WTO féin.<ref name=Porterfield /> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3579087 | teideal = Téarma: Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-10-29}}</ref> <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/#:~:text=A%20Carbon%20Border%20Adjustment%20Mechanism%20(CBAM)%20(also%20known%20as,gases%20emitted%20during%20their%20production. | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | foilsitheoir=Brookings | teanga = en-US}}</ref> <ref name=eucram>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU's CBAM to spur other countries to introduce carbon border levies: IETA | url = https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/041824-eus-cbam-to-spur-other-countries-to-introduce-carbon-border-levies-ieta}}</ref> <ref name=lpddbca>{{lua idirlín | teideal = California ETS Border Carbon Adjustment | url = https://lpdd.org/resources/california-ets-border-carbon-adjustment/ | foilsitheoir = Model Laws for Deep Decarbonization in the United States | dátarochtana = 21 Bealtaine 2023}}</ref> <ref name=carb2024>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = California Air Resources Board (CARB) | dáta = 9 Aibreán 2024 | teideal = Regulation for the California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and MarketBased Compliance Mechanisms 2024 Amendments | url = https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/nc-Cap-and-Trade_SRIA2024.pdf}}</ref> <ref name=jec2024>{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM)? | url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/democrats/2024/2/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-and-what-are-some-legislative-proposals-to-make-one | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | work = [[United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee]] | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=Porterfield>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Porterfield | ainm = Matthew | teideal = Carbon Import Fees and the WTO | url = https://clcouncil.org/reports/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf}}</ref> <ref name=jones2026>{{lua idirlín | url = https://clcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf | teideal = California's Cap-and-Invest Overhaul and the Expansion of North America's Largest Carbon Market | foilsitheoir = Jones Day | dátarochtana = 2026-10-29}}</ref> <ref name=icap2021>{{lua idirlín | url = https://icapcarbonaction.com/system/files/document/canz-paper_v06_final.pdf | teideal = Carbon Leakage and Competitiveness: California’s Treatment of Imported Electricity and New Zealand’s Synthetic Greenhouse Gas Levy | foilsitheoir = International Carbon Action Partnership | dátarochtana = 2026-10-29}}</ref> }} [[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]] [[Catagóir:Cáin chomhshaoil]] == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ m6gp8b118s1xt3l8x9qxe3jvewmpk5p 1330934 1330933 2026-10-29T13:32:05Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1330934 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]] ** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] *** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] {| class= wikitable |+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s) ! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht |- | Grian | [[Grianfhuinneamh]] | [[Grianchumhacht]] |- | Gaoth | [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]] | [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]] |- | Uisce | [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]] | [[Hidrileictreachas]] |- | Geo | [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] | [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] |- | Bith | [[Bithbhreosla]] | [[]] |- | Tonn | [[Fuinneamh toinne]] | [[Cumhacht toinne]] |} == Ábhair == === Cúiseanna === * [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] # [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] #* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]] # ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]] # Climate action # Climate change denial * [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]] === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Náisiúin Aontaithe === * [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]] * [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]] * [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]] === Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar === * [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]] # ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]] # ''[[:en:Carbon tariff|Carbon tariff]]'' - [[Tairif carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]] # ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] #* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]] # ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]] #* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] # ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]] # ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]] == Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide == <ref name=iate /> == Role of climate change conferences '' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources. '' The UN Climate Change Conferences<ref name=uncc /> serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts. == Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! Bliain ! Ainm ! Tír, cathair óstach ! Uachtarán ! Tír uachtaránachta ! Grúpa réigiúnach |- | 1995 | [[#1995|COP&nbsp;1]] | [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin | [[Angela Merkel]] | {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}} | [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]] |- |1996 |[[#1996|COP&nbsp;2]] |[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis |[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]] |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |[[Grúpa na hAfraice]] |- |1997 |[[#1997|COP&nbsp;3]] |[[Kyoto]], Japan |[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]] |{{flag|Japan}} |[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |- |1998 |[[#1998|COP&nbsp;4]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[María Julia Alsogaray]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |1999 |[[#1999|COP&nbsp;5]] |[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin |[[Jan Szyszko]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2000 |[[#2000|COP&nbsp;6]] |[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír |[[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#2001|COP&nbsp;6-2]] |[[Bonn]], Germany | [[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#COP&nbsp;7|COP&nbsp;7]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2002 |[[#2002|COP&nbsp;8]] |[[New Delhi]], India |[[T. R. Baalu]] |{{flag|India}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2003 |[[#2003|COP&nbsp;9]] |[[Milan]], Italy |[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}</ref> |{{flag|Hungary}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2004 |[[#2004|COP&nbsp;10]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[Ginés González García]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2005 |[[#2005|COP&nbsp;11]] |[[Montréal]], Canada |[[Stéphane Dion]] |{{flag|Canada}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2006 |[[#2006|COP&nbsp;12]] |[[Nairobi]], Kenya |[[Kivutha Kibwana]] |{{flag|Kenya}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2007 |[[#2007|COP&nbsp;13]] |[[Bali]], Indonesia |[[Rachmat Witoelar]] |{{flag|Indonesia}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2008 |[[#2008|COP&nbsp;14]] |[[Poznań]], Poland |[[Maciej Nowicki]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2009 |[[#2009|COP&nbsp;15]] |[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark |[[Connie Hedegaard]] |{{flag|Denmark}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2010 |[[#2010|COP&nbsp;16]] |[[Cancún]], Mexico |[[Patricia Espinosa]] |{{flag|Mexico}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2011 |[[#2011|COP&nbsp;17]] |[[Durban]], South Africa |[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]] |{{flag|South Africa}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2012 |[[#2012|COP&nbsp;18]] |[[Doha]], Qatar |[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]] |{{flag|Qatar}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2013 |[[#2013|COP&nbsp;19]] |[[Warsaw]], Poland |[[Marcin Korolec]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2014 |[[#2014|COP&nbsp;20]] |[[Líoma]], Peru |[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]] |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2015 |[[#2015|COP&nbsp;21]] |[[Páras]], France |[[Laurent Fabius]] |{{flag|France}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2016 |[[#2016|COP&nbsp;22]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Salaheddine Mezouar]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2017 |[[#2017|COP&nbsp;23]] |[[Bonn]], Germany |[[Frank Bainimarama]]<ref name=unfccc2017 /> |{{flag|Fiji}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2018 |[[#2018|COP&nbsp;24]] |[[Katowice]], Poland |[[Michał Kurtyka]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2019 |[[#2019|COP&nbsp;25]] |[[Maidrid]], Spain |[[Carolina Schmidt]] |{{flag|Chile}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |<s>2020</s> |<s>COP 26</s> |<s>Glasgow, United Kingdom</s> |Postponed due to COVID |<s>United Kingdom</s> |<s>Western Europe and Other Group</s> |- | 2021 |[[#2021|COP&nbsp;26]] |[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom |[[Alok Sharma]] |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2022 |[[#2022|COP&nbsp;27]] |[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt |[[Sameh Shoukry]] |{{flag|Egypt}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2023 |[[#2023|COP&nbsp;28]] |[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates |[[Sultan Al Jaber]] |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- | 2024 |[[#2024|COP&nbsp;29]] |[[Baku]], Azerbaijan |[[Mukhtar Babayev]], |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- | 2025 |[[#2025|COP&nbsp;30]] |[[Belém]], Brazil | [[André Corrêa do Lago]] |{{flag|Brazil}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- | 2026 |[[#2026|COP&nbsp;31]] |[[Antalya]], Turkey |[[Murat Kurum]] |{{flag|Turkey}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2027 |[[#2027|COP&nbsp;32]] |[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia |[[Gedion Timothewos]] <ref name=ethiopia>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}</ref> | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2028 | [[#2028|COP&nbsp;33]] | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |} <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}</ref> <ref name=uncc>{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=unfccc2017>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}</ref> == Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} == Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}} '' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].<ref name=UIA /> The 32 member countries and 13<ref name=Latvia /> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=:4 /> == Structure The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.<ref name=:6 /> == Ballraíocht The 32 member countries and 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal"/> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=":4" /> === Ballstáit Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=:1 /> Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.<ref name=:1 /> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 0.95em;" ! style="width:115px;" | Tír ! Ballraíocht ! Nótaí |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Australia}} | align="right" |1979<ref name=":03"/> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Austria}} | align="right" |18 November 1974 <ref name=:5>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}</ref> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Belgium}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Canada}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Czech Republic}} | align="right" |5 February 2001<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Denmark}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Estonia}} | align="right" |9 May 2014 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Finland}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|France}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Germany}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Greece}} | align="right" |1976<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Hungary}} | align="right" |3 June 1997<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Ireland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Italy}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Japan}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Latvia}} | align="right" | 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Lithuania}} | align="right" |2022 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Luxembourg}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Mexico}} | align="right" |2018 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Netherlands}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|New Zealand}} | align="right" |1977<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Norway}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member (under a special Agreement)<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Portugal}} | align="right" |1981<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Poland}} | align="right" |25 September 2008 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Slovakia}} | align="right" |30 November 2007 <ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|South Korea}} | align="right" |20 April 2001 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Spain}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Sweden}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Switzerland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Turkey}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|United States}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |} === Tíortha aontachais '' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat. <ref name=>{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}</ref> '' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:<ref name="AccessionAssociate">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries & Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> * {{Flag|Colombia}} * {{Flag|Brazil}} <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}</ref> * {{Flag|Chile}} * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} * {{Flag|Israel}} * {{Flag|Romania}} === Association countries '' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal" /> country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}</ref> India officially declared its "Association" status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}</ref> Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country. <ref name{>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}</ref> '' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:<ref name="AccessionAssociate"/> * {{Flag|Argentina}} * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Egypt}} * {{Flag|India}} * {{Flag|Indonesia}} * {{Flag|Kenya}} * {{Flag|Morocco}} * {{Flag|Nigeria}} * {{Flag|Senegal}} * {{Flag|Singapore}} * {{Flag|South Africa}} * {{Flag|Thailand}} * {{Flag|Ukraine}} * {{Flag|Vietnam}} == Areas of work '' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries. === Dáta === Scenarios IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes: * Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Net Zero Scenario (NZE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> === Key publications [[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]] * '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO) * '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector''' * '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) * '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO) * '''Oil Market Report''' * '''Electricity Market Report''' * '''Gas Market Report''' * '''Energy Efficiency''' * '''Renewable Energy Market Update''' * '''World Energy Investment''' * '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress''' * '''Country Reviews''' == Cáineadh === Bias against renewable energy [[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]] '' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.<ref name=Creutzig2017 /><ref name=Hoekstra2017 /><ref name=Mertens /> === Accuracy of forecasting '' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. <ref name=guardian2 /> === Restricting access to data '' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, "[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it".<ref name=ambrose-2021 /><ref name=ritchie-2021 /><ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /><ref name=schaefer-2021 /> The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that "countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding".<ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /> '' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.<ref name=Ritchie2024 /> '' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.<ref name=ieadataset /> == Féach freisin * [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=UIA>{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}</ref> <ref name=Latvia>{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=:4>{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="guardian2">{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Creutzig2017>[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]</ref> <ref name=Hoekstra2017>Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]</ref> <ref name=Mertens>Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.</ref> <ref name=ambrose-2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref name=ritchie-2021>{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=schaefer-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Ritchie2024>{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=ieadataset>{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{síol}} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ tboq6dwxq5btx4zwjp0xuo9ww0197pu 1330939 1330934 2026-10-29T16:12:10Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar */ 1330939 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]] ** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] *** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] {| class= wikitable |+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s) ! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht |- | Grian | [[Grianfhuinneamh]] | [[Grianchumhacht]] |- | Gaoth | [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]] | [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]] |- | Uisce | [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]] | [[Hidrileictreachas]] |- | Geo | [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] | [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] |- | Bith | [[Bithbhreosla]] | [[]] |- | Tonn | [[Fuinneamh toinne]] | [[Cumhacht toinne]] |} == Ábhair == === Cúiseanna === * [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] # [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] #* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]] # ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]] # Climate action # Climate change denial * [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]] === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Náisiúin Aontaithe === * [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]] * [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]] * [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]] === Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar === * [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]] # ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]] #* [[Tairif carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]] # ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] #* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]] # ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]] #* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] # ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]] # ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]] == Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide == <ref name=iate /> == Role of climate change conferences '' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources. '' The UN Climate Change Conferences<ref name=uncc /> serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts. == Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! Bliain ! Ainm ! Tír, cathair óstach ! Uachtarán ! Tír uachtaránachta ! Grúpa réigiúnach |- | 1995 | [[#1995|COP&nbsp;1]] | [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin | [[Angela Merkel]] | {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}} | [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]] |- |1996 |[[#1996|COP&nbsp;2]] |[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis |[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]] |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |[[Grúpa na hAfraice]] |- |1997 |[[#1997|COP&nbsp;3]] |[[Kyoto]], Japan |[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]] |{{flag|Japan}} |[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |- |1998 |[[#1998|COP&nbsp;4]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[María Julia Alsogaray]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |1999 |[[#1999|COP&nbsp;5]] |[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin |[[Jan Szyszko]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2000 |[[#2000|COP&nbsp;6]] |[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír |[[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#2001|COP&nbsp;6-2]] |[[Bonn]], Germany | [[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#COP&nbsp;7|COP&nbsp;7]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2002 |[[#2002|COP&nbsp;8]] |[[New Delhi]], India |[[T. R. Baalu]] |{{flag|India}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2003 |[[#2003|COP&nbsp;9]] |[[Milan]], Italy |[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}</ref> |{{flag|Hungary}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2004 |[[#2004|COP&nbsp;10]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[Ginés González García]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2005 |[[#2005|COP&nbsp;11]] |[[Montréal]], Canada |[[Stéphane Dion]] |{{flag|Canada}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2006 |[[#2006|COP&nbsp;12]] |[[Nairobi]], Kenya |[[Kivutha Kibwana]] |{{flag|Kenya}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2007 |[[#2007|COP&nbsp;13]] |[[Bali]], Indonesia |[[Rachmat Witoelar]] |{{flag|Indonesia}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2008 |[[#2008|COP&nbsp;14]] |[[Poznań]], Poland |[[Maciej Nowicki]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2009 |[[#2009|COP&nbsp;15]] |[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark |[[Connie Hedegaard]] |{{flag|Denmark}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2010 |[[#2010|COP&nbsp;16]] |[[Cancún]], Mexico |[[Patricia Espinosa]] |{{flag|Mexico}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2011 |[[#2011|COP&nbsp;17]] |[[Durban]], South Africa |[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]] |{{flag|South Africa}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2012 |[[#2012|COP&nbsp;18]] |[[Doha]], Qatar |[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]] |{{flag|Qatar}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2013 |[[#2013|COP&nbsp;19]] |[[Warsaw]], Poland |[[Marcin Korolec]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2014 |[[#2014|COP&nbsp;20]] |[[Líoma]], Peru |[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]] |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2015 |[[#2015|COP&nbsp;21]] |[[Páras]], France |[[Laurent Fabius]] |{{flag|France}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2016 |[[#2016|COP&nbsp;22]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Salaheddine Mezouar]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2017 |[[#2017|COP&nbsp;23]] |[[Bonn]], Germany |[[Frank Bainimarama]]<ref name=unfccc2017 /> |{{flag|Fiji}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2018 |[[#2018|COP&nbsp;24]] |[[Katowice]], Poland |[[Michał Kurtyka]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2019 |[[#2019|COP&nbsp;25]] |[[Maidrid]], Spain |[[Carolina Schmidt]] |{{flag|Chile}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |<s>2020</s> |<s>COP 26</s> |<s>Glasgow, United Kingdom</s> |Postponed due to COVID |<s>United Kingdom</s> |<s>Western Europe and Other Group</s> |- | 2021 |[[#2021|COP&nbsp;26]] |[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom |[[Alok Sharma]] |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2022 |[[#2022|COP&nbsp;27]] |[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt |[[Sameh Shoukry]] |{{flag|Egypt}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2023 |[[#2023|COP&nbsp;28]] |[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates |[[Sultan Al Jaber]] |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- | 2024 |[[#2024|COP&nbsp;29]] |[[Baku]], Azerbaijan |[[Mukhtar Babayev]], |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- | 2025 |[[#2025|COP&nbsp;30]] |[[Belém]], Brazil | [[André Corrêa do Lago]] |{{flag|Brazil}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- | 2026 |[[#2026|COP&nbsp;31]] |[[Antalya]], Turkey |[[Murat Kurum]] |{{flag|Turkey}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2027 |[[#2027|COP&nbsp;32]] |[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia |[[Gedion Timothewos]] <ref name=ethiopia>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}</ref> | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2028 | [[#2028|COP&nbsp;33]] | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |} <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}</ref> <ref name=uncc>{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=unfccc2017>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}</ref> == Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} == Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}} '' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].<ref name=UIA /> The 32 member countries and 13<ref name=Latvia /> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=:4 /> == Structure The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.<ref name=:6 /> == Ballraíocht The 32 member countries and 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal"/> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=":4" /> === Ballstáit Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=:1 /> Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.<ref name=:1 /> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 0.95em;" ! style="width:115px;" | Tír ! Ballraíocht ! Nótaí |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Australia}} | align="right" |1979<ref name=":03"/> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Austria}} | align="right" |18 November 1974 <ref name=:5>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}</ref> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Belgium}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Canada}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Czech Republic}} | align="right" |5 February 2001<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Denmark}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Estonia}} | align="right" |9 May 2014 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Finland}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|France}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Germany}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Greece}} | align="right" |1976<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Hungary}} | align="right" |3 June 1997<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Ireland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Italy}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Japan}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Latvia}} | align="right" | 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Lithuania}} | align="right" |2022 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Luxembourg}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Mexico}} | align="right" |2018 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Netherlands}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|New Zealand}} | align="right" |1977<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Norway}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member (under a special Agreement)<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Portugal}} | align="right" |1981<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Poland}} | align="right" |25 September 2008 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Slovakia}} | align="right" |30 November 2007 <ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|South Korea}} | align="right" |20 April 2001 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Spain}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Sweden}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Switzerland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Turkey}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|United States}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |} === Tíortha aontachais '' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat. <ref name=>{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}</ref> '' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:<ref name="AccessionAssociate">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries & Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> * {{Flag|Colombia}} * {{Flag|Brazil}} <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}</ref> * {{Flag|Chile}} * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} * {{Flag|Israel}} * {{Flag|Romania}} === Association countries '' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal" /> country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}</ref> India officially declared its "Association" status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}</ref> Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country. <ref name{>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}</ref> '' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:<ref name="AccessionAssociate"/> * {{Flag|Argentina}} * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Egypt}} * {{Flag|India}} * {{Flag|Indonesia}} * {{Flag|Kenya}} * {{Flag|Morocco}} * {{Flag|Nigeria}} * {{Flag|Senegal}} * {{Flag|Singapore}} * {{Flag|South Africa}} * {{Flag|Thailand}} * {{Flag|Ukraine}} * {{Flag|Vietnam}} == Areas of work '' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries. === Dáta === Scenarios IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes: * Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Net Zero Scenario (NZE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> === Key publications [[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]] * '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO) * '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector''' * '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) * '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO) * '''Oil Market Report''' * '''Electricity Market Report''' * '''Gas Market Report''' * '''Energy Efficiency''' * '''Renewable Energy Market Update''' * '''World Energy Investment''' * '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress''' * '''Country Reviews''' == Cáineadh === Bias against renewable energy [[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]] '' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.<ref name=Creutzig2017 /><ref name=Hoekstra2017 /><ref name=Mertens /> === Accuracy of forecasting '' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. <ref name=guardian2 /> === Restricting access to data '' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, "[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it".<ref name=ambrose-2021 /><ref name=ritchie-2021 /><ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /><ref name=schaefer-2021 /> The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that "countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding".<ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /> '' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.<ref name=Ritchie2024 /> '' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.<ref name=ieadataset /> == Féach freisin * [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=UIA>{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}</ref> <ref name=Latvia>{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=:4>{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="guardian2">{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Creutzig2017>[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]</ref> <ref name=Hoekstra2017>Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]</ref> <ref name=Mertens>Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.</ref> <ref name=ambrose-2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref name=ritchie-2021>{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=schaefer-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Ritchie2024>{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=ieadataset>{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{síol}} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ pwqd7agkf6ahk4zs3wk12a8km425ysb 1330940 1330939 2026-10-29T16:13:11Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1330940 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]] ** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] *** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] {| class= wikitable |+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s) ! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht |- | Grian | [[Grianfhuinneamh]] | [[Grianchumhacht]] |- | Gaoth | [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]] | [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]] |- | Uisce | [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]] | [[Hidrileictreachas]] |- | Geo | [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] | [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] |- | Bith | [[Bithbhreosla]] | [[]] |- | Tonn | [[Fuinneamh toinne]] | [[Cumhacht toinne]] |} == Ábhair == === Cúiseanna === * [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] # [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] #* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]] # ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]] # Climate action # Climate change denial * [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]] === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Náisiúin Aontaithe === * [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]] * [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]] * [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]] === Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar === * [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]] # ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]] #* [[Tairif carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon leakage|Carbon leakage]]'' - [[Sceitheadh carbóin]] # ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] #* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]] # ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]] #* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] # ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]] # ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]] == Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide == <ref name=iate /> == Role of climate change conferences '' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources. '' The UN Climate Change Conferences<ref name=uncc /> serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts. == Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! Bliain ! Ainm ! Tír, cathair óstach ! Uachtarán ! Tír uachtaránachta ! Grúpa réigiúnach |- | 1995 | [[#1995|COP&nbsp;1]] | [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin | [[Angela Merkel]] | {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}} | [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]] |- |1996 |[[#1996|COP&nbsp;2]] |[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis |[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]] |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |[[Grúpa na hAfraice]] |- |1997 |[[#1997|COP&nbsp;3]] |[[Kyoto]], Japan |[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]] |{{flag|Japan}} |[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |- |1998 |[[#1998|COP&nbsp;4]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[María Julia Alsogaray]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |1999 |[[#1999|COP&nbsp;5]] |[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin |[[Jan Szyszko]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2000 |[[#2000|COP&nbsp;6]] |[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír |[[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#2001|COP&nbsp;6-2]] |[[Bonn]], Germany | [[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#COP&nbsp;7|COP&nbsp;7]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2002 |[[#2002|COP&nbsp;8]] |[[New Delhi]], India |[[T. R. Baalu]] |{{flag|India}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2003 |[[#2003|COP&nbsp;9]] |[[Milan]], Italy |[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}</ref> |{{flag|Hungary}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2004 |[[#2004|COP&nbsp;10]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[Ginés González García]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2005 |[[#2005|COP&nbsp;11]] |[[Montréal]], Canada |[[Stéphane Dion]] |{{flag|Canada}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2006 |[[#2006|COP&nbsp;12]] |[[Nairobi]], Kenya |[[Kivutha Kibwana]] |{{flag|Kenya}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2007 |[[#2007|COP&nbsp;13]] |[[Bali]], Indonesia |[[Rachmat Witoelar]] |{{flag|Indonesia}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2008 |[[#2008|COP&nbsp;14]] |[[Poznań]], Poland |[[Maciej Nowicki]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2009 |[[#2009|COP&nbsp;15]] |[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark |[[Connie Hedegaard]] |{{flag|Denmark}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2010 |[[#2010|COP&nbsp;16]] |[[Cancún]], Mexico |[[Patricia Espinosa]] |{{flag|Mexico}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2011 |[[#2011|COP&nbsp;17]] |[[Durban]], South Africa |[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]] |{{flag|South Africa}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2012 |[[#2012|COP&nbsp;18]] |[[Doha]], Qatar |[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]] |{{flag|Qatar}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2013 |[[#2013|COP&nbsp;19]] |[[Warsaw]], Poland |[[Marcin Korolec]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2014 |[[#2014|COP&nbsp;20]] |[[Líoma]], Peru |[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]] |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2015 |[[#2015|COP&nbsp;21]] |[[Páras]], France |[[Laurent Fabius]] |{{flag|France}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2016 |[[#2016|COP&nbsp;22]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Salaheddine Mezouar]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2017 |[[#2017|COP&nbsp;23]] |[[Bonn]], Germany |[[Frank Bainimarama]]<ref name=unfccc2017 /> |{{flag|Fiji}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2018 |[[#2018|COP&nbsp;24]] |[[Katowice]], Poland |[[Michał Kurtyka]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2019 |[[#2019|COP&nbsp;25]] |[[Maidrid]], Spain |[[Carolina Schmidt]] |{{flag|Chile}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |<s>2020</s> |<s>COP 26</s> |<s>Glasgow, United Kingdom</s> |Postponed due to COVID |<s>United Kingdom</s> |<s>Western Europe and Other Group</s> |- | 2021 |[[#2021|COP&nbsp;26]] |[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom |[[Alok Sharma]] |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2022 |[[#2022|COP&nbsp;27]] |[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt |[[Sameh Shoukry]] |{{flag|Egypt}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2023 |[[#2023|COP&nbsp;28]] |[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates |[[Sultan Al Jaber]] |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- | 2024 |[[#2024|COP&nbsp;29]] |[[Baku]], Azerbaijan |[[Mukhtar Babayev]], |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- | 2025 |[[#2025|COP&nbsp;30]] |[[Belém]], Brazil | [[André Corrêa do Lago]] |{{flag|Brazil}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- | 2026 |[[#2026|COP&nbsp;31]] |[[Antalya]], Turkey |[[Murat Kurum]] |{{flag|Turkey}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2027 |[[#2027|COP&nbsp;32]] |[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia |[[Gedion Timothewos]] <ref name=ethiopia>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}</ref> | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2028 | [[#2028|COP&nbsp;33]] | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |} <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}</ref> <ref name=uncc>{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=unfccc2017>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}</ref> == Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} == Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}} '' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].<ref name=UIA /> The 32 member countries and 13<ref name=Latvia /> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=:4 /> == Structure The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.<ref name=:6 /> == Ballraíocht The 32 member countries and 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal"/> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=":4" /> === Ballstáit Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=:1 /> Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.<ref name=:1 /> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 0.95em;" ! style="width:115px;" | Tír ! Ballraíocht ! Nótaí |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Australia}} | align="right" |1979<ref name=":03"/> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Austria}} | align="right" |18 November 1974 <ref name=:5>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}</ref> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Belgium}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Canada}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Czech Republic}} | align="right" |5 February 2001<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Denmark}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Estonia}} | align="right" |9 May 2014 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Finland}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|France}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Germany}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Greece}} | align="right" |1976<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Hungary}} | align="right" |3 June 1997<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Ireland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Italy}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Japan}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Latvia}} | align="right" | 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Lithuania}} | align="right" |2022 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Luxembourg}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Mexico}} | align="right" |2018 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Netherlands}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|New Zealand}} | align="right" |1977<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Norway}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member (under a special Agreement)<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Portugal}} | align="right" |1981<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Poland}} | align="right" |25 September 2008 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Slovakia}} | align="right" |30 November 2007 <ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|South Korea}} | align="right" |20 April 2001 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Spain}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Sweden}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Switzerland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Turkey}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|United States}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |} === Tíortha aontachais '' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat. <ref name=>{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}</ref> '' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:<ref name="AccessionAssociate">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries & Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> * {{Flag|Colombia}} * {{Flag|Brazil}} <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}</ref> * {{Flag|Chile}} * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} * {{Flag|Israel}} * {{Flag|Romania}} === Association countries '' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal" /> country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}</ref> India officially declared its "Association" status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}</ref> Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country. <ref name{>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}</ref> '' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:<ref name="AccessionAssociate"/> * {{Flag|Argentina}} * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Egypt}} * {{Flag|India}} * {{Flag|Indonesia}} * {{Flag|Kenya}} * {{Flag|Morocco}} * {{Flag|Nigeria}} * {{Flag|Senegal}} * {{Flag|Singapore}} * {{Flag|South Africa}} * {{Flag|Thailand}} * {{Flag|Ukraine}} * {{Flag|Vietnam}} == Areas of work '' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries. === Dáta === Scenarios IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes: * Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Net Zero Scenario (NZE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> === Key publications [[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]] * '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO) * '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector''' * '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) * '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO) * '''Oil Market Report''' * '''Electricity Market Report''' * '''Gas Market Report''' * '''Energy Efficiency''' * '''Renewable Energy Market Update''' * '''World Energy Investment''' * '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress''' * '''Country Reviews''' == Cáineadh === Bias against renewable energy [[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]] '' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.<ref name=Creutzig2017 /><ref name=Hoekstra2017 /><ref name=Mertens /> === Accuracy of forecasting '' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. <ref name=guardian2 /> === Restricting access to data '' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, "[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it".<ref name=ambrose-2021 /><ref name=ritchie-2021 /><ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /><ref name=schaefer-2021 /> The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that "countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding".<ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /> '' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.<ref name=Ritchie2024 /> '' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.<ref name=ieadataset /> == Féach freisin * [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=UIA>{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}</ref> <ref name=Latvia>{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=:4>{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="guardian2">{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Creutzig2017>[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]</ref> <ref name=Hoekstra2017>Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]</ref> <ref name=Mertens>Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.</ref> <ref name=ambrose-2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref name=ritchie-2021>{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=schaefer-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Ritchie2024>{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=ieadataset>{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{síol}} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ cp2gcfjc6q8tvv17mf5hcgq2ztax8kb 1330943 1330940 2026-10-29T17:30:15Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1330943 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]] ** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] *** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] {| class= wikitable |+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s) ! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht |- | Grian | [[Grianfhuinneamh]] | [[Grianchumhacht]] |- | Gaoth | [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]] | [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]] |- | Uisce | [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]] | [[Hidrileictreachas]] |- | Geo | [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] | [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] |- | Bith | [[Bithbhreosla]] | [[]] |- | Tonn | [[Fuinneamh toinne]] | [[Cumhacht toinne]] |} == Ábhair == === Cúiseanna === * [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] # [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] #* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]] # ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]] # Climate action # Climate change denial * [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]] === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Náisiúin Aontaithe === * [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]] * [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]] * [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]] === Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar === * [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]] # ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]] #* [[Tairif carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon leakage|Carbon leakage]]'' - [[Sceitheadh carbóin]] # ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] #* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]] # ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]] #* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] # ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]] # ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]] == Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide == <ref name=iate /> == Role of climate change conferences '' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources. '' The UN Climate Change Conferences<ref name=uncc /> serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts. == Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! Bliain ! Ainm ! Tír, cathair óstach ! Uachtarán ! Tír uachtaránachta ! Grúpa réigiúnach |- | 1995 | [[#1995|COP&nbsp;1]] | [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin | [[Angela Merkel]] | {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}} | [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]] |- |1996 |[[#1996|COP&nbsp;2]] |[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis |[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]] |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |[[Grúpa na hAfraice]] |- |1997 |[[#1997|COP&nbsp;3]] |[[Kyoto]], Japan |[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]] |{{flag|Japan}} |[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |- |1998 |[[#1998|COP&nbsp;4]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[María Julia Alsogaray]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |1999 |[[#1999|COP&nbsp;5]] |[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin |[[Jan Szyszko]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2000 |[[#2000|COP&nbsp;6]] |[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír |[[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#2001|COP&nbsp;6-2]] |[[Bonn]], Germany | [[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#COP&nbsp;7|COP&nbsp;7]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2002 |[[#2002|COP&nbsp;8]] |[[New Delhi]], India |[[T. R. Baalu]] |{{flag|India}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2003 |[[#2003|COP&nbsp;9]] |[[Milan]], Italy |[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}</ref> |{{flag|Hungary}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2004 |[[#2004|COP&nbsp;10]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[Ginés González García]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2005 |[[#2005|COP&nbsp;11]] |[[Montréal]], Canada |[[Stéphane Dion]] |{{flag|Canada}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2006 |[[#2006|COP&nbsp;12]] |[[Nairobi]], Kenya |[[Kivutha Kibwana]] |{{flag|Kenya}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2007 |[[#2007|COP&nbsp;13]] |[[Bali]], Indonesia |[[Rachmat Witoelar]] |{{flag|Indonesia}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2008 |[[#2008|COP&nbsp;14]] |[[Poznań]], Poland |[[Maciej Nowicki]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2009 |[[#2009|COP&nbsp;15]] |[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark |[[Connie Hedegaard]] |{{flag|Denmark}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2010 |[[#2010|COP&nbsp;16]] |[[Cancún]], Mexico |[[Patricia Espinosa]] |{{flag|Mexico}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2011 |[[#2011|COP&nbsp;17]] |[[Durban]], South Africa |[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]] |{{flag|South Africa}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2012 |[[#2012|COP&nbsp;18]] |[[Doha]], Qatar |[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]] |{{flag|Qatar}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2013 |[[#2013|COP&nbsp;19]] |[[Warsaw]], Poland |[[Marcin Korolec]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2014 |[[#2014|COP&nbsp;20]] |[[Líoma]], Peru |[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]] |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2015 |[[#2015|COP&nbsp;21]] |[[Páras]], France |[[Laurent Fabius]] |{{flag|France}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2016 |[[#2016|COP&nbsp;22]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Salaheddine Mezouar]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2017 |[[#2017|COP&nbsp;23]] |[[Bonn]], Germany |[[Frank Bainimarama]]<ref name=unfccc2017 /> |{{flag|Fiji}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2018 |[[#2018|COP&nbsp;24]] |[[Katowice]], Poland |[[Michał Kurtyka]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2019 |[[#2019|COP&nbsp;25]] |[[Maidrid]], Spain |[[Carolina Schmidt]] |{{flag|Chile}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |<s>2020</s> |<s>COP 26</s> |<s>Glasgow, United Kingdom</s> |Postponed due to COVID |<s>United Kingdom</s> |<s>Western Europe and Other Group</s> |- | 2021 |[[#2021|COP&nbsp;26]] |[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom |[[Alok Sharma]] |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2022 |[[#2022|COP&nbsp;27]] |[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt |[[Sameh Shoukry]] |{{flag|Egypt}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2023 |[[#2023|COP&nbsp;28]] |[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates |[[Sultan Al Jaber]] |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- | 2024 |[[#2024|COP&nbsp;29]] |[[Baku]], Azerbaijan |[[Mukhtar Babayev]], |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- | 2025 |[[#2025|COP&nbsp;30]] |[[Belém]], Brazil | [[André Corrêa do Lago]] |{{flag|Brazil}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- | 2026 |[[#2026|COP&nbsp;31]] |[[Antalya]], Turkey |[[Murat Kurum]] |{{flag|Turkey}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2027 |[[#2027|COP&nbsp;32]] |[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia |[[Gedion Timothewos]] <ref name=ethiopia>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}</ref> | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2028 | [[#2028|COP&nbsp;33]] | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |} <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}</ref> <ref name=uncc>{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=unfccc2017>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}</ref> == ''Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch'' == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} == Praghsáil carbóin == {{Short description|Greenhouse gas emission market}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2019}} [[File:Carbon taxes and emission trading worldwide.svg|alt=Carbon taxes and emission trading worldwide|thumb|Emission trading and carbon taxes around the world (2021) {{Legend|#009a3e|[[Carbon emission trading]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend|#323b90|[[Carbon tax]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend|#fbba00|[[Carbon emission trading]] or carbon tax under consideration}}]]'''Carbon pricing''' (or '''{{CO2}} pricing''') is a method for governments to [[Climate change mitigation|mitigate climate change]], in which a monetary cost is applied to [[greenhouse gas emissions]]. This is done to encourage polluters to reduce [[fossil fuel]] combustion, the main driver of [[climate change]]. A carbon price usually takes the form of a [[carbon tax]], or an [[emissions trading scheme]] (ETS) that requires firms to purchase allowances to emit.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=What is Carbon Pricing? {{!}} Carbon Pricing Dashboard |url=https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311235027/https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing |archive-date=March 11, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-14 |website=carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org |date=May 9, 2017 }}</ref> The method is widely agreed to be an efficient policy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon pricing seeks to address the economic problem that emissions of {{CO2|link=yes}} and other [[greenhouse gas]]es are a [[externality#negative|negative externality]] – a detrimental product that is not charged for by any market. 28% of global GHG emissions are covered by carbon pricing in 2025.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=2025|title=State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025|url=https://hdl.handle.net/10986/43277|journal=The World Bank|language=en-US|pages=|doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-2255-1 |doi-broken-date=April 9, 2026 |hdl=10986/43277 }}</ref> In 2021, there was a major increase in the usage of carbon pricing due to the introduction of the [[Chinese national carbon trading scheme]].<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=23}}</ref><ref name="China ETS2">{{cite web |last1=Davies|first1=Paul A.|last2=Westgate|first2=R. Andrew|title=China's National ETS Launches Trading|date=August 9, 2021 |url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/|access-date=7 September 2021|publisher=Latham & Watkins}}</ref> Regions with carbon pricing include most European countries and [[Canada]]. On the other hand, top emitters like [[India]], [[Russia]], the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]] and many US states have not introduced carbon pricing.<ref>{{cite web |title=State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2023|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102955/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf|archive-date=October 7, 2024|access-date=2 June 2023|publisher=World Bank Group}}</ref> [[Australia]] had a [[Carbon pricing in Australia|carbon pricing scheme from 2012 to 2014]]. In 2020, carbon pricing generated $53B in revenue.<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=14}}</ref> According to the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]], a price level of $135–$5500 in 2030 and $245–$13,000 per metric ton {{CO2}} in 2050 would be needed to drive carbon emissions to stay below [[Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C|the 1.5°C limit]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch4|2018|p=374}}</ref> Latest models of the [[social cost of carbon]] calculate a damage of more than $300 per ton of {{CO2}} as a result of economy feedbacks and falling global [[GDP]] growth rates, while policy recommendations range from about $50 to $200.<ref name="Kikstra 2021">{{harvnb|Kikstra|2021}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Many carbon pricing schemes including the ETS in China remain below $10 per ton of {{CO2}}.<ref name="China ETS">{{cite web |last1=Davies |first1=Paul A. |last2=Westgate |first2=R. Andrew |title=China's National ETS Launches Trading |date=August 9, 2021 |url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/ |publisher=Latham & Watkins |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> One exception is the [[European Union Emissions Trading System]] (EU-ETS) which exceeded €100 (${{To USD|100|EUR|round=yes|year=2023}}) per ton of {{CO2}} in February 2023.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Carbon Price Viewer|url=https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer|publisher=EMBER|access-date=2021-09-07|archive-date=September 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915123457/https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer/|url-status=live}}</ref> A carbon tax is generally favoured on economic grounds for its simplicity and stability, while cap-and-trade theoretically offers the possibility to limit allowances to the remaining [[carbon budget]]. Current implementations are only designed to meet certain reduction targets. As a supplement to carbon pricing enforced externally by national and subnational governments, organizations can also voluntarily implement their own internal carbon price (ICP) through a variety of tools.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu|first1=Bangzhu|last2=Xu|first2=Chenxin|last3=Wang|first3=Ping|last4=Zhang|first4=Lin|date=2022|title=How does internal carbon pricing affect corporate environmental performance?|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0148296322002028|journal=Journal of Business Research|language=en|volume=145|pages=65–77|doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.02.071}}</ref> These include emissions trading systems, proxy prices, carbon fees, implicit prices, and hybrid models.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Gorbach|first1=O.G.|last2=Kost|first2=C.|last3=Pickett|first3=C.|date=2022|title=Review of internal carbon pricing and the development of a decision process for the identification of promising Internal Pricing Methods for an Organisation|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032121010170|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|language=en|volume=154|article-number=111745|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.111745 |bibcode=2022RSERv.15411745G }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Harpankar|first=Kshama|date=2019|title=Internal carbon pricing: rationale, promise and limitations|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178|journal=Carbon Management|language=en|volume=10|issue=2|pages=219–225|doi=10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178|bibcode=2019CarM...10..219H |issn=1758-3004}}</ref> Organizations have used a variety of metrics to define their carbon prices.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Bento|first1=Nuno|last2=Gianfrate|first2=Gianfranco|date=2020|title=Determinants of internal carbon pricing|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421520302445|journal=Energy Policy|language=en|volume=143|article-number=111499|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111499 |bibcode=2020EnPol.14311499B |hdl=10071/20557 }}</ref> Research on the impacts of ICP on institutional emissions and [[Competition (economics)|competition]] is ongoing.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Ma|first1=Jialu|last2=Kuo|first2=Jeffrey|date=2021|title=Environmental self-regulation for sustainable development: Can internal carbon pricing enhance financial performance?|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.2817|journal=Business Strategy and the Environment|language=en|volume=30|issue=8|pages=3517–3527|doi=10.1002/bse.2817|bibcode=2021BSEnv..30.3517M |issn=0964-4733}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Desai|first1=Rajesh|last2=Raval|first2=Avani|last3=Thanki|first3=Shashank|date=2025|title=Does internal carbon pricing moderate the firm value effects of carbon emission? A study of an emerging economy|url=https://www.emerald.com/jaar/article/26/5/1213/1251497/Does-internal-carbon-pricing-moderate-the-firm|journal=Journal of Applied Accounting Research|language=en|volume=26|issue=5|pages=1213–1236|doi=10.1108/JAAR-07-2024-0248|issn=0967-5426}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Qin|first1=Linxin|last2=Wang|first2=Zhan|last3=Pan|first3=Ane|date=2023-12-13|title=How the implementation of internal carbon pricing impacts on carbon reduction: facilitating or hindering|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5|pmid=38091215 |issn=1614-7499}}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}} '' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].<ref name=UIA /> The 32 member countries and 13<ref name=Latvia /> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=:4 /> == Structure The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.<ref name=:6 /> == Ballraíocht The 32 member countries and 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal"/> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=":4" /> === Ballstáit Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=:1 /> Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.<ref name=:1 /> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 0.95em;" ! style="width:115px;" | Tír ! Ballraíocht ! Nótaí |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Australia}} | align="right" |1979<ref name=":03"/> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Austria}} | align="right" |18 November 1974 <ref name=:5>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}</ref> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Belgium}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Canada}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Czech Republic}} | align="right" |5 February 2001<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Denmark}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Estonia}} | align="right" |9 May 2014 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Finland}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|France}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Germany}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Greece}} | align="right" |1976<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Hungary}} | align="right" |3 June 1997<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Ireland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Italy}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Japan}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Latvia}} | align="right" | 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Lithuania}} | align="right" |2022 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Luxembourg}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Mexico}} | align="right" |2018 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Netherlands}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|New Zealand}} | align="right" |1977<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Norway}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member (under a special Agreement)<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Portugal}} | align="right" |1981<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Poland}} | align="right" |25 September 2008 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Slovakia}} | align="right" |30 November 2007 <ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|South Korea}} | align="right" |20 April 2001 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Spain}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Sweden}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Switzerland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Turkey}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|United States}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |} === Tíortha aontachais '' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat. <ref name=>{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}</ref> '' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:<ref name="AccessionAssociate">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries & Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> * {{Flag|Colombia}} * {{Flag|Brazil}} <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}</ref> * {{Flag|Chile}} * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} * {{Flag|Israel}} * {{Flag|Romania}} === Association countries '' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal" /> country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}</ref> India officially declared its "Association" status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}</ref> Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country. <ref name{>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}</ref> '' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:<ref name="AccessionAssociate"/> * {{Flag|Argentina}} * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Egypt}} * {{Flag|India}} * {{Flag|Indonesia}} * {{Flag|Kenya}} * {{Flag|Morocco}} * {{Flag|Nigeria}} * {{Flag|Senegal}} * {{Flag|Singapore}} * {{Flag|South Africa}} * {{Flag|Thailand}} * {{Flag|Ukraine}} * {{Flag|Vietnam}} == Areas of work '' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries. === Dáta === Scenarios IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes: * Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Net Zero Scenario (NZE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> === Key publications [[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]] * '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO) * '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector''' * '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) * '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO) * '''Oil Market Report''' * '''Electricity Market Report''' * '''Gas Market Report''' * '''Energy Efficiency''' * '''Renewable Energy Market Update''' * '''World Energy Investment''' * '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress''' * '''Country Reviews''' == Cáineadh === Bias against renewable energy [[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]] '' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.<ref name=Creutzig2017 /><ref name=Hoekstra2017 /><ref name=Mertens /> === Accuracy of forecasting '' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. <ref name=guardian2 /> === Restricting access to data '' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, "[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it".<ref name=ambrose-2021 /><ref name=ritchie-2021 /><ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /><ref name=schaefer-2021 /> The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that "countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding".<ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /> '' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.<ref name=Ritchie2024 /> '' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.<ref name=ieadataset /> == Féach freisin * [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=UIA>{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}</ref> <ref name=Latvia>{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=:4>{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="guardian2">{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Creutzig2017>[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]</ref> <ref name=Hoekstra2017>Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]</ref> <ref name=Mertens>Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.</ref> <ref name=ambrose-2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref name=ritchie-2021>{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=schaefer-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Ritchie2024>{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=ieadataset>{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{síol}} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ 4nhch9ebpdq2dkxo5gtgjgslmk1x54s 1330944 1330943 2026-10-29T17:30:37Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1330944 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]] ** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] *** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] {| class= wikitable |+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s) ! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht |- | Grian | [[Grianfhuinneamh]] | [[Grianchumhacht]] |- | Gaoth | [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]] | [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]] |- | Uisce | [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]] | [[Hidrileictreachas]] |- | Geo | [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] | [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] |- | Bith | [[Bithbhreosla]] | [[]] |- | Tonn | [[Fuinneamh toinne]] | [[Cumhacht toinne]] |} == Ábhair == === Cúiseanna === * [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] # [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] #* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]] # ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]] # Climate action # Climate change denial * [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]] === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Náisiúin Aontaithe === * [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]] * [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]] * [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]] === Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar === * [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]] # ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]] #* [[Tairif carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon leakage|Carbon leakage]]'' - [[Sceitheadh carbóin]] # ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] #* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]] # ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]] #* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] # ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]] # ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]] == ''Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide'' == <ref name=iate /> == Role of climate change conferences '' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources. '' The UN Climate Change Conferences<ref name=uncc /> serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts. == Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! Bliain ! Ainm ! Tír, cathair óstach ! Uachtarán ! Tír uachtaránachta ! Grúpa réigiúnach |- | 1995 | [[#1995|COP&nbsp;1]] | [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin | [[Angela Merkel]] | {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}} | [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]] |- |1996 |[[#1996|COP&nbsp;2]] |[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis |[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]] |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |[[Grúpa na hAfraice]] |- |1997 |[[#1997|COP&nbsp;3]] |[[Kyoto]], Japan |[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]] |{{flag|Japan}} |[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |- |1998 |[[#1998|COP&nbsp;4]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[María Julia Alsogaray]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |1999 |[[#1999|COP&nbsp;5]] |[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin |[[Jan Szyszko]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2000 |[[#2000|COP&nbsp;6]] |[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír |[[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#2001|COP&nbsp;6-2]] |[[Bonn]], Germany | [[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#COP&nbsp;7|COP&nbsp;7]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2002 |[[#2002|COP&nbsp;8]] |[[New Delhi]], India |[[T. R. Baalu]] |{{flag|India}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2003 |[[#2003|COP&nbsp;9]] |[[Milan]], Italy |[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}</ref> |{{flag|Hungary}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2004 |[[#2004|COP&nbsp;10]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[Ginés González García]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2005 |[[#2005|COP&nbsp;11]] |[[Montréal]], Canada |[[Stéphane Dion]] |{{flag|Canada}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2006 |[[#2006|COP&nbsp;12]] |[[Nairobi]], Kenya |[[Kivutha Kibwana]] |{{flag|Kenya}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2007 |[[#2007|COP&nbsp;13]] |[[Bali]], Indonesia |[[Rachmat Witoelar]] |{{flag|Indonesia}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2008 |[[#2008|COP&nbsp;14]] |[[Poznań]], Poland |[[Maciej Nowicki]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2009 |[[#2009|COP&nbsp;15]] |[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark |[[Connie Hedegaard]] |{{flag|Denmark}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2010 |[[#2010|COP&nbsp;16]] |[[Cancún]], Mexico |[[Patricia Espinosa]] |{{flag|Mexico}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2011 |[[#2011|COP&nbsp;17]] |[[Durban]], South Africa |[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]] |{{flag|South Africa}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2012 |[[#2012|COP&nbsp;18]] |[[Doha]], Qatar |[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]] |{{flag|Qatar}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2013 |[[#2013|COP&nbsp;19]] |[[Warsaw]], Poland |[[Marcin Korolec]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2014 |[[#2014|COP&nbsp;20]] |[[Líoma]], Peru |[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]] |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2015 |[[#2015|COP&nbsp;21]] |[[Páras]], France |[[Laurent Fabius]] |{{flag|France}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2016 |[[#2016|COP&nbsp;22]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Salaheddine Mezouar]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2017 |[[#2017|COP&nbsp;23]] |[[Bonn]], Germany |[[Frank Bainimarama]]<ref name=unfccc2017 /> |{{flag|Fiji}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2018 |[[#2018|COP&nbsp;24]] |[[Katowice]], Poland |[[Michał Kurtyka]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2019 |[[#2019|COP&nbsp;25]] |[[Maidrid]], Spain |[[Carolina Schmidt]] |{{flag|Chile}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |<s>2020</s> |<s>COP 26</s> |<s>Glasgow, United Kingdom</s> |Postponed due to COVID |<s>United Kingdom</s> |<s>Western Europe and Other Group</s> |- | 2021 |[[#2021|COP&nbsp;26]] |[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom |[[Alok Sharma]] |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2022 |[[#2022|COP&nbsp;27]] |[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt |[[Sameh Shoukry]] |{{flag|Egypt}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2023 |[[#2023|COP&nbsp;28]] |[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates |[[Sultan Al Jaber]] |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- | 2024 |[[#2024|COP&nbsp;29]] |[[Baku]], Azerbaijan |[[Mukhtar Babayev]], |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- | 2025 |[[#2025|COP&nbsp;30]] |[[Belém]], Brazil | [[André Corrêa do Lago]] |{{flag|Brazil}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- | 2026 |[[#2026|COP&nbsp;31]] |[[Antalya]], Turkey |[[Murat Kurum]] |{{flag|Turkey}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2027 |[[#2027|COP&nbsp;32]] |[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia |[[Gedion Timothewos]] <ref name=ethiopia>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}</ref> | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2028 | [[#2028|COP&nbsp;33]] | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |} <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}</ref> <ref name=uncc>{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=unfccc2017>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}</ref> == ''Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch'' == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} == Praghsáil carbóin == {{Short description|Greenhouse gas emission market}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2019}} [[File:Carbon taxes and emission trading worldwide.svg|alt=Carbon taxes and emission trading worldwide|thumb|Emission trading and carbon taxes around the world (2021) {{Legend|#009a3e|[[Carbon emission trading]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend|#323b90|[[Carbon tax]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend|#fbba00|[[Carbon emission trading]] or carbon tax under consideration}}]]'''Carbon pricing''' (or '''{{CO2}} pricing''') is a method for governments to [[Climate change mitigation|mitigate climate change]], in which a monetary cost is applied to [[greenhouse gas emissions]]. This is done to encourage polluters to reduce [[fossil fuel]] combustion, the main driver of [[climate change]]. A carbon price usually takes the form of a [[carbon tax]], or an [[emissions trading scheme]] (ETS) that requires firms to purchase allowances to emit.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=What is Carbon Pricing? {{!}} Carbon Pricing Dashboard |url=https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311235027/https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing |archive-date=March 11, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-14 |website=carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org |date=May 9, 2017 }}</ref> The method is widely agreed to be an efficient policy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon pricing seeks to address the economic problem that emissions of {{CO2|link=yes}} and other [[greenhouse gas]]es are a [[externality#negative|negative externality]] – a detrimental product that is not charged for by any market. 28% of global GHG emissions are covered by carbon pricing in 2025.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=2025|title=State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025|url=https://hdl.handle.net/10986/43277|journal=The World Bank|language=en-US|pages=|doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-2255-1 |doi-broken-date=April 9, 2026 |hdl=10986/43277 }}</ref> In 2021, there was a major increase in the usage of carbon pricing due to the introduction of the [[Chinese national carbon trading scheme]].<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=23}}</ref><ref name="China ETS2">{{cite web |last1=Davies|first1=Paul A.|last2=Westgate|first2=R. Andrew|title=China's National ETS Launches Trading|date=August 9, 2021 |url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/|access-date=7 September 2021|publisher=Latham & Watkins}}</ref> Regions with carbon pricing include most European countries and [[Canada]]. On the other hand, top emitters like [[India]], [[Russia]], the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]] and many US states have not introduced carbon pricing.<ref>{{cite web |title=State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2023|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102955/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf|archive-date=October 7, 2024|access-date=2 June 2023|publisher=World Bank Group}}</ref> [[Australia]] had a [[Carbon pricing in Australia|carbon pricing scheme from 2012 to 2014]]. In 2020, carbon pricing generated $53B in revenue.<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=14}}</ref> According to the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]], a price level of $135–$5500 in 2030 and $245–$13,000 per metric ton {{CO2}} in 2050 would be needed to drive carbon emissions to stay below [[Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C|the 1.5°C limit]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch4|2018|p=374}}</ref> Latest models of the [[social cost of carbon]] calculate a damage of more than $300 per ton of {{CO2}} as a result of economy feedbacks and falling global [[GDP]] growth rates, while policy recommendations range from about $50 to $200.<ref name="Kikstra 2021">{{harvnb|Kikstra|2021}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Many carbon pricing schemes including the ETS in China remain below $10 per ton of {{CO2}}.<ref name="China ETS">{{cite web |last1=Davies |first1=Paul A. |last2=Westgate |first2=R. Andrew |title=China's National ETS Launches Trading |date=August 9, 2021 |url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/ |publisher=Latham & Watkins |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> One exception is the [[European Union Emissions Trading System]] (EU-ETS) which exceeded €100 (${{To USD|100|EUR|round=yes|year=2023}}) per ton of {{CO2}} in February 2023.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Carbon Price Viewer|url=https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer|publisher=EMBER|access-date=2021-09-07|archive-date=September 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915123457/https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer/|url-status=live}}</ref> A carbon tax is generally favoured on economic grounds for its simplicity and stability, while cap-and-trade theoretically offers the possibility to limit allowances to the remaining [[carbon budget]]. Current implementations are only designed to meet certain reduction targets. As a supplement to carbon pricing enforced externally by national and subnational governments, organizations can also voluntarily implement their own internal carbon price (ICP) through a variety of tools.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu|first1=Bangzhu|last2=Xu|first2=Chenxin|last3=Wang|first3=Ping|last4=Zhang|first4=Lin|date=2022|title=How does internal carbon pricing affect corporate environmental performance?|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0148296322002028|journal=Journal of Business Research|language=en|volume=145|pages=65–77|doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.02.071}}</ref> These include emissions trading systems, proxy prices, carbon fees, implicit prices, and hybrid models.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Gorbach|first1=O.G.|last2=Kost|first2=C.|last3=Pickett|first3=C.|date=2022|title=Review of internal carbon pricing and the development of a decision process for the identification of promising Internal Pricing Methods for an Organisation|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032121010170|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|language=en|volume=154|article-number=111745|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.111745 |bibcode=2022RSERv.15411745G }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Harpankar|first=Kshama|date=2019|title=Internal carbon pricing: rationale, promise and limitations|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178|journal=Carbon Management|language=en|volume=10|issue=2|pages=219–225|doi=10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178|bibcode=2019CarM...10..219H |issn=1758-3004}}</ref> Organizations have used a variety of metrics to define their carbon prices.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Bento|first1=Nuno|last2=Gianfrate|first2=Gianfranco|date=2020|title=Determinants of internal carbon pricing|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421520302445|journal=Energy Policy|language=en|volume=143|article-number=111499|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111499 |bibcode=2020EnPol.14311499B |hdl=10071/20557 }}</ref> Research on the impacts of ICP on institutional emissions and [[Competition (economics)|competition]] is ongoing.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Ma|first1=Jialu|last2=Kuo|first2=Jeffrey|date=2021|title=Environmental self-regulation for sustainable development: Can internal carbon pricing enhance financial performance?|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.2817|journal=Business Strategy and the Environment|language=en|volume=30|issue=8|pages=3517–3527|doi=10.1002/bse.2817|bibcode=2021BSEnv..30.3517M |issn=0964-4733}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Desai|first1=Rajesh|last2=Raval|first2=Avani|last3=Thanki|first3=Shashank|date=2025|title=Does internal carbon pricing moderate the firm value effects of carbon emission? A study of an emerging economy|url=https://www.emerald.com/jaar/article/26/5/1213/1251497/Does-internal-carbon-pricing-moderate-the-firm|journal=Journal of Applied Accounting Research|language=en|volume=26|issue=5|pages=1213–1236|doi=10.1108/JAAR-07-2024-0248|issn=0967-5426}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Qin|first1=Linxin|last2=Wang|first2=Zhan|last3=Pan|first3=Ane|date=2023-12-13|title=How the implementation of internal carbon pricing impacts on carbon reduction: facilitating or hindering|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5|pmid=38091215 |issn=1614-7499}}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}} '' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].<ref name=UIA /> The 32 member countries and 13<ref name=Latvia /> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=:4 /> == Structure The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.<ref name=:6 /> == Ballraíocht The 32 member countries and 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal"/> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=":4" /> === Ballstáit Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=:1 /> Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.<ref name=:1 /> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 0.95em;" ! style="width:115px;" | Tír ! Ballraíocht ! Nótaí |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Australia}} | align="right" |1979<ref name=":03"/> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Austria}} | align="right" |18 November 1974 <ref name=:5>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}</ref> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Belgium}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Canada}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Czech Republic}} | align="right" |5 February 2001<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Denmark}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Estonia}} | align="right" |9 May 2014 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Finland}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|France}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Germany}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Greece}} | align="right" |1976<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Hungary}} | align="right" |3 June 1997<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Ireland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Italy}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Japan}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Latvia}} | align="right" | 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Lithuania}} | align="right" |2022 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Luxembourg}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Mexico}} | align="right" |2018 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Netherlands}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|New Zealand}} | align="right" |1977<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Norway}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member (under a special Agreement)<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Portugal}} | align="right" |1981<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Poland}} | align="right" |25 September 2008 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Slovakia}} | align="right" |30 November 2007 <ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|South Korea}} | align="right" |20 April 2001 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Spain}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Sweden}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Switzerland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Turkey}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|United States}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |} === Tíortha aontachais '' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat. <ref name=>{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}</ref> '' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:<ref name="AccessionAssociate">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries & Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> * {{Flag|Colombia}} * {{Flag|Brazil}} <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}</ref> * {{Flag|Chile}} * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} * {{Flag|Israel}} * {{Flag|Romania}} === Association countries '' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal" /> country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}</ref> India officially declared its "Association" status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}</ref> Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country. <ref name{>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}</ref> '' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:<ref name="AccessionAssociate"/> * {{Flag|Argentina}} * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Egypt}} * {{Flag|India}} * {{Flag|Indonesia}} * {{Flag|Kenya}} * {{Flag|Morocco}} * {{Flag|Nigeria}} * {{Flag|Senegal}} * {{Flag|Singapore}} * {{Flag|South Africa}} * {{Flag|Thailand}} * {{Flag|Ukraine}} * {{Flag|Vietnam}} == Areas of work '' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries. === Dáta === Scenarios IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes: * Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Net Zero Scenario (NZE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> === Key publications [[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]] * '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO) * '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector''' * '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) * '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO) * '''Oil Market Report''' * '''Electricity Market Report''' * '''Gas Market Report''' * '''Energy Efficiency''' * '''Renewable Energy Market Update''' * '''World Energy Investment''' * '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress''' * '''Country Reviews''' == Cáineadh === Bias against renewable energy [[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]] '' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.<ref name=Creutzig2017 /><ref name=Hoekstra2017 /><ref name=Mertens /> === Accuracy of forecasting '' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. <ref name=guardian2 /> === Restricting access to data '' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, "[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it".<ref name=ambrose-2021 /><ref name=ritchie-2021 /><ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /><ref name=schaefer-2021 /> The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that "countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding".<ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /> '' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.<ref name=Ritchie2024 /> '' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.<ref name=ieadataset /> == Féach freisin * [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=UIA>{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}</ref> <ref name=Latvia>{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=:4>{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="guardian2">{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Creutzig2017>[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]</ref> <ref name=Hoekstra2017>Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]</ref> <ref name=Mertens>Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.</ref> <ref name=ambrose-2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref name=ritchie-2021>{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=schaefer-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Ritchie2024>{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=ieadataset>{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{síol}} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ f7w7komoyk6wuz9vdros8mklx28e464 1330945 1330944 2026-10-29T17:35:35Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Praghsáil carbóin */ 1330945 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]] ** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] *** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] {| class= wikitable |+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s) ! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht |- | Grian | [[Grianfhuinneamh]] | [[Grianchumhacht]] |- | Gaoth | [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]] | [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]] |- | Uisce | [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]] | [[Hidrileictreachas]] |- | Geo | [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] | [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] |- | Bith | [[Bithbhreosla]] | [[]] |- | Tonn | [[Fuinneamh toinne]] | [[Cumhacht toinne]] |} == Ábhair == === Cúiseanna === * [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] # [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] #* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]] # ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]] # Climate action # Climate change denial * [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]] === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Náisiúin Aontaithe === * [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]] * [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]] * [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]] === Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar === * [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]] # ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]] #* [[Tairif carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon leakage|Carbon leakage]]'' - [[Sceitheadh carbóin]] # ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] #* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]] # ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]] #* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] # ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]] # ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]] == ''Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide'' == <ref name=iate /> == Role of climate change conferences '' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources. '' The UN Climate Change Conferences<ref name=uncc /> serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts. == Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! Bliain ! Ainm ! Tír, cathair óstach ! Uachtarán ! Tír uachtaránachta ! Grúpa réigiúnach |- | 1995 | [[#1995|COP&nbsp;1]] | [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin | [[Angela Merkel]] | {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}} | [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]] |- |1996 |[[#1996|COP&nbsp;2]] |[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis |[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]] |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |[[Grúpa na hAfraice]] |- |1997 |[[#1997|COP&nbsp;3]] |[[Kyoto]], Japan |[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]] |{{flag|Japan}} |[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |- |1998 |[[#1998|COP&nbsp;4]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[María Julia Alsogaray]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |1999 |[[#1999|COP&nbsp;5]] |[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin |[[Jan Szyszko]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2000 |[[#2000|COP&nbsp;6]] |[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír |[[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#2001|COP&nbsp;6-2]] |[[Bonn]], Germany | [[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#COP&nbsp;7|COP&nbsp;7]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2002 |[[#2002|COP&nbsp;8]] |[[New Delhi]], India |[[T. R. Baalu]] |{{flag|India}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2003 |[[#2003|COP&nbsp;9]] |[[Milan]], Italy |[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}</ref> |{{flag|Hungary}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2004 |[[#2004|COP&nbsp;10]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[Ginés González García]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2005 |[[#2005|COP&nbsp;11]] |[[Montréal]], Canada |[[Stéphane Dion]] |{{flag|Canada}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2006 |[[#2006|COP&nbsp;12]] |[[Nairobi]], Kenya |[[Kivutha Kibwana]] |{{flag|Kenya}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2007 |[[#2007|COP&nbsp;13]] |[[Bali]], Indonesia |[[Rachmat Witoelar]] |{{flag|Indonesia}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2008 |[[#2008|COP&nbsp;14]] |[[Poznań]], Poland |[[Maciej Nowicki]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2009 |[[#2009|COP&nbsp;15]] |[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark |[[Connie Hedegaard]] |{{flag|Denmark}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2010 |[[#2010|COP&nbsp;16]] |[[Cancún]], Mexico |[[Patricia Espinosa]] |{{flag|Mexico}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2011 |[[#2011|COP&nbsp;17]] |[[Durban]], South Africa |[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]] |{{flag|South Africa}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2012 |[[#2012|COP&nbsp;18]] |[[Doha]], Qatar |[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]] |{{flag|Qatar}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2013 |[[#2013|COP&nbsp;19]] |[[Warsaw]], Poland |[[Marcin Korolec]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2014 |[[#2014|COP&nbsp;20]] |[[Líoma]], Peru |[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]] |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2015 |[[#2015|COP&nbsp;21]] |[[Páras]], France |[[Laurent Fabius]] |{{flag|France}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2016 |[[#2016|COP&nbsp;22]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Salaheddine Mezouar]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2017 |[[#2017|COP&nbsp;23]] |[[Bonn]], Germany |[[Frank Bainimarama]]<ref name=unfccc2017 /> |{{flag|Fiji}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2018 |[[#2018|COP&nbsp;24]] |[[Katowice]], Poland |[[Michał Kurtyka]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2019 |[[#2019|COP&nbsp;25]] |[[Maidrid]], Spain |[[Carolina Schmidt]] |{{flag|Chile}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |<s>2020</s> |<s>COP 26</s> |<s>Glasgow, United Kingdom</s> |Postponed due to COVID |<s>United Kingdom</s> |<s>Western Europe and Other Group</s> |- | 2021 |[[#2021|COP&nbsp;26]] |[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom |[[Alok Sharma]] |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2022 |[[#2022|COP&nbsp;27]] |[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt |[[Sameh Shoukry]] |{{flag|Egypt}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2023 |[[#2023|COP&nbsp;28]] |[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates |[[Sultan Al Jaber]] |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- | 2024 |[[#2024|COP&nbsp;29]] |[[Baku]], Azerbaijan |[[Mukhtar Babayev]], |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- | 2025 |[[#2025|COP&nbsp;30]] |[[Belém]], Brazil | [[André Corrêa do Lago]] |{{flag|Brazil}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- | 2026 |[[#2026|COP&nbsp;31]] |[[Antalya]], Turkey |[[Murat Kurum]] |{{flag|Turkey}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2027 |[[#2027|COP&nbsp;32]] |[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia |[[Gedion Timothewos]] <ref name=ethiopia>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}</ref> | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2028 | [[#2028|COP&nbsp;33]] | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |} <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}</ref> <ref name=uncc>{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=unfccc2017>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}</ref> == ''Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch'' == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} == Praghsáil carbóin == [[Íomhá:Carbon taxes and emission trading worldwide.svg | mion | ''Emission trading and carbon taxes around the world (2021) {{Legend|#009a3e|[[Carbon emission trading]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend|#323b90|[[Carbon tax]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend|#fbba00|[[Carbon emission trading]] or carbon tax under consideration}}]] '' '''Carbon pricing''' (or '''{{CO2}} pricing''') is a method for governments to [[Climate change mitigation|mitigate climate change]], in which a monetary cost is applied to [[greenhouse gas emissions]]. This is done to encourage polluters to reduce [[fossil fuel]] combustion, the main driver of [[climate change]]. A carbon price usually takes the form of a [[carbon tax]], or an [[emissions trading scheme]] (ETS) that requires firms to purchase allowances to emit. <ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=What is Carbon Pricing? {{!}} Carbon Pricing Dashboard |url=https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311235027/https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing |archive-date=March 11, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-14 |website=carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org |date=May 9, 2017 }}</ref> The method is widely agreed to be an efficient policy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon pricing seeks to address the economic problem that emissions of {{CO2|link=yes}} and other [[greenhouse gas]]es are a [[externality#negative|negative externality]] – a detrimental product that is not charged for by any market. '' 28% of global GHG emissions are covered by carbon pricing in 2025. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=2025|title=State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025|url=https://hdl.handle.net/10986/43277|journal=The World Bank|language=en-US|pages=|doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-2255-1 |doi-broken-date=April 9, 2026 |hdl=10986/43277 }}</ref> In 2021, there was a major increase in the usage of carbon pricing due to the introduction of the [[Chinese national carbon trading scheme]].<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=23}}</ref> <ref name="China ETS2">{{cite web |last1=Davies|first1=Paul A.|last2=Westgate|first2=R. Andrew|title=China's National ETS Launches Trading|date=August 9, 2021 |url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/|access-date=7 September 2021|publisher=Latham & Watkins}}</ref> Regions with carbon pricing include most European countries and [[Canada]]. On the other hand, top emitters like [[India]], [[Russia]], the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]] and many US states have not introduced carbon pricing. <ref>{{cite web |title=State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2023|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102955/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf|archive-date=October 7, 2024|access-date=2 June 2023|publisher=World Bank Group}}</ref> [[Australia]] had a [[Carbon pricing in Australia|carbon pricing scheme from 2012 to 2014]]. In 2020, carbon pricing generated $53B in revenue.<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=14}}</ref> '' According to the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]], a price level of $135–$5500 in 2030 and $245–$13,000 per metric ton {{CO2}} in 2050 would be needed to drive carbon emissions to stay below [[Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C|the 1.5°C limit]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch4|2018|p=374}}</ref> Latest models of the [[social cost of carbon]] calculate a damage of more than $300 per ton of {{CO2}} as a result of economy feedbacks and falling global [[GDP]] growth rates, while policy recommendations range from about $50 to $200.<ref name="Kikstra 2021">{{harvnb|Kikstra|2021}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Many carbon pricing schemes including the ETS in China remain below $10 per ton of {{CO2}}. <ref name="China ETS">{{cite web |last1=Davies |first1=Paul A. |last2=Westgate |first2=R. Andrew |title=China's National ETS Launches Trading |date=August 9, 2021 |url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/ |publisher=Latham & Watkins |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> One exception is the [[European Union Emissions Trading System]] (EU-ETS) which exceeded €100 (${{To USD|100|EUR|round=yes|year=2023}}) per ton of {{CO2}} in February 2023. <ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Carbon Price Viewer|url=https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer|publisher=EMBER|access-date=2021-09-07|archive-date=September 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915123457/https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer/|url-status=live}}</ref> '' A carbon tax is generally favoured on economic grounds for its simplicity and stability, while cap-and-trade theoretically offers the possibility to limit allowances to the remaining [[carbon budget]]. Current implementations are only designed to meet certain reduction targets. '' As a supplement to carbon pricing enforced externally by national and subnational governments, organizations can also voluntarily implement their own internal carbon price (ICP) through a variety of tools. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu|first1=Bangzhu|last2=Xu|first2=Chenxin|last3=Wang|first3=Ping|last4=Zhang|first4=Lin|date=2022|title=How does internal carbon pricing affect corporate environmental performance?|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0148296322002028|journal=Journal of Business Research|language=en|volume=145|pages=65–77|doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.02.071}}</ref> These include emissions trading systems, proxy prices, carbon fees, implicit prices, and hybrid models. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Gorbach|first1=O.G.|last2=Kost|first2=C.|last3=Pickett|first3=C.|date=2022|title=Review of internal carbon pricing and the development of a decision process for the identification of promising Internal Pricing Methods for an Organisation|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032121010170|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|language=en|volume=154|article-number=111745|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.111745 |bibcode=2022RSERv.15411745G }}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Harpankar|first=Kshama|date=2019|title=Internal carbon pricing: rationale, promise and limitations|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178|journal=Carbon Management|language=en|volume=10|issue=2|pages=219–225|doi=10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178|bibcode=2019CarM...10..219H |issn=1758-3004}}</ref> Organizations have used a variety of metrics to define their carbon prices. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Bento|first1=Nuno|last2=Gianfrate|first2=Gianfranco|date=2020|title=Determinants of internal carbon pricing|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421520302445|journal=Energy Policy|language=en|volume=143|article-number=111499|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111499 |bibcode=2020EnPol.14311499B |hdl=10071/20557 }}</ref> Research on the impacts of ICP on institutional emissions and [[Competition (economics)|competition]] is ongoing.<ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Ma|first1=Jialu|last2=Kuo|first2=Jeffrey|date=2021|title=Environmental self-regulation for sustainable development: Can internal carbon pricing enhance financial performance?|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.2817|journal=Business Strategy and the Environment|language=en|volume=30|issue=8|pages=3517–3527|doi=10.1002/bse.2817|bibcode=2021BSEnv..30.3517M |issn=0964-4733}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Desai|first1=Rajesh|last2=Raval|first2=Avani|last3=Thanki|first3=Shashank|date=2025|title=Does internal carbon pricing moderate the firm value effects of carbon emission? A study of an emerging economy|url=https://www.emerald.com/jaar/article/26/5/1213/1251497/Does-internal-carbon-pricing-moderate-the-firm|journal=Journal of Applied Accounting Research|language=en|volume=26|issue=5|pages=1213–1236|doi=10.1108/JAAR-07-2024-0248|issn=0967-5426}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Qin|first1=Linxin|last2=Wang|first2=Zhan|last3=Pan|first3=Ane|date=2023-12-13|title=How the implementation of internal carbon pricing impacts on carbon reduction: facilitating or hindering|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5|pmid=38091215 |issn=1614-7499}}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}} '' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].<ref name=UIA /> The 32 member countries and 13<ref name=Latvia /> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=:4 /> == Structure The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.<ref name=:6 /> == Ballraíocht The 32 member countries and 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal"/> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=":4" /> === Ballstáit Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=:1 /> Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.<ref name=:1 /> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 0.95em;" ! style="width:115px;" | Tír ! Ballraíocht ! Nótaí |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Australia}} | align="right" |1979<ref name=":03"/> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Austria}} | align="right" |18 November 1974 <ref name=:5>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}</ref> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Belgium}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Canada}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Czech Republic}} | align="right" |5 February 2001<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Denmark}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Estonia}} | align="right" |9 May 2014 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Finland}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|France}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Germany}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Greece}} | align="right" |1976<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Hungary}} | align="right" |3 June 1997<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Ireland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Italy}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Japan}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Latvia}} | align="right" | 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Lithuania}} | align="right" |2022 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Luxembourg}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Mexico}} | align="right" |2018 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Netherlands}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|New Zealand}} | align="right" |1977<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Norway}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member (under a special Agreement)<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Portugal}} | align="right" |1981<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Poland}} | align="right" |25 September 2008 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Slovakia}} | align="right" |30 November 2007 <ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|South Korea}} | align="right" |20 April 2001 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Spain}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Sweden}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Switzerland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Turkey}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|United States}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |} === Tíortha aontachais '' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat. <ref name=>{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}</ref> '' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:<ref name="AccessionAssociate">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries & Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> * {{Flag|Colombia}} * {{Flag|Brazil}} <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}</ref> * {{Flag|Chile}} * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} * {{Flag|Israel}} * {{Flag|Romania}} === Association countries '' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal" /> country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}</ref> India officially declared its "Association" status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}</ref> Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country. <ref name{>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}</ref> '' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:<ref name="AccessionAssociate"/> * {{Flag|Argentina}} * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Egypt}} * {{Flag|India}} * {{Flag|Indonesia}} * {{Flag|Kenya}} * {{Flag|Morocco}} * {{Flag|Nigeria}} * {{Flag|Senegal}} * {{Flag|Singapore}} * {{Flag|South Africa}} * {{Flag|Thailand}} * {{Flag|Ukraine}} * {{Flag|Vietnam}} == Areas of work '' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries. === Dáta === Scenarios IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes: * Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Net Zero Scenario (NZE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> === Key publications [[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]] * '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO) * '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector''' * '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) * '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO) * '''Oil Market Report''' * '''Electricity Market Report''' * '''Gas Market Report''' * '''Energy Efficiency''' * '''Renewable Energy Market Update''' * '''World Energy Investment''' * '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress''' * '''Country Reviews''' == Cáineadh === Bias against renewable energy [[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]] '' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.<ref name=Creutzig2017 /><ref name=Hoekstra2017 /><ref name=Mertens /> === Accuracy of forecasting '' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. <ref name=guardian2 /> === Restricting access to data '' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, "[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it".<ref name=ambrose-2021 /><ref name=ritchie-2021 /><ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /><ref name=schaefer-2021 /> The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that "countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding".<ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /> '' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.<ref name=Ritchie2024 /> '' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.<ref name=ieadataset /> == Féach freisin * [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=UIA>{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}</ref> <ref name=Latvia>{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=:4>{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="guardian2">{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Creutzig2017>[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]</ref> <ref name=Hoekstra2017>Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]</ref> <ref name=Mertens>Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.</ref> <ref name=ambrose-2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref name=ritchie-2021>{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=schaefer-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Ritchie2024>{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=ieadataset>{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{síol}} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ 33ccw94pam4di4snw81bcv05614t2kn 1330946 1330945 2026-10-29T17:58:09Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1330946 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]] ** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] *** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] {| class= wikitable |+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s) ! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht |- | Grian | [[Grianfhuinneamh]] | [[Grianchumhacht]] |- | Gaoth | [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]] | [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]] |- | Uisce | [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]] | [[Hidrileictreachas]] |- | Geo | [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] | [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] |- | Bith | [[Bithbhreosla]] | [[]] |- | Tonn | [[Fuinneamh toinne]] | [[Cumhacht toinne]] |} == Ábhair == === Cúiseanna === * [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] # [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] #* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]] # ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]] # Climate action # Climate change denial * [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]] === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Náisiúin Aontaithe === * [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]] * [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]] * [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]] === Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar === * [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]] # ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]] #* [[Tairif carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon leakage|Carbon leakage]]'' - [[Sceitheadh carbóin]] # ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] #* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]] # ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]] #* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] # ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]] # ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]] == ''Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide'' == <ref name=iate /> == Role of climate change conferences '' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources. '' The UN Climate Change Conferences<ref name=uncc /> serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts. == Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! Bliain ! Ainm ! Tír, cathair óstach ! Uachtarán ! Tír uachtaránachta ! Grúpa réigiúnach |- | 1995 | [[#1995|COP&nbsp;1]] | [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin | [[Angela Merkel]] | {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}} | [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]] |- |1996 |[[#1996|COP&nbsp;2]] |[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis |[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]] |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |[[Grúpa na hAfraice]] |- |1997 |[[#1997|COP&nbsp;3]] |[[Kyoto]], Japan |[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]] |{{flag|Japan}} |[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |- |1998 |[[#1998|COP&nbsp;4]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[María Julia Alsogaray]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |1999 |[[#1999|COP&nbsp;5]] |[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin |[[Jan Szyszko]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2000 |[[#2000|COP&nbsp;6]] |[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír |[[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#2001|COP&nbsp;6-2]] |[[Bonn]], Germany | [[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#COP&nbsp;7|COP&nbsp;7]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2002 |[[#2002|COP&nbsp;8]] |[[New Delhi]], India |[[T. R. Baalu]] |{{flag|India}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2003 |[[#2003|COP&nbsp;9]] |[[Milan]], Italy |[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}</ref> |{{flag|Hungary}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2004 |[[#2004|COP&nbsp;10]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[Ginés González García]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2005 |[[#2005|COP&nbsp;11]] |[[Montréal]], Canada |[[Stéphane Dion]] |{{flag|Canada}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2006 |[[#2006|COP&nbsp;12]] |[[Nairobi]], Kenya |[[Kivutha Kibwana]] |{{flag|Kenya}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2007 |[[#2007|COP&nbsp;13]] |[[Bali]], Indonesia |[[Rachmat Witoelar]] |{{flag|Indonesia}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2008 |[[#2008|COP&nbsp;14]] |[[Poznań]], Poland |[[Maciej Nowicki]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2009 |[[#2009|COP&nbsp;15]] |[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark |[[Connie Hedegaard]] |{{flag|Denmark}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2010 |[[#2010|COP&nbsp;16]] |[[Cancún]], Mexico |[[Patricia Espinosa]] |{{flag|Mexico}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2011 |[[#2011|COP&nbsp;17]] |[[Durban]], South Africa |[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]] |{{flag|South Africa}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2012 |[[#2012|COP&nbsp;18]] |[[Doha]], Qatar |[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]] |{{flag|Qatar}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2013 |[[#2013|COP&nbsp;19]] |[[Warsaw]], Poland |[[Marcin Korolec]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2014 |[[#2014|COP&nbsp;20]] |[[Líoma]], Peru |[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]] |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2015 |[[#2015|COP&nbsp;21]] |[[Páras]], France |[[Laurent Fabius]] |{{flag|France}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2016 |[[#2016|COP&nbsp;22]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Salaheddine Mezouar]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2017 |[[#2017|COP&nbsp;23]] |[[Bonn]], Germany |[[Frank Bainimarama]]<ref name=unfccc2017 /> |{{flag|Fiji}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2018 |[[#2018|COP&nbsp;24]] |[[Katowice]], Poland |[[Michał Kurtyka]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2019 |[[#2019|COP&nbsp;25]] |[[Maidrid]], Spain |[[Carolina Schmidt]] |{{flag|Chile}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |<s>2020</s> |<s>COP 26</s> |<s>Glasgow, United Kingdom</s> |Postponed due to COVID |<s>United Kingdom</s> |<s>Western Europe and Other Group</s> |- | 2021 |[[#2021|COP&nbsp;26]] |[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom |[[Alok Sharma]] |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2022 |[[#2022|COP&nbsp;27]] |[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt |[[Sameh Shoukry]] |{{flag|Egypt}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2023 |[[#2023|COP&nbsp;28]] |[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates |[[Sultan Al Jaber]] |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- | 2024 |[[#2024|COP&nbsp;29]] |[[Baku]], Azerbaijan |[[Mukhtar Babayev]], |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- | 2025 |[[#2025|COP&nbsp;30]] |[[Belém]], Brazil | [[André Corrêa do Lago]] |{{flag|Brazil}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- | 2026 |[[#2026|COP&nbsp;31]] |[[Antalya]], Turkey |[[Murat Kurum]] |{{flag|Turkey}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2027 |[[#2027|COP&nbsp;32]] |[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia |[[Gedion Timothewos]] <ref name=ethiopia>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}</ref> | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2028 | [[#2028|COP&nbsp;33]] | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |} <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}</ref> <ref name=uncc>{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=unfccc2017>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}</ref> == ''Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch'' == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} == Praghsáil carbóin == [[Íomhá:Carbon taxes and emission trading worldwide.svg | mion | ''Emission trading and carbon taxes around the world (2021) {{Legend|#009a3e|[[Carbon emission trading]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend|#323b90|[[Carbon tax]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend|#fbba00|[[Carbon emission trading]] or carbon tax under consideration}}]] '' '''Carbon pricing''' (or '''CO₂}} pricing''') is a method for governments to [[maolú an athraithe aeráide]], in which a monetary cost is applied to [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]. This is done to encourage polluters to reduce [[breosla iontaise]] combustion, the main driver of [[athrú aeráide]]. A carbon price usually takes the form of a [[cáin charbóin]], nó scéim i ndáil le [[trádáil astaíochtaí]] (STA) that requires firms to purchase allowances to emit. <ref name=":0">{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is Carbon Pricing? | url = https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311235027/https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing | archive-date=March 11, 2021 | dátarochtana = 2021-03-14 | work = carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org | dáta = 9 Bealtaine 2017}}</ref> The method is widely agreed to be an efficient policy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon pricing seeks to address the economic problem that emissions of {{déocsaíd charbóin|CO₂}} and other [[gás ceaptha teasa]] are a [[externality#negative|negative externality]] – a detrimental product that is not charged for by any market. '' 28% of global GHG emissions are covered by carbon pricing in 2025. <ref name=":2">{{cite journal | date=2025 | title=State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025 | url=https://hdl.handle.net/10986/43277|journal=The World Bank | language=en-US | doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-2255-1 | doi-broken-date=April 9, 2026 | hdl=10986/43277}}</ref> In 2021, there was a major increase in the usage of carbon pricing due to the introduction of the [[Chinese national carbon trading scheme]].<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=23}}</ref> <ref name="China ETS2">{{lua idirlín | sloinne =Davies | ainm =Paul A.|last2=Westgate | first2=R. Andrew| teideal =China's National ETS Launches Trading | dáta =August 9, 2021 | url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/| dátarochtana =7 Meán Fómhair 2021| foilsitheoir =Latham & Watkins}}</ref> Regions with carbon pricing include most European countries and [[Ceanada]]. On the other hand, top emitters like [[an Ind]], [[an Rúis]], the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]] and many US states have not introduced carbon pricing. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2023 | url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102955/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf | archive-date=October 7, 2024 | dátarochtana = 2 Meitheamh 2023 | foilsitheoir = World Bank Group}}</ref> [[An Astráil]] had a [[Carbon pricing in Australia|carbon pricing scheme from 2012 to 2014]]. In 2020, carbon pricing generated $53B in revenue.<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=14}}</ref> '' According to the [[an Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]], a price level of $135–$5500 in 2030 and $245–$13,000 per metric ton CO₂ in 2050 would be needed to drive carbon emissions to stay below [[Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C|the 1.5°C limit]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch4|2018|p=374}}</ref> Latest models of the [[social cost of carbon]] calculate a damage of more than $300 per ton of {{CO2}} as a result of economy feedbacks and falling global [[GDP]] growth rates, while policy recommendations range from about $50 to $200.<ref name="Kikstra 2021">{{harvnb|Kikstra|2021}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Many carbon pricing schemes including the ETS in China remain below $10 per ton of CO₂. <ref name="China ETS">{{lua idirlín | sloinne =Davies | ainm =Paul A. |last2=Westgate |first2=R. Andrew | teideal =China's National ETS Launches Trading | dáta = 9 Lúnasa 2021 | url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/ | foilsitheoir =Latham & Watkins | dátarochtana =7 Meán Fómhair 2021}}</ref> One exception is the [[European Union Emissions Trading System]] (EU-ETS) which exceeded €100 (${{To USD|100|EUR|round=yes|year=2023}}) per ton of {{CO2}} in February 2023. <ref name=":1">{{lua idirlín | teideal =Carbon Price Viewer |url=https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer | foilsitheoir =EMBER| dátarochtana =2021-09-07| archive-date=September 15, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915123457/https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer/| url-status=live}}</ref> '' A carbon tax is generally favoured on economic grounds for its simplicity and stability, while cap-and-trade theoretically offers the possibility to limit allowances to the remaining [[carbon budget]]. Current implementations are only designed to meet certain reduction targets. '' As a supplement to carbon pricing enforced externally by national and subnational governments, organizations can also voluntarily implement their own internal carbon price (ICP) through a variety of tools. <ref name=":7">{{cite journal | last1=Zhu | first1=Bangzhu | last2=Xu | first2=Chenxin | last3=Wang| first3=Ping | last4=Zhang | first4=Lin | date=2022 | title=How does internal carbon pricing affect corporate environmental performance?| url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0148296322002028 | journal=Journal of Business Research | language=en | volume=145 | pages=65–77 | doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.02.071}}</ref> These include emissions trading systems, proxy prices, carbon fees, implicit prices, and hybrid models. <ref name=":02">{{cite journal | last1=Gorbach | first1=O.G.|last2=Kost|first2=C.| last3=Pickett|first3=C.|date=2022 | title=Review of internal carbon pricing and the development of a decision process for the identification of promising Internal Pricing Methods for an Organisation| url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032121010170| journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | language=en| volume=154|article-number=111745| doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.111745 |bibcode=2022RSERv.15411745G }}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{cite journal | last=Harpankar|first=Kshama|date=2019|title=Internal carbon pricing: rationale, promise and limitations| url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178|journal=Carbon Management| language=en| volume=10 |issue=2| pages=219–225|doi=10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178|bibcode=2019CarM...10..219H | issn=1758-3004}}</ref> Organizations have used a variety of metrics to define their carbon prices. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Bento|first1=Nuno|last2=Gianfrate|first2=Gianfranco|date=2020|title=Determinants of internal carbon pricing |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421520302445|journal=Energy Policy|language=en |volume=143|article-number=111499| doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111499 | bibcode=2020EnPol.14311499B | hdl=10071/20557}}</ref> Research on the impacts of ICP on institutional emissions and [[Competition (economics)|competition]] is ongoing.<ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Jialu | last2=Kuo| first2=Jeffrey | date=2021| title=Environmental self-regulation for sustainable development: Can internal carbon pricing enhance financial performance?| url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.2817| journal=Business Strategy and the Environment|language=en| volume=30|issue=8|pages=3517–3527|doi=10.1002/bse.2817| bibcode=2021BSEnv..30.3517M | issn=0964-4733}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{cite journal | last1=Desai | first1=Rajesh | last2=Raval | first2=Avani | last3=Thanki | first3=Shashank | date=2025 | title=Does internal carbon pricing moderate the firm value effects of carbon emission? A study of an emerging economy | url=https://www.emerald.com/jaar/article/26/5/1213/1251497/Does-internal-carbon-pricing-moderate-the-firm | journal=Journal of Applied Accounting Research | language=en | volume=26 | issue=5 | pages=1213–1236 | doi=10.1108/JAAR-07-2024-0248 | issn=0967-5426}}</ref> <ref name=:5>{{cite journal | last1=Qin | first1=Linxin | last2=Wang | first2=Zhan | last3=Pan | first3=Ane | date=2023-12-13 | title=How the implementation of internal carbon pricing impacts on carbon reduction: facilitating or hindering | url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5 | journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research | language=en | doi=10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5 | pmid=38091215 | issn=1614-7499}}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}} '' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].<ref name=UIA /> The 32 member countries and 13<ref name=Latvia /> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=:4 /> == Structure The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.<ref name=:6 /> == Ballraíocht The 32 member countries and 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal"/> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=":4" /> === Ballstáit Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=:1 /> Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.<ref name=:1 /> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 0.95em;" ! style="width:115px;" | Tír ! Ballraíocht ! Nótaí |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Australia}} | align="right" |1979<ref name=":03"/> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Austria}} | align="right" |18 November 1974 <ref name=:5>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}</ref> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Belgium}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Canada}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Czech Republic}} | align="right" |5 February 2001<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Denmark}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Estonia}} | align="right" |9 May 2014 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Finland}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|France}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Germany}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Greece}} | align="right" |1976<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Hungary}} | align="right" |3 June 1997<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Ireland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Italy}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Japan}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Latvia}} | align="right" | 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Lithuania}} | align="right" |2022 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Luxembourg}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Mexico}} | align="right" |2018 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Netherlands}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|New Zealand}} | align="right" |1977<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Norway}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member (under a special Agreement)<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Portugal}} | align="right" |1981<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Poland}} | align="right" |25 September 2008 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Slovakia}} | align="right" |30 November 2007 <ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|South Korea}} | align="right" |20 April 2001 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Spain}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Sweden}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Switzerland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Turkey}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|United States}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |} === Tíortha aontachais '' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat. <ref name=>{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}</ref> '' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:<ref name="AccessionAssociate">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries & Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> * {{Flag|Colombia}} * {{Flag|Brazil}} <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}</ref> * {{Flag|Chile}} * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} * {{Flag|Israel}} * {{Flag|Romania}} === Association countries '' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal" /> country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}</ref> India officially declared its "Association" status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}</ref> Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country. <ref name{>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}</ref> '' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:<ref name="AccessionAssociate"/> * {{Flag|Argentina}} * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Egypt}} * {{Flag|India}} * {{Flag|Indonesia}} * {{Flag|Kenya}} * {{Flag|Morocco}} * {{Flag|Nigeria}} * {{Flag|Senegal}} * {{Flag|Singapore}} * {{Flag|South Africa}} * {{Flag|Thailand}} * {{Flag|Ukraine}} * {{Flag|Vietnam}} == Areas of work '' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries. === Dáta === Scenarios IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes: * Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Net Zero Scenario (NZE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> === Key publications [[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]] * '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO) * '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector''' * '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) * '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO) * '''Oil Market Report''' * '''Electricity Market Report''' * '''Gas Market Report''' * '''Energy Efficiency''' * '''Renewable Energy Market Update''' * '''World Energy Investment''' * '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress''' * '''Country Reviews''' == Cáineadh === Bias against renewable energy [[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]] '' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.<ref name=Creutzig2017 /><ref name=Hoekstra2017 /><ref name=Mertens /> === Accuracy of forecasting '' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. <ref name=guardian2 /> === Restricting access to data '' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, "[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it".<ref name=ambrose-2021 /><ref name=ritchie-2021 /><ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /><ref name=schaefer-2021 /> The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that "countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding".<ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /> '' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.<ref name=Ritchie2024 /> '' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.<ref name=ieadataset /> == Féach freisin * [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=UIA>{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}</ref> <ref name=Latvia>{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=:4>{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="guardian2">{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Creutzig2017>[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]</ref> <ref name=Hoekstra2017>Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]</ref> <ref name=Mertens>Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.</ref> <ref name=ambrose-2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref name=ritchie-2021>{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=schaefer-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Ritchie2024>{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=ieadataset>{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{síol}} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ dn4rj0es0fmx6s7bkafj74hrgsg13br 1330950 1330946 2026-10-29T18:07:37Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Praghsáil carbóin */ 1330950 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]] ** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] *** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] {| class= wikitable |+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s) ! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht |- | Grian | [[Grianfhuinneamh]] | [[Grianchumhacht]] |- | Gaoth | [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]] | [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]] |- | Uisce | [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]] | [[Hidrileictreachas]] |- | Geo | [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] | [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] |- | Bith | [[Bithbhreosla]] | [[]] |- | Tonn | [[Fuinneamh toinne]] | [[Cumhacht toinne]] |} == Ábhair == === Cúiseanna === * [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] # [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] #* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]] # ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]] # Climate action # Climate change denial * [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]] === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Náisiúin Aontaithe === * [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]] * [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]] * [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]] === Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar === * [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]] # ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]] #* [[Tairif carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon leakage|Carbon leakage]]'' - [[Sceitheadh carbóin]] # ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] #* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]] # ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]] #* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] # ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]] # ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]] == ''Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide'' == <ref name=iate /> == Role of climate change conferences '' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources. '' The UN Climate Change Conferences<ref name=uncc /> serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts. == Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! Bliain ! Ainm ! Tír, cathair óstach ! Uachtarán ! Tír uachtaránachta ! Grúpa réigiúnach |- | 1995 | [[#1995|COP&nbsp;1]] | [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin | [[Angela Merkel]] | {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}} | [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]] |- |1996 |[[#1996|COP&nbsp;2]] |[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis |[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]] |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |[[Grúpa na hAfraice]] |- |1997 |[[#1997|COP&nbsp;3]] |[[Kyoto]], Japan |[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]] |{{flag|Japan}} |[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |- |1998 |[[#1998|COP&nbsp;4]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[María Julia Alsogaray]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |1999 |[[#1999|COP&nbsp;5]] |[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin |[[Jan Szyszko]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2000 |[[#2000|COP&nbsp;6]] |[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír |[[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#2001|COP&nbsp;6-2]] |[[Bonn]], Germany | [[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#COP&nbsp;7|COP&nbsp;7]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2002 |[[#2002|COP&nbsp;8]] |[[New Delhi]], India |[[T. R. Baalu]] |{{flag|India}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2003 |[[#2003|COP&nbsp;9]] |[[Milan]], Italy |[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}</ref> |{{flag|Hungary}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2004 |[[#2004|COP&nbsp;10]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[Ginés González García]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2005 |[[#2005|COP&nbsp;11]] |[[Montréal]], Canada |[[Stéphane Dion]] |{{flag|Canada}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2006 |[[#2006|COP&nbsp;12]] |[[Nairobi]], Kenya |[[Kivutha Kibwana]] |{{flag|Kenya}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2007 |[[#2007|COP&nbsp;13]] |[[Bali]], Indonesia |[[Rachmat Witoelar]] |{{flag|Indonesia}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2008 |[[#2008|COP&nbsp;14]] |[[Poznań]], Poland |[[Maciej Nowicki]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2009 |[[#2009|COP&nbsp;15]] |[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark |[[Connie Hedegaard]] |{{flag|Denmark}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2010 |[[#2010|COP&nbsp;16]] |[[Cancún]], Mexico |[[Patricia Espinosa]] |{{flag|Mexico}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2011 |[[#2011|COP&nbsp;17]] |[[Durban]], South Africa |[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]] |{{flag|South Africa}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2012 |[[#2012|COP&nbsp;18]] |[[Doha]], Qatar |[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]] |{{flag|Qatar}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2013 |[[#2013|COP&nbsp;19]] |[[Warsaw]], Poland |[[Marcin Korolec]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2014 |[[#2014|COP&nbsp;20]] |[[Líoma]], Peru |[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]] |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2015 |[[#2015|COP&nbsp;21]] |[[Páras]], France |[[Laurent Fabius]] |{{flag|France}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2016 |[[#2016|COP&nbsp;22]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Salaheddine Mezouar]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2017 |[[#2017|COP&nbsp;23]] |[[Bonn]], Germany |[[Frank Bainimarama]]<ref name=unfccc2017 /> |{{flag|Fiji}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2018 |[[#2018|COP&nbsp;24]] |[[Katowice]], Poland |[[Michał Kurtyka]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2019 |[[#2019|COP&nbsp;25]] |[[Maidrid]], Spain |[[Carolina Schmidt]] |{{flag|Chile}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |<s>2020</s> |<s>COP 26</s> |<s>Glasgow, United Kingdom</s> |Postponed due to COVID |<s>United Kingdom</s> |<s>Western Europe and Other Group</s> |- | 2021 |[[#2021|COP&nbsp;26]] |[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom |[[Alok Sharma]] |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2022 |[[#2022|COP&nbsp;27]] |[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt |[[Sameh Shoukry]] |{{flag|Egypt}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2023 |[[#2023|COP&nbsp;28]] |[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates |[[Sultan Al Jaber]] |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- | 2024 |[[#2024|COP&nbsp;29]] |[[Baku]], Azerbaijan |[[Mukhtar Babayev]], |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- | 2025 |[[#2025|COP&nbsp;30]] |[[Belém]], Brazil | [[André Corrêa do Lago]] |{{flag|Brazil}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- | 2026 |[[#2026|COP&nbsp;31]] |[[Antalya]], Turkey |[[Murat Kurum]] |{{flag|Turkey}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2027 |[[#2027|COP&nbsp;32]] |[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia |[[Gedion Timothewos]] <ref name=ethiopia>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}</ref> | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2028 | [[#2028|COP&nbsp;33]] | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |} <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}</ref> <ref name=uncc>{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=unfccc2017>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}</ref> == ''Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch'' == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} == Praghsáil carbóin == [[Íomhá:Carbon taxes and emission trading worldwide.svg | mion | ''Emission trading and carbon taxes around the world (2021) {{Legend|#009a3e|[[Carbon emission trading]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend|#323b90|[[Carbon tax]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend|#fbba00|[[Carbon emission trading]] or carbon tax under consideration}}]] '' '''Carbon pricing''' (or '''CO₂}} pricing''') is a method for governments to [[maolú an athraithe aeráide]], in which a monetary cost is applied to [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]. This is done to encourage polluters to reduce [[breosla iontaise]] combustion, the main driver of [[athrú aeráide]]. A carbon price usually takes the form of a [[cáin charbóin]], nó scéim i ndáil le [[trádáil astaíochtaí]] (STA) that requires firms to purchase allowances to emit. <ref name=":0">{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is Carbon Pricing? | url = https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311235027/https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing | archive-date=March 11, 2021 | dátarochtana = 2021-03-14 | work = carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org | dáta = 9 Bealtaine 2017}}</ref> The method is widely agreed to be an efficient policy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon pricing seeks to address the economic problem that emissions of {{déocsaíd charbóin|CO₂}} and other [[gás ceaptha teasa]] are a [[Seachtracht#Seachtracht dhearfach|seachtracht dhearfach]] – a detrimental product that is not charged for by any market. '' 28% of global GHG emissions are covered by carbon pricing in 2025. <ref name=":2">{{cite journal | date=2025 | title=State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025 | url=https://hdl.handle.net/10986/43277|journal=The World Bank | language=en-US | doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-2255-1 | doi-broken-date=April 9, 2026 | hdl=10986/43277}}</ref> In 2021, there was a major increase in the usage of carbon pricing due to the introduction of the [[Chinese national carbon trading scheme]].<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=23}}</ref> <ref name="China ETS2">{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Davies | ainm = Paul A.| last2=Westgate | first2=R. Andrew | teideal = China's National ETS Launches Trading | dáta = 9 Lúnasa 2021 | url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/| dátarochtana = 7 Meán Fómhair 2021| foilsitheoir = Latham & Watkins}}</ref> Regions with carbon pricing include most European countries and [[Ceanada]]. On the other hand, top emitters like [[an Ind]], [[an Rúis]], the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]] and many US states have not introduced carbon pricing. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2023 | url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102955/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf | archive-date=October 7, 2024 | dátarochtana = 2 Meitheamh 2023 | foilsitheoir = World Bank Group}}</ref> [[An Astráil]] had a [[Carbon pricing in Australia|carbon pricing scheme from 2012 to 2014]]. In 2020, carbon pricing generated $53B in revenue.<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=14}}</ref> '' According to the [[an Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]], a price level of $135–$5500 in 2030 and $245–$13,000 per metric ton CO₂ in 2050 would be needed to drive carbon emissions to stay below [[Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C|the 1.5°C limit]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch4|2018|p=374}}</ref> Latest models of the [[social cost of carbon]] calculate a damage of more than $300 per ton of CO₂ as a result of economy feedbacks and falling global [[GDP]] growth rates, while policy recommendations range from about $50 to $200.<ref name="Kikstra 2021">{{harvnb|Kikstra|2021}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Many carbon pricing schemes including the ETS in China remain below $10 per ton of CO₂. <ref name="China ETS">{{lua idirlín | sloinne =Davies | ainm =Paul A. |last2=Westgate |first2=R. Andrew | teideal =China's National ETS Launches Trading | dáta = 9 Lúnasa 2021 | url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/ | foilsitheoir =Latham & Watkins | dátarochtana =7 Meán Fómhair 2021}}</ref> One exception is the [[European Union Emissions Trading System]] (EU-ETS) which exceeded €100 (${{To USD|100|EUR|round=yes|year=2023}}) per ton of CO₂ in February 2023. <ref name=":1">{{lua idirlín | teideal = Carbon Price Viewer | url = https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer | foilsitheoir = EMBER | dátarochtana = 2021-09-07 | archive-date=September 15, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915123457/https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer/ | url-status=live}}</ref> '' A carbon tax is generally favoured on economic grounds for its simplicity and stability, while cap-and-trade theoretically offers the possibility to limit allowances to the remaining [[carbon budget]]. Current implementations are only designed to meet certain reduction targets. '' As a supplement to carbon pricing enforced externally by national and subnational governments, organizations can also voluntarily implement their own internal carbon price (ICP) through a variety of tools. <ref name=":7">{{cite journal | last1=Zhu | first1=Bangzhu | last2=Xu | first2=Chenxin | last3=Wang| first3=Ping | last4=Zhang | first4=Lin | date=2022 | title=How does internal carbon pricing affect corporate environmental performance?| url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0148296322002028 | journal=Journal of Business Research | language=en | volume=145 | pages=65–77 | doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.02.071}}</ref> These include emissions trading systems, proxy prices, carbon fees, implicit prices, and hybrid models. <ref name=":02">{{cite journal | last1=Gorbach | first1=O.G.|last2=Kost|first2=C.| last3=Pickett|first3=C.|date=2022 | title=Review of internal carbon pricing and the development of a decision process for the identification of promising Internal Pricing Methods for an Organisation| url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032121010170| journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | language=en| volume=154|article-number=111745| doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.111745 |bibcode=2022RSERv.15411745G }}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{cite journal | last=Harpankar|first=Kshama|date=2019|title=Internal carbon pricing: rationale, promise and limitations| url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178|journal=Carbon Management| language=en| volume=10 |issue=2| pages=219–225|doi=10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178|bibcode=2019CarM...10..219H | issn=1758-3004}}</ref> Organizations have used a variety of metrics to define their carbon prices. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Bento|first1=Nuno|last2=Gianfrate|first2=Gianfranco|date=2020|title=Determinants of internal carbon pricing |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421520302445|journal=Energy Policy|language=en |volume=143|article-number=111499| doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111499 | bibcode=2020EnPol.14311499B | hdl=10071/20557}}</ref> Research on the impacts of ICP on institutional emissions and [[Competition (economics)|competition]] is ongoing.<ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Jialu | last2=Kuo| first2=Jeffrey | date=2021| title=Environmental self-regulation for sustainable development: Can internal carbon pricing enhance financial performance?| url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.2817| journal=Business Strategy and the Environment|language=en| volume=30|issue=8|pages=3517–3527|doi=10.1002/bse.2817| bibcode=2021BSEnv..30.3517M | issn=0964-4733}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{cite journal | last1=Desai | first1=Rajesh | last2=Raval | first2=Avani | last3=Thanki | first3=Shashank | date=2025 | title=Does internal carbon pricing moderate the firm value effects of carbon emission? A study of an emerging economy | url=https://www.emerald.com/jaar/article/26/5/1213/1251497/Does-internal-carbon-pricing-moderate-the-firm | journal=Journal of Applied Accounting Research | language=en | volume=26 | issue=5 | pages=1213–1236 | doi=10.1108/JAAR-07-2024-0248 | issn=0967-5426}}</ref> <ref name=:5>{{cite journal | last1=Qin | first1=Linxin | last2=Wang | first2=Zhan | last3=Pan | first3=Ane | date=2023-12-13 | title=How the implementation of internal carbon pricing impacts on carbon reduction: facilitating or hindering | url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5 | journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research | language=en | doi=10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5 | pmid=38091215 | issn=1614-7499}}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}} '' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].<ref name=UIA /> The 32 member countries and 13<ref name=Latvia /> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=:4 /> == Structure The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.<ref name=:6 /> == Ballraíocht The 32 member countries and 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal"/> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=":4" /> === Ballstáit Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=:1 /> Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.<ref name=:1 /> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 0.95em;" ! style="width:115px;" | Tír ! Ballraíocht ! Nótaí |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Australia}} | align="right" |1979<ref name=":03"/> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Austria}} | align="right" |18 November 1974 <ref name=:5>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}</ref> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Belgium}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Canada}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Czech Republic}} | align="right" |5 February 2001<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Denmark}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Estonia}} | align="right" |9 May 2014 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Finland}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|France}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Germany}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Greece}} | align="right" |1976<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Hungary}} | align="right" |3 June 1997<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Ireland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Italy}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Japan}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Latvia}} | align="right" | 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Lithuania}} | align="right" |2022 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Luxembourg}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Mexico}} | align="right" |2018 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Netherlands}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|New Zealand}} | align="right" |1977<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Norway}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member (under a special Agreement)<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Portugal}} | align="right" |1981<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Poland}} | align="right" |25 September 2008 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Slovakia}} | align="right" |30 November 2007 <ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|South Korea}} | align="right" |20 April 2001 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Spain}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Sweden}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Switzerland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Turkey}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|United States}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |} === Tíortha aontachais '' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat. <ref name=>{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}</ref> '' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:<ref name="AccessionAssociate">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries & Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> * {{Flag|Colombia}} * {{Flag|Brazil}} <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}</ref> * {{Flag|Chile}} * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} * {{Flag|Israel}} * {{Flag|Romania}} === Association countries '' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal" /> country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}</ref> India officially declared its "Association" status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}</ref> Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country. <ref name{>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}</ref> '' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:<ref name="AccessionAssociate"/> * {{Flag|Argentina}} * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Egypt}} * {{Flag|India}} * {{Flag|Indonesia}} * {{Flag|Kenya}} * {{Flag|Morocco}} * {{Flag|Nigeria}} * {{Flag|Senegal}} * {{Flag|Singapore}} * {{Flag|South Africa}} * {{Flag|Thailand}} * {{Flag|Ukraine}} * {{Flag|Vietnam}} == Areas of work '' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries. === Dáta === Scenarios IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes: * Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Net Zero Scenario (NZE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> === Key publications [[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]] * '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO) * '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector''' * '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) * '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO) * '''Oil Market Report''' * '''Electricity Market Report''' * '''Gas Market Report''' * '''Energy Efficiency''' * '''Renewable Energy Market Update''' * '''World Energy Investment''' * '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress''' * '''Country Reviews''' == Cáineadh === Bias against renewable energy [[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]] '' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.<ref name=Creutzig2017 /><ref name=Hoekstra2017 /><ref name=Mertens /> === Accuracy of forecasting '' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. <ref name=guardian2 /> === Restricting access to data '' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, "[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it".<ref name=ambrose-2021 /><ref name=ritchie-2021 /><ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /><ref name=schaefer-2021 /> The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that "countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding".<ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /> '' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.<ref name=Ritchie2024 /> '' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.<ref name=ieadataset /> == Féach freisin * [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=UIA>{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}</ref> <ref name=Latvia>{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=:4>{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="guardian2">{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Creutzig2017>[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]</ref> <ref name=Hoekstra2017>Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]</ref> <ref name=Mertens>Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.</ref> <ref name=ambrose-2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref name=ritchie-2021>{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=schaefer-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Ritchie2024>{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=ieadataset>{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{síol}} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ t6wp0ylepprk00kzz1vvd7arpldm9y6 1330951 1330950 2026-10-29T18:14:25Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Praghsáil carbóin */ 1330951 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]] ** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] *** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] {| class= wikitable |+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s) ! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht |- | Grian | [[Grianfhuinneamh]] | [[Grianchumhacht]] |- | Gaoth | [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]] | [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]] |- | Uisce | [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]] | [[Hidrileictreachas]] |- | Geo | [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] | [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] |- | Bith | [[Bithbhreosla]] | [[]] |- | Tonn | [[Fuinneamh toinne]] | [[Cumhacht toinne]] |} == Ábhair == === Cúiseanna === * [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] # [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] #* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]] # ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]] # Climate action # Climate change denial * [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]] === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Náisiúin Aontaithe === * [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]] * [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]] * [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]] === Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar === * [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]] # ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]] #* [[Tairif carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon leakage|Carbon leakage]]'' - [[Sceitheadh carbóin]] # ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] #* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]] # ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]] #* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] # ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]] # ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]] == ''Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide'' == <ref name=iate /> == Role of climate change conferences '' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources. '' The UN Climate Change Conferences<ref name=uncc /> serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts. == Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! Bliain ! Ainm ! Tír, cathair óstach ! Uachtarán ! Tír uachtaránachta ! Grúpa réigiúnach |- | 1995 | [[#1995|COP&nbsp;1]] | [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin | [[Angela Merkel]] | {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}} | [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]] |- |1996 |[[#1996|COP&nbsp;2]] |[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis |[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]] |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |[[Grúpa na hAfraice]] |- |1997 |[[#1997|COP&nbsp;3]] |[[Kyoto]], Japan |[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]] |{{flag|Japan}} |[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |- |1998 |[[#1998|COP&nbsp;4]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[María Julia Alsogaray]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |1999 |[[#1999|COP&nbsp;5]] |[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin |[[Jan Szyszko]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2000 |[[#2000|COP&nbsp;6]] |[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír |[[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#2001|COP&nbsp;6-2]] |[[Bonn]], Germany | [[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#COP&nbsp;7|COP&nbsp;7]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2002 |[[#2002|COP&nbsp;8]] |[[New Delhi]], India |[[T. R. Baalu]] |{{flag|India}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2003 |[[#2003|COP&nbsp;9]] |[[Milan]], Italy |[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}</ref> |{{flag|Hungary}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2004 |[[#2004|COP&nbsp;10]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[Ginés González García]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2005 |[[#2005|COP&nbsp;11]] |[[Montréal]], Canada |[[Stéphane Dion]] |{{flag|Canada}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2006 |[[#2006|COP&nbsp;12]] |[[Nairobi]], Kenya |[[Kivutha Kibwana]] |{{flag|Kenya}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2007 |[[#2007|COP&nbsp;13]] |[[Bali]], Indonesia |[[Rachmat Witoelar]] |{{flag|Indonesia}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2008 |[[#2008|COP&nbsp;14]] |[[Poznań]], Poland |[[Maciej Nowicki]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2009 |[[#2009|COP&nbsp;15]] |[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark |[[Connie Hedegaard]] |{{flag|Denmark}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2010 |[[#2010|COP&nbsp;16]] |[[Cancún]], Mexico |[[Patricia Espinosa]] |{{flag|Mexico}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2011 |[[#2011|COP&nbsp;17]] |[[Durban]], South Africa |[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]] |{{flag|South Africa}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2012 |[[#2012|COP&nbsp;18]] |[[Doha]], Qatar |[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]] |{{flag|Qatar}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2013 |[[#2013|COP&nbsp;19]] |[[Warsaw]], Poland |[[Marcin Korolec]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2014 |[[#2014|COP&nbsp;20]] |[[Líoma]], Peru |[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]] |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2015 |[[#2015|COP&nbsp;21]] |[[Páras]], France |[[Laurent Fabius]] |{{flag|France}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2016 |[[#2016|COP&nbsp;22]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Salaheddine Mezouar]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2017 |[[#2017|COP&nbsp;23]] |[[Bonn]], Germany |[[Frank Bainimarama]]<ref name=unfccc2017 /> |{{flag|Fiji}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2018 |[[#2018|COP&nbsp;24]] |[[Katowice]], Poland |[[Michał Kurtyka]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2019 |[[#2019|COP&nbsp;25]] |[[Maidrid]], Spain |[[Carolina Schmidt]] |{{flag|Chile}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |<s>2020</s> |<s>COP 26</s> |<s>Glasgow, United Kingdom</s> |Postponed due to COVID |<s>United Kingdom</s> |<s>Western Europe and Other Group</s> |- | 2021 |[[#2021|COP&nbsp;26]] |[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom |[[Alok Sharma]] |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2022 |[[#2022|COP&nbsp;27]] |[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt |[[Sameh Shoukry]] |{{flag|Egypt}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2023 |[[#2023|COP&nbsp;28]] |[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates |[[Sultan Al Jaber]] |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- | 2024 |[[#2024|COP&nbsp;29]] |[[Baku]], Azerbaijan |[[Mukhtar Babayev]], |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- | 2025 |[[#2025|COP&nbsp;30]] |[[Belém]], Brazil | [[André Corrêa do Lago]] |{{flag|Brazil}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- | 2026 |[[#2026|COP&nbsp;31]] |[[Antalya]], Turkey |[[Murat Kurum]] |{{flag|Turkey}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2027 |[[#2027|COP&nbsp;32]] |[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia |[[Gedion Timothewos]] <ref name=ethiopia>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}</ref> | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2028 | [[#2028|COP&nbsp;33]] | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |} <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}</ref> <ref name=uncc>{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=unfccc2017>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}</ref> == ''Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch'' == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} == Praghsáil carbóin == [[Íomhá:Carbon taxes and emission trading worldwide.svg | mion | '' Emission trading and carbon taxes around the world (2021) {{Legend | #009a3e | [[Carbon emission trading]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend | #323b90 | [[Cáin charbóin]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend | #fbba00 | Carbon emission trading or carbon tax under consideration}}]] '' '''Praghsáil carbóin''' (nó Praghsáil '''CO₂}} pricing''') is a method for governments to [[maolú an athraithe aeráide]], in which a monetary cost is applied to [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]. This is done to encourage polluters to reduce [[breosla iontaise]] combustion, the main driver of [[athrú aeráide]]. A carbon price usually takes the form of a [[cáin charbóin]], nó scéim i ndáil le [[trádáil astaíochtaí]] (STA) that requires firms to purchase allowances to emit. <ref name=":0">{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is Carbon Pricing? | url = https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311235027/https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing | archive-date=March 11, 2021 | dátarochtana = 2021-03-14 | work = carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org | dáta = 9 Bealtaine 2017}}</ref> The method is widely agreed to be an efficient policy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon pricing seeks to address the economic problem that emissions of [[déocsaíd charbóin|CO₂]] and other [[gás ceaptha teasa]] are a [[Seachtracht#Seachtracht dhearfach|seachtracht dhearfach]] – a detrimental product that is not charged for by any market. '' 28% of global GHG emissions are covered by carbon pricing in 2025. <ref name=":2">{{cite journal | date=2025 | title=State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025 | url=https://hdl.handle.net/10986/43277|journal=The World Bank | language=en-US | doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-2255-1 | doi-broken-date=April 9, 2026 | hdl=10986/43277}}</ref> In 2021, there was a major increase in the usage of carbon pricing due to the introduction of the [[Chinese national carbon trading scheme]].<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=23}}</ref> <ref name="China ETS2">{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Davies | ainm = Paul A.| last2=Westgate | first2=R. Andrew | teideal = China's National ETS Launches Trading | dáta = 9 Lúnasa 2021 | url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/| dátarochtana = 7 Meán Fómhair 2021| foilsitheoir = Latham & Watkins}}</ref> Regions with carbon pricing include most European countries and [[Ceanada]]. On the other hand, top emitters like [[an Ind]], [[an Rúis]], the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]] and many US states have not introduced carbon pricing. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal =State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2023 | url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102955/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf | archive-date=October 7, 2024 | dátarochtana = 2 Meitheamh 2023 | foilsitheoir = World Bank Group}}</ref> [[An Astráil]] had a [[Carbon pricing in Australia|carbon pricing scheme from 2012 to 2014]]. In 2020, carbon pricing generated $53B in revenue.<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=14}}</ref> '' According to the [[an Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]], a price level of $135–$5500 in 2030 and $245–$13,000 per metric ton CO₂ in 2050 would be needed to drive carbon emissions to stay below [[Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C|the 1.5°C limit]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch4|2018|p=374}}</ref> Latest models of the [[social cost of carbon]] calculate a damage of more than $300 per ton of CO₂ as a result of economy feedbacks and falling global [[GDP]] growth rates, while policy recommendations range from about $50 to $200.<ref name="Kikstra 2021">{{harvnb|Kikstra|2021}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Many carbon pricing schemes including the ETS in China remain below $10 per ton of CO₂. <ref name="China ETS">{{lua idirlín | sloinne =Davies | ainm =Paul A. |last2=Westgate |first2=R. Andrew | teideal =China's National ETS Launches Trading | dáta = 9 Lúnasa 2021 | url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/ | foilsitheoir =Latham & Watkins | dátarochtana =7 Meán Fómhair 2021}}</ref> One exception is the [[European Union Emissions Trading System]] (EU-ETS) which exceeded €100 (${{To USD|100|EUR|round=yes|year=2023}}) per ton of CO₂ in February 2023. <ref name=":1">{{lua idirlín | teideal = Carbon Price Viewer | url = https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer | foilsitheoir = EMBER | dátarochtana = 2021-09-07 | archive-date=September 15, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915123457/https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer/ | url-status=live}}</ref> '' A carbon tax is generally favoured on economic grounds for its simplicity and stability, while cap-and-trade theoretically offers the possibility to limit allowances to the remaining [[carbon budget]]. Current implementations are only designed to meet certain reduction targets. '' As a supplement to carbon pricing enforced externally by national and subnational governments, organizations can also voluntarily implement their own internal carbon price (ICP) through a variety of tools. <ref name=":7">{{cite journal | last1=Zhu | first1=Bangzhu | last2=Xu | first2=Chenxin | last3=Wang| first3=Ping | last4=Zhang | first4=Lin | date=2022 | title=How does internal carbon pricing affect corporate environmental performance?| url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0148296322002028 | journal=Journal of Business Research | language=en | volume=145 | pages=65–77 | doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.02.071}}</ref> These include emissions trading systems, proxy prices, carbon fees, implicit prices, and hybrid models. <ref name=":02">{{cite journal | last1=Gorbach | first1=O.G.|last2=Kost|first2=C.| last3=Pickett|first3=C.|date=2022 | title=Review of internal carbon pricing and the development of a decision process for the identification of promising Internal Pricing Methods for an Organisation| url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032121010170| journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | language=en| volume=154|article-number=111745| doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.111745 |bibcode=2022RSERv.15411745G }}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{cite journal | last=Harpankar|first=Kshama|date=2019|title=Internal carbon pricing: rationale, promise and limitations| url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178|journal=Carbon Management| language=en| volume=10 |issue=2| pages=219–225|doi=10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178|bibcode=2019CarM...10..219H | issn=1758-3004}}</ref> Organizations have used a variety of metrics to define their carbon prices. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Bento|first1=Nuno|last2=Gianfrate|first2=Gianfranco|date=2020|title=Determinants of internal carbon pricing |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421520302445|journal=Energy Policy|language=en |volume=143|article-number=111499| doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111499 | bibcode=2020EnPol.14311499B | hdl=10071/20557}}</ref> Research on the impacts of ICP on institutional emissions and [[Competition (economics)|competition]] is ongoing.<ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Jialu | last2=Kuo| first2=Jeffrey | date=2021| title=Environmental self-regulation for sustainable development: Can internal carbon pricing enhance financial performance?| url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.2817| journal=Business Strategy and the Environment|language=en| volume=30|issue=8|pages=3517–3527|doi=10.1002/bse.2817| bibcode=2021BSEnv..30.3517M | issn=0964-4733}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{cite journal | last1=Desai | first1=Rajesh | last2=Raval | first2=Avani | last3=Thanki | first3=Shashank | date=2025 | title=Does internal carbon pricing moderate the firm value effects of carbon emission? A study of an emerging economy | url=https://www.emerald.com/jaar/article/26/5/1213/1251497/Does-internal-carbon-pricing-moderate-the-firm | journal=Journal of Applied Accounting Research | language=en | volume=26 | issue=5 | pages=1213–1236 | doi=10.1108/JAAR-07-2024-0248 | issn=0967-5426}}</ref> <ref name=:5>{{cite journal | last1=Qin | first1=Linxin | last2=Wang | first2=Zhan | last3=Pan | first3=Ane | date=2023-12-13 | title=How the implementation of internal carbon pricing impacts on carbon reduction: facilitating or hindering | url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5 | journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research | language=en | doi=10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5 | pmid=38091215 | issn=1614-7499}}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = }} == Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}} '' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].<ref name=UIA /> The 32 member countries and 13<ref name=Latvia /> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=:4 /> == Structure The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.<ref name=:6 /> == Ballraíocht The 32 member countries and 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal"/> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=":4" /> === Ballstáit Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=:1 /> Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.<ref name=:1 /> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 0.95em;" ! style="width:115px;" | Tír ! Ballraíocht ! Nótaí |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Australia}} | align="right" |1979<ref name=":03"/> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Austria}} | align="right" |18 November 1974 <ref name=:5>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}</ref> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Belgium}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Canada}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Czech Republic}} | align="right" |5 February 2001<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Denmark}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Estonia}} | align="right" |9 May 2014 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Finland}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|France}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Germany}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Greece}} | align="right" |1976<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Hungary}} | align="right" |3 June 1997<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Ireland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Italy}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Japan}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Latvia}} | align="right" | 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Lithuania}} | align="right" |2022 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Luxembourg}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Mexico}} | align="right" |2018 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Netherlands}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|New Zealand}} | align="right" |1977<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Norway}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member (under a special Agreement)<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Portugal}} | align="right" |1981<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Poland}} | align="right" |25 September 2008 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Slovakia}} | align="right" |30 November 2007 <ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|South Korea}} | align="right" |20 April 2001 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Spain}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Sweden}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Switzerland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Turkey}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|United States}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |} === Tíortha aontachais '' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat. <ref name=>{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}</ref> '' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:<ref name="AccessionAssociate">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries & Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> * {{Flag|Colombia}} * {{Flag|Brazil}} <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}</ref> * {{Flag|Chile}} * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} * {{Flag|Israel}} * {{Flag|Romania}} === Association countries '' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal" /> country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}</ref> India officially declared its "Association" status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}</ref> Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country. <ref name{>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}</ref> '' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:<ref name="AccessionAssociate"/> * {{Flag|Argentina}} * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Egypt}} * {{Flag|India}} * {{Flag|Indonesia}} * {{Flag|Kenya}} * {{Flag|Morocco}} * {{Flag|Nigeria}} * {{Flag|Senegal}} * {{Flag|Singapore}} * {{Flag|South Africa}} * {{Flag|Thailand}} * {{Flag|Ukraine}} * {{Flag|Vietnam}} == Areas of work '' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries. === Dáta === Scenarios IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes: * Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Net Zero Scenario (NZE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> === Key publications [[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]] * '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO) * '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector''' * '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) * '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO) * '''Oil Market Report''' * '''Electricity Market Report''' * '''Gas Market Report''' * '''Energy Efficiency''' * '''Renewable Energy Market Update''' * '''World Energy Investment''' * '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress''' * '''Country Reviews''' == Cáineadh === Bias against renewable energy [[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]] '' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.<ref name=Creutzig2017 /><ref name=Hoekstra2017 /><ref name=Mertens /> === Accuracy of forecasting '' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. <ref name=guardian2 /> === Restricting access to data '' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, "[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it".<ref name=ambrose-2021 /><ref name=ritchie-2021 /><ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /><ref name=schaefer-2021 /> The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that "countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding".<ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /> '' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.<ref name=Ritchie2024 /> '' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.<ref name=ieadataset /> == Féach freisin * [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=UIA>{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}</ref> <ref name=Latvia>{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=:4>{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="guardian2">{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Creutzig2017>[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]</ref> <ref name=Hoekstra2017>Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]</ref> <ref name=Mertens>Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.</ref> <ref name=ambrose-2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref name=ritchie-2021>{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=schaefer-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Ritchie2024>{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=ieadataset>{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{síol}} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ j2src9v4mfnyvx1nhfwo6iuu28cyesk 1330954 1330951 2026-10-29T19:04:05Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1330954 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]] ** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] *** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] {| class= wikitable |+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s) ! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht |- | Grian | [[Grianfhuinneamh]] | [[Grianchumhacht]] |- | Gaoth | [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]] | [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]] |- | Uisce | [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]] | [[Hidrileictreachas]] |- | Geo | [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] | [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] |- | Bith | [[Bithbhreosla]] | [[]] |- | Tonn | [[Fuinneamh toinne]] | [[Cumhacht toinne]] |} == Ábhair == === Cúiseanna === * [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] # [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] #* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]] # ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]] # Climate action # Climate change denial * [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]] === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Náisiúin Aontaithe === * [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]] * [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]] * [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]] === Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar === * [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]] # ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]] #* [[Tairif carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon leakage|Carbon leakage]]'' - [[Sceitheadh carbóin]] # ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] #* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]] # ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]] #* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] # ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]] # ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]] == ''Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide'' == <ref name=iate /> == Role of climate change conferences '' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources. '' The UN Climate Change Conferences<ref name=uncc /> serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts. == Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! Bliain ! Ainm ! Tír, cathair óstach ! Uachtarán ! Tír uachtaránachta ! Grúpa réigiúnach |- | 1995 | [[#1995|COP&nbsp;1]] | [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin | [[Angela Merkel]] | {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}} | [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]] |- |1996 |[[#1996|COP&nbsp;2]] |[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis |[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]] |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |[[Grúpa na hAfraice]] |- |1997 |[[#1997|COP&nbsp;3]] |[[Kyoto]], Japan |[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]] |{{flag|Japan}} |[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |- |1998 |[[#1998|COP&nbsp;4]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[María Julia Alsogaray]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |1999 |[[#1999|COP&nbsp;5]] |[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin |[[Jan Szyszko]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2000 |[[#2000|COP&nbsp;6]] |[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír |[[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#2001|COP&nbsp;6-2]] |[[Bonn]], Germany | [[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#COP&nbsp;7|COP&nbsp;7]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2002 |[[#2002|COP&nbsp;8]] |[[New Delhi]], India |[[T. R. Baalu]] |{{flag|India}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2003 |[[#2003|COP&nbsp;9]] |[[Milan]], Italy |[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}</ref> |{{flag|Hungary}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2004 |[[#2004|COP&nbsp;10]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[Ginés González García]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2005 |[[#2005|COP&nbsp;11]] |[[Montréal]], Canada |[[Stéphane Dion]] |{{flag|Canada}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2006 |[[#2006|COP&nbsp;12]] |[[Nairobi]], Kenya |[[Kivutha Kibwana]] |{{flag|Kenya}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2007 |[[#2007|COP&nbsp;13]] |[[Bali]], Indonesia |[[Rachmat Witoelar]] |{{flag|Indonesia}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2008 |[[#2008|COP&nbsp;14]] |[[Poznań]], Poland |[[Maciej Nowicki]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2009 |[[#2009|COP&nbsp;15]] |[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark |[[Connie Hedegaard]] |{{flag|Denmark}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2010 |[[#2010|COP&nbsp;16]] |[[Cancún]], Mexico |[[Patricia Espinosa]] |{{flag|Mexico}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2011 |[[#2011|COP&nbsp;17]] |[[Durban]], South Africa |[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]] |{{flag|South Africa}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2012 |[[#2012|COP&nbsp;18]] |[[Doha]], Qatar |[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]] |{{flag|Qatar}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2013 |[[#2013|COP&nbsp;19]] |[[Warsaw]], Poland |[[Marcin Korolec]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2014 |[[#2014|COP&nbsp;20]] |[[Líoma]], Peru |[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]] |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2015 |[[#2015|COP&nbsp;21]] |[[Páras]], France |[[Laurent Fabius]] |{{flag|France}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2016 |[[#2016|COP&nbsp;22]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Salaheddine Mezouar]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2017 |[[#2017|COP&nbsp;23]] |[[Bonn]], Germany |[[Frank Bainimarama]]<ref name=unfccc2017 /> |{{flag|Fiji}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2018 |[[#2018|COP&nbsp;24]] |[[Katowice]], Poland |[[Michał Kurtyka]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2019 |[[#2019|COP&nbsp;25]] |[[Maidrid]], Spain |[[Carolina Schmidt]] |{{flag|Chile}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |<s>2020</s> |<s>COP 26</s> |<s>Glasgow, United Kingdom</s> |Postponed due to COVID |<s>United Kingdom</s> |<s>Western Europe and Other Group</s> |- | 2021 |[[#2021|COP&nbsp;26]] |[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom |[[Alok Sharma]] |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2022 |[[#2022|COP&nbsp;27]] |[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt |[[Sameh Shoukry]] |{{flag|Egypt}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2023 |[[#2023|COP&nbsp;28]] |[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates |[[Sultan Al Jaber]] |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- | 2024 |[[#2024|COP&nbsp;29]] |[[Baku]], Azerbaijan |[[Mukhtar Babayev]], |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- | 2025 |[[#2025|COP&nbsp;30]] |[[Belém]], Brazil | [[André Corrêa do Lago]] |{{flag|Brazil}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- | 2026 |[[#2026|COP&nbsp;31]] |[[Antalya]], Turkey |[[Murat Kurum]] |{{flag|Turkey}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2027 |[[#2027|COP&nbsp;32]] |[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia |[[Gedion Timothewos]] <ref name=ethiopia>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}</ref> | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2028 | [[#2028|COP&nbsp;33]] | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |} <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}</ref> <ref name=uncc>{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=unfccc2017>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}</ref> == ''Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch'' == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} == Praghsáil carbóin == [[Íomhá:Carbon taxes and emission trading worldwide.svg | mion | '' Emission trading and carbon taxes around the world (2021) {{Legend | #009a3e | [[Carbon emission trading]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend | #323b90 | [[Cáin charbóin]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend | #fbba00 | Carbon emission trading or carbon tax under consideration}}]] '' '''Praghsáil carbóin''' (nó Praghsáil '''CO₂}} pricing''') is a method for governments to [[maolú an athraithe aeráide]], in which a monetary cost is applied to [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]. This is done to encourage polluters to reduce [[breosla iontaise]] combustion, the main driver of [[athrú aeráide]]. A carbon price usually takes the form of a [[cáin charbóin]], nó scéim i ndáil le [[trádáil astaíochtaí]] (STA) that requires firms to purchase allowances to emit.<ref name=:0 /> The method is widely agreed to be an efficient policy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon pricing seeks to address the economic problem that emissions of [[déocsaíd charbóin|CO₂]] and other [[gás ceaptha teasa]] are a [[Seachtracht#Seachtracht dhearfach|seachtracht dhearfach]] – a detrimental product that is not charged for by any market. '' 28% of global GHG emissions are covered by carbon pricing in 2025.<ref name=:2 /> In 2021, there was a major increase in the usage of carbon pricing due to the introduction of the [[Chinese national carbon trading scheme]].<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=23}}</ref><ref name="China ETS2" /> Regions with carbon pricing include most European countries and [[Ceanada]]. On the other hand, top emitters like [[an Ind]], [[an Rúis]], the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]] and many US states have not introduced carbon pricing. <ref name=ieporg /> [[An Astráil]] had a [[Carbon pricing in Australia|carbon pricing scheme from 2012 to 2014]]. In 2020, carbon pricing generated $53B in revenue.<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=14}}</ref> '' According to the [[an Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]], a price level of $135–$5500 in 2030 and $245–$13,000 per metric ton CO₂ in 2050 would be needed to drive carbon emissions to stay below [[Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C|the 1.5°C limit]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch4|2018|p=374}}</ref> Latest models of the [[social cost of carbon]] calculate a damage of more than $300 per ton of CO₂ as a result of economy feedbacks and falling global [[GDP]] growth rates, while policy recommendations range from about $50 to $200.<ref name="Kikstra 2021">{{harvnb|Kikstra|2021}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Many carbon pricing schemes including the ETS in China remain below $10 per ton of CO₂.<ref name="China ETS" /> One exception is the [[European Union Emissions Trading System]] (EU-ETS) which exceeded €100 per ton of CO₂ in February 2023.<ref name=:1 /> '' A carbon tax is generally favoured on economic grounds for its simplicity and stability, while cap-and-trade theoretically offers the possibility to limit allowances to the remaining [[carbon budget]]. Current implementations are only designed to meet certain reduction targets. '' As a supplement to carbon pricing enforced externally by national and subnational governments, organizations can also voluntarily implement their own internal carbon price (ICP) through a variety of tools.<ref name=:7 /> These include emissions trading systems, proxy prices, carbon fees, implicit prices, and hybrid models. <ref name=:02>{{cite journal | last1=Gorbach | first1=O.G.| last2=Kost | first2=C.| last3=Pickett |first3=C. | date=2022 | title=Review of internal carbon pricing and the development of a decision process for the identification of promising Internal Pricing Methods for an Organisation | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032121010170 | journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | language=en | volume=154 | article-number=111745 | doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.111745 |bibcode=2022RSERv.15411745G }}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{cite journal | last=Harpankar|first=Kshama|date=2019|title=Internal carbon pricing: rationale, promise and limitations| url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178|journal=Carbon Management| language=en| volume=10 |issue=2| pages=219–225|doi=10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178|bibcode=2019CarM...10..219H | issn=1758-3004}}</ref> Organizations have used a variety of metrics to define their carbon prices. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Bento|first1=Nuno|last2=Gianfrate|first2=Gianfranco|date=2020|title=Determinants of internal carbon pricing |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421520302445|journal=Energy Policy|language=en |volume=143|article-number=111499| doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111499 | bibcode=2020EnPol.14311499B | hdl=10071/20557}}</ref> Research on the impacts of ICP on institutional emissions and [[Competition (economics)|competition]] is ongoing.<ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Jialu | last2=Kuo| first2=Jeffrey | date=2021| title=Environmental self-regulation for sustainable development: Can internal carbon pricing enhance financial performance?| url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.2817| journal=Business Strategy and the Environment|language=en| volume=30|issue=8|pages=3517–3527|doi=10.1002/bse.2817| bibcode=2021BSEnv..30.3517M | issn=0964-4733}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{cite journal | last1=Desai | first1=Rajesh | last2=Raval | first2=Avani | last3=Thanki | first3=Shashank | date=2025 | title=Does internal carbon pricing moderate the firm value effects of carbon emission? A study of an emerging economy | url=https://www.emerald.com/jaar/article/26/5/1213/1251497/Does-internal-carbon-pricing-moderate-the-firm | journal=Journal of Applied Accounting Research | language=en | volume=26 | issue=5 | pages=1213–1236 | doi=10.1108/JAAR-07-2024-0248 | issn=0967-5426}}</ref> <ref name=:5>{{cite journal | last1=Qin | first1=Linxin | last2=Wang | first2=Zhan | last3=Pan | first3=Ane | date=2023-12-13 | title=How the implementation of internal carbon pricing impacts on carbon reduction: facilitating or hindering | url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5 | journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research | language=en | doi=10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5 | pmid=38091215 | issn=1614-7499}}</ref> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is Carbon Pricing? | url = https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311235027/https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing | archive-date=March 11, 2021 | dátarochtana = 2021-03-14 | work = carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org | dáta = 9 Bealtaine 2017}}</ref> <ref name=:1>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Carbon Price Viewer | url = https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer | foilsitheoir = EMBER | dátarochtana = 2021-09-07 | archive-date=September 15, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915123457/https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer/ | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:2>{{cite journal | date=2025 | title=State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025 | url=https://hdl.handle.net/10986/43277|journal=The World Bank | language=en-US | doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-2255-1 | doi-broken-date=April 9, 2026 | hdl=10986/43277}}</ref> <ref name="China ETS2">{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Davies | ainm = Paul A.| last2=Westgate | first2=R. Andrew | teideal = China's National ETS Launches Trading | dáta = 9 Lúnasa 2021 | url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/ | dátarochtana = 7 Meán Fómhair 2021 | foilsitheoir = Latham & Watkins}}</ref> <ref name=ieporg>{{lua idirlín | teideal =State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2023 | url = http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102955/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf | archive-date=October 7, 2024 | dátarochtana = 2 Meitheamh 2023 | foilsitheoir = World Bank Group}}</ref> <ref name="China ETS">{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Davies | ainm =Paul A. | last2=Westgate | first2=R. Andrew | teideal = China's National ETS Launches Trading | dáta = 9 Lúnasa 2021 | url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/ | foilsitheoir = Latham & Watkins | dátarochtana = 7 Meán Fómhair 2021}}</ref> <ref name=:7>{{cite journal | last1=Zhu | first1=Bangzhu | last2=Xu | first2=Chenxin | last3=Wang| first3=Ping | last4=Zhang | first4=Lin | date=2022 | title=How does internal carbon pricing affect corporate environmental performance? | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0148296322002028 | journal=Journal of Business Research | language=en | volume=145 | pages=65–77 | doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.02.071}}</ref> }} == Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}} '' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].<ref name=UIA /> The 32 member countries and 13<ref name=Latvia /> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=:4 /> == Structure The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.<ref name=:6 /> == Ballraíocht The 32 member countries and 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal"/> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=":4" /> === Ballstáit Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=:1 /> Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.<ref name=:1 /> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 0.95em;" ! style="width:115px;" | Tír ! Ballraíocht ! Nótaí |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Australia}} | align="right" |1979<ref name=":03"/> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Austria}} | align="right" |18 November 1974 <ref name=:5>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}</ref> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Belgium}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Canada}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Czech Republic}} | align="right" |5 February 2001<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Denmark}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Estonia}} | align="right" |9 May 2014 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Finland}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|France}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Germany}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Greece}} | align="right" |1976<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Hungary}} | align="right" |3 June 1997<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Ireland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Italy}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Japan}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Latvia}} | align="right" | 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Lithuania}} | align="right" |2022 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Luxembourg}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Mexico}} | align="right" |2018 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Netherlands}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|New Zealand}} | align="right" |1977<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Norway}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member (under a special Agreement)<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Portugal}} | align="right" |1981<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Poland}} | align="right" |25 September 2008 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Slovakia}} | align="right" |30 November 2007 <ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|South Korea}} | align="right" |20 April 2001 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Spain}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Sweden}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Switzerland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Turkey}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|United States}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |} === Tíortha aontachais '' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat. <ref name=>{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}</ref> '' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:<ref name="AccessionAssociate">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries & Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> * {{Flag|Colombia}} * {{Flag|Brazil}} <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}</ref> * {{Flag|Chile}} * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} * {{Flag|Israel}} * {{Flag|Romania}} === Association countries '' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal" /> country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}</ref> India officially declared its "Association" status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}</ref> Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country. <ref name{>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}</ref> '' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:<ref name="AccessionAssociate"/> * {{Flag|Argentina}} * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Egypt}} * {{Flag|India}} * {{Flag|Indonesia}} * {{Flag|Kenya}} * {{Flag|Morocco}} * {{Flag|Nigeria}} * {{Flag|Senegal}} * {{Flag|Singapore}} * {{Flag|South Africa}} * {{Flag|Thailand}} * {{Flag|Ukraine}} * {{Flag|Vietnam}} == Areas of work '' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries. === Dáta === Scenarios IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes: * Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Net Zero Scenario (NZE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> === Key publications [[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]] * '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO) * '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector''' * '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) * '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO) * '''Oil Market Report''' * '''Electricity Market Report''' * '''Gas Market Report''' * '''Energy Efficiency''' * '''Renewable Energy Market Update''' * '''World Energy Investment''' * '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress''' * '''Country Reviews''' == Cáineadh === Bias against renewable energy [[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]] '' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.<ref name=Creutzig2017 /><ref name=Hoekstra2017 /><ref name=Mertens /> === Accuracy of forecasting '' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. <ref name=guardian2 /> === Restricting access to data '' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, "[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it".<ref name=ambrose-2021 /><ref name=ritchie-2021 /><ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /><ref name=schaefer-2021 /> The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that "countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding".<ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /> '' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.<ref name=Ritchie2024 /> '' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.<ref name=ieadataset /> == Féach freisin * [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=UIA>{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}</ref> <ref name=Latvia>{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=:4>{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="guardian2">{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Creutzig2017>[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]</ref> <ref name=Hoekstra2017>Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]</ref> <ref name=Mertens>Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.</ref> <ref name=ambrose-2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref name=ritchie-2021>{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=schaefer-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Ritchie2024>{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=ieadataset>{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{síol}} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ b7dh1mh9hrja0y17aik0ry6i9du5tuy 1330963 1330954 2026-10-29T21:06:45Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Praghsáil carbóin */ 1330963 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]] ** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] *** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] {| class= wikitable |+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s) ! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht |- | Grian | [[Grianfhuinneamh]] | [[Grianchumhacht]] |- | Gaoth | [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]] | [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]] |- | Uisce | [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]] | [[Hidrileictreachas]] |- | Geo | [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] | [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] |- | Bith | [[Bithbhreosla]] | [[]] |- | Tonn | [[Fuinneamh toinne]] | [[Cumhacht toinne]] |} == Ábhair == === Cúiseanna === * [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] # [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] #* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]] # ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]] # Climate action # Climate change denial * [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]] === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Náisiúin Aontaithe === * [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]] * [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]] * [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]] === Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar === * [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]] # ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]] #* [[Tairif carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon leakage|Carbon leakage]]'' - [[Sceitheadh carbóin]] # ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] #* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]] # ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]] #* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] # ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]] # ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]] == ''Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide'' == <ref name=iate /> == Role of climate change conferences '' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources. '' The UN Climate Change Conferences<ref name=uncc /> serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts. == Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! Bliain ! Ainm ! Tír, cathair óstach ! Uachtarán ! Tír uachtaránachta ! Grúpa réigiúnach |- | 1995 | [[#1995|COP&nbsp;1]] | [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin | [[Angela Merkel]] | {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}} | [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]] |- |1996 |[[#1996|COP&nbsp;2]] |[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis |[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]] |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |[[Grúpa na hAfraice]] |- |1997 |[[#1997|COP&nbsp;3]] |[[Kyoto]], Japan |[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]] |{{flag|Japan}} |[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |- |1998 |[[#1998|COP&nbsp;4]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[María Julia Alsogaray]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |1999 |[[#1999|COP&nbsp;5]] |[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin |[[Jan Szyszko]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2000 |[[#2000|COP&nbsp;6]] |[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír |[[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#2001|COP&nbsp;6-2]] |[[Bonn]], Germany | [[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#COP&nbsp;7|COP&nbsp;7]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2002 |[[#2002|COP&nbsp;8]] |[[New Delhi]], India |[[T. R. Baalu]] |{{flag|India}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2003 |[[#2003|COP&nbsp;9]] |[[Milan]], Italy |[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}</ref> |{{flag|Hungary}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2004 |[[#2004|COP&nbsp;10]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[Ginés González García]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2005 |[[#2005|COP&nbsp;11]] |[[Montréal]], Canada |[[Stéphane Dion]] |{{flag|Canada}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2006 |[[#2006|COP&nbsp;12]] |[[Nairobi]], Kenya |[[Kivutha Kibwana]] |{{flag|Kenya}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2007 |[[#2007|COP&nbsp;13]] |[[Bali]], Indonesia |[[Rachmat Witoelar]] |{{flag|Indonesia}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2008 |[[#2008|COP&nbsp;14]] |[[Poznań]], Poland |[[Maciej Nowicki]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2009 |[[#2009|COP&nbsp;15]] |[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark |[[Connie Hedegaard]] |{{flag|Denmark}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2010 |[[#2010|COP&nbsp;16]] |[[Cancún]], Mexico |[[Patricia Espinosa]] |{{flag|Mexico}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2011 |[[#2011|COP&nbsp;17]] |[[Durban]], South Africa |[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]] |{{flag|South Africa}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2012 |[[#2012|COP&nbsp;18]] |[[Doha]], Qatar |[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]] |{{flag|Qatar}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2013 |[[#2013|COP&nbsp;19]] |[[Warsaw]], Poland |[[Marcin Korolec]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2014 |[[#2014|COP&nbsp;20]] |[[Líoma]], Peru |[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]] |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2015 |[[#2015|COP&nbsp;21]] |[[Páras]], France |[[Laurent Fabius]] |{{flag|France}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2016 |[[#2016|COP&nbsp;22]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Salaheddine Mezouar]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2017 |[[#2017|COP&nbsp;23]] |[[Bonn]], Germany |[[Frank Bainimarama]]<ref name=unfccc2017 /> |{{flag|Fiji}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2018 |[[#2018|COP&nbsp;24]] |[[Katowice]], Poland |[[Michał Kurtyka]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2019 |[[#2019|COP&nbsp;25]] |[[Maidrid]], Spain |[[Carolina Schmidt]] |{{flag|Chile}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |<s>2020</s> |<s>COP 26</s> |<s>Glasgow, United Kingdom</s> |Postponed due to COVID |<s>United Kingdom</s> |<s>Western Europe and Other Group</s> |- | 2021 |[[#2021|COP&nbsp;26]] |[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom |[[Alok Sharma]] |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2022 |[[#2022|COP&nbsp;27]] |[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt |[[Sameh Shoukry]] |{{flag|Egypt}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2023 |[[#2023|COP&nbsp;28]] |[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates |[[Sultan Al Jaber]] |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- | 2024 |[[#2024|COP&nbsp;29]] |[[Baku]], Azerbaijan |[[Mukhtar Babayev]], |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- | 2025 |[[#2025|COP&nbsp;30]] |[[Belém]], Brazil | [[André Corrêa do Lago]] |{{flag|Brazil}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- | 2026 |[[#2026|COP&nbsp;31]] |[[Antalya]], Turkey |[[Murat Kurum]] |{{flag|Turkey}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2027 |[[#2027|COP&nbsp;32]] |[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia |[[Gedion Timothewos]] <ref name=ethiopia>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}</ref> | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2028 | [[#2028|COP&nbsp;33]] | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |} <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}</ref> <ref name=uncc>{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=unfccc2017>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}</ref> == ''Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch'' == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} == Praghsáil carbóin == [[Íomhá:Carbon taxes and emission trading worldwide.svg | mion | '' Emission trading and carbon taxes around the world (2021) {{Legend | #009a3e | [[Carbon emission trading]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend | #323b90 | [[Cáin charbóin]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend | #fbba00 | Carbon emission trading or carbon tax under consideration}}]] '' '''Praghsáil carbóin''' (nó Praghsáil '''CO₂}} pricing''') is a method for governments to [[maolú an athraithe aeráide]], in which a monetary cost is applied to [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]. This is done to encourage polluters to reduce [[breosla iontaise]] combustion, the main driver of [[athrú aeráide]]. A carbon price usually takes the form of a [[cáin charbóin]], nó scéim i ndáil le [[trádáil astaíochtaí]] (STA) that requires firms to purchase allowances to emit.<ref name=:0 /> The method is widely agreed to be an efficient policy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon pricing seeks to address the economic problem that emissions of [[déocsaíd charbóin|CO₂]] and other [[gás ceaptha teasa]] are a [[Seachtracht#Seachtracht dhearfach|seachtracht dhearfach]] – a detrimental product that is not charged for by any market. '' 28% of global GHG emissions are covered by carbon pricing in 2025.<ref name=:2 /> In 2021, there was a major increase in the usage of carbon pricing due to the introduction of the [[Chinese national carbon trading scheme]].<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=23}}</ref><ref name="China ETS2" /> Regions with carbon pricing include most European countries and [[Ceanada]]. On the other hand, top emitters like [[an Ind]], [[an Rúis]], the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]] and many US states have not introduced carbon pricing. <ref name=ieporg /> [[An Astráil]] had a [[Carbon pricing in Australia|carbon pricing scheme from 2012 to 2014]]. In 2020, carbon pricing generated $53B in revenue.<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=14}}</ref> '' According to the [[an Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]], a price level of $135–$5500 in 2030 and $245–$13,000 per metric ton CO₂ in 2050 would be needed to drive carbon emissions to stay below [[Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C|the 1.5°C limit]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch4|2018|p=374}}</ref> Latest models of the [[social cost of carbon]] calculate a damage of more than $300 per ton of CO₂ as a result of economy feedbacks and falling global [[GDP]] growth rates, while policy recommendations range from about $50 to $200.<ref name="Kikstra 2021">{{harvnb|Kikstra|2021}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Many carbon pricing schemes including the ETS in China remain below $10 per ton of CO₂.<ref name="China ETS" /> One exception is the [[European Union Emissions Trading System]] (EU-ETS) which exceeded €100 per ton of CO₂ in February 2023.<ref name=:1 /> '' A carbon tax is generally favoured on economic grounds for its simplicity and stability, while cap-and-trade theoretically offers the possibility to limit allowances to the remaining [[carbon budget]]. Current implementations are only designed to meet certain reduction targets. '' As a supplement to carbon pricing enforced externally by national and subnational governments, organizations can also voluntarily implement their own internal carbon price (ICP) through a variety of tools.<ref name=:7 /> These include emissions trading systems, proxy prices, carbon fees, implicit prices, and hybrid models.<ref name=:02 /><ref name=:6 /> Organizations have used a variety of metrics to define their carbon prices.<ref name=:12 /> Research on the impacts of ICP on institutional emissions and [[Competition (economics)|competition]] is ongoing.<ref name=:7 /><ref name=:9 /><ref name=:3 /><ref name=:5 /> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is Carbon Pricing? | url = https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311235027/https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing | archive-date=March 11, 2021 | dátarochtana = 2021-03-14 | work = carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org | dáta = 9 Bealtaine 2017}}</ref> <ref name=:1>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Carbon Price Viewer | url = https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer | foilsitheoir = EMBER | dátarochtana = 2021-09-07 | archive-date=September 15, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915123457/https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer/ | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:2>{{cite journal | date=2025 | title=State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025 | url=https://hdl.handle.net/10986/43277|journal=The World Bank | language=en-US | doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-2255-1 | doi-broken-date=April 9, 2026 | hdl=10986/43277}}</ref> <ref name=:02>{{cite journal | last1=Gorbach | first1=O.G.| last2=Kost | first2=C.| last3=Pickett |first3=C. | date=2022 | title=Review of internal carbon pricing and the development of a decision process for the identification of promising Internal Pricing Methods for an Organisation | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032121010170 | journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | language=en | volume=154 | article-number=111745 | doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.111745 | bibcode=2022RSERv.15411745G}}</ref> <ref name=:3>{{cite journal | last1=Desai | first1=Rajesh | last2=Raval | first2=Avani | last3=Thanki | first3=Shashank | date=2025 | title=Does internal carbon pricing moderate the firm value effects of carbon emission? A study of an emerging economy | url=https://www.emerald.com/jaar/article/26/5/1213/1251497/Does-internal-carbon-pricing-moderate-the-firm | journal=Journal of Applied Accounting Research | language=en | volume=26 | issue=5 | pages=1213–1236 | doi=10.1108/JAAR-07-2024-0248 | issn=0967-5426}}</ref> <ref name=:5>{{cite journal | last1=Qin | first1=Linxin | last2=Wang | first2=Zhan | last3=Pan | first3=Ane | date=2023-12-13 | title=How the implementation of internal carbon pricing impacts on carbon reduction: facilitating or hindering | url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5 | journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research | language=en | doi=10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5 | pmid=38091215 | issn=1614-7499}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{cite journal | last=Harpankar | first=Kshama | date=2019 | title=Internal carbon pricing: rationale, promise and limitations | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178 | journal=Carbon Management | language=en | volume=10 | issue=2 | pages=219–225 | doi=10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178|bibcode=2019CarM...10..219H | issn=1758-3004}}</ref> <ref name=:7>{{cite journal | last1=Zhu | first1=Bangzhu | last2=Xu | first2=Chenxin | last3=Wang| first3=Ping | last4=Zhang | first4=Lin | date=2022 | title=How does internal carbon pricing affect corporate environmental performance? | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0148296322002028 | journal=Journal of Business Research | language=en | volume=145 | pages=65–77 | doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.02.071}}</ref> <ref name=:9>{{Cite journal | last1=Ma | first1=Jialu | last2=Kuo | first2=Jeffrey | date=2021 | title=Environmental self-regulation for sustainable development: Can internal carbon pricing enhance financial performance? | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.2817 | journal=Business Strategy and the Environment | language=en | volume=30 | issue=8 | pages=3517–3527 | doi=10.1002/bse.2817| bibcode=2021BSEnv..30.3517M | issn=0964-4733}}</ref> <ref name=:12>{{Cite journal | last1=Bento | first1=Nuno | last2=Gianfrate | first2=Gianfranco | date=2020 | title=Determinants of internal carbon pricing | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421520302445 | journal=Energy Policy | language=en | volume=143 | article-number=111499 | doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111499 | bibcode=2020EnPol.14311499B | hdl=10071/20557}}</ref> <ref name="China ETS2">{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Davies | ainm = Paul A.| last2=Westgate | first2=R. Andrew | teideal = China's National ETS Launches Trading | dáta = 9 Lúnasa 2021 | url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/ | dátarochtana = 7 Meán Fómhair 2021 | foilsitheoir = Latham & Watkins}}</ref> <ref name=ieporg>{{lua idirlín | teideal =State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2023 | url = http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102955/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf | archive-date=October 7, 2024 | dátarochtana = 2 Meitheamh 2023 | foilsitheoir = World Bank Group}}</ref> <ref name="China ETS">{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Davies | ainm =Paul A. | last2=Westgate | first2=R. Andrew | teideal = China's National ETS Launches Trading | dáta = 9 Lúnasa 2021 | url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/ | foilsitheoir = Latham & Watkins | dátarochtana = 7 Meán Fómhair 2021}}</ref> }} == Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}} '' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].<ref name=UIA /> The 32 member countries and 13<ref name=Latvia /> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=:4 /> == Structure The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.<ref name=:6 /> == Ballraíocht The 32 member countries and 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal"/> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=":4" /> === Ballstáit Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=:1 /> Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.<ref name=:1 /> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 0.95em;" ! style="width:115px;" | Tír ! Ballraíocht ! Nótaí |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Australia}} | align="right" |1979<ref name=":03"/> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Austria}} | align="right" |18 November 1974 <ref name=:5>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}</ref> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Belgium}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Canada}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Czech Republic}} | align="right" |5 February 2001<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Denmark}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Estonia}} | align="right" |9 May 2014 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Finland}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|France}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Germany}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Greece}} | align="right" |1976<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Hungary}} | align="right" |3 June 1997<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Ireland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Italy}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Japan}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Latvia}} | align="right" | 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Lithuania}} | align="right" |2022 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Luxembourg}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Mexico}} | align="right" |2018 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Netherlands}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|New Zealand}} | align="right" |1977<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Norway}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member (under a special Agreement)<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Portugal}} | align="right" |1981<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Poland}} | align="right" |25 September 2008 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Slovakia}} | align="right" |30 November 2007 <ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|South Korea}} | align="right" |20 April 2001 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Spain}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Sweden}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Switzerland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Turkey}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|United States}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |} === Tíortha aontachais '' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat. <ref name=>{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}</ref> '' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:<ref name="AccessionAssociate">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries & Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> * {{Flag|Colombia}} * {{Flag|Brazil}} <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}</ref> * {{Flag|Chile}} * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} * {{Flag|Israel}} * {{Flag|Romania}} === Association countries '' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal" /> country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}</ref> India officially declared its "Association" status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}</ref> Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country. <ref name{>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}</ref> '' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:<ref name="AccessionAssociate"/> * {{Flag|Argentina}} * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Egypt}} * {{Flag|India}} * {{Flag|Indonesia}} * {{Flag|Kenya}} * {{Flag|Morocco}} * {{Flag|Nigeria}} * {{Flag|Senegal}} * {{Flag|Singapore}} * {{Flag|South Africa}} * {{Flag|Thailand}} * {{Flag|Ukraine}} * {{Flag|Vietnam}} == Areas of work '' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries. === Dáta === Scenarios IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes: * Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Net Zero Scenario (NZE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> === Key publications [[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]] * '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO) * '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector''' * '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) * '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO) * '''Oil Market Report''' * '''Electricity Market Report''' * '''Gas Market Report''' * '''Energy Efficiency''' * '''Renewable Energy Market Update''' * '''World Energy Investment''' * '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress''' * '''Country Reviews''' == Cáineadh === Bias against renewable energy [[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]] '' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.<ref name=Creutzig2017 /><ref name=Hoekstra2017 /><ref name=Mertens /> === Accuracy of forecasting '' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. <ref name=guardian2 /> === Restricting access to data '' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, "[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it".<ref name=ambrose-2021 /><ref name=ritchie-2021 /><ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /><ref name=schaefer-2021 /> The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that "countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding".<ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /> '' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.<ref name=Ritchie2024 /> '' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.<ref name=ieadataset /> == Féach freisin * [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=UIA>{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}</ref> <ref name=Latvia>{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=:4>{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="guardian2">{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Creutzig2017>[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]</ref> <ref name=Hoekstra2017>Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]</ref> <ref name=Mertens>Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.</ref> <ref name=ambrose-2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref name=ritchie-2021>{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=schaefer-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Ritchie2024>{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=ieadataset>{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{síol}} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ 8nsk3ox6dmbn9psrtzdus7wy2w9p54c 1330964 1330963 2026-10-29T21:22:18Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Praghsáil carbóin */ 1330964 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]] ** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] *** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] {| class= wikitable |+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s) ! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht |- | Grian | [[Grianfhuinneamh]] | [[Grianchumhacht]] |- | Gaoth | [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]] | [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]] |- | Uisce | [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]] | [[Hidrileictreachas]] |- | Geo | [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] | [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] |- | Bith | [[Bithbhreosla]] | [[]] |- | Tonn | [[Fuinneamh toinne]] | [[Cumhacht toinne]] |} == Ábhair == === Cúiseanna === * [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] # [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] #* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]] # ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]] # Climate action # Climate change denial * [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]] === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Náisiúin Aontaithe === * [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]] * [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]] * [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]] === Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar === * [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]] # ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]] #* [[Tairif carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon leakage|Carbon leakage]]'' - [[Sceitheadh carbóin]] # ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] #* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]] # ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]] #* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] # ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]] # ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]] == ''Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide'' == <ref name=iate /> == Role of climate change conferences '' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources. '' The UN Climate Change Conferences<ref name=uncc /> serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts. == Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! Bliain ! Ainm ! Tír, cathair óstach ! Uachtarán ! Tír uachtaránachta ! Grúpa réigiúnach |- | 1995 | [[#1995|COP&nbsp;1]] | [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin | [[Angela Merkel]] | {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}} | [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]] |- |1996 |[[#1996|COP&nbsp;2]] |[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis |[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]] |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |[[Grúpa na hAfraice]] |- |1997 |[[#1997|COP&nbsp;3]] |[[Kyoto]], Japan |[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]] |{{flag|Japan}} |[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |- |1998 |[[#1998|COP&nbsp;4]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[María Julia Alsogaray]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |1999 |[[#1999|COP&nbsp;5]] |[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin |[[Jan Szyszko]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2000 |[[#2000|COP&nbsp;6]] |[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír |[[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#2001|COP&nbsp;6-2]] |[[Bonn]], Germany | [[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#COP&nbsp;7|COP&nbsp;7]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2002 |[[#2002|COP&nbsp;8]] |[[New Delhi]], India |[[T. R. Baalu]] |{{flag|India}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2003 |[[#2003|COP&nbsp;9]] |[[Milan]], Italy |[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}</ref> |{{flag|Hungary}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2004 |[[#2004|COP&nbsp;10]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[Ginés González García]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2005 |[[#2005|COP&nbsp;11]] |[[Montréal]], Canada |[[Stéphane Dion]] |{{flag|Canada}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2006 |[[#2006|COP&nbsp;12]] |[[Nairobi]], Kenya |[[Kivutha Kibwana]] |{{flag|Kenya}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2007 |[[#2007|COP&nbsp;13]] |[[Bali]], Indonesia |[[Rachmat Witoelar]] |{{flag|Indonesia}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2008 |[[#2008|COP&nbsp;14]] |[[Poznań]], Poland |[[Maciej Nowicki]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2009 |[[#2009|COP&nbsp;15]] |[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark |[[Connie Hedegaard]] |{{flag|Denmark}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2010 |[[#2010|COP&nbsp;16]] |[[Cancún]], Mexico |[[Patricia Espinosa]] |{{flag|Mexico}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2011 |[[#2011|COP&nbsp;17]] |[[Durban]], South Africa |[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]] |{{flag|South Africa}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2012 |[[#2012|COP&nbsp;18]] |[[Doha]], Qatar |[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]] |{{flag|Qatar}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2013 |[[#2013|COP&nbsp;19]] |[[Warsaw]], Poland |[[Marcin Korolec]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2014 |[[#2014|COP&nbsp;20]] |[[Líoma]], Peru |[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]] |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2015 |[[#2015|COP&nbsp;21]] |[[Páras]], France |[[Laurent Fabius]] |{{flag|France}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2016 |[[#2016|COP&nbsp;22]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Salaheddine Mezouar]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2017 |[[#2017|COP&nbsp;23]] |[[Bonn]], Germany |[[Frank Bainimarama]]<ref name=unfccc2017 /> |{{flag|Fiji}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2018 |[[#2018|COP&nbsp;24]] |[[Katowice]], Poland |[[Michał Kurtyka]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2019 |[[#2019|COP&nbsp;25]] |[[Maidrid]], Spain |[[Carolina Schmidt]] |{{flag|Chile}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |<s>2020</s> |<s>COP 26</s> |<s>Glasgow, United Kingdom</s> |Postponed due to COVID |<s>United Kingdom</s> |<s>Western Europe and Other Group</s> |- | 2021 |[[#2021|COP&nbsp;26]] |[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom |[[Alok Sharma]] |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2022 |[[#2022|COP&nbsp;27]] |[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt |[[Sameh Shoukry]] |{{flag|Egypt}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2023 |[[#2023|COP&nbsp;28]] |[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates |[[Sultan Al Jaber]] |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- | 2024 |[[#2024|COP&nbsp;29]] |[[Baku]], Azerbaijan |[[Mukhtar Babayev]], |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- | 2025 |[[#2025|COP&nbsp;30]] |[[Belém]], Brazil | [[André Corrêa do Lago]] |{{flag|Brazil}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- | 2026 |[[#2026|COP&nbsp;31]] |[[Antalya]], Turkey |[[Murat Kurum]] |{{flag|Turkey}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2027 |[[#2027|COP&nbsp;32]] |[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia |[[Gedion Timothewos]] <ref name=ethiopia>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}</ref> | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2028 | [[#2028|COP&nbsp;33]] | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |} <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}</ref> <ref name=uncc>{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=unfccc2017>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}</ref> == ''Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch'' == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} == Praghsáil carbóin == [[Íomhá:Carbon taxes and emission trading worldwide.svg | mion | '' Emission trading and carbon taxes around the world (2021) {{Legend | #009a3e | [[Carbon emission trading]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend | #323b90 | [[Cáin charbóin]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend | #fbba00 | Carbon emission trading or carbon tax under consideration}}]] '' '''Praghsáil carbóin''' (nó Praghsáil '''CO₂}} pricing''') is a method for governments to [[maolú an athraithe aeráide]], in which a monetary cost is applied to [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]. This is done to encourage polluters to reduce [[breosla iontaise]] combustion, the main driver of [[athrú aeráide]]. A carbon price usually takes the form of a [[cáin charbóin]], nó scéim i ndáil le [[trádáil astaíochtaí]] (STA) that requires firms to purchase allowances to emit.<ref name=:0 /> The method is widely agreed to be an efficient policy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon pricing seeks to address the economic problem that emissions of [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin|CO₂]] and other [[gás ceaptha teasa]] are a [[Seachtracht#Seachtracht dhearfach|seachtracht dhearfach]] – a detrimental product that is not charged for by any market. '' 28% of global GHG emissions are covered by carbon pricing in 2025.<ref name=:2 /> In 2021, there was a major increase in the usage of carbon pricing due to the introduction of the [[Chinese national carbon trading scheme]].<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=23}}</ref><ref name="China ETS2" /> Regions with carbon pricing include most European countries and [[Ceanada]]. On the other hand, top emitters like [[an Ind]], [[an Rúis]], the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]] and many US states have not introduced carbon pricing. <ref name=ieporg /> [[An Astráil]] had a [[Carbon pricing in Australia|carbon pricing scheme from 2012 to 2014]]. In 2020, carbon pricing generated $53B in revenue.<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=14}}</ref> '' According to the [[an Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]], a price level of $135–$5500 in 2030 and $245–$13,000 per metric ton CO₂ in 2050 would be needed to drive carbon emissions to stay below [[Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C|the 1.5°C limit]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch4|2018|p=374}}</ref> Latest models of the [[social cost of carbon]] calculate a damage of more than $300 per ton of CO₂ as a result of economy feedbacks and falling global [[GDP]] growth rates, while policy recommendations range from about $50 to $200.<ref name="Kikstra 2021">{{harvnb|Kikstra|2021}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Many carbon pricing schemes including the ETS in China remain below $10 per ton of CO₂.<ref name="China ETS" /> One exception is the [[European Union Emissions Trading System]] (EU-ETS) which exceeded €100 per ton of CO₂ in February 2023.<ref name=:1 /> '' A carbon tax is generally favoured on economic grounds for its simplicity and stability, while cap-and-trade theoretically offers the possibility to limit allowances to the remaining [[carbon budget]]. Current implementations are only designed to meet certain reduction targets. '' As a supplement to carbon pricing enforced externally by national and subnational governments, organizations can also voluntarily implement their own internal carbon price (ICP) through a variety of tools.<ref name=:7 /> These include emissions trading systems, proxy prices, carbon fees, implicit prices, and hybrid models.<ref name=:02 /><ref name=:6 /> Organizations have used a variety of metrics to define their carbon prices.<ref name=:12 /> Research on the impacts of ICP on institutional emissions and [[Competition (economics)|competition]] is ongoing.<ref name=:7 /><ref name=:9 /><ref name=:3 /><ref name=:5 /> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is Carbon Pricing? | url = https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311235027/https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing | archive-date=March 11, 2021 | dátarochtana = 2021-03-14 | work = carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org | dáta = 9 Bealtaine 2017}}</ref> <ref name=:1>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Carbon Price Viewer | url = https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer | foilsitheoir = EMBER | dátarochtana = 2021-09-07 | archive-date=September 15, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915123457/https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer/ | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:2>{{cite journal | date=2025 | title=State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025 | url=https://hdl.handle.net/10986/43277|journal=The World Bank | language=en-US | doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-2255-1 | doi-broken-date=April 9, 2026 | hdl=10986/43277}}</ref> <ref name=:02>{{cite journal | last1=Gorbach | first1=O.G.| last2=Kost | first2=C.| last3=Pickett |first3=C. | date=2022 | title=Review of internal carbon pricing and the development of a decision process for the identification of promising Internal Pricing Methods for an Organisation | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032121010170 | journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | language=en | volume=154 | article-number=111745 | doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.111745 | bibcode=2022RSERv.15411745G}}</ref> <ref name=:3>{{cite journal | last1=Desai | first1=Rajesh | last2=Raval | first2=Avani | last3=Thanki | first3=Shashank | date=2025 | title=Does internal carbon pricing moderate the firm value effects of carbon emission? A study of an emerging economy | url=https://www.emerald.com/jaar/article/26/5/1213/1251497/Does-internal-carbon-pricing-moderate-the-firm | journal=Journal of Applied Accounting Research | language=en | volume=26 | issue=5 | pages=1213–1236 | doi=10.1108/JAAR-07-2024-0248 | issn=0967-5426}}</ref> <ref name=:5>{{cite journal | last1=Qin | first1=Linxin | last2=Wang | first2=Zhan | last3=Pan | first3=Ane | date=2023-12-13 | title=How the implementation of internal carbon pricing impacts on carbon reduction: facilitating or hindering | url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5 | journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research | language=en | doi=10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5 | pmid=38091215 | issn=1614-7499}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{cite journal | last=Harpankar | first=Kshama | date=2019 | title=Internal carbon pricing: rationale, promise and limitations | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178 | journal=Carbon Management | language=en | volume=10 | issue=2 | pages=219–225 | doi=10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178|bibcode=2019CarM...10..219H | issn=1758-3004}}</ref> <ref name=:7>{{cite journal | last1=Zhu | first1=Bangzhu | last2=Xu | first2=Chenxin | last3=Wang| first3=Ping | last4=Zhang | first4=Lin | date=2022 | title=How does internal carbon pricing affect corporate environmental performance? | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0148296322002028 | journal=Journal of Business Research | language=en | volume=145 | pages=65–77 | doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.02.071}}</ref> <ref name=:9>{{Cite journal | last1=Ma | first1=Jialu | last2=Kuo | first2=Jeffrey | date=2021 | title=Environmental self-regulation for sustainable development: Can internal carbon pricing enhance financial performance? | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.2817 | journal=Business Strategy and the Environment | language=en | volume=30 | issue=8 | pages=3517–3527 | doi=10.1002/bse.2817| bibcode=2021BSEnv..30.3517M | issn=0964-4733}}</ref> <ref name=:12>{{Cite journal | last1=Bento | first1=Nuno | last2=Gianfrate | first2=Gianfranco | date=2020 | title=Determinants of internal carbon pricing | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421520302445 | journal=Energy Policy | language=en | volume=143 | article-number=111499 | doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111499 | bibcode=2020EnPol.14311499B | hdl=10071/20557}}</ref> <ref name="China ETS2">{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Davies | ainm = Paul A.| last2=Westgate | first2=R. Andrew | teideal = China's National ETS Launches Trading | dáta = 9 Lúnasa 2021 | url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/ | dátarochtana = 7 Meán Fómhair 2021 | foilsitheoir = Latham & Watkins}}</ref> <ref name=ieporg>{{lua idirlín | teideal =State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2023 | url = http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102955/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf | archive-date=October 7, 2024 | dátarochtana = 2 Meitheamh 2023 | foilsitheoir = World Bank Group}}</ref> <ref name="China ETS">{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Davies | ainm =Paul A. | last2=Westgate | first2=R. Andrew | teideal = China's National ETS Launches Trading | dáta = 9 Lúnasa 2021 | url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/ | foilsitheoir = Latham & Watkins | dátarochtana = 7 Meán Fómhair 2021}}</ref> }} == Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}} '' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].<ref name=UIA /> The 32 member countries and 13<ref name=Latvia /> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=:4 /> == Structure The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.<ref name=:6 /> == Ballraíocht The 32 member countries and 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal"/> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=":4" /> === Ballstáit Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=:1 /> Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.<ref name=:1 /> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 0.95em;" ! style="width:115px;" | Tír ! Ballraíocht ! Nótaí |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Australia}} | align="right" |1979<ref name=":03"/> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Austria}} | align="right" |18 November 1974 <ref name=:5>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}</ref> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Belgium}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Canada}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Czech Republic}} | align="right" |5 February 2001<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Denmark}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Estonia}} | align="right" |9 May 2014 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Finland}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|France}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Germany}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Greece}} | align="right" |1976<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Hungary}} | align="right" |3 June 1997<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Ireland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Italy}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Japan}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Latvia}} | align="right" | 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Lithuania}} | align="right" |2022 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Luxembourg}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Mexico}} | align="right" |2018 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Netherlands}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|New Zealand}} | align="right" |1977<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Norway}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member (under a special Agreement)<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Portugal}} | align="right" |1981<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Poland}} | align="right" |25 September 2008 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Slovakia}} | align="right" |30 November 2007 <ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|South Korea}} | align="right" |20 April 2001 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Spain}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Sweden}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Switzerland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Turkey}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|United States}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |} === Tíortha aontachais '' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat. <ref name=>{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}</ref> '' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:<ref name="AccessionAssociate">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries & Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> * {{Flag|Colombia}} * {{Flag|Brazil}} <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}</ref> * {{Flag|Chile}} * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} * {{Flag|Israel}} * {{Flag|Romania}} === Association countries '' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal" /> country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}</ref> India officially declared its "Association" status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}</ref> Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country. <ref name{>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}</ref> '' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:<ref name="AccessionAssociate"/> * {{Flag|Argentina}} * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Egypt}} * {{Flag|India}} * {{Flag|Indonesia}} * {{Flag|Kenya}} * {{Flag|Morocco}} * {{Flag|Nigeria}} * {{Flag|Senegal}} * {{Flag|Singapore}} * {{Flag|South Africa}} * {{Flag|Thailand}} * {{Flag|Ukraine}} * {{Flag|Vietnam}} == Areas of work '' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries. === Dáta === Scenarios IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes: * Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Net Zero Scenario (NZE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> === Key publications [[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]] * '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO) * '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector''' * '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) * '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO) * '''Oil Market Report''' * '''Electricity Market Report''' * '''Gas Market Report''' * '''Energy Efficiency''' * '''Renewable Energy Market Update''' * '''World Energy Investment''' * '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress''' * '''Country Reviews''' == Cáineadh === Bias against renewable energy [[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]] '' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.<ref name=Creutzig2017 /><ref name=Hoekstra2017 /><ref name=Mertens /> === Accuracy of forecasting '' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. <ref name=guardian2 /> === Restricting access to data '' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, "[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it".<ref name=ambrose-2021 /><ref name=ritchie-2021 /><ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /><ref name=schaefer-2021 /> The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that "countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding".<ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /> '' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.<ref name=Ritchie2024 /> '' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.<ref name=ieadataset /> == Féach freisin * [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=UIA>{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}</ref> <ref name=Latvia>{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=:4>{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="guardian2">{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Creutzig2017>[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]</ref> <ref name=Hoekstra2017>Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]</ref> <ref name=Mertens>Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.</ref> <ref name=ambrose-2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref name=ritchie-2021>{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=schaefer-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Ritchie2024>{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=ieadataset>{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{síol}} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ 6ly6l553qil8k9xi0yr861o3ax1itqx 1330965 1330964 2026-10-29T21:26:28Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 /* Praghsáil carbóin */ 1330965 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]] ** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] *** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] {| class= wikitable |+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s) ! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht |- | Grian | [[Grianfhuinneamh]] | [[Grianchumhacht]] |- | Gaoth | [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]] | [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]] |- | Uisce | [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]] | [[Hidrileictreachas]] |- | Geo | [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] | [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] |- | Bith | [[Bithbhreosla]] | [[]] |- | Tonn | [[Fuinneamh toinne]] | [[Cumhacht toinne]] |} == Ábhair == === Cúiseanna === * [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] # [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] #* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]] # ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]] # Climate action # Climate change denial * [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]] === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Náisiúin Aontaithe === * [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]] * [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]] * [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]] === Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar === * [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]] # ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]] #* [[Tairif carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon leakage|Carbon leakage]]'' - [[Sceitheadh carbóin]] # ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] #* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]] # ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]] #* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] # ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]] # ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]] == ''Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide'' == <ref name=iate /> == Role of climate change conferences '' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources. '' The UN Climate Change Conferences<ref name=uncc /> serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts. == Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! Bliain ! Ainm ! Tír, cathair óstach ! Uachtarán ! Tír uachtaránachta ! Grúpa réigiúnach |- | 1995 | [[#1995|COP&nbsp;1]] | [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin | [[Angela Merkel]] | {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}} | [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]] |- |1996 |[[#1996|COP&nbsp;2]] |[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis |[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]] |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |[[Grúpa na hAfraice]] |- |1997 |[[#1997|COP&nbsp;3]] |[[Kyoto]], Japan |[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]] |{{flag|Japan}} |[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |- |1998 |[[#1998|COP&nbsp;4]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[María Julia Alsogaray]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |1999 |[[#1999|COP&nbsp;5]] |[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin |[[Jan Szyszko]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2000 |[[#2000|COP&nbsp;6]] |[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír |[[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#2001|COP&nbsp;6-2]] |[[Bonn]], Germany | [[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#COP&nbsp;7|COP&nbsp;7]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2002 |[[#2002|COP&nbsp;8]] |[[New Delhi]], India |[[T. R. Baalu]] |{{flag|India}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2003 |[[#2003|COP&nbsp;9]] |[[Milan]], Italy |[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}</ref> |{{flag|Hungary}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2004 |[[#2004|COP&nbsp;10]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[Ginés González García]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2005 |[[#2005|COP&nbsp;11]] |[[Montréal]], Canada |[[Stéphane Dion]] |{{flag|Canada}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2006 |[[#2006|COP&nbsp;12]] |[[Nairobi]], Kenya |[[Kivutha Kibwana]] |{{flag|Kenya}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2007 |[[#2007|COP&nbsp;13]] |[[Bali]], Indonesia |[[Rachmat Witoelar]] |{{flag|Indonesia}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2008 |[[#2008|COP&nbsp;14]] |[[Poznań]], Poland |[[Maciej Nowicki]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2009 |[[#2009|COP&nbsp;15]] |[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark |[[Connie Hedegaard]] |{{flag|Denmark}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2010 |[[#2010|COP&nbsp;16]] |[[Cancún]], Mexico |[[Patricia Espinosa]] |{{flag|Mexico}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2011 |[[#2011|COP&nbsp;17]] |[[Durban]], South Africa |[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]] |{{flag|South Africa}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2012 |[[#2012|COP&nbsp;18]] |[[Doha]], Qatar |[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]] |{{flag|Qatar}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2013 |[[#2013|COP&nbsp;19]] |[[Warsaw]], Poland |[[Marcin Korolec]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2014 |[[#2014|COP&nbsp;20]] |[[Líoma]], Peru |[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]] |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2015 |[[#2015|COP&nbsp;21]] |[[Páras]], France |[[Laurent Fabius]] |{{flag|France}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2016 |[[#2016|COP&nbsp;22]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Salaheddine Mezouar]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2017 |[[#2017|COP&nbsp;23]] |[[Bonn]], Germany |[[Frank Bainimarama]]<ref name=unfccc2017 /> |{{flag|Fiji}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2018 |[[#2018|COP&nbsp;24]] |[[Katowice]], Poland |[[Michał Kurtyka]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2019 |[[#2019|COP&nbsp;25]] |[[Maidrid]], Spain |[[Carolina Schmidt]] |{{flag|Chile}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |<s>2020</s> |<s>COP 26</s> |<s>Glasgow, United Kingdom</s> |Postponed due to COVID |<s>United Kingdom</s> |<s>Western Europe and Other Group</s> |- | 2021 |[[#2021|COP&nbsp;26]] |[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom |[[Alok Sharma]] |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2022 |[[#2022|COP&nbsp;27]] |[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt |[[Sameh Shoukry]] |{{flag|Egypt}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2023 |[[#2023|COP&nbsp;28]] |[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates |[[Sultan Al Jaber]] |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- | 2024 |[[#2024|COP&nbsp;29]] |[[Baku]], Azerbaijan |[[Mukhtar Babayev]], |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- | 2025 |[[#2025|COP&nbsp;30]] |[[Belém]], Brazil | [[André Corrêa do Lago]] |{{flag|Brazil}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- | 2026 |[[#2026|COP&nbsp;31]] |[[Antalya]], Turkey |[[Murat Kurum]] |{{flag|Turkey}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2027 |[[#2027|COP&nbsp;32]] |[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia |[[Gedion Timothewos]] <ref name=ethiopia>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}</ref> | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2028 | [[#2028|COP&nbsp;33]] | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |} <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}</ref> <ref name=uncc>{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=unfccc2017>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}</ref> == ''Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch'' == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} == Praghsáil carbóin == [[Íomhá:Carbon taxes and emission trading worldwide.svg | mion | '' Emission trading and carbon taxes around the world (2021) {{Legend | #009a3e | [[Carbon emission trading]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend | #323b90 | [[Cáin charbóin]] implemented or scheduled}} {{Legend | #fbba00 | Carbon emission trading or carbon tax under consideration}}]] '' '''Praghsáil carbóin''' (nó Praghsáil '''CO₂}} pricing''') is a method for governments to [[maolú an athraithe aeráide]], in which a monetary cost is applied to [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]]. This is done to encourage polluters to reduce [[breosla iontaise]] combustion, the main driver of [[athrú aeráide]]. A carbon price usually takes the form of a [[cáin charbóin]], nó scéim i ndáil le [[trádáil astaíochtaí]] (STA) that requires firms to purchase allowances to emit.<ref name=:0 /> The method is widely agreed to be an efficient policy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon pricing seeks to address the economic problem that emissions of [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin|CO₂]] and other [[gás ceaptha teasa]] are a [[Seachtracht#Seachtracht dhearfach|seachtracht dhearfach]] – a detrimental product that is not charged for by any market. '' 28% of global GHG emissions are covered by carbon pricing in 2025.<ref name=:2 /> In 2021, there was a major increase in the usage of carbon pricing due to the introduction of the [[Chinese national carbon trading scheme]].<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=23}}</ref><ref name="China ETS2" /> Regions with carbon pricing include most European countries and [[Ceanada]]. On the other hand, top emitters like [[an Ind]], [[an Rúis]], the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]] and many US states have not introduced carbon pricing.<ref name=ieporg /> [[An Astráil]] had a [[Carbon pricing in Australia|carbon pricing scheme from 2012 to 2014]]. In 2020, carbon pricing generated $53B in revenue.<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=14}}</ref> '' Dar leis an b[[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]], a price level of $135–$5500 in 2030 and $245–$13,000 per metric ton CO₂ in 2050 would be needed to drive carbon emissions to stay below [[Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C|the 1.5°C limit]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch4|2018|p=374}}</ref> Latest models of the [[social cost of carbon]] calculate a damage of more than $300 per ton of CO₂ as a result of economy feedbacks and falling global [[olltáirgeacht intíre|OTI]] growth rates, while policy recommendations range from about $50 to $200.<ref name="Kikstra 2021">{{harvnb|Kikstra|2021}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Many carbon pricing schemes including the ETS in China remain below $10 per ton of CO₂.<ref name="China ETS" /> One exception is the [[European Union Emissions Trading System]] (EU-ETS) which exceeded €100 per ton of CO₂ in February 2023.<ref name=:1 /> '' A carbon tax is generally favoured on economic grounds for its simplicity and stability, while cap-and-trade theoretically offers the possibility to limit allowances to the remaining [[carbon budget]]. Current implementations are only designed to meet certain reduction targets. '' As a supplement to carbon pricing enforced externally by national and subnational governments, organizations can also voluntarily implement their own internal carbon price (ICP) through a variety of tools.<ref name=:7 /> These include emissions trading systems, proxy prices, carbon fees, implicit prices, and hybrid models.<ref name=:02 /><ref name=:6 /> Organizations have used a variety of metrics to define their carbon prices.<ref name=:12 /> Research on the impacts of ICP on institutional emissions and [[Competition (economics)|competition]] is ongoing.<ref name=:7 /><ref name=:9 /><ref name=:3 /><ref name=:5 /> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is Carbon Pricing? | url = https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311235027/https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing | archive-date=March 11, 2021 | dátarochtana = 2021-03-14 | work = carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org | dáta = 9 Bealtaine 2017}}</ref> <ref name=:1>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Carbon Price Viewer | url = https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer | foilsitheoir = EMBER | dátarochtana = 2021-09-07 | archive-date=September 15, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915123457/https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer/ | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:2>{{cite journal | date=2025 | title=State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025 | url=https://hdl.handle.net/10986/43277|journal=The World Bank | language=en-US | doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-2255-1 | doi-broken-date=April 9, 2026 | hdl=10986/43277}}</ref> <ref name=:02>{{cite journal | last1=Gorbach | first1=O.G.| last2=Kost | first2=C.| last3=Pickett |first3=C. | date=2022 | title=Review of internal carbon pricing and the development of a decision process for the identification of promising Internal Pricing Methods for an Organisation | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032121010170 | journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | language=en | volume=154 | article-number=111745 | doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.111745 | bibcode=2022RSERv.15411745G}}</ref> <ref name=:3>{{cite journal | last1=Desai | first1=Rajesh | last2=Raval | first2=Avani | last3=Thanki | first3=Shashank | date=2025 | title=Does internal carbon pricing moderate the firm value effects of carbon emission? A study of an emerging economy | url=https://www.emerald.com/jaar/article/26/5/1213/1251497/Does-internal-carbon-pricing-moderate-the-firm | journal=Journal of Applied Accounting Research | language=en | volume=26 | issue=5 | pages=1213–1236 | doi=10.1108/JAAR-07-2024-0248 | issn=0967-5426}}</ref> <ref name=:5>{{cite journal | last1=Qin | first1=Linxin | last2=Wang | first2=Zhan | last3=Pan | first3=Ane | date=2023-12-13 | title=How the implementation of internal carbon pricing impacts on carbon reduction: facilitating or hindering | url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5 | journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research | language=en | doi=10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5 | pmid=38091215 | issn=1614-7499}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{cite journal | last=Harpankar | first=Kshama | date=2019 | title=Internal carbon pricing: rationale, promise and limitations | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178 | journal=Carbon Management | language=en | volume=10 | issue=2 | pages=219–225 | doi=10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178|bibcode=2019CarM...10..219H | issn=1758-3004}}</ref> <ref name=:7>{{cite journal | last1=Zhu | first1=Bangzhu | last2=Xu | first2=Chenxin | last3=Wang| first3=Ping | last4=Zhang | first4=Lin | date=2022 | title=How does internal carbon pricing affect corporate environmental performance? | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0148296322002028 | journal=Journal of Business Research | language=en | volume=145 | pages=65–77 | doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.02.071}}</ref> <ref name=:9>{{Cite journal | last1=Ma | first1=Jialu | last2=Kuo | first2=Jeffrey | date=2021 | title=Environmental self-regulation for sustainable development: Can internal carbon pricing enhance financial performance? | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.2817 | journal=Business Strategy and the Environment | language=en | volume=30 | issue=8 | pages=3517–3527 | doi=10.1002/bse.2817| bibcode=2021BSEnv..30.3517M | issn=0964-4733}}</ref> <ref name=:12>{{Cite journal | last1=Bento | first1=Nuno | last2=Gianfrate | first2=Gianfranco | date=2020 | title=Determinants of internal carbon pricing | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421520302445 | journal=Energy Policy | language=en | volume=143 | article-number=111499 | doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111499 | bibcode=2020EnPol.14311499B | hdl=10071/20557}}</ref> <ref name="China ETS2">{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Davies | ainm = Paul A.| last2=Westgate | first2=R. Andrew | teideal = China's National ETS Launches Trading | dáta = 9 Lúnasa 2021 | url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/ | dátarochtana = 7 Meán Fómhair 2021 | foilsitheoir = Latham & Watkins}}</ref> <ref name=ieporg>{{lua idirlín | teideal =State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2023 | url = http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102955/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf | archive-date=October 7, 2024 | dátarochtana = 2 Meitheamh 2023 | foilsitheoir = World Bank Group}}</ref> <ref name="China ETS">{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Davies | ainm =Paul A. | last2=Westgate | first2=R. Andrew | teideal = China's National ETS Launches Trading | dáta = 9 Lúnasa 2021 | url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/ | foilsitheoir = Latham & Watkins | dátarochtana = 7 Meán Fómhair 2021}}</ref> }} == Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}} '' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].<ref name=UIA /> The 32 member countries and 13<ref name=Latvia /> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=:4 /> == Structure The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.<ref name=:6 /> == Ballraíocht The 32 member countries and 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal"/> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=":4" /> === Ballstáit Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=:1 /> Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.<ref name=:1 /> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 0.95em;" ! style="width:115px;" | Tír ! Ballraíocht ! Nótaí |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Australia}} | align="right" |1979<ref name=":03"/> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Austria}} | align="right" |18 November 1974 <ref name=:5>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}</ref> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Belgium}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Canada}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Czech Republic}} | align="right" |5 February 2001<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Denmark}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Estonia}} | align="right" |9 May 2014 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Finland}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|France}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Germany}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Greece}} | align="right" |1976<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Hungary}} | align="right" |3 June 1997<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Ireland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Italy}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Japan}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Latvia}} | align="right" | 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Lithuania}} | align="right" |2022 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Luxembourg}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Mexico}} | align="right" |2018 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Netherlands}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|New Zealand}} | align="right" |1977<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Norway}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member (under a special Agreement)<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Portugal}} | align="right" |1981<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Poland}} | align="right" |25 September 2008 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Slovakia}} | align="right" |30 November 2007 <ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|South Korea}} | align="right" |20 April 2001 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Spain}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Sweden}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Switzerland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Turkey}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|United States}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |} === Tíortha aontachais '' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat. <ref name=>{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}</ref> '' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:<ref name="AccessionAssociate">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries & Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> * {{Flag|Colombia}} * {{Flag|Brazil}} <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}</ref> * {{Flag|Chile}} * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} * {{Flag|Israel}} * {{Flag|Romania}} === Association countries '' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal" /> country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}</ref> India officially declared its "Association" status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}</ref> Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country. <ref name{>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}</ref> '' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:<ref name="AccessionAssociate"/> * {{Flag|Argentina}} * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Egypt}} * {{Flag|India}} * {{Flag|Indonesia}} * {{Flag|Kenya}} * {{Flag|Morocco}} * {{Flag|Nigeria}} * {{Flag|Senegal}} * {{Flag|Singapore}} * {{Flag|South Africa}} * {{Flag|Thailand}} * {{Flag|Ukraine}} * {{Flag|Vietnam}} == Areas of work '' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries. === Dáta === Scenarios IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes: * Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Net Zero Scenario (NZE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> === Key publications [[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]] * '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO) * '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector''' * '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) * '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO) * '''Oil Market Report''' * '''Electricity Market Report''' * '''Gas Market Report''' * '''Energy Efficiency''' * '''Renewable Energy Market Update''' * '''World Energy Investment''' * '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress''' * '''Country Reviews''' == Cáineadh === Bias against renewable energy [[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]] '' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.<ref name=Creutzig2017 /><ref name=Hoekstra2017 /><ref name=Mertens /> === Accuracy of forecasting '' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. <ref name=guardian2 /> === Restricting access to data '' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, "[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it".<ref name=ambrose-2021 /><ref name=ritchie-2021 /><ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /><ref name=schaefer-2021 /> The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that "countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding".<ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /> '' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.<ref name=Ritchie2024 /> '' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.<ref name=ieadataset /> == Féach freisin * [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=UIA>{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}</ref> <ref name=Latvia>{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=:4>{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="guardian2">{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Creutzig2017>[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]</ref> <ref name=Hoekstra2017>Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]</ref> <ref name=Mertens>Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.</ref> <ref name=ambrose-2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref name=ritchie-2021>{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=schaefer-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Ritchie2024>{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=ieadataset>{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{síol}} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ fsgh9l5jnuqiec998h2vwh33u1dksml 1330983 1330965 2026-10-30T10:10:28Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 1330983 wikitext text/x-wiki [ [[Úsáideoir:Marcas.oduinn/Tionscadal|Tionscadal]] ] == Ceanntásc == ••• [[:Úsáideoir:TGcoa]] ••• '' príomhscríbhneoir * [[Téamh domhanda]] '' Global warming * [[Aeráid]] '' Climate * [[Tonn teasa]] '' Heat wave * [[Falscaí]] '' Wild fire * [[Dífhoraoisiú]] '' Deforestation * [[Eostatacht]] '' Eustacy * [[:Catagóir:Téamh domhanda]] ** [[:Catagóir:Athrú aeráide]] * [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh]] ** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]] *** [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghréine]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht ghaoithe]] **** [[:Catagóir:Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] {| class= wikitable |+ Fuinneamh (J) nó cumhacht (W = J/s) ! Cineál !! Fuinneamh !! Cumhacht |- | Grian | [[Grianfhuinneamh]] | [[Grianchumhacht]] |- | Gaoth | [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]] | [[Cumhacht ghaoithe]] |- | Uisce | [[Fuinneamh hiodrálach]] | [[Hidrileictreachas]] |- | Geo | [[Fuinneamh geoiteirmeach]] | [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]] |- | Bith | [[Bithbhreosla]] | [[]] |- | Tonn | [[Fuinneamh toinne]] | [[Cumhacht toinne]] |} == Ábhair == === Cúiseanna === * [[Gás ceaptha teasa]], [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] # [[Astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin]] #* [[Astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa de bharr talamhaíochta]], [[Lorg carbóin]], [[Poitéinseal téimh dhomhanda]], [[Buiséad fuinnimh an Domhain]], [[Buiséad teasa inmheánaigh an Domhain]], [[Córas aeráide]], [[Fórsáil radantach]] # ''[[:en:Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change]]'' - [[Éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide]] # Climate action # Climate change denial * [[:Catagóir:Aeráid]] vs [[:Catagóir:Aimsir]] === Aontas Eorpach === * [[:Catagóir:An tAontas Eorpach agus an comhshaol]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Beartas comhshaoil san AE]] &#8658; [[:Catagóir:Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], <s>an [[Comhaontú Glas Don Eoraip]]=</s>an [[Comhaontú Glas don Eoraip]], [[Cláir Réime um Thaighde agus Forbairt Theicneolaíoch]], [[Fís 2020]], [[Fís Eorpach]], [[Clár LIFE]], [[Oiriúnach do 55]], [[Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]]=[[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE]] === Náisiúin Aontaithe === * [[ Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide]] * [[ Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch]] * [[Prótacal Cartagena ar an mBithshábháilteacht]]=[[Prótacal Cartagena]], [[Prótacal Nagoya]] === Teicneolaíocht agus geilleagar === * [[Fuinneamh in-athnuaite]], [[Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh inbhuanaithe]], [[:Catagóir:Fuinneamh gheoiteirmeach]], [[Cumhacht gheoiteirmeach]], [[Téamh geoiteirmeach]], [[Fuinneamh gaoithe]]=[[Cumhacht ghaoithe]], [[Cumhacht toinne]]=[[Cumhacht na dtonnta]], [[Neodracht carbóin]]=[[Astaíochtaí glan-nialais]] # ''[[:en:Fossil fuel subsidies|Fossil fuel subsidies]]'' - [[Fóirdheontas breosla iontaise]] #* [[Tairif carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon pricing|Carbon pricing]]'' - [[Praghsáil carbóin]] # ''[[:en:Carbon leakage|Carbon leakage]]'' - [[Sceitheadh carbóin]] # ''[[:en: Carbon capture and storage| Carbon capture and storage]]'' - [[Gabháil agus stóráil carbóin]] #* [[Geilleagar ciorclach]] # ''[[:en:International Energy Agency|International Energy Agency]]'' - [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh]] #* [[an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] # ''[[:en:Toxic waste|Toxic waste]]'' - [[Dramhaíl nimhiúil]] # ''[[:en:Public transport|Public transport]]'' - [[Iompar poiblí]] == ''Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide'' == <ref name=iate /> == Role of climate change conferences '' Member states of the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in combating climate change. COP provides a platform for governments, NGOs, and the private sector to collaborate and determine strategies for global climate policy and action. These conferences offer an opportunity to discuss climate governance measures, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the transition to more sustainable energy sources. '' The UN Climate Change Conferences<ref name=uncc /> serve as key forums for shaping global policy, where representatives of various countries jointly address the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and support states in enhancing their resilience to climate impacts. == Liosta de chomhdhálaí, uachtaráin agus áiteanna {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! Bliain ! Ainm ! Tír, cathair óstach ! Uachtarán ! Tír uachtaránachta ! Grúpa réigiúnach |- | 1995 | [[#1995|COP&nbsp;1]] | [[Berlin]], an Ghearmáin | [[Angela Merkel]] | {{flag|Germany|An Ghearmáin}} | [[Grúpa Iarthair na hEorpa agus Eile]] |- |1996 |[[#1996|COP&nbsp;2]] |[[An Ghinéiv]], an Eilvéis |[[Chenhamo Chimutengwende|Chen Chimutengwende]] |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |[[Grúpa na hAfraice]] |- |1997 |[[#1997|COP&nbsp;3]] |[[Kyoto]], Japan |[[:ja:大木浩|Hiroshi Ohki]] |{{flag|Japan}} |[[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |- |1998 |[[#1998|COP&nbsp;4]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[María Julia Alsogaray]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |1999 |[[#1999|COP&nbsp;5]] |[[Bonn]], an Ghearmáin |[[Jan Szyszko]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2000 |[[#2000|COP&nbsp;6]] |[[An Háig]], an Ísiltír |[[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#2001|COP&nbsp;6-2]] |[[Bonn]], Germany | [[Jan Pronk]] |{{flag|Netherlands}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2001 |[[#COP&nbsp;7|COP&nbsp;7]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Mohamed El Yazghi|Mohamed Elyazghi]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2002 |[[#2002|COP&nbsp;8]] |[[New Delhi]], India |[[T. R. Baalu]] |{{flag|India}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2003 |[[#2003|COP&nbsp;9]] |[[Milan]], Italy |[[:hu:Persányi Miklós|Miklós Persányi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop9/1mon.html|title=ENB @ UNFCCC COP-9, Milan, Italy, 1-12 December 2003|website=enb.iisd.org}}</ref> |{{flag|Hungary}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2004 |[[#2004|COP&nbsp;10]] |[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina |[[Ginés González García]] |{{flag|Argentina}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2005 |[[#2005|COP&nbsp;11]] |[[Montréal]], Canada |[[Stéphane Dion]] |{{flag|Canada}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2006 |[[#2006|COP&nbsp;12]] |[[Nairobi]], Kenya |[[Kivutha Kibwana]] |{{flag|Kenya}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2007 |[[#2007|COP&nbsp;13]] |[[Bali]], Indonesia |[[Rachmat Witoelar]] |{{flag|Indonesia}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2008 |[[#2008|COP&nbsp;14]] |[[Poznań]], Poland |[[Maciej Nowicki]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2009 |[[#2009|COP&nbsp;15]] |[[Cóbanhávan]], Denmark |[[Connie Hedegaard]] |{{flag|Denmark}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2010 |[[#2010|COP&nbsp;16]] |[[Cancún]], Mexico |[[Patricia Espinosa]] |{{flag|Mexico}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2011 |[[#2011|COP&nbsp;17]] |[[Durban]], South Africa |[[Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]] |{{flag|South Africa}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2012 |[[#2012|COP&nbsp;18]] |[[Doha]], Qatar |[[Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah|Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah]] |{{flag|Qatar}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2013 |[[#2013|COP&nbsp;19]] |[[Warsaw]], Poland |[[Marcin Korolec]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2014 |[[#2014|COP&nbsp;20]] |[[Líoma]], Peru |[[Manuel Pulgar-Vidal]] |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |2015 |[[#2015|COP&nbsp;21]] |[[Páras]], France |[[Laurent Fabius]] |{{flag|France}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- |2016 |[[#2016|COP&nbsp;22]] |[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |[[Salaheddine Mezouar]] |{{flag|Morocco}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- |2017 |[[#2017|COP&nbsp;23]] |[[Bonn]], Germany |[[Frank Bainimarama]]<ref name=unfccc2017 /> |{{flag|Fiji}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- |2018 |[[#2018|COP&nbsp;24]] |[[Katowice]], Poland |[[Michał Kurtyka]] |{{flag|Poland}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- |2019 |[[#2019|COP&nbsp;25]] |[[Maidrid]], Spain |[[Carolina Schmidt]] |{{flag|Chile}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- |<s>2020</s> |<s>COP 26</s> |<s>Glasgow, United Kingdom</s> |Postponed due to COVID |<s>United Kingdom</s> |<s>Western Europe and Other Group</s> |- | 2021 |[[#2021|COP&nbsp;26]] |[[Glaschú]], United Kingdom |[[Alok Sharma]] |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2022 |[[#2022|COP&nbsp;27]] |[[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt |[[Sameh Shoukry]] |{{flag|Egypt}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2023 |[[#2023|COP&nbsp;28]] |[[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates |[[Sultan Al Jaber]] |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin |- | 2024 |[[#2024|COP&nbsp;29]] |[[Baku]], Azerbaijan |[[Mukhtar Babayev]], |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |[[Eastern Europe Group]] |- | 2025 |[[#2025|COP&nbsp;30]] |[[Belém]], Brazil | [[André Corrêa do Lago]] |{{flag|Brazil}} |[[Group of Latin America and the Caribbean|Group of Latin America Caribbean]] |- | 2026 |[[#2026|COP&nbsp;31]] |[[Antalya]], Turkey |[[Murat Kurum]] |{{flag|Turkey}} |[[Western Europe and Other Group]] |- | 2027 |[[#2027|COP&nbsp;32]] |[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia |[[Gedion Timothewos]] <ref name=ethiopia>{{lua idirlín | url = https://ethioembassy.ca/ethiopia-to-host-cop32-and-appoints-foreign-minister-gedion-timothewos-as-president-designate/ | teideal = Ethiopia to Host COP32 and Appoints Foreign Minister Gedion Timothewos as President-Designate}}</ref> | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | Grúpa na hAfraice |- | 2028 | [[#2028|COP&nbsp;33]] | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | ''le socrú'' | [[Grúpa na Áise agus an tAigéin Chiúin]] |} <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/2232294 | teideal = Téarma: Comhdháil na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 27-10-2026}}</ref> <ref name=uncc>{{lua idirlín | teideal = UN Climate Change Conferences | url = https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/un-climate-conferences | dátarochtana = 2025-01-30 | work = un.org | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=unfccc2017>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = UNFCCC | dáta = 3 Iúil 2017 | teideal = PM Bainimarama Opening Address at the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Event | url = https://unfccc.int/news/pm-bainimarama-opening-address-at-the-climate-action-pacific-partnership-event | dátarochtana = 13 Márta 2025}}</ref> == ''Coinbhinsiún maidir leis an Éagsúlacht Bhitheolaíoch'' == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Imeacht}} == Praghsáil carbóin == [[Íomhá:Carbon taxes and emission trading worldwide.svg | mion | '' Trádáil astaíochtaí agus cánacha carbóin ar fud an domhain (2021) {{Legend | #009a3e | [[Carbon emission trading]] i bhfeidhm nó beartaithe}} {{Legend | #323b90 | [[Cáin charbóin]] i bhfeidhm nó beartaithe}} {{Legend | #fbba00 | Trádáil nó cáin faoi scrúdú}}]] Is modh é '''praghsáil carbóin''' (nó Praghsáil '''CO₂}} pricing''') chun [[maolú an athraithe aeráide|athrú aeráide a mhaolú]]. Cuirtear cáin ar [[astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa]] chun truaillitheoirí a spreagadh dóchán [[breosla iontaise]] a laghdú. De ghnáth, is [[cáin charbóin]] é an praghas, é sin nó scéim i ndáil le [[trádáil astaíochtaí]] (STA).<ref name=:0 /> '' Carbon pricing seeks to address the economic problem that emissions of [[dé-ocsaíd charbóin|CO₂]] and other [[gás ceaptha teasa]] are a [[Seachtracht#Seachtracht dhearfach|seachtracht dhearfach]] – a detrimental product that is not charged for by any market. The method is widely agreed to be an efficient policy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. '' 28% of global GHG emissions are covered by carbon pricing in 2025.<ref name=:2 /> In 2021, there was a major increase in the usage of carbon pricing due to the introduction of the [[Chinese national carbon trading scheme]].<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=23}}</ref><ref name="China ETS2" /> Regions with carbon pricing include most European countries and [[Ceanada]]. On the other hand, top emitters like [[an Ind]], [[an Rúis]], the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]] and many US states have not introduced carbon pricing.<ref name=ieporg /> [[An Astráil]] had a [[Carbon pricing in Australia|carbon pricing scheme from 2012 to 2014]]. In 2020, carbon pricing generated $53B in revenue.<ref>{{harvnb|World Bank|2021|p=14}}</ref> '' Dar leis an b[[Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar an Athrú Aeráide]], a price level of $135–$5500 in 2030 and $245–$13,000 per metric ton CO₂ in 2050 would be needed to drive carbon emissions to stay below [[Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C|the 1.5°C limit]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch4|2018|p=374}}</ref> Latest models of the [[social cost of carbon]] calculate a damage of more than $300 per ton of CO₂ as a result of economy feedbacks and falling global [[olltáirgeacht intíre|OTI]] growth rates, while policy recommendations range from about $50 to $200.<ref name="Kikstra 2021">{{harvnb|Kikstra|2021}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Many carbon pricing schemes including the ETS in China remain below $10 per ton of CO₂.<ref name="China ETS" /> One exception is the [[European Union Emissions Trading System]] (EU-ETS) which exceeded €100 per ton of CO₂ in February 2023.<ref name=:1 /> '' A carbon tax is generally favoured on economic grounds for its simplicity and stability, while cap-and-trade theoretically offers the possibility to limit allowances to the remaining [[carbon budget]]. Current implementations are only designed to meet certain reduction targets. '' As a supplement to carbon pricing enforced externally by national and subnational governments, organizations can also voluntarily implement their own internal carbon price (ICP) through a variety of tools.<ref name=:7 /> These include emissions trading systems, proxy prices, carbon fees, implicit prices, and hybrid models.<ref name=:02 /><ref name=:6 /> Organizations have used a variety of metrics to define their carbon prices.<ref name=:12 /> Research on the impacts of ICP on institutional emissions and [[Competition (economics)|competition]] is ongoing.<ref name=:7 /><ref name=:9 /><ref name=:3 /><ref name=:5 /> == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is Carbon Pricing? | url = https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311235027/https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/what-carbon-pricing | archive-date=March 11, 2021 | dátarochtana = 2021-03-14 | work = carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org | dáta = 9 Bealtaine 2017}}</ref> <ref name=:1>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Carbon Price Viewer | url = https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer | foilsitheoir = EMBER | dátarochtana = 2021-09-07 | archive-date=September 15, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915123457/https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer/ | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:2>{{cite journal | date=2025 | title=State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025 | url=https://hdl.handle.net/10986/43277|journal=The World Bank | language=en-US | doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-2255-1 | doi-broken-date=April 9, 2026 | hdl=10986/43277}}</ref> <ref name=:02>{{cite journal | last1=Gorbach | first1=O.G.| last2=Kost | first2=C.| last3=Pickett |first3=C. | date=2022 | title=Review of internal carbon pricing and the development of a decision process for the identification of promising Internal Pricing Methods for an Organisation | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032121010170 | journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | language=en | volume=154 | article-number=111745 | doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.111745 | bibcode=2022RSERv.15411745G}}</ref> <ref name=:3>{{cite journal | last1=Desai | first1=Rajesh | last2=Raval | first2=Avani | last3=Thanki | first3=Shashank | date=2025 | title=Does internal carbon pricing moderate the firm value effects of carbon emission? A study of an emerging economy | url=https://www.emerald.com/jaar/article/26/5/1213/1251497/Does-internal-carbon-pricing-moderate-the-firm | journal=Journal of Applied Accounting Research | language=en | volume=26 | issue=5 | pages=1213–1236 | doi=10.1108/JAAR-07-2024-0248 | issn=0967-5426}}</ref> <ref name=:5>{{cite journal | last1=Qin | first1=Linxin | last2=Wang | first2=Zhan | last3=Pan | first3=Ane | date=2023-12-13 | title=How the implementation of internal carbon pricing impacts on carbon reduction: facilitating or hindering | url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5 | journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research | language=en | doi=10.1007/s11356-023-30997-5 | pmid=38091215 | issn=1614-7499}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{cite journal | last=Harpankar | first=Kshama | date=2019 | title=Internal carbon pricing: rationale, promise and limitations | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178 | journal=Carbon Management | language=en | volume=10 | issue=2 | pages=219–225 | doi=10.1080/17583004.2019.1577178|bibcode=2019CarM...10..219H | issn=1758-3004}}</ref> <ref name=:7>{{cite journal | last1=Zhu | first1=Bangzhu | last2=Xu | first2=Chenxin | last3=Wang| first3=Ping | last4=Zhang | first4=Lin | date=2022 | title=How does internal carbon pricing affect corporate environmental performance? | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0148296322002028 | journal=Journal of Business Research | language=en | volume=145 | pages=65–77 | doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.02.071}}</ref> <ref name=:9>{{Cite journal | last1=Ma | first1=Jialu | last2=Kuo | first2=Jeffrey | date=2021 | title=Environmental self-regulation for sustainable development: Can internal carbon pricing enhance financial performance? | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.2817 | journal=Business Strategy and the Environment | language=en | volume=30 | issue=8 | pages=3517–3527 | doi=10.1002/bse.2817| bibcode=2021BSEnv..30.3517M | issn=0964-4733}}</ref> <ref name=:12>{{Cite journal | last1=Bento | first1=Nuno | last2=Gianfrate | first2=Gianfranco | date=2020 | title=Determinants of internal carbon pricing | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421520302445 | journal=Energy Policy | language=en | volume=143 | article-number=111499 | doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111499 | bibcode=2020EnPol.14311499B | hdl=10071/20557}}</ref> <ref name="China ETS2">{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Davies | ainm = Paul A.| last2=Westgate | first2=R. Andrew | teideal = China's National ETS Launches Trading | dáta = 9 Lúnasa 2021 | url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/ | dátarochtana = 7 Meán Fómhair 2021 | foilsitheoir = Latham & Watkins}}</ref> <ref name=ieporg>{{lua idirlín | teideal =State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2023 | url = http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007102955/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/State%20and%20Trends%20of%20Carbon%20Pricing%202023.pdf | archive-date=October 7, 2024 | dátarochtana = 2 Meitheamh 2023 | foilsitheoir = World Bank Group}}</ref> <ref name="China ETS">{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Davies | ainm =Paul A. | last2=Westgate | first2=R. Andrew | teideal = China's National ETS Launches Trading | dáta = 9 Lúnasa 2021 | url=https://www.globalelr.com/2021/08/chinas-national-ets-launches-trading/ | foilsitheoir = Latham & Watkins | dátarochtana = 7 Meán Fómhair 2021}}</ref> }} == Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh == {{WD Bosca Sonraí Eagraíochta}} '' an Ghníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh (Béarla: '''International Energy Agency''' ('''IEA''')) is a [[Paris]]-based autonomous [[intergovernmental organization]], established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global [[energy industry|energy sector]].<ref name=UIA /> The 32 member countries and 13<ref name=Latvia /> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=:4 /> == Structure The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.<ref name=:6 /> == Ballraíocht The 32 member countries and 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal"/> association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.<ref name=":4" /> === Ballstáit Only [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] member states may join the IEA. Members are required to maintain total [[Global strategic petroleum reserves|oil stock]] levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=IEA |date=18 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118113141/https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=:1 /> Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more [[crude oil]] to enter the global market.<ref name=:1 /> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 0.95em;" ! style="width:115px;" | Tír ! Ballraíocht ! Nótaí |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Australia}} | align="right" |1979<ref name=":03"/> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Austria}} | align="right" |18 November 1974 <ref name=:5>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Richard |title=The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=1994 |location=Paris |pages=67}}</ref> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Belgium}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Canada}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Czech Republic}} | align="right" |5 February 2001<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Denmark}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Estonia}} | align="right" |9 May 2014 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Finland}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|France}} | align="right" |1992<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Germany}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Greece}} | align="right" |1976<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Hungary}} | align="right" |3 June 1997<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Ireland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Italy}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Japan}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Latvia}} | align="right" | 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member - News | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agencys-32nd-member }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Lithuania}} | align="right" |2022 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Luxembourg}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Mexico}} | align="right" |2018 | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Netherlands}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|New Zealand}} | align="right" |1977<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Norway}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member (under a special Agreement)<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Portugal}} | align="right" |1981<ref name=":03" /> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Poland}} | align="right" |25 September 2008 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Poland becomes 28th member country of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=iea.org |date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618154322/https://www.iea.org/news/poland-becomes-28th-member-country-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Slovakia}} | align="right" |30 November 2007 <ref>{{lua idirlín | teideal =Slovak Republic to become 27th member of the IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=UPI |date=30 November 2007 |language=en |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121054/https://www.iea.org/news/slovak-republic-to-become-27th-member-of-the-iea |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|South Korea}} | align="right" |20 April 2001 <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 20 Aibreán 2001 | teideal = Korea Joins International Energy Agency; Becomes IEA's Twenty-Sixth Member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |access-date=2022-05-25 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120845/https://www.iea.org/news/korea-joins-international-energy-agency-becomes-ieas-twenty-sixth-member |url-status=live }}</ref> | |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Spain}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Sweden}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Switzerland}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|Turkey}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |- | style="text-align:left;" |{{flag|United States}} | align="right" |18 November 1974<ref name=":5" /> |Founding member<ref name=":03" /> |} === Tíortha aontachais '' Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat. <ref name=>{{cite book | last=Scott | first=Richard | url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | title=The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994 | publisher=International Energy Agency | year=1994 | volume=1 | location=Paris | pages=336 | archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001235542/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf | url-status=live}}</ref> '' The following countries are undergoing the accession process:<ref name="AccessionAssociate">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/countries|title=Countries & Regions - IEA|publisher=International Energy Agency|access-date=2026-10-06}}</ref> * {{Flag|Colombia}} * {{Flag|Brazil}} <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | url = https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/inicio-do-processo-de-acessao-do-brasil-a-agencia-internacional-de-energia-como-membro-pleno-nota-conjunta-mre-mme-2 | teideal =Início do processo de acessão do Brasil à Agência Internacional de Energia como membro pleno - Nota Conjunta MRE/MME|access-date=21 February 2026 | work = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|MRE]] | dáta = 20 Feabhra 2026 | teanga = pt}}</ref> * {{Flag|Chile}} * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} * {{Flag|Israel}} * {{Flag|Romania}} === Association countries '' Association was formally launched in 2015 with a 13<ref name="kenya-and-senegal" /> country membership. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News | url = https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | dáta = 24 Deireadh Fómhair 2016 | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=23 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723142050/https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country | url-status=live}}</ref> India officially declared its "Association" status with the International Energy Agency (IEA) on March 30, 2017. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = India becomes IEA Association Country | url = https://www.iea.org/news/india-and-the-iea-enter-new-phase-of-closer-collaboration-with-signing-of-strategic-partnership-framework | dátarochtana = 27 Eanáir 2021 | work = IEA | dáta = 27 Eanáir 2021 | teanga = en-GB | url-status=live}}</ref> Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | dáta = 24 Márta 2022 | teideal = Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News | url = https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | dátarochtana = 24 Márta 2022 | archive-date=28 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328202427/https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022. <ref name=>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA | url =anhttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = aljazeera.com | teanga = en | archive-date=30 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730052007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2025, Brazil started the process to become a member country. <ref name{>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30 |title=Governo brasileiro formaliza adesão à AIE | url = https://brasilenergia.com.br/energia/governo-regulacao/governo-brasileiro-formaliza-adesao-a-aie | dátarochtana = 2025-07-31 | work = brasilenergia.com.br | teanga = pt-br}}</ref> '' As of October 2026 the IEA has 14 association countries:<ref name="AccessionAssociate"/> * {{Flag|Argentina}} * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Egypt}} * {{Flag|India}} * {{Flag|Indonesia}} * {{Flag|Kenya}} * {{Flag|Morocco}} * {{Flag|Nigeria}} * {{Flag|Senegal}} * {{Flag|Singapore}} * {{Flag|South Africa}} * {{Flag|Thailand}} * {{Flag|Ukraine}} * {{Flag|Vietnam}} == Areas of work '' The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries. === Dáta === Scenarios IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called ''scenarios'', with criteria that includes: * Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000550/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000552/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps |url-status=live}}</ref> * Net Zero Scenario (NZE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023443/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> === Key publications [[Íomhá:Renewables 2022.pdf| mion | ''A 2022 report on [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]]]] * '''World Energy Outlook''' (WEO) * '''Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector''' * '''Energy Technology Perspectives''' (ETP) * '''Global EV Outlook''' (GEVO) * '''Oil Market Report''' * '''Electricity Market Report''' * '''Gas Market Report''' * '''Energy Efficiency''' * '''Renewable Energy Market Update''' * '''World Energy Investment''' * '''Tracking Clean Energy Progress''' * '''Country Reviews''' == Cáineadh === Bias against renewable energy [[Íomhá:Reality_versus_IEA_predictions_-_annual_photovoltaic_additions_2002-2016.png | mion | '' Real development of global [[photovoltaics]] additions (in [[gigawatt]]) vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016]] '' The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of [[fuinneamh in-athnuaite]] sources in future energy systems such as [[photovoltaics]] and their cost reductions.<ref name=Creutzig2017 /><ref name=Hoekstra2017 /><ref name=Mertens /> === Accuracy of forecasting '' ''The Guardian'' referred to a team of scientists from [[Uppsala University]] in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. <ref name=guardian2 /> === Restricting access to data '' In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at [[Our World in Data]] for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, "[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it".<ref name=ambrose-2021 /><ref name=ritchie-2021 /><ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /><ref name=schaefer-2021 /> The authors of the Our World in Data suggested in an open letter that "countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding".<ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021 /> '' In January 2022, the IEA announced plans to make all its data and analyses freely available and [[Open access|open-access]], a move endorsed by its executive director and governing board. This initiative was awaiting final endorsement from IEA member countries to become effective.<ref name=Ritchie2024 /> '' In October 2023, the IEA made the World Energy Outlook 2023 dataset available for non-commercial use under a [[Creative Commons license]]. This dataset encompasses global aggregated data for various scenarios, alongside detailed regional and country-specific data up to 2050.<ref name=ieadataset /> == Féach freisin * [[Gníomhaireacht Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh In-athnuaite]] == Tagairtí {{reflist | refs = <ref name=UIA>{{lua idirlín | url = https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100010487 | teideal =International Energy Agency (IEA) | údar = Staff writer | bhliain = 2024 | department=UIA Global Civil Society Database | work = uia.org | foilsitheoir = [[Union of International Associations]] | agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online | location=Brussels, Belgium | dátarochtana = 12 Eanáir 2025}}</ref> <ref name=Latvia>{{lua idirlín | teideal =IEA Ministers invite Latvia to become Agency's 32nd member |url=https://www.iea.org/news/iea-ministers-invite-latvia-to-become-agency-s-32nd-member |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=IEA |date=14 February 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=:4>{{lua idirlín | teideal = History – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/history | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025164432/https://www.iea.org/about/history | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="guardian2">{{cite news | údar = Terry Macalister | dáta = 2009-11-12 | teideal =Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |access-date=2010-01-23 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065355/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Creutzig2017>[[Felix Creutzig]] et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, [[doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140]]</ref> <ref name=Hoekstra2017>Auke Hoekstra et al.: Creating Agent-Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation. In: [[Complexity]]. 2017, [[doi:10.1155/2017/1967645]]</ref> <ref name=Mertens>Konrad Mertens: ''Photovoltaik: Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen, Technologie und Praxis''. 4ú eagrán, Hanser, (München) loch. 340.</ref> <ref name=ambrose-2021>{{cite news | sloinne = Ambrose | ainm = Jillian | dáta = 10 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data |work=The Guardian | location=London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/10/academics-urge-iea-to-give-free-access-to-national-energy-data | dátarochtana = 2021-12-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> <ref name=ritchie-2021>{{cite journal | last1=Ritchie | first1=Hannah | author-link=Hannah Ritchie | date=5 October 2021 | title=Covid's lessons for climate, sustainability and more from our World in Data | url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | journal=Nature | volume=598 | issue=7879 | pages=9 | bibcode=2021Natur.598....9R | doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02691-4 | issn=1476-4687 | pmid=34611360 | access-date=2021-11-10 | s2cid=238411009 | archive-date=24 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524080856/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-02691-4/d41586-021-02691-4.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=roser-and-ritchie-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Roser | ainm = Max | last2=Ritchie | first2=Hannah | dáta = 7 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | teideal = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | dátarochtana = 2021-10-08 | work=Our World in Data | location=Oxford, United Kingdom | dátarochtana = 8 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008085608/https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=schaefer-2021>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Schäfer | ainm = Malte | display-authors=etal | dáta = 8 Nollaig 2021 | teideal = Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries: please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses | url = https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 | dátarochtana = 2022-01-19 | foilsitheoir = Open Energy Modelling Initiative | archive-date=19 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119192423/https://forum.openmod.org/t/open-letter-to-iea-and-member-countries-requesting-open-data/2949#open-letter-to-the-international-energy-agency-and-its-member-countries-please-remove-paywalls-from-global-energy-data-and-add-appropriate-open-licenses-1 url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Ritchie2024>{{cite journal | last=Ritchie | first=Hannah | last2=Roser | first2=Max | date=2024-03-04 | title=The IEA wants to make their data available to the public – now it is on governments of the world's rich countries to make this happen | url=https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | work = Our World in Data | archive-date=17 March 2024 | access-date= March | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317084939/https://ourworldindata.org/free-data-iea | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=ieadataset>{{lua idirlín | teideal = World Energy Outlook 2023 Free Dataset - Data product | url = https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | dátarochtana = 2024-03-17 | work = IEA | teanga = en-GB | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317083750/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-outlook-2023-free-dataset-2 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=:6>{{lua idirlín | teideal = Structure – About | url = https://www.iea.org/about/structure | dátarochtana = 2022-07-23 | work = IEA | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731192528/https://www.iea.org/about/structure | url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{síol}} == Buntásc == __NOINDEX__ __NOTOC__ hepk8h6jdbrmrrbvs95tv9xu2ll5c9s 2 120472 1330956 1330634 2026-10-29T19:07:20Z ListeriaBot 25319 Wikidata list updated [V2] 1330956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list | sparql = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE { ?item wdt:P17 wd:Q27. ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel. FILTER(CONTAINS(LCASE(?itemLabel), "wicklow mountains")) FILTER(LANG(?itemLabel) = "en" || LANG(?itemLabel) = "ga" || LANG(?itemLabel) = "ro") } | columns = label:Alt, item:Mír | nocat = true }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! Alt ! Mír |- | [[Páirc Náisiúnta Shléibhte Chill Mhantáin]] | [[:d:Q3364505|Q3364505]] |- | [[Sléibhte Chill Mhantáin]] | [[:d:Q945002|Q945002]] |- | ''[[:d:Q100553270|European Communities (Conservation of Wild Birds (Wicklow Mountains Special Protection Area 004040)) Regulations 2012]]'' | [[:d:Q100553270|Q100553270]] |- | ''[[:d:Q128578262|Sléibhte Chill Mhantáin (LCS)]]'' | [[:d:Q128578262|Q128578262]] |} {{Wikidata list end}} 1xaa7gjwxr9x2dj52redelq1hi4kxzk 2 120482 1330977 1329929 2026-10-30T04:25:12Z ListeriaBot 25319 Wikidata list updated [V2] 1330977 wikitext text/x-wiki == Contaetha na hÉireann -- == :'' Féach [[Contaetha na hÉireann]] === Reatha === {{Wikidata list | SPARQL = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?province ?provinceLabel WHERE { VALUES ?countyType { wd:Q179872 wd:Q1317848 } # county of Ireland or Northern Ireland ?item wdt:P31 ?countyType. OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P131 ?province. ?province wdt:P31 wd:Q202156. # province of Ireland } SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en,ga". } } ORDER BY ?itemLabel | columns = number, item:Qid, label:Contae, P131:Cúige }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! number ! Qid ! Contae ! Cúige |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[:d:Q189592|Q189592]] | [[Contae Aontroma]] | [[Tuaisceart Éireann]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[:d:Q192761|Q192761]] | [[Contae Ard Mhacha]] | [[Tuaisceart Éireann]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[:d:Q181882|Q181882]] | [[Contae Cheatharlach]] | [[Cúige Laighean]]<br/>[[Réigiún an Oirdheiscirt]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[:d:Q187402|Q187402]] | [[Contae an Chabháin]] | [[Cúige Uladh]]<br/>[[Réigiún na Teorann]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[:d:Q181862|Q181862]] | [[Contae an Chláir]] | [[Cúige Mumhan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[:d:Q162475|Q162475]] | [[Contae Chorcaí]] | [[Cúige Mumhan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[:d:Q179424|Q179424]] | [[Contae Dhún na nGall]] | [[Cúige Uladh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[:d:Q190684|Q190684]] | [[Contae an Dúin]] | [[Tuaisceart Éireann]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[:d:Q190678|Q190678]] | [[Contae Fhear Manach]] | [[Tuaisceart Éireann]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[:d:Q169923|Q169923]] | [[Contae na Gaillimhe]] | [[Cúige Chonnacht]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[:d:Q184469|Q184469]] | [[Contae Chiarraí]] | [[Cúige Mumhan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[:d:Q173332|Q173332]] | [[Contae Chill Dara]] | [[Cúige Laighean]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[:d:Q180231|Q180231]] | [[Contae Chill Chainnigh]] | [[Cúige Laighean]]<br/>[[Réigiún an Oirdheiscirt]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[:d:Q55299|Q55299]] | [[Contae Laoise]] | [[Cúige Laighean]]<br/>[[Réigiún Lár na Tíre]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[:d:Q107397|Q107397]] | [[Contae Liatroma]] | [[Cúige Chonnacht]]<br/>[[Réigiún na Teorann]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[:d:Q178283|Q178283]] | [[Contae Luimnigh]] | [[Cúige Mumhan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[:d:Q192208|Q192208]] | [[Contae Dhoire]] | [[Tuaisceart Éireann]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[:d:Q186220|Q186220]] | [[Contae an Longfoirt]] | [[Cúige Laighean]]<br/>[[Réigiún Lár na Tíre]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[:d:Q183539|Q183539]] | [[Contae Lú]] | [[Cúige Laighean]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[:d:Q178626|Q178626]] | [[Contae Mhaigh Eo]] | [[Cúige Chonnacht]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[:d:Q183544|Q183544]] | [[Contae na Mí]] | [[Cúige Laighean]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[:d:Q184760|Q184760]] | [[Contae Mhuineacháin]] | [[Cúige Uladh]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[:d:Q184445|Q184445]] | [[Contae Uíbh Fhailí]] | [[Cúige Laighean]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[:d:Q179437|Q179437]] | [[Contae Ros Comáin]] | [[Cúige Chonnacht]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[:d:Q179325|Q179325]] | [[Contae Shligigh]] | [[Cúige Chonnacht]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[:d:Q184618|Q184618]] | [[Contae Thiobraid Árann]] | [[Cúige Mumhan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[:d:Q192229|Q192229]] | [[Contae Thír Eoghain]] | [[Tuaisceart Éireann]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[:d:Q184594|Q184594]] | [[Contae Phort Láirge]] | [[Cúige Mumhan]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[:d:Q182633|Q182633]] | [[Contae na hIarmhí]] | [[Cúige Laighean]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[:d:Q184599|Q184599]] | [[Contae Loch Garman]] | [[Cúige Laighean]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[:d:Q182591|Q182591]] | [[Contae Chill Mhantáin]] | [[Cúige Laighean]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[:d:Q4169280|Q4169280]] | ''[[:d:Q4169280|Cathair Átha Cliath]]'' | [[Cúige Laighean]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[:d:Q538417|Q538417]] | [[Dún Laoghaire-Ráth an Dúin]] | [[Cúige Laighean]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[:d:Q520000|Q520000]] | [[Fine Gall]] | [[Cúige Laighean]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[:d:Q1076424|Q1076424]] | [[Contae Thiobraid Árann Thuaidh]] | [[Contae Thiobraid Árann]]<br/>[[Réigiún an Lár-Iarthair]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[:d:Q822865|Q822865]] | [[Contae Átha Cliath Theas]] | [[Cúige Laighean]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[:d:Q1076415|Q1076415]] | [[Contae Thiobraid Árann Theas]] | [[Contae Thiobraid Árann]]<br/>[[Réigiún an Oirdheiscirt]] |} {{Wikidata list end}} === Stairiúla === {{Wikidata list | SPARQL = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?county ?countyLabel WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q179872. ?item wdt:P7959 ?county. SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en,ga". } } ORDER BY ?countyLabel | columns = number, P7959:Contae stairiúil, ?countyLabel:???, label:Contae, item:Qid }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! number ! Contae stairiúil ! ??? ! Contae ! Qid |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Contae Cheatharlach]] | County Carlow | [[Contae Cheatharlach]] | [[:d:Q181882|Q181882]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[Contae an Chabháin]] | County Cavan | [[Contae an Chabháin]] | [[:d:Q187402|Q187402]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Contae an Chláir]] | County Clare | [[Contae an Chláir]] | [[:d:Q181862|Q181862]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[Contae Chorcaí]] | County Cork | [[Contae Chorcaí]] | [[:d:Q162475|Q162475]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[Contae Dhún na nGall]] | County Donegal | [[Contae Dhún na nGall]] | [[:d:Q179424|Q179424]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath]] | County Dublin | [[Fine Gall]] | [[:d:Q520000|Q520000]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath]] | County Dublin | [[Dún Laoghaire-Ráth an Dúin]] | [[:d:Q538417|Q538417]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath]] | County Dublin | [[Contae Átha Cliath Theas]] | [[:d:Q822865|Q822865]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath]] | County Dublin | ''[[:d:Q4169280|Cathair Átha Cliath]]'' | [[:d:Q4169280|Q4169280]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[Contae na Gaillimhe]] | County Galway | [[Contae na Gaillimhe]] | [[:d:Q169923|Q169923]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[Contae Chiarraí]] | County Kerry | [[Contae Chiarraí]] | [[:d:Q184469|Q184469]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[Contae Chill Dara]] | County Kildare | [[Contae Chill Dara]] | [[:d:Q173332|Q173332]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[Contae Chill Chainnigh]] | County Kilkenny | [[Contae Chill Chainnigh]] | [[:d:Q180231|Q180231]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[Contae Laoise]] | County Laois | [[Contae Laoise]] | [[:d:Q55299|Q55299]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[Contae Liatroma]] | County Leitrim | [[Contae Liatroma]] | [[:d:Q107397|Q107397]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[Contae Luimnigh]] | County Limerick | [[Contae Luimnigh]] | [[:d:Q178283|Q178283]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[Contae an Longfoirt]] | County Longford | [[Contae an Longfoirt]] | [[:d:Q186220|Q186220]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[Contae Lú]] | County Louth | [[Contae Lú]] | [[:d:Q183539|Q183539]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[Contae Mhaigh Eo]] | County Mayo | [[Contae Mhaigh Eo]] | [[:d:Q178626|Q178626]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[Contae na Mí]] | County Meath | [[Contae na Mí]] | [[:d:Q183544|Q183544]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[Contae Mhuineacháin]] | County Monaghan | [[Contae Mhuineacháin]] | [[:d:Q184760|Q184760]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[Contae Uíbh Fhailí]] | County Offaly | [[Contae Uíbh Fhailí]] | [[:d:Q184445|Q184445]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[Contae Ros Comáin]] | County Roscommon | [[Contae Ros Comáin]] | [[:d:Q179437|Q179437]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[Contae Shligigh]] | County Sligo | [[Contae Shligigh]] | [[:d:Q179325|Q179325]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[Contae Thiobraid Árann]] | County Tipperary | [[Contae Thiobraid Árann]] | [[:d:Q184618|Q184618]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[Contae Thiobraid Árann]] | County Tipperary | [[Contae Thiobraid Árann Theas]] | [[:d:Q1076415|Q1076415]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[Contae Thiobraid Árann]] | County Tipperary | [[Contae Thiobraid Árann Thuaidh]] | [[:d:Q1076424|Q1076424]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[Contae Phort Láirge]] | County Waterford | [[Contae Phort Láirge]] | [[:d:Q184594|Q184594]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[Contae na hIarmhí]] | County Westmeath | [[Contae na hIarmhí]] | [[:d:Q182633|Q182633]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[Contae Loch Garman]] | County Wexford | [[Contae Loch Garman]] | [[:d:Q184599|Q184599]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[Contae Chill Mhantáin]] | County Wicklow | [[Contae Chill Mhantáin]] | [[:d:Q182591|Q182591]] |} {{Wikidata list end}} == Réigiúin NUTS na hÉireann -- == :'' Féach [[Réigiúin NUTS na hÉireann]] === NUTS 1 === {{Wikidata list | SPARQL = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q3455681. SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "ga". } } ORDER BY ?itemLabel | columns = number:#, label:Réigiún<br />NUTS&nbsp;2, P605:Cód, P856:Suíomh }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! Réigiún<br />NUTS&nbsp;2 ! Cód ! Suíomh |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Réigiún an Deiscirt]] | [https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-vocabularies/concept/-/resource?uri=http://data.europa.eu/nuts/code/IE05 IE05] | https://www.southernassembly.ie |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[Réigiún an Oirthir agus Lár Tíre]] | [https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-vocabularies/concept/-/resource?uri=http://data.europa.eu/nuts/code/IE06 IE06] | https://www.emra.ie |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Réigiún an Tuaiscirt agus an Iarthair]] | [https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-vocabularies/concept/-/resource?uri=http://data.europa.eu/nuts/code/IE04 IE04] | https://www.nwra.ie/ |} {{Wikidata list end}} === NUTS 2 === {{Wikidata list | SPARQL = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q6955657. SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "ga, en". } } ORDER BY ?itemLabel | columns = number:#, item:Qid, label:Réigiún NUTS 3, P605:Cód }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! Qid ! Réigiún NUTS 3 ! Cód |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[:d:Q5310956|Q5310956]] | [[Réigiún Bhaile Átha Cliath]] | [https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-vocabularies/concept/-/resource?uri=http://data.europa.eu/nuts/code/IE061 IE061] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[:d:Q1345331|Q1345331]] | [[Réigiún Lár na Tíre]] | [https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-vocabularies/concept/-/resource?uri=http://data.europa.eu/nuts/code/IE063 IE063] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[:d:Q7565299|Q7565299]] | [[Réigiún an Iardheiscirt]] | [https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-vocabularies/concept/-/resource?uri=http://data.europa.eu/nuts/code/IE053 IE053] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[:d:Q7986331|Q7986331]] | [[Réigiún an Iarthair]] | [https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-vocabularies/concept/-/resource?uri=http://data.europa.eu/nuts/code/IE013 IE013]<br/>[https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-vocabularies/concept/-/resource?uri=http://data.europa.eu/nuts/code/IE042 IE042] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[:d:Q6840838|Q6840838]] | [[Réigiún an Lár-Iarthair]] | [https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-vocabularies/concept/-/resource?uri=http://data.europa.eu/nuts/code/IE051 IE051] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[:d:Q6840712|Q6840712]] | [[Réigiún an Lár-Oirthir]] | [https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-vocabularies/concept/-/resource?uri=http://data.europa.eu/nuts/code/IE062 IE062] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[:d:Q7565274|Q7565274]] | [[Réigiún an Oirdheiscirt]] | [https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-vocabularies/concept/-/resource?uri=http://data.europa.eu/nuts/code/IE052 IE052] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[:d:Q4944607|Q4944607]] | [[Réigiún na Teorann]] | [https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-vocabularies/concept/-/resource?uri=http://data.europa.eu/nuts/code/IE041 IE041] |} {{Wikidata list end}} == Dáilcheantair + == : ''Féach [[Dáilcheantair]] {{Wikidata list | SPARQL = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?creationDate WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q28007428; # Instance of Dáil constituency wdt:P571 ?creationDate. # Date of creation FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?item wdt:P576 ?abolishedDate. } # Optional: abolished date SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en". } } ORDER BY ?itemLabel | columns = number:#, item:Qid, label:Dáilcheantar, P571:Bunaithe }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! Qid ! Dáilcheantar ! Bunaithe |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[:d:Q3913273|Q3913273]] | [[Ceatharlach–Cill Chainnigh (Dáilcheantar)|Ceatharlach–Cill Chainnigh]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948 |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[:d:Q2701743|Q2701743]] | [[An Cabhán–Muineachán (Dáilcheantar)|Cabhán–Muineachán]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977 |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[:d:Q2570782|Q2570782]] | [[An Clár (Dáilcheantar)|An Clár]] | data-sort-value="1921" | 1921 |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[:d:Q16951667|Q16951667]] | [[Corcaigh Thoir (Dáilcheantar)|Corcaigh Thoir]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981 |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[:d:Q2357143|Q2357143]] | [[Corcaigh Thuaidh-Lár (Dáilcheantar)|Corcaigh Thuaidh-Lár]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981 |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[:d:Q3147235|Q3147235]] | [[Corcaigh Thiar Thuaidh (Dáilcheantar)|Corcaigh Thiar Thuaidh]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981 |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[:d:Q2635304|Q2635304]] | [[Corcaigh Theas-Lár (Dáilcheantar)|Corcaigh Theas-Lár]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981 |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[:d:Q2746787|Q2746787]] | [[Corcaigh Thiar Theas (Dáilcheantar)|Corcaigh Thiar Theas]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961 |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[:d:Q5295599|Q5295599]] | [[Dún na nGall (Dáilcheantar)|Dún na nGall]] | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016 |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[:d:Q136823661|Q136823661]] | ''[[:d:Q136823661|Cuan Bhaile Átha Cliath Thuaidh]]'' | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024 |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[:d:Q136824660|Q136824660]] | ''[[:d:Q136824660|Cuan Bhaile Átha Cliath Theas]]'' | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024 |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[:d:Q2622823|Q2622823]] | [[Baile Átha Cliath Láir (Dáilcheantar)|Baile Átha Cliath Lár]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981 |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[:d:Q122067253|Q122067253]] | [[Baile Átha Cliath - Fine Gall Thoir (Dáilcheantar)|Baile Átha Cliath - Fine Gall Thoir]] | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024 |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[:d:Q122067303|Q122067303]] | [[Baile Átha Cliath - Fine Gall Thiar (Dáilcheantar)|Baile Átha Cliath - Fine Gall Thiar]] | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024 |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[:d:Q2641881|Q2641881]] | [[Baile Átha Cliath Thiar-Meán (Dáilcheantar)|Baile Átha Cliath Thiar-Meán]] | data-sort-value="2002" | 2002 |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[:d:Q2531985|Q2531985]] | [[Baile Átha Cliath Thiar-Thuaidh (Dáilcheantar)|Baile Átha Cliath Thiar Thuaidh]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981 |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[:d:Q5310953|Q5310953]] | [[Baile Átha Cliath Ráth an Dúin (Dáilcheantar)|Baile Átha Cliath, Ráth an Dúin]] | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016 |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[:d:Q5310969|Q5310969]] | [[Baile Átha Cliath Theas-Lár (Dáilcheantar)|Baile Átha Cliath Theas-Lár]] | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948 |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[:d:Q5310971|Q5310971]] | [[Baile Átha Cliath Thiar Theas (Dáilcheantar)|Baile Átha Cliath Thiar Theas]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981 |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[:d:Q5310999|Q5310999]] | [[Baile Átha Cliath Thiar (Dáilcheantar)|Baile Átha Cliath Thiar]] | data-sort-value="1981" | 1981 |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[:d:Q5320426|Q5320426]] | [[Dún Laoghaire (Dáilcheantar)|Dún Laoghaire]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977 |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[:d:Q4568022|Q4568022]] | [[Gaillimh Thoir (Dáilcheantar)|Gaillimh Thoir]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977 |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[:d:Q2251639|Q2251639]] | [[Gaillimh Thiar (Dáilcheantar)|Gaillimh Thiar]] | data-sort-value="1937" | 1937 |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[:d:Q6394444|Q6394444]] | [[Ciarraí (Dáilcheantar)|Ciarraí]] | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016 |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[:d:Q6406731|Q6406731]] | [[Cill Dara Thuaidh (Dáilcheantar)|Cill Dara Thuas]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997 |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[:d:Q17088606|Q17088606]] | [[Cill Dara Theas (Dáilcheantar)|Cill Dara Theas]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997 |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[:d:Q6487881|Q6487881]] | [[Laois (Dáilcheantar)|Laois]] | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016 |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[:d:Q6549243|Q6549243]] | [[Cathair Luimnigh (Dáilcheantar)|Cathair Luimnigh]] | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011 |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[:d:Q6549251|Q6549251]] | [[Contae Luimnigh (Dáilcheantar)|Contae Luimnigh]] | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016 |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[:d:Q6673850|Q6673850]] | [[An Longfort–An Iarmhí (Dáilcheantar)|Longfort–Iarmhí]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007 |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[:d:Q6689841|Q6689841]] | [[Lú (Dáilcheantar)|Lú]] | data-sort-value="1923" | 1923 |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[:d:Q1869725|Q1869725]] | [[Maigh Eo (Dáilcheantar)|Maigh Eo]] | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997 |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[:d:Q1929591|Q1929591]] | [[An Mhí Thoir (Dáilcheantar)|An Mhí Thoir]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007 |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[:d:Q2040462|Q2040462]] | [[An Mhí Thiar (Dáilcheantar)|An Mhí Thiar]] | data-sort-value="2007" | 2007 |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[:d:Q7079018|Q7079018]] | [[Uíbh Fhailí (Dáilcheantar)|Uíbh Fhailí]] | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016 |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[:d:Q7367587|Q7367587]] | [[Ros Comáin–Gaillimh (Dáilcheantar)|Ros Comáin–Gaillimh]] | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016 |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[:d:Q54932109|Q54932109]] | ''[[:d:Q54932109|Sligeach–Liatroim]]'' | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016 |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[:d:Q136435355|Q136435355]] | [[Tiobraid Árann Thuaidh (Dáilcheantar)|Tiobraid Árann Thuaidh]] | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024 |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[:d:Q136435384|Q136435384]] | [[Tiobraid Árann Theas (Dáilcheantar)|Tiobraid Árann Theas]] | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024 |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[:d:Q2109423|Q2109423]] | [[Port Láirge (Dáilcheantar)|Port Láirge]] | data-sort-value="1923" | 1923 |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[:d:Q3458611|Q3458611]] | [[Loch Garman (Dáilcheantar)|Loch Garman]] | data-sort-value="1921" | 1921 |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[:d:Q2380581|Q2380581]] | [[Cill Mhantáin (Dáilcheantar)|Cill Mhantáin]] | data-sort-value="1923" | 1923 |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[:d:Q122067466|Q122067466]] | [[Cill Mhantáin-Loch Garman (Dáilcheantar)|Cill Mhantáin-Loch Garman]] | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024 |} {{Wikidata list end}} == Contaetha na hAlbáine + == : '' Féach [[Contaetha na hAlbáine]] {{Wikidata list | SPARQL = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q104251. FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?item wdt:P576 ?dátaDíscaoilte. } SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en,ga". } } ORDER BY ?itemLabel | columns = number:#, P94:Armas, label:Contae, P36:Príomh-chathair, P2046:Achar, P1082:Daonra, P242:Léarscáil }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! Armas ! Contae ! Príomh-chathair ! Achar ! Daonra ! Léarscáil |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Íomhá:Stema e Qarkut Berat.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Berat]] | ''[[:d:Q170244|Berat]]'' | 1798 km² | 115050 | [[Íomhá:Albania (Berat County).svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[Íomhá:ALB Qarku i Dibrës COA.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Dibër]] | ''[[:d:Q223154|Peshkopi]]'' | 2586 km² | 109585 | [[Íomhá:Albania (Dibër County).svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Íomhá:Stema e Qarkut Durrës.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Durrës]] | [[Durrës]] | 766 km² | 291325 | [[Íomhá:Albania (Durrës County).svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[Íomhá:Stema e Qarkut Elbasan.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Elbasan]] | [[Elbasan]] | 872 km² | 259112 | [[Íomhá:Albania (Elbasan County).svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[Íomhá:Stema e Qarkut Fier.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Fier]] | ''[[:d:Q190897|Fier]]'' | 1890 km² | 278413 | [[Íomhá:Albania (Fier County).svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[Íomhá:Stema e Qarkut Gjirokastër.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Gjirokastër]] | ''[[:d:Q173690|Gjirokastër]]'' | 2884 km² | 55278 | [[Íomhá:Albania (Gjirokastër County).svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[Íomhá:Stema e Qarkut Korçë.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Korçë]] | ''[[:d:Q116341|Korçë]]'' | 3711 km² | 197303 | [[Íomhá:Albania (Korçë County).svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[Íomhá:Stema e Qarkut Kukës.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Kukës]] | ''[[:d:Q210197|Kukës]]'' | 2374 km² | 72768 | [[Íomhá:Albania (Kukës County).svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[Íomhá:Stema e Qarkut Lezhë.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Lezhë]] | ''[[:d:Q169160|Lezhë]]'' | 1620 km² | 117283 | [[Íomhá:Albania (Lezhë County).svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[Íomhá:Stema e Qarkut Shkodër.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Shkodër]] | ''[[:d:Q131638|Shkodër]]'' | 3562 km² | 193009 | [[Íomhá:Albania (Shkodër County).svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[Íomhá:Stema e Qarkut Tiranë.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Tiranë]] | [[Tiorána]] | 1652 km² | 919511 | [[Íomhá:Albania (Tirana County).svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[Íomhá:Stema e Qarkut Vlorë.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Vlorë]] | [[Vlorë]] | 2706 km² | 184955 | [[Íomhá:Albania (Vlorë County).svg|center|128px]] |} {{Wikidata list end}} == Cúigí na Bulgáire + == :'' Féach [[Cúigí na Bulgáire]] {{Wikidata list | SPARQL = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q209824. FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?item wdt:P576 ?dátaDíscaoilte. } SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en,ga". } } ORDER BY ?itemLabel | columns = number:#, P94:Armas, label:Cúige, P36:Príomh-chathair, P2046:Achar, P1082:Daonra, P242:Léarscáil }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! Armas ! Cúige ! Príomh-chathair ! Achar ! Daonra ! Léarscáil |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Íomhá:Gerb blagoevgrad.svg|center|128px]] | [[Cúige Blagoevgrad]] | ''[[:d:Q173277|Blagoevgrad]]'' | 6449.47 km² | 285644 | [[Íomhá:Blagoevgrad in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | | [[Cúige Burgas]] | [[Burgas]] | 7748.1 km² | 388919 | [[Íomhá:Burgas in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Íomhá:Dobrich-coat-of-arms.svg|center|128px]] | [[Cúige Dobrich]] | ''[[:d:Q168668|Dobrich]]'' | 4719.7 km² | 143858 | [[Íomhá:Dobrich in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | | [[Cúige Gabrovo]] | ''[[:d:Q180131|Gabrovo]]'' | 2023 km² | 92722 | [[Íomhá:Gabrovo in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | | [[Cúige Haskovo]] | ''[[:d:Q186254|Haskovo]]'' | 5543 km² | 205702 | [[Íomhá:Haskovo in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | | [[Cúige Kardzhali]] | ''[[:d:Q192875|Kardzhali]]'' | 3216 km² | 152028 | [[Íomhá:Kardzhali Province location map.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | | [[Cúige Kyustendil]] | ''[[:d:Q189305|Kyustendil]]'' | 3084.3 km² | 104740 | [[Íomhá:Kyustendil in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | | [[Cúige Lovech]] | ''[[:d:Q189328|Lovech]]'' | 4132 km² | 109446 | [[Íomhá:Lovech in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | | [[Cúige Montana]] | ''[[:d:Q220121|Montana]]'' | 3635 km² | 110970 | [[Íomhá:Montana in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | | [[Cúige Pazardzhik]] | ''[[:d:Q186576|Pazardzhik]]'' | 4459 km² | 221176 | [[Íomhá:Pazardzhik in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | | [[Cúige Pernik]] | ''[[:d:Q185289|Pernik]]'' | 2392 km² | 108871 | [[Íomhá:Pernik in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[Íomhá:Gerb pleven.jpg|center|128px]] | [[Cúige Pleven]] | ''[[:d:Q165420|Pleven]]'' | 4337 km² | 212890 | [[Íomhá:Pleven in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | | [[Cúige Plovdiv]] | [[Plovdiv]] | 5972.89 km² | 638290 | [[Íomhá:Plovdiv in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | | [[Cúige Razgrad]] | ''[[:d:Q189650|Razgrad]]'' | 2637 km² | 98083 | [[Íomhá:Razgrad in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | | [[Cúige Ruse]] | [[Ruse, an Bhulgáir|Ruse]] | 2791 km² | 184251 | [[Íomhá:Ruse in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | | [[Cúige Shumen]] | ''[[:d:Q181830|Shumen]]'' | 3389.7 km² | 148601 | [[Íomhá:Shumen Province location map.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | | [[Cúige Silistra]] | ''[[:d:Q182428|Silistra]]'' | 2846 km² | 92365 | [[Íomhá:Silistra in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | | [[Cúige Sliven]] | ''[[:d:Q178385|Sliven]]'' | 3544.066 km² | 168267 | [[Íomhá:Sliven in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | | [[Cúige Smolyan]] | ''[[:d:Q192888|Smolyan]]'' | 3193 km² | 88816 | [[Íomhá:Smolyan in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | | [[Cúige Chathair Shóifia]] | [[Sóifia]] | 1348.902 km² | 1303813 | [[Íomhá:Oblast Sofia grad.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | | [[Cúige Sofia]] | [[Sóifia]] | 7059 km² | 222946 | [[Íomhá:Sofia (province) in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | | [[Cúige Stara Zagora]] | ''[[:d:Q170415|Stara Zagora]]'' | 5152 km² | 286722 | [[Íomhá:Stara Zagora in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | | [[Cúige Targovishte]] | ''[[:d:Q185114|Targovishte]]'' | 2558.5 km² | 93633 | [[Íomhá:Targovishte in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | | [[Cúige Varna]] | [[Varna]] | 3818 km² | 440532 | [[Íomhá:Varna in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[Íomhá:Veliko-Tarnovo-coat-of-arms.svg|center|128px]] | [[Cúige Veliko Tarnovo]] | [[Veliko Tarnovo]] | 4662 km² | 198803 | [[Íomhá:Veliko Tarnovo in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | | [[Cúige Vidin]] | ''[[:d:Q178531|Vidin]]'' | 3033 km² | 69465 | [[Íomhá:Vidin in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | | [[Cúige Vratsa]] | ''[[:d:Q189502|Vratsa]]'' | 3619.7 km² | 144502 | [[Íomhá:Vratsa in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | | [[Cúige Yambol]] | ''[[:d:Q186569|Yambol]]'' | 3335.5 km² | 104571 | [[Íomhá:Yambol in Bulgaria.svg|center|128px]] |} {{Wikidata list end}} == Contaetha na Cróite + == : '' Féach [[Contaetha na Cróite]] {{Wikidata list | SPARQL = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q57053. FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?item wdt:P576 ?dátaDíscaoilte. } SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en,ga". } } ORDER BY ?itemLabel | columns = number:#, P94:Armas, label:Contae, P36:Príomh-chathair, P2046:Achar, P1082:Daonra, P242:Léarscáil }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! Armas ! Contae ! Príomh-chathair ! Achar ! Daonra ! Léarscáil |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Íomhá:Bjelovar-Bilogora County coat of arms.png|center|128px]] | [[Contae Bjelovar-Bilogora]] | ''[[:d:Q5707|Bjelovar]]'' | 2640 km² | 119764 | [[Íomhá:Bjelovarsko-bilogorska županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[Íomhá:Coat of arms of Brod-Posavina County.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Brod-Posavina]] | ''[[:d:Q4686|Slavonski Brod]]'' | 2030 km²<br/>2028.3 km² | 158575 | [[Íomhá:Brodsko-posavska županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Íomhá:Dubrovnik-Neretva.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Dubrovnik-Neretva]] | [[Dubrovnic|Dubrovnik]] | 1781 km² | 115862 | [[Íomhá:Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[Íomhá:Grb Istarske županije.svg|center|128px]] | [[an Istria Chrótach]] | [[Pazin]] | 2813 km² | 195237 | [[Íomhá:Istarska županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[Íomhá:Coat of Arms of Karlovac county.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Karlovac]] | ''[[:d:Q3617|Karlovac]]'' | 3626 km² | 128899 | [[Íomhá:Karlovačka županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[Íomhá:Koprivnica County coat of arms.png|center|128px]] | [[Contae Koprivnica-Križevci]] | ''[[:d:Q5640|Koprivnica]]'' | 1746 km² | 115584 | [[Íomhá:Koprivničko-križevačka županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[Íomhá:Seal of Krapina-Zagorje County.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Krapina-Zagorje]] | ''[[:d:Q221189|Krapina]]'' | 1229 km² | 120702 | [[Íomhá:Krapinsko-zagorska županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[Íomhá:Lika-Senj County coat of arms.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Lika-Senj]] | ''[[:d:Q137919304|Gospić]]'' | 5353 km² | 42748 | [[Íomhá:Ličko-senjska županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[Íomhá:Međimurska županija (grb).svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Međimurje]] | ''[[:d:Q167839|Čakovec]]'' | 730 km² | 105250 | [[Íomhá:Međimurska županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[Íomhá:Osijek-Baranja County Arms.png|center|128px]] | [[Contae Osijek-Baranja]] | ''[[:d:Q1640|Osijek]]'' | 4155 km² | 305032 | [[Íomhá:Osječko-baranjska županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[Íomhá:Coa Hungary County Pozsega (history).svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Požega-Slavonia]] | ''[[:d:Q273114|Požega]]'' | 1823 km² | 64084 | [[Íomhá:Požeško-slavonska županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[Íomhá:Primorje-Gorski Kotar County coat of arms.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Primorje-Gorski Kotar]] | [[Rijeka]] | 3588 km² | 265419 | [[Íomhá:Primorsko-goranska županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[Íomhá:Sisak-Moslavina County coat of arms.png|center|128px]] | [[Contae Sisak-Moslavina]] | ''[[:d:Q192119|Sisak]]'' | 4468 km² | 185387 | [[Íomhá:Sisačko-moslavačka županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[Íomhá:Coat of arms of Split-Dalmatia County.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Split-na Dalmáite|Contae Split-Dalmatia]] | [[Split]] | 4534 km² | 423407 | [[Íomhá:Splitsko-dalmatinska županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[Íomhá:Varaždin County coat of arms.png|center|128px]] | [[Contae Varaždin]] | ''[[:d:Q5420|Varaždin]]'' | 1261 km² | 175951 | [[Íomhá:Varaždinska županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[Íomhá:Virovitica-Podravina County coat of arms.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Virovitica-Podravina]] | ''[[:d:Q266168|Virovitica]]'' | 2024 km² | 84836 | [[Íomhá:Virovitičko-podravska županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[Íomhá:Coat of Arms of Vukovar-Syrmia County.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Vukovar-Syrmia]] | [[Vukovar]] | 2448 km² | 179521 | [[Íomhá:Vukovarsko-srijemska županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[Íomhá:Zadar County coat of arms.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Zadar]] | [[Zadar]] | 3646 km² | 159766 | [[Íomhá:Zadarska županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[Íomhá:Coat of arms of Zagreb County.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Ságrab]] | [[Ságrab]] | 3078 km² | 317642 | [[Íomhá:Zagrebačka županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[Íomhá:Coat of arms of Šibenik County.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Šibenik-Knin]] | ''[[:d:Q3549|Šibenik]]'' | 2994 km² | 109375 | [[Íomhá:Šibensko-kninska županija in Croatia.svg|center|128px]] |} {{Wikidata list end}} == Contaetha na hEastóine + == {{Wikidata list | SPARQL = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q189672. SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "ga,et,en". } } ORDER BY ?itemLabel | columns = number:#, P94:Armas, label:Contae, P36:Príomhchathair, P2046:Achar, P1082:Daonra }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! Armas ! Contae ! Príomhchathair ! Achar ! Daonra |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Íomhá:Et-Harju maakond-coa.svg|center|128px]] | [[Harjumaa]] | [[Taillinn]] | 4326.7 km² | 646315 |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[Íomhá:Hiiumaa vapp.svg|center|128px]] | [[Hiiumaa]] | ''[[:d:Q155066|Kärdla]]'' | 1032.44 km² | 8418 |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Íomhá:Et-Järva maakond-coa.svg|center|128px]] | [[Järvamaa]] | ''[[:d:Q45114|Paide]]'' | 2674.14 km² | 30072 |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[Íomhá:Jõgevamaa vapp.svg|center|128px]] | [[Jõgevamaa]] | ''[[:d:Q117513|Jõgeva]]'' | 2544.86 km² | 27739 |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[Íomhá:Läänemaa vapp.svg|center|128px]] | [[Läänemaa]] | ''[[:d:Q191106|Haapsalu]]'' | 1815.57 km² | 20625 |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[Íomhá:Et-Pärnu maakond-coa.svg|center|128px]] | [[Pärnumaa]] | ''[[:d:Q102365|Pärnu]]'' | 5418.73 km² | 87418 |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[Íomhá:Põlvamaa vapp.svg|center|128px]] | [[Põlvamaa]] | ''[[:d:Q45100|Põlva]]'' | 1823.34 km² | 24036 |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[Íomhá:Raplamaa vapp.svg|center|128px]] | [[Raplamaa]] | ''[[:d:Q215971|Rapla]]'' | 2765.06 km² | 34038 |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[Íomhá:Saaremaa vapp.svg|center|128px]] | [[Saaremaa]] | ''[[:d:Q188179|Kuressaare]]'' | 2937.64 km² | 32021 |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[Íomhá:Tartumaa vapp.svg|center|128px]] | [[Tartumaa]] | ''[[:d:Q13972|Tartu]]'' | 3349.3 km² | 162390 |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[Íomhá:Valgamaa vapp.svg|center|128px]] | [[Valgamaa]] | ''[[:d:Q193905|Valga]]'' | 1917.09 km² | 27924 |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[Íomhá:Viljandimaa vapp.svg|center|128px]] | [[Viljandimaa]] | ''[[:d:Q44840|Viljandi]]'' | 3420.04 km² | 45637 |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[Íomhá:Lääne-Virumaa vapp.svg|center|128px]] | [[Virumaa Thiar]] | ''[[:d:Q191889|Rakvere]]'' | 3695.72 km² | 59608 |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[Íomhá:Ida-Virumaa vapp.svg|center|128px]] | [[Virumaa Thoir]] | ''[[:d:Q211059|Jõhvi]]'' | 2971.55 km² | 133358 |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[Íomhá:Võrumaa vapp.svg|center|128px]] | [[Võrumaa]] | ''[[:d:Q205271|Võru]]'' | 2773.14 km² | 34049 |} {{Wikidata list end}} == Réigiúin na Fraince +- == : '' Féach [[Réigiúin na Fraince]] === Réigiúin reatha + === {{Wikidata list | SPARQL = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?armas ?príomhchathairLabel ?daonra ?achar ?bunaíodh ?díscaoilte ?léarscáil WHERE { # VALUES ?regionType { wd:Q36784 } # region, overseas ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q36784; wdt:P36 ?príomhchathair; wdt:P1082 ?daonra; wdt:P2046 ?achar; wdt:P242 ?léarscáil. FILTER(NOT EXISTS { ?item wdt:P576 ?díscaoilte. }) # exclude if there is an end date OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P94 ?armas. } OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P571 ?bunaíodh. } OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P576 ?díscaoilte. } SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "ga". } } ORDER BY ?itemLabel | columns = number:#, P94:Armas, label:Réigiún, P36:Príomh-chathair, P2046:Achar, P1082:Daonra, P571:Bunaíodh, P242:Léarscáil }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! Armas ! Réigiún ! Príomh-chathair ! Achar ! Daonra ! Bunaíodh ! Léarscáil |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Íomhá:Blason region fr Normandie.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q18677875|An Normainn]]'' | [[Rouen]] | 29906 km² | 3345842 | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-01-01 | [[Íomhá:Normandie2014 region locator map.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[Íomhá:Blason région fr Occitanie.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q18678265|An Ocsatáin]]'' | [[Toulouse]] | 72724 km² | 6124653 | | [[Íomhá:Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyrénées region locator map.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Íomhá:Blason Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q18338206|Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]]'' | [[Lyon]] | 69711 km² | 8205557 | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-01-01 | [[Íomhá:Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region locator map.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[Íomhá:Blason région fr Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q18578267|Bourgogne-Franche-Comté]]'' | ''[[:d:Q37776|Besançon]]''<br/>[[Dijon]] | 47784 km² | 2802670 | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-01-01 | [[Íomhá:Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region locator map.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[Íomhá:Blason fr Centre-Val de Loire.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q13947|Centre-Val de Loire]]'' | [[Orléans]] | 39151 km² | 2587031 | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-06-04 | [[Íomhá:Centre-Val de Loire in France 2016.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | | [[Grand Est]] | [[Strasbourg]] | 57433 km² | 5563378 | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-01-01 | [[Íomhá:Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine region locator map.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[Íomhá:Coat of arms of Guadeloupe.svg|center|128px]] | [[Guadalúip]] | ''[[:d:Q167024|Basse-Terre]]'' | 1628 km² | 384160 | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-03-21 | [[Íomhá:Guadeloupe in France 2016.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[Íomhá:Coat of arms of French Guiana, according to the original displayed at the Museum Franconie, at Cayenne.svg|center|128px]] | [[Guáin na Fraince]] | [[Cayenne]] | 83534 km² | 293996 | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-03-21 | [[Íomhá:French Guiana (orthographic projection).svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[Íomhá:Escutcheon fr region Hauts-de-France.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q18677767|Hauts-de-France]]'' | [[Lille]] | 31813 km² | 5992194 | | [[Íomhá:Hauts-de-France region locator map.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[Íomhá:Armoiries Réunion.svg|center|128px]] | [[La Réunion]] | ''[[:d:Q47045|Saint-Denis]]'' | 2512 km² | 889679 | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-03-21<br/>1973-03-08 | [[Íomhá:Département 974 in France.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | | [[Martinique]] | ''[[:d:Q81621|Fort-de-France]]'' | 1128 km² | 360630 | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-03-21 | [[Íomhá:Martinique-CIA WFB Map.png|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[Íomhá:Coat of Arms of Mayotte.svg|center|128px]] | [[Mayotte]] | ''[[:d:Q132676|Mamoudzou]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q846048|Dzaoudzi]]'' | 374 km² | 320901 | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974 | [[Íomhá:Mayotte (orthographic projection).svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[Íomhá:BlasonNouvelleAquitaine.svg|center|128px]] | [[Nouvelle-Aquitaine]] | [[Bordeaux]] | 84061 km² | 6150451 | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-01-01 | [[Íomhá:Nouvelle-Aquitaine region locator map.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[Íomhá:Blason région fr Pays-de-la-Loire.svg|center|128px]] | [[Pays de la Loire]] | [[Naoned]] | 32082 km² | 3907156 | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-06-04 | [[Íomhá:Pays de la Loire region locator map2.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[Íomhá:Blason région fr Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.svg|center|128px]] | [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]] | [[Marseille]] | 31400 km² | 5218960 | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-01-11 | [[Íomhá:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region locator map2.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[Íomhá:Armoiries Bretagne - Arms of Brittany.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q12130|an Bhriotáin]]'' | [[Rennes|Roazhon]] | 27208 km² | 3449370 | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-06-04 | [[Íomhá:Bretagne in France.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[Íomhá:Coat of Arms of Corsica.svg|center|128px]] | [[an Chorsaic]] | [[Ajaccio]] | 8680 km² | 355486 | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-01-11 | [[Íomhá:Corsica in France 2016.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | | [[Île-de-France]] | [[Páras]] | 12012 km² | 12463067 | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-06-04 | [[Íomhá:Île-de-France in France 2016.svg|center|128px]] |} {{Wikidata list end}} === Réigiúin stairiúil === {{Wikidata list | SPARQL = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?armas ?príomhchathairLabel ?daonra ?achar ?bunaíodh ?díscaoilte ?léarscáil WHERE { # VALUES ?regionType { wd:Q36784 } # region, overseas ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q36784; wdt:P36 ?príomhchathair; wdt:P1082 ?daonra; wdt:P2046 ?achar; wdt:P242 ?léarscáil. FILTER(EXISTS { ?item wdt:P576 ?díscaoilte. }) # exclude if there is an end date OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P94 ?armas. } OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P571 ?bunaíodh. } OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P576 ?díscaoilte. } SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "ga". } } ORDER BY ?itemLabel | columns = number:#, P94:Armas, label:Réigiún, P571:Bunaíodh, P576:Díscaoilte, P242:Léarscáil }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! Armas ! Réigiún ! Bunaíodh ! Díscaoilte ! Léarscáil |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Íomhá:Blason région fr Alsace.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q22010895|Alsace]]'' | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-06-04 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-12-31 | [[Íomhá:Alsace region locator map.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[Íomhá:Blason de l'Aquitaine et de la Guyenne.svg|center|128px]] | [[An Acatáin]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-06-04 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-12-31 | [[Íomhá:Aquitaine in France.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Íomhá:Blason Philippe II de Bourgogne.svg|center|128px]] | [[An Bhurgúin]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-06-04 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-12-31 | [[Íomhá:Bourgogne in France.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[Íomhá:Blason de l'Auvergne.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q24082791|Auvergne]]'' | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-06-04 | data-sort-value="2016" | 2016-01-01 | [[Íomhá:Auvergne region locator map.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[Íomhá:Blason région fr Champagne-Ardenne.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q14103|Champagne-Ardenne]]'' | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-06-04 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-12-31 | [[Íomhá:Champagne-Ardenne in France.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | | ''[[:d:Q17005|Languedoc-Roussillon]]'' | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-06-04 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-12-31 | [[Íomhá:Languedoc-Roussillon in France.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | | [[Midi-Pyrénées]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-06-04 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-12-31 | [[Íomhá:Midi-Pyrénées in France.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[Íomhá:Blason Nord-Pas-De-Calais.svg|center|128px]] | [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-06-04 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-12-31 | [[Íomhá:Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[Íomhá:BlasonPicardie.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q13950|Piocardaigh]]'' | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-06-04 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-12-31 | [[Íomhá:Picardie in France.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[Íomhá:Poitou-Charentes blason.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q17009|Poitou-Charentes]]'' | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-06-04 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-12-31 | [[Íomhá:Poitou-Charentes region locator map.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[Íomhá:Blason Rhône-Alpes Gendarmerie.svg|center|128px]] | [[Rhône-Alpes]] | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-06-04 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-12-31 | [[Íomhá:Rhône-Alpes region locator map.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[Íomhá:Blason region fr Normandie.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q16961|an Normainn Uachtarach]]'' | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-06-04 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-12-31 | [[Íomhá:Haute-Normandie region locator map.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[Íomhá:Blason region fr Normandie.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q16954|an Normainn Íochtarach]]'' | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-06-04 | data-sort-value="2015" | 2015-12-31 | [[Íomhá:Basse-Normandie region locator map.svg|center|128px]] |} {{Wikidata list end}} == Réigiún na hIodáile + == : '' Féach [[Réigiúin na hIodáile]] {{Wikidata list | SPARQL = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?regionTypeLabel ?íomhá ?armas WHERE { VALUES ?regionType { wd:Q16110 wd:Q1710033 } # autonomous or not ?item wdt:P31 ?regionType. OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P18 ?íomhá. ?item wdt:P94 ?armas. } SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "ga,en". } } | columns = number:#, P94:Armas, label:Réigiún, ?regionTypeLabel:Cineál, P2046:Achar, P1082:Daonra }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! Armas ! Réigiún ! Cineál ! Achar ! Daonra |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Íomhá:Insigne Langobardiae.svg|center|128px]] | [[an Lombaird]] | réigiún san Iodáil | 23863.65 km² | 10067494 |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[Íomhá:Regione-Piemonte-Stemma.svg|center|128px]] | [[Píodmant]] | réigiún san Iodáil | 25387 km² | 4341375 |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Íomhá:Valle d'Aosta-Stemma.svg|center|128px]] | [[Valle d'Aosta]] | réigiún féinrialaithe le reacht speisialta | 3263.22 km² | 125666 |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[Íomhá:Coat of arms of Trentino-South Tyrol.svg|center|128px]] | [[Trentino-Tirol Theas|Trentino-An Tioróil Theas]] | réigiún féinrialaithe le reacht speisialta | 13606.87 km² | 1072276 |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[Íomhá:Arms of Veneto.svg|center|128px]] | [[Veneto]] | réigiún san Iodáil | 18345.35 km² | 4869830 |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[Íomhá:CoA of Friuli-Venezia Giulia.svg|center|128px]] | [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] | réigiún féinrialaithe le reacht speisialta | 7862.3 km² | 1215220 |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[Íomhá:Coat of arms of Liguria.svg|center|128px]] | [[Liguria]] | réigiún san Iodáil | 5422 km² | 1550640 |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[Íomhá:Regione-Emilia-Romagna-Stemma.svg|center|128px]] | [[Emilia-Romagna]] | réigiún san Iodáil | 22123.09 km² | 4459477 |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[Íomhá:Coat of arms of Tuscany.svg|center|128px]] | [[An Tuscáin]] | réigiún san Iodáil | 22987.04 km² | 3729641 |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[Íomhá:Coat of arms of Marche.svg|center|128px]] | [[Marche]] | réigiún san Iodáil | 9694 km² | 1522608 |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[Íomhá:Lazio Coat of Arms.svg|center|128px]] | [[Lazio]] | réigiún san Iodáil | 17236 km² | 5720536 |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[Íomhá:Regione-Umbria-Stemma.svg|center|128px]] | [[Umbria]] | réigiún san Iodáil | 8456 km² | 852085 |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[Íomhá:Regione-Abruzzo-Stemma.svg|center|128px]] | [[Abruzzo]] | réigiún san Iodáil | 10831.84 km² | 1308451 |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[Íomhá:Regione-Campania-Stemma.svg|center|128px]] | [[Campania]] | réigiún san Iodáil | 13670.95 km² | 5786373 |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[Íomhá:Regione-Molise-Stemma.svg|center|128px]] | [[Molise]] | réigiún san Iodáil | 4438 km² | 304285 |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[Íomhá:Coat of Arms of Apulia.svg|center|128px]] | [[Puglia]] | réigiún san Iodáil | 19540.9 km² | 3866174 |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[Íomhá:Regione-Basilicata-Stemma.svg|center|128px]] | [[Basilicata]] | réigiún san Iodáil | 9994.61 km² | 547579 |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[Íomhá:Coat of arms of Calabria.svg|center|128px]] | [[Calabria]] | réigiún san Iodáil | 15221.9 km² | 1947131 |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[Íomhá:Sardegna-Stemma.svg|center|128px]] | [[an tSairdín]] | réigiún féinrialaithe le reacht speisialta | 23949 km² | 1628384 |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[Íomhá:Coat of arms of Sicily.svg|center|128px]] | [[an tSicil]] | réigiún féinrialaithe le reacht speisialta | 25711 km² | 4983478 |} {{Wikidata list end}} == Contaetha na Liotuáine +-- == : Féach [[Contaetha na Liotuáine]] === Contaetha reatha + === {{Wikidata list | SPARQL = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q273789. # Sampla de 'Contae den Liotuáin' FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?item wdt:P576 ?abolishedDate. } SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "ga,lt,en". } } ORDER BY ?itemLabel | columns = number:#, P94:Armas, label:Contae, P2046:Achar, P1082:Daonra, P242:Íomhá }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! Armas ! Contae ! Achar ! Daonra ! Íomhá |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Íomhá:LTA Alytaus apskritis COA.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Alytus]] | 5425 km² | 135367 | [[Íomhá:Alytus County in Lithuania.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | | ''[[:d:Q130536648|Contae Alytus (1915-1950)]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Íomhá:LTU Kauno apskritis COA.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Kaunas]] | 8089 km² | 580333 | [[Íomhá:Kaunas County in Lithuania.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[Íomhá:LTU Klaipėdos apskritis COA.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Klaipėda]] | 5209 km² | 336104 | [[Íomhá:Klaipeda County in Lithuania.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[Íomhá:Marijampole County COA.png|center|128px]] | [[Contae Marijampolė]] | 4463 km² | 135891 | [[Íomhá:Marijampole County in Lithuania.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[Íomhá:LTU Panevėžio apskritis COA.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Panevėžys]] | 7881 km² | 211652 | [[Íomhá:Panevezys County in Lithuania.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[Íomhá:Taurage County COA.png|center|128px]] | [[Contae Tauragė]] | 4411 km² | 90652 | [[Íomhá:Taurage County in Lithuania.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[Íomhá:Telsiai County COA.png|center|128px]] | [[Contae Telšiai]] | 4350 km² | 131431 | [[Íomhá:Telsiai County in Lithuania.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[Íomhá:Utena County COA.png|center|128px]] | [[Contae Utena]] | 7201 km² | 125462 | [[Íomhá:Utena County in Lithuania.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[Íomhá:LTU Vilniaus apskritis COA.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Vilnius]] | 9731 km² | 851346 | [[Íomhá:Vilnius County in Lithuania.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[Íomhá:Siauliai County COA.png|center|128px]] | [[Contae Šiauliai]] | 8540 km² | 261764 | [[Íomhá:Siauliai County in Lithuania.svg|center|128px]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | | ''[[:d:Q12647259|Akmenės apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | | ''[[:d:Q111979105|Alytaus-Merkinės apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | | ''[[:d:Q16453825|Jonavos apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | | ''[[:d:Q12657989|Joniškio apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | | ''[[:d:Q16453882|Joniškėlio apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | | ''[[:d:Q12659034|Jūžintų apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | | ''[[:d:Q12660405|Kelmės apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | | ''[[:d:Q12661870|Kuršėnų apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | | ''[[:d:Q16457722|Bezirk Kėdainiai]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | | ''[[:d:Q16458268|Lazdijų apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | | ''[[:d:Q16464181|Mažeikių apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | | ''[[:d:Q12665851|Molėtų apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | | ''[[:d:Q16467965|Pabradės apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | | ''[[:d:Q16468930|Pasvalio apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | | ''[[:d:Q16469827|Plungės apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | | ''[[:d:Q16470482|Radviliškio apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | | ''[[:d:Q16471914|Saldutiškio apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | | ''[[:d:Q12672582|Sedos apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | | ''[[:d:Q16472520|Skaudvilės apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | | ''[[:d:Q111980959|Tauragė County]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | | ''[[:d:Q111980964|Trakų apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | | ''[[:d:Q12676655|Varnių apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | | ''[[:d:Q12676708|Varėnos apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | | ''[[:d:Q16476252|Vilkijos apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | | ''[[:d:Q111980991|Zarasų apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | | ''[[:d:Q12679602|Šeduvos apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | | ''[[:d:Q12679746|Šiaulėnų apskritis]]'' | | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | | ''[[:d:Q12679801|Šilalės apskritis]]'' | | | |} {{Wikidata list end}} === Contaetha agus a gcuid bardas === {{Wikidata list | SPARQL = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q273789. # Sampla de 'Contae den Liotuáin' FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?item wdt:P576 ?abolishedDate. } SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "ga,lt,en". } } ORDER BY ?itemLabel | columns = number:#, P94:Armas, label:Contae, P150:Bardais }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! Armas ! Contae ! Bardais |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Íomhá:LTA Alytaus apskritis COA.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Alytus]] | ''[[:d:Q2069342|Lazdijai District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3685407|Alytus City Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q669649|Druskininkai municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q769940|Alytus District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1351747|Varėna District Municipality]]'' |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | | ''[[:d:Q130536648|Contae Alytus (1915-1950)]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Íomhá:LTU Kauno apskritis COA.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Kaunas]] | ''[[:d:Q1351768|Jonava District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q928938|Kaunas City Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2015893|Birštonas Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2069320|Kaišiadorys District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1351722|Kaunas District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q46786|Kėdainiai District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q47090|Prienai District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2069355|Raseiniai District Municipality]]'' |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[Íomhá:LTU Klaipėdos apskritis COA.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Klaipėda]] | ''[[:d:Q3685409|Klaipeda City Municipality Council]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3685410|Palanga City Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q27892|Neringa]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q141132|Klaipėda District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q156560|Kretinga Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q282098|Šilutė District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q219115|Skuodas District Municipality]]'' |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[Íomhá:Marijampole County COA.png|center|128px]] | [[Contae Marijampolė]] | ''[[:d:Q1461987|Kalvarija Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1461972|Kazlų Rūda Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1931377|Marijampolė Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2021307|Šakiai District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2021318|Vilkaviškis District Municipality]]'' |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[Íomhá:LTU Panevėžio apskritis COA.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Panevėžys]] | ''[[:d:Q2089791|Kupiškis District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3685412|Panevėžys City Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q763504|Biržai District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1351758|Panevėžys District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1461920|Pasvalys District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q766969|Rokiškis District Municipality]]'' |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[Íomhá:Taurage County COA.png|center|128px]] | [[Contae Tauragė]] | ''[[:d:Q2071640|Tauragė District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2089815|Jurbarkas District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2283574|Pagėgiai Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q677400|Šilalė District Municipality]]'' |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[Íomhá:Telsiai County COA.png|center|128px]] | [[Contae Telšiai]] | ''[[:d:Q712011|Rietavas Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q588916|Telšiai District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q404943|Plungė District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q313132|Mažeikiai District Municipality]]'' |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[Íomhá:Utena County COA.png|center|128px]] | [[Contae Utena]] | ''[[:d:Q2558824|Visaginas Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2069330|Ignalina District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2089785|Molėtai District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2089798|Utena District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q664415|Zarasai District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2089772|Anykščiai District Municipality]]'' |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[Íomhá:LTU Vilniaus apskritis COA.svg|center|128px]] | [[Contae Vilnius]] | ''[[:d:Q2089777|Elektrėnai Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1799182|Šalčininkai District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q58882|Širvintos District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1813849|Švenčionys District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1987743|Trakai District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q68929|Ukmergė District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118903|Vilnius District Municipality]]'' |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[Íomhá:Siauliai County COA.png|center|128px]] | [[Contae Šiauliai]] | ''[[:d:Q134712|Šiauliai]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1023041|Akmenė District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q610133|Joniškis District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1387044|Kelmė District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1657116|Pakruojis District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1755961|Radviliškis District Municipality]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1417346|Šiauliai District Municipality]]'' |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | | ''[[:d:Q12647259|Akmenės apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | | ''[[:d:Q111979105|Alytaus-Merkinės apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | | ''[[:d:Q16453825|Jonavos apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | | ''[[:d:Q12657989|Joniškio apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | | ''[[:d:Q16453882|Joniškėlio apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | | ''[[:d:Q12659034|Jūžintų apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | | ''[[:d:Q12660405|Kelmės apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | | ''[[:d:Q12661870|Kuršėnų apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | | ''[[:d:Q16457722|Bezirk Kėdainiai]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | | ''[[:d:Q16458268|Lazdijų apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | | ''[[:d:Q16464181|Mažeikių apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | | ''[[:d:Q12665851|Molėtų apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | | ''[[:d:Q16467965|Pabradės apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | | ''[[:d:Q16468930|Pasvalio apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | | ''[[:d:Q16469827|Plungės apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | | ''[[:d:Q16470482|Radviliškio apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | | ''[[:d:Q16471914|Saldutiškio apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | | ''[[:d:Q12672582|Sedos apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | | ''[[:d:Q16472520|Skaudvilės apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | | ''[[:d:Q111980959|Tauragė County]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | | ''[[:d:Q111980964|Trakų apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | | ''[[:d:Q12676655|Varnių apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | | ''[[:d:Q12676708|Varėnos apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | | ''[[:d:Q16476252|Vilkijos apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | | ''[[:d:Q111980991|Zarasų apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | | ''[[:d:Q12679602|Šeduvos apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | | ''[[:d:Q12679746|Šiaulėnų apskritis]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | | ''[[:d:Q12679801|Šilalės apskritis]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} === Iar-chontaetha === {{Wikidata list | SPARQL = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?tírLabel ?lonnaitheLabel ?abolishedDate WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q273789; # Sampla de 'Contae den Liotuáin' wdt:P576 ?abolishedDate. OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P17 ?tír. } OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P131 ?lonnaithe. } FILTER EXISTS { ?item wdt:P576 ?abolishedDate. } SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],lt". } } ORDER BY ?itemLabel | columns = number:#, label:Contae, P17:Tír, P131:Lonnaithe, P576:Díscaoilte }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! Contae ! Tír ! Lonnaithe ! Díscaoilte |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | ''[[:d:Q12648953|condáu d'Anykščiai]]'' | [[Comhlathas na Polainne - na Liotuáine]]<br/>[[an tAontas Sóivéadach]] | ''[[:d:Q2981281|Brasław Voivodeship]]'' | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950 |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | ''[[:d:Q12651075|Біржаўскі павет]]'' | [[an Liotuáin]]<br/>[[an tAontas Sóivéadach]] | ''[[:d:Q173761|Poblacht Shóivéadach Shóisialach na Liotuáine]]'' | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950 |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | ''[[:d:Q12657477|Jociai County]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1915" | 1915-12-15 |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | ''[[:d:Q12658750|condáu de Jurbarkas]]'' | [[an tAontas Sóivéadach]] | ''[[:d:Q173761|Poblacht Shóivéadach Shóisialach na Liotuáine]]'' | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950 |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | ''[[:d:Q12659218|Kaišiadorių apskritis]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-06-20 |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | ''[[:d:Q111980911|Kaunas County]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q570767|Ober Ost]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q8272919|Republic of Lithuania]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12660027|Kreisgebiet Kauen-Land]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q173761|Poblacht Shóivéadach Shóisialach na Liotuáine]]'' | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-06-20 |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | ''[[:d:Q12661364|Крэтынгскі павет]]'' | ''[[:d:Q570767|Ober Ost]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q156031|Reichskommissariat Ostland]]''<br/>[[an tAontas Sóivéadach]] | ''[[:d:Q173761|Poblacht Shóivéadach Shóisialach na Liotuáine]]'' | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-06-20 |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | ''[[:d:Q16457463|condáu de Kupiškis]]'' | [[Impireacht na Gearmáine]]<br/>[[an Liotuáin]]<br/>[[an tAontas Sóivéadach]] | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950 |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | ''[[:d:Q16468295|Pajūris County]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1918" | 1918 |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | ''[[:d:Q16471377|condáu de Rokiškis]]'' | [[Impireacht na Gearmáine]]<br/>[[an Liotuáin]]<br/>[[an tAontas Sóivéadach]] | [[an Liotuáin]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950 |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | ''[[:d:Q111980971|Utenos apskritis]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q173761|Poblacht Shóivéadach Shóisialach na Liotuáine]]'' | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-06-20 |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | ''[[:d:Q11825689|condáu de Valkininkai]]'' | [[an Liotuáin]] | | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940 |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | ''[[:d:Q111980982|Vilnius County]]'' | [[an Liotuáin]]<br/>[[an tAontas Sóivéadach]] | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950 |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | ''[[:d:Q16477303|Vėžaičių apskritis]]'' | [[Impireacht na Gearmáine]] | ''[[:d:Q570767|Ober Ost]]'' | data-sort-value="1919" | 1919 |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | ''[[:d:Q16477803|Шацкі павет]]'' | [[an Liotuáin]]<br/>[[an tAontas Sóivéadach]] | ''[[:d:Q173761|Poblacht Shóivéadach Shóisialach na Liotuáine]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12660027|Kreisgebiet Kauen-Land]]'' | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950 |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | ''[[:d:Q16478334|Širvintų apskritis]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-06-20 |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | ''[[:d:Q12680347|Švėkšnos apskritis]]'' | | | data-sort-value="1915" | 1915-11-15 |} {{Wikidata list end}} m8ibruid4euyvav9ben4y24knvifwqm 2 120601 1330936 1330629 2026-10-29T14:21:41Z ListeriaBot 25319 Wikidata list updated [V2] 1330936 wikitext text/x-wiki * Tá an focal "item" de dhíth ón mbot, is amhlaidh... tá! * An eochairfhocal é "Label"? Is . * Ní fheictear anseo go díreach na torthaí SQL, ach ina ionad sin, céard a dhéanann an bot leo, mar shampla ?item -> <nowiki>[[:d:?item|?item]]</nowiki> {{Wikidata list | sparql = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?can2000 { # P3425=(Comhartha) Aitheantas Nature 2000 # P17=tír, Q27=Éire ?item wdt:P3425 ?can2000; wdt:P17 wd:Q27. # label SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "ga". } } | columns = number:#, label:Alt, P7959:Contae, P18:Íomhá, P3425:Natura 2000 | links = local }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! Alt ! Contae ! Íomhá ! Natura 2000 |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Loch Iascaigh]] | [[Contae Dhún na nGall]] | [[Íomhá:Lough Eske sud est.jpg|center|128px]] | [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0000163 IE0000163] |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[An Abhainn Mhór]] | [[Contae Phort Láirge]] | [[Íomhá:IMG BlackwaterBridge3720rz.jpg|center|128px]] | [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0002170 IE0002170] |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Gleann Dá Ghrua]] | [[Contae Chill Mhantáin]] | [[Íomhá:Glen walk way.JPG|center|128px]] | [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0000719 IE0000719] |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[Portach Chlóirthigh|Dúlra Phortach Chlóirthigh]] | [[Contae Uíbh Fhailí]] | [[Íomhá:Clara bog boardwalk. 07.jpg|center|128px]] | [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0000572 IE0000572] |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[Bá Bhaile Dúill|Bá Baile Dúill]] | [[Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath]] | [[Íomhá:The View from Strand Road Baldoyle - geograph.org.uk - 181928.jpg|center|128px]] | [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0000199 IE0000199] |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[Páirc Náisiúnta Shléibhte Chill Mhantáin]] | [[Contae Chill Mhantáin]] | [[Íomhá:Wicklow Mountains National Park Information Office.jpg|center|128px]] | [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0002122 IE0002122] |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[An Sliabh Riabhach]] | [[Contae Luimnigh]] | [[Íomhá:Black Rock on the Ballyhoura Mountain Range - geograph.org.uk - 1103684.jpg|center|128px]] | [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0002036 IE0002036] |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[Loch Uí Ghadhra]] | [[Contae Shligigh]] | [[Íomhá:Lough Gara 1.jpg|center|128px]] | [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0004048 IE0004048] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[Inbhear Bhaile Roiséir]] | [[Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath]] | [[Íomhá:View of Rogerstown Estuary.jpg|center|128px]] | [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0000208 IE0000208] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[Loch Coirib]] | [[Contae na Gaillimhe]] | [[Íomhá:Loughcorrib.jpg|center|128px]] | [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0004042 IE0004042] |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[Coill Chnoc Sinche]] | [[Contae Chill Mhantáin]] | [[Íomhá:Plants on damp bankside in Knocksink woods.jpg|center|128px]] | [https://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/Natura2000/SDF.aspx?site=IE0000725 IE0000725] |} {{Wikidata list end}} ogy3hjx7q8yiqnh776ufu6sk6rllzus 2 120700 1330952 1312982 2026-10-29T18:21:56Z ListeriaBot 25319 Wikidata list updated [V2] 1330952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list | SPARQL = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel { VALUES ?townType { wd:Q486972 wd:Q1549591 wd:Q515 wd:Q896881 } # big city, city, average city; settlement. ?item wdt:P31 ?townType; # Instance of (P31) townType (Q515) wdt:P17 wd:Q27; # Located in country (P17) Ireland (Q27) wdt:P131 ?county; # Located in administrative entity (P131) (county) wdt:P1082 ?population. OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P131 ?province. } # 'Province' (if available) SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "ga, en". } } ORDER BY DESC(?population) LIMIT 10 | columns = number:#, item:Qid, label:Cathair, P131:Contae, P1082:Daonra }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! Qid ! Cathair ! Contae ! Daonra |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[:d:Q1761|Q1761]] | [[Baile Átha Cliath]] | ''[[:d:Q4169280|Cathair Átha Cliath]]'' | 592713 |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[:d:Q36647|Q36647]] | [[Corcaigh]] | [[Contae Chorcaí]] | 222333 |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[:d:Q129610|Q129610]] | [[Gaillimh]] | ''[[:d:Q133862337|Galway City]]'' | 83456 |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[:d:Q133315|Q133315]] | [[Luimneach]] | [[Contae Luimnigh]] | 62702 |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[:d:Q183551|Q183551]] | [[Port Láirge]] | [[Contae Phort Láirge]] | 48369 |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[:d:Q2448591|Q2448591]] | [[An Charraig Dhubh]] | [[Dún Laoghaire-Ráth an Dúin]] | 28557 |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[:d:Q2088319|Q2088319]] | [[an Chabrach]] | [[Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath]] | 22740 |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[:d:Q109092|Q109092]] | [[Cill Chainnigh]] | [[Contae Chill Chainnigh]] | 22179 |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[:d:Q804704|Q804704]] | [[Baile Brigín]] | [[Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath]] | 21722 |} {{Wikidata list end}} gmc5gnka3gjzhp7w4t5e7y0nbzko2jm 2 121281 1330975 1330609 2026-10-30T03:51:52Z ListeriaBot 25319 Wikidata list updated [V2] 1330975 wikitext text/x-wiki == Forais / Institiúidí == : '' Féach [[Comhlachtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh agus Euratom]] {{Wikidata list | sparql = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?valueLabel WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q748720. OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P488 ?p1 } OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P1037 ?p2 } BIND(COALESCE(?p1, ?p2) AS ?value) SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "ga,en". } } ORDER BY (?itemLabel) | columns = number:#, P154:Lógó, label:Institiúid, P571:Bundáta, P159:Ceanncheathrú, P488:Ceannaire, P1342:Líon suíochán }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! Lógó ! Institiúid ! Bundáta ! Ceanncheathrú ! Ceannaire ! Líon suíochán |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Íomhá:Council of the EU and European Council.svg|center|128px]] | [[An Chomhairle Eorpach]] | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-12-09 | ''[[:d:Q1375164|Europa building]]'' | [[António Costa]] | 27 |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[Íomhá:Logo European Central Bank.svg|center|128px]] | [[Banc Ceannais Eorpach]] | data-sort-value="1998" | 1998-06-01 | [[Frankfurt]] | [[Christine Lagarde]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[Íomhá:Council of the EU and European Council.svg|center|128px]] | [[Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957 | ''[[:d:Q1375164|Europa building]]'' | ''[[:d:Q115639092|Thérèse Blanchet]]'' | 27 |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[Íomhá:Court of Justice of the European Union Logo SV.svg|center|128px]] | [[Cúirt Bhreithiúnais an Aontais Eorpaigh|Cúirt Bhreithiúnais Eorpach]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952 | ''[[:d:Q20971786|Palais de la Cour de Justice]]'' | ''[[:d:Q917096|Koen Lenaerts]]'' | |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[Íomhá:ECA-logo.svg|center|128px]] | [[Cúirt Iniúchóirí na hEorpa]] | data-sort-value="1977" | 1977-10-18 | [[Lucsamburg (cathair)|Lucsamburg]] | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[Íomhá:European Parliament logo.svg|center|128px]] | [[Parlaimint na hEorpa]] | data-sort-value="1957" | 1957-03-25 | ''[[:d:Q2423937|Suíomh Pharlaimint na hEorpa i Strasbourg]]'' | [[Roberta Metsola|Roberta Metsola Tedesco Triccas]] | 720 |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[Íomhá:European Commission.svg|center|128px]] | [[an Coimisiún Eorpach]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-01-01 | ''[[:d:Q239|Cathair na Bruiséile]]'' | [[Ursula von der Leyen]] | 27 |} {{Wikidata list end}} == Gníomhaireachtaí == : Féach [[Gníomhaireachtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh]] ?bunDáta ?tírLabel ?lógó | columns = number:#, P154:Lógó, label:Gníomhaireacht, P17:Tír, P571:Bundáta {{Wikidata list | sparql = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel ?labelEn ?labelGa WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q112827555. ?item rdfs:label ?labelEn filter (lang(?labelEn) = "en"). ?item rdfs:label ?labelGa filter (lang(?labelGa) = "ga"). #OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P571 ?bunDáta. } #OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P17 ?tír. } #OPTIONAL { ?item wdt:P154 ?lógó. } FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?item wdt:P576 ?abolishedDate. } #SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "ga,en". #} } ORDER BY (?itemLabel) | columns = ?labelEn:Agency, ?labelGa:Gníomhaireacht }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! Agency ! Gníomhaireacht |- | European Union Aviation Safety Agency | Gníomhaireacht Sábháilteachta Eitlíochta an Aontais Eorpaigh |- | European Institute for Gender Equality | Institiúid Eorpach um Chomhionannas Inscne |- | European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights | Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um Chearta Bunúsacha |- | European Chemicals Agency | Gníomhaireacht Eorpach Ceimiceán |- | Europol | Europol |- | European Centre for the Development of Professional Training | an Lárionad Eorpach um Fhorbairt na Gairmoiliúna |- | European Medicines Agency | Gníomhaireacht Leigheasra Eorpach |- | European Fisheries Control Agency | Gníomhaireacht Eorpach um Rialú ar Iascach |- | Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union | Ionad Aistriúcháin Chomhlachtaí an Aontais Eorpaigh |- | European Union Agency for Railways | Gníomhaireacht Iarnróid an Aontais Eorpaigh |- | European Training Foundation | an Foras Oiliúna na hEorpa |- | European Environment Agency | Gníomhaireacht Chomhshaoil Eorpach |- | European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators | Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um Chomhar idir Rialálaithe Fuinnimh |- | European Food Safety Authority | An tÚdarás Eorpach um Shábháilteacht Bia |- | European Agency for Safety and Health at Work | Gníomhaireacht Eorpach um Shábháilteacht agus Sláinte ag an Obair |- | European Union Agency for Criminal Justice Cooperation | Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um Chomhar Ceartais Choiriúil |- | European Institute of Innovation and Technology | an Institiúid Eorpach um Nuálaíocht agus Teicneolaíocht |- | European Union Agency for Cybersecurity | Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um Chibearshlándáil |- | European Union Drugs Agency | Gníomhaireacht Drugaí an Aontais Eorpaigh |- | European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training | Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um Oiliúint i bhForfheidhmiú an Dlí |- | European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions | Foras Eorpach chun Dálaí Maireachtála agus Oibre a Fheabhsú |- | Community Plant Variety Office | Oifig an Chomhphobail maidir le Cineálacha Plandaí |- | European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority | An tÚdarás Eorpach um Árachas agus Pinsin Cheirde |- | European Securities and Markets Authority | An tÚdarás Eorpach um Urrúis agus Margaí |- | European Banking Authority | An tÚdarás Baincéireachta Eorpach |- | European Union Intellectual Property Office | Oifig Maoine Intleachtúla an Aontais Eorpach |- | European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control | An Lárionad Eorpach um Chosc agus Rialú Galar |- | European Maritime Safety Agency | Gníomhaireacht Eorpach um Shábháilteacht Mhuirí |- | European Border and Coast Guard Agency | Gníomhaireacht Eorpach um an nGarda Teorann agus Cósta |- | European Union Agency for Asylum | Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um Thearmann |- | European Union Agency for the Operational Management of Large-Scale IT Systems in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice | Gníomhaireacht de chuid an Aontais Eorpaigh chun Bainistiú Oibríochtúil a dhéanamh ar Chórais Mhórscála TF sa Limistéar Saoirse, Slándála agus Ceartais |- | Single Resolution Board | Bord Réitigh Aonair |- | European Union Agency for the Space Programme | Gníomhaireacht an Aontais Eorpaigh um an gClár Spáis |- | European Labour Authority | An tÚdarás Eorpach Saothair |- | Agency for Support for BEREC | Gníomhaireacht Tacaíochta BEREC |- | Anti-Money Laundering Authority | An tÚdarás um Fhrithsciúradh Airgid |- | EU Customs Authority | Údarás Custaim an Aontais Eorpaigh |} {{Wikidata list end}} bsbewm0p4buaq5vngwg623rn7tbwmbp 0 126836 1330978 1317516 2026-10-30T05:33:00Z InternetArchiveBot 47196 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1330978 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Íomhá:Contempt of Court 1879 poster.tif|mion|Postaer den dráma ''Contempt of Court'' le [[Dion Boucicault]], 1870]] Is éard atá i gceist le '''díspeagadh cúirte'''<ref>i mBéarla, ''Contempt of court''</ref> ná mainneachtain ordú cúirte a chomhlíonadh nó cur isteach ar riaradh an cheartais ag cúirt, amhail cur isteach ar éisteacht chúirte.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/ga/justice/legal-terms-explained/|teideal=Téarmaí dlíthiúla mínithe|údar=Citizensinformation.ie|language=ga|work=www.citizensinformation.ie|dátarochtana=2026-06-13}}</ref> == Pionóis == Is féidir fíneáil nó príosúnacht a ghearradh as díspeagadh cúirte. Mar shampla, * D’fhéadfadh an cúirt ordú ar fhinné fianaise a thabhairt. Má leanann sé nó sí gan chomhoibriú leis an gcúirt, d’fhéadfadh an cúirt díspeagadh cúirte a ghearradh ar an bhfinné agus an finné a chur i bpríosún go dtí go bhfuil sé nó sí ag comhoibriú leis an gcúirt. Is cion coiriúil freisin é diúltú d’fhianaise a thabhairt nó comhoibriú le cúirt.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.citizensinformation.ie/ga/government-in-ireland/how-government-works/tribunals-and-investigations/tribunals-of-inquiry/|teideal=Binsí Fiosrúcháin|údar=Citizensinformation.ie|language=ga|work=www.citizensinformation.ie|dátarochtana=2026-06-13}}</ref> * Ráitis a dhéantar i seomra na ngiúróirí a choinneáil faoi rún. Níor cheart an cás a phlé le haon duine seachas comhaltaí den ghiúiré. Má labhraíonn giúróir faoi aon ráitis a dhéantar i seomra na ngiúróirí, is díspeagadh cúirte é sin a bhféadfaí pionós fíneála agus/nó príosúnachta a ghearradh ina leith. * Nuair atá sé curtha in iúl agat nach bhfuil tú sásta ceist faoi leith a fhreagairt, déanfaidh an breitheamh cinneadh an gá duit an cheist a fhreagairt. Má dhéanann an breitheamh cinneadh nach mbaineann pribhléid leis an gceist, ní mór duit í a fhreagairt. Má theipeann ort, cuirfear díspeagadh cúirte i do leith agus d'fhéadfaí téarma príosúnachta a ghearradh ort.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.uat.citizensinformation.ie/ga/justice/witnesses/rules-about-giving-evidence/|teideal=Rialacha a bhaineann le d'fhianaise|údar=Citizensinformation.ie|language=ga|work=www.uat.citizensinformation.ie|dátarochtana=2026-06-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260613204630/https://www.uat.citizensinformation.ie/ga/justice/witnesses/rules-about-giving-evidence/|archivedate=2026-06-13}}</ref> * Sa gcás is tromchúisí ar fad d’fhéadfaí stop a chur leis an triail dá gcuirfeadh díspeagadh gach seans ar an gcóir as an áireamh. Ba mhór an feall é sin, leatrom ar na gearánaithe agus ar na cosantóirí a bheadh ann dá mb’éigean éirí as an triail; ní bhfaigheadh éinne an chóir.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/prainn-as-cuimse-leis-nach-ndeanfar-dispeagadh-a-thiocfadh-salach-ar-an-gcoir-i-gcas-jeffrey-agus-eleanor-donaldson/|teideal=Práinn as cuimse leis nach ndéanfar díspeagadh a thiocfadh salach ar an gcóir i gcás Jeffrey agus Eleanor Donaldson|údar=Póilín Ní Chiaráin|dáta=24 Bealtaine 2026|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-06-13}}</ref> == Cásanna == * Bhí €25,000 gearrtha ar an Irish ''[[Daily Mail]]'' ar an 8 Iúil 2019 as díspeagadh cúirte le linn thriail bhuachaillí a ciontaíodh i n[[dúnmharú Ana Kriégel]]. Bhain an díspeagadh le halt; "CCTV show Ana being led to her death" a bhí mar cheannteideal ar an alt.<ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=€25,000 gearrtha ar an Irish Daily Mail as díspeagadh cúirte|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/nuacht/2019/0708/1060863-25-000-gearrtha-ar-an-irish-daily-mail-as-dispeagadh-cuirte/|date=2019-07-08|language=ga}}</ref> * Cuireadh ina leith go ndearna [[Muintir Burke (Caisleán an Bharraigh)|Enoch Burke]] agus a mhuintir díspeagadh cúirte sna 2020idí. == Féach freisin == * [[Triail chóir]] == Naisc sheachtracha == * Acht Díspeagtha Cúirte Thuaisceart Éireann 1981.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://millsselig.com/timely-reminder-contempt-of-court-in-northern-ireland-key-principles-explained/|teideal=Contempt of Court in Northern Ireland: Guidance for Commenting on Active Cases|údar=udcJlTvB6G|dáta=2026-03-06|language=en-US|work=Mills Selig Solicitors|dátarochtana=2026-06-13}}</ref> == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:Coireanna]] [[Catagóir:Cúirteanna]] [[Catagóir:Díspeagadh cúirte]] [[Catagóir:Coincheapa dlíthiúla]] dtfsdwkxbrejotr5hv43poqadh6wqo9 4 127597 1330929 1329327 2026-10-29T12:09:54Z Amy Uí Ríordáin 57269 uasdátú dearcadh 1330929 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="border:2px solid #305D70; border-radius:8px; padding:10px 16px; margin-bottom:1em; display:flex; align-items:center; gap:16px; flex-wrap:wrap;"> [[Íomhá:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ga.svg|70px|alt=Lógó na Vicipéide|link=]] <div><span style="font-size:160%; font-weight:bold;">Slí na Vicipéideoirí</span><br /><span style="font-size:115%;">Oiliúint d'eagarthóirí ar an Vicipéid</span><br /><span style="font-size:90%;">🚧 Leathanach oibre: fós á thógáil</span></div> </div> <div style="display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:8px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <div style="border:2px solid #305D70; border-radius:6px; padding:6px 14px; font-weight:bold;">[[#culra|📖 Cúlra]]</div> <div style="border:2px solid #0E65C0; border-radius:6px; padding:6px 14px; font-weight:bold;">[[#beartaithe|🗺️ Na modúil]]</div> <div style="border:2px solid #308557; border-radius:6px; padding:6px 14px; font-weight:bold;">[[#cabhru|🤝 Cuidigh linn]]</div> <div style="border:2px solid #5748B5; border-radius:6px; padding:6px 14px; font-weight:bold;">[[#claraigh|✍️ Cláraigh]]</div> <div style="border:2px solid #EE8019; border-radius:6px; padding:6px 14px; font-weight:bold;">[[Plé Vicipéide:Slí na Vicipéideoirí|💬 Plé]]</div> </div> Fáilte go dtí an leathanach oibre do '''Slí na Vicipéideoirí''': an spás ina bhfuilimid ag forbairt oiliúint d'eagarthóirí ar an Vicipéid, do dhaoine nua agus do dhaoine atá ag eagarthóireacht le tamall. Athrófar agus fásfaidh an leathanach seo de réir mar a théann an obair chun cinn. <span id="culra"></span> <div style="border-left:6px solid #305D70; padding:0 16px; margin:1.5em 0;"> == 📖 Cúlra == Táimid ag obair ar an gceist seo ó 2023. Obair mhall atá ann, agus aithnítear é sin. Anuraidh, shocraigh Pobal Éireann Wikimedia ar an gcur chuige don Ghaeilge, agus ar an dóigh ar féidir linn cabhrú le pobal Vicipéid agus leis an nGaeilge tríd an obair seo. Phléamar cuid de na smaointe seo ag cruinniú le grúpa Vicipéideoirí le déanaí. Tá an leathanach seo ag tosú ón bplé sin. </div> <span id="beartaithe"></span> <div style="border-left:6px solid #0E65C0; padding:0 16px; margin:1.5em 0;"> == 🗺️ Cad atá beartaithe == Seo cuid de na réimsí atá á bhforbairt againn faoi láthair. Níl aon rud críochnaithe fós. Smaointe agus túsphointe atá ann. <div style="display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin:1em 0;"> <div style="flex:1 1 200px; border:2px solid #0E65C0; border-radius:8px; padding:10px 14px;"> <span style="font-size:130%;">🌱</span> '''An Chéad Chéim'''<br />Tús do dhaoine atá go hiomlán nua d'eagarthóireacht. </div> <div style="flex:1 1 200px; border:2px solid #5748B5; border-radius:8px; padding:10px 14px;"> <span style="font-size:130%;">✏️</span> '''Cuir do ladhar ann'''<br />Na chéad chéimeanna praiticiúla eagarthóireachta. </div> <div style="flex:1 1 200px; border:2px solid #308557; border-radius:8px; padding:10px 14px;"> <span style="font-size:130%;">🌳</span> '''Ó shíolta go saothar'''<br />Forbairt ábhair, ó thús go halt iomlán. </div> <div style="flex:1 1 200px; border:2px solid #305D70; border-radius:8px; padding:10px 14px;"> <span style="font-size:130%;">🧹</span> '''Tús maith, leath na hoibre'''<br />Dea-chleachtas a laghdaíonn obair ghlanta do dhaoine eile. </div> </div> Beidh físeáin agus treoracha nasctha leis na modúil seo le himeacht ama. </div> <span id="cabhru"></span> <div style="border-left:6px solid #308557; padding:0 16px; margin:1.5em 0;"> == 🤝 Conas is féidir leat cabhair a thabhairt == Tá fáilte roimh gach leibhéal taithí anseo, ó dhaoine atá díreach ag tosú go daoine atá ag eagarthóireacht le blianta. Táimid ag bailiú eolas agus taithí an phobail le chéile. Más mian leat cuidiú: * Cuir do chuid smaointe ar [[Plé Vicipéide:Slí na Vicipéideoirí|phlé an leathanaigh seo]] * Luaigh leathanaigh nó struchtúir atá ag teastáil, dar leat * Glac páirt sa phlé ar an [[Vicipéid:Halla baile|Halla baile]] * Bí linn ag cruinniú míosúil Phobal Éireann Wikimedia. Tá cruinnithe ar fhorbairt na Vicipéide amháin le teacht <span id="claraigh"></span> === Cláraigh do spéis === Ar mhaith leat a bheith ar an eolas faoi Slí na Vicipéideoirí agus é ag forbairt? Cuir d'ainm leis an liosta thíos, is cuma cén leibhéal taithí atá agat. * [[Úsáideoir:Amy Uí Ríordáin|Amy Uí Ríordáin]] (Bainisteoir Pobail le Pobal Éireann Wikimedia) * [[Úsáideoir:TheCraftyCailleach|TheCraftyCailleach]] * [[Úsáideoir:An Sionnach Rua|An Sionnach Rua]] * [[Úsáideoir:Wikipidéanach|Wikipidéanach]] * [[Úsáideoir:Colin Ryan|Colin Ryan]] * [[Úsáideoir:Taghdtaighde|Taghdtaighde]] * '''Cuir d'ainm anseo: bí linn!''' </div> <div style="border-left:6px solid #5748B5; padding:0 16px; margin:1.5em 0;"> == 🔗 Leathanaigh ghaolmhara == * [[Vicipéid:Glanadh]] – treoir ar ghlanadh alt </div> ---- ''Leanfaidh an leathanach seo ag fás. Fáilte roimh mholtaí ar an [[Plé Vicipéide:Slí na Vicipéideoirí|leathanach plé]].'' [[Catagóir:Vicipéid:Slí na Vicipéideoirí]] nnom4z3x5rmbygpyz823cvq4w475bdo 1330987 1330929 2026-10-30T11:18:54Z Amy Uí Ríordáin 57269 liosta seoltaí curtha 1330987 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="border:2px solid #305D70; border-radius:8px; padding:10px 16px; margin-bottom:1em; display:flex; align-items:center; gap:16px; flex-wrap:wrap;"> [[Íomhá:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ga.svg|70px|alt=Lógó na Vicipéide|link=]] <div><span style="font-size:160%; font-weight:bold;">Slí na Vicipéideoirí</span><br /><span style="font-size:115%;">Oiliúint d'eagarthóirí ar an Vicipéid</span><br /><span style="font-size:90%;">🚧 Leathanach oibre: fós á thógáil</span></div> </div> <div style="display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:8px; margin-bottom:1.5em;"> <div style="border:2px solid #305D70; border-radius:6px; padding:6px 14px; font-weight:bold;">[[#culra|📖 Cúlra]]</div> <div style="border:2px solid #0E65C0; border-radius:6px; padding:6px 14px; font-weight:bold;">[[#beartaithe|🗺️ Na modúil]]</div> <div style="border:2px solid #308557; border-radius:6px; padding:6px 14px; font-weight:bold;">[[#cabhru|🤝 Cuidigh linn]]</div> <div style="border:2px solid #5748B5; border-radius:6px; padding:6px 14px; font-weight:bold;">[[#claraigh|✍️ Cláraigh]]</div> <div style="border:2px solid #EE8019; border-radius:6px; padding:6px 14px; font-weight:bold;">[[Plé Vicipéide:Slí na Vicipéideoirí|💬 Plé]]</div> </div> Fáilte go dtí an leathanach oibre do '''Slí na Vicipéideoirí''': an spás ina bhfuilimid ag forbairt oiliúint d'eagarthóirí ar an Vicipéid, do dhaoine nua agus do dhaoine atá ag eagarthóireacht le tamall. Athrófar agus fásfaidh an leathanach seo de réir mar a théann an obair chun cinn. <span id="culra"></span> <div style="border-left:6px solid #305D70; padding:0 16px; margin:1.5em 0;"> == 📖 Cúlra == Táimid ag obair ar an gceist seo ó 2023. Obair mhall atá ann, agus aithnítear é sin. Anuraidh, shocraigh Pobal Éireann Wikimedia ar an gcur chuige don Ghaeilge, agus ar an dóigh ar féidir linn cabhrú le pobal Vicipéid agus leis an nGaeilge tríd an obair seo. Phléamar cuid de na smaointe seo ag cruinniú le grúpa Vicipéideoirí le déanaí. Tá an leathanach seo ag tosú ón bplé sin. </div> <span id="beartaithe"></span> <div style="border-left:6px solid #0E65C0; padding:0 16px; margin:1.5em 0;"> == 🗺️ Cad atá beartaithe == Seo cuid de na réimsí atá á bhforbairt againn faoi láthair. Níl aon rud críochnaithe fós. Smaointe agus túsphointe atá ann. <div style="display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:12px; margin:1em 0;"> <div style="flex:1 1 200px; border:2px solid #0E65C0; border-radius:8px; padding:10px 14px;"> <span style="font-size:130%;">🌱</span> '''An Chéad Chéim'''<br />Tús do dhaoine atá go hiomlán nua d'eagarthóireacht. </div> <div style="flex:1 1 200px; border:2px solid #5748B5; border-radius:8px; padding:10px 14px;"> <span style="font-size:130%;">✏️</span> '''Cuir do ladhar ann'''<br />Na chéad chéimeanna praiticiúla eagarthóireachta. </div> <div style="flex:1 1 200px; border:2px solid #308557; border-radius:8px; padding:10px 14px;"> <span style="font-size:130%;">🌳</span> '''Ó shíolta go saothar'''<br />Forbairt ábhair, ó thús go halt iomlán. </div> <div style="flex:1 1 200px; border:2px solid #305D70; border-radius:8px; padding:10px 14px;"> <span style="font-size:130%;">🧹</span> '''Tús maith, leath na hoibre'''<br />Dea-chleachtas a laghdaíonn obair ghlanta do dhaoine eile. </div> </div> Beidh físeáin agus treoracha nasctha leis na modúil seo le himeacht ama. </div> <span id="cabhru"></span> <div style="border-left:6px solid #308557; padding:0 16px; margin:1.5em 0;"> == 🤝 Conas is féidir leat cabhair a thabhairt == Tá fáilte roimh gach leibhéal taithí anseo, ó dhaoine atá díreach ag tosú go daoine atá ag eagarthóireacht le blianta. Táimid ag bailiú eolas agus taithí an phobail le chéile. Más mian leat cuidiú: * Cuir do chuid smaointe ar [[Plé Vicipéide:Slí na Vicipéideoirí|phlé an leathanaigh seo]] * Luaigh leathanaigh nó struchtúir atá ag teastáil, dar leat * Glac páirt sa phlé ar an [[Vicipéid:Halla baile|Halla baile]] * Bí linn ag cruinniú míosúil Phobal Éireann Wikimedia. Tá cruinnithe ar fhorbairt na Vicipéide amháin le teacht <span id="claraigh"></span> === Cláraigh do spéis === Ar mhaith leat a bheith ar an eolas faoi Slí na Vicipéideoirí agus é ag forbairt? Cuir d'ainm leis an liosta thíos, is cuma cén leibhéal taithí atá agat. * [[Úsáideoir:Amy Uí Ríordáin|Amy Uí Ríordáin]] (Bainisteoir Pobail le Pobal Éireann Wikimedia) * [[Úsáideoir:TheCraftyCailleach|TheCraftyCailleach]] * [[Úsáideoir:An Sionnach Rua|An Sionnach Rua]] * [[Úsáideoir:Wikipidéanach|Wikipidéanach]] * [[Úsáideoir:Colin Ryan|Colin Ryan]] * [[Úsáideoir:Taghdtaighde|Taghdtaighde]] * '''Cuir d'ainm anseo: bí linn!''' [https://wikimediaireland.kit.com/688466e1f8 '''Nó cliceáil anseo le linn an liosta seoltaí'''] </div> <div style="border-left:6px solid #5748B5; padding:0 16px; margin:1.5em 0;"> == 🔗 Leathanaigh ghaolmhara == * [[Vicipéid:Glanadh]] – treoir ar ghlanadh alt </div> ---- ''Leanfaidh an leathanach seo ag fás. Fáilte roimh mholtaí ar an [[Plé Vicipéide:Slí na Vicipéideoirí|leathanach plé]].'' [[Catagóir:Vicipéid:Slí na Vicipéideoirí]] r2nw6sfsmnkpnwsbqtvhw41lpt1cjrz 0 128530 1330937 1330788 2026-10-29T14:33:29Z Renamed user b35fad33e3f6d948593dbb481fa3bd4d 78137 1330937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Toghchán}} Reáchtálfar '''Olltoghchán na Brasaíle, 2026''', an dara babhta, ar an 26 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Beidh an t-uachtarán reatha [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Luiz Inácio da Silva]] (Lula, mar is fearr aithne air) ó Pháirtí na nOibrithe (PT) á fhéachaint le Flávio Bolsonaro de chuid an Pháirtí Liobrálaigh (PL), páirtí atá i bhfad amach ar an eite dheis. [[Íomhá:Lula 2026 logo.svg|clé|mion|220x220px]] [[Íomhá:29.08.2026 - Ato Nacional Mulheres com Lula (55495855105).jpg|clé|mion|220x220px]] [[Íomhá:06.06.2026 - Presidente Lula com camisa da Seleção Brasileir - 55319796941.jpg|clé|mion|422x422px]] [[Íomhá:Flávio Bolsonaro 2026 logo (10).svg|mion|220x220px|Lógó]] [[Íomhá:Flávio Bolsonaro 04 2026.jpg|mion|287x287px]] [[Íomhá:Entrevista com Flávio Bolsonaro - CEO Conference 2026.webm|mion|220x220px]] == Feachtas == D’ainneoin gurbh é iarrthóir na heite clé agus uachtarán reatha na Brasaíle, Lula, a bhí chun cinn sna pobalbhreitheanna, ba ag iarrthóir na heite fíordheise, Flávio Bolsonaro, a bhí an lá i gcéad bhabhta an toghcháin uachtaránachta.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/bolsonaro-og-chun-cinn-i-gcead-bhabhta-thoghchan-uachtaranachta-na-brasaile/|teideal=‘Bolsonaro Óg’ chun cinn i gcéad bhabhta thoghchán uachtaránachta na Brasaíle|údar=Alex Hijmans|dáta=5 Deireadh Fómhair 2026|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-10-06}}</ref> Tá an ‘Lulismo’ agus an ‘Bolsonarismo’ in adharca a chéile sa Bhrasaíl.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/an-lulismo-agus-an-bolsonarismo-in-adharca-a-cheile-aris-eile-sa-bhrasail/|teideal=An ‘Lulismo’ agus an ‘Bolsonarismo’ in adharca a chéile arís eile sa Bhrasaíl|údar=Alex Hijmans|dáta=30 Meán Fómhair 2026|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-10-06}}</ref> Tá os cionn 158 milliún vótóirí sa Bhrasaíl ach sa chéad bhabhta, ní raibh ach difear 2.2 milliún vóta idir Flávio Bolsonaro agus Lula. Bhí rud beag le cois 47 faoin gcéad de na vótaí ag Bolsonaro sa chéad bhabhta vótála agus bhí rud beag le cois 45 faoin gcéad ag Lula. Toisc nach raibh móramh 50 faoin gcéad +1 ag ceachtar iarrthóir, bhí gá leis an vóta réitigh ar an 26 Deireadh Fómhair. Cé go bhfuil dualgas ar chuile Bhrasaíleach idir 18 agus 70 bliain d’aois vóta a chaitheamh sna toghcháin, níor bhac duine as gach ceathrar é sin a dhéanamh sa chéad bhabhta vótála. Ar an mórgóir, bíonn níos mó faobhair faoi vótóirí na heite deise vóta a chaitheamh.<ref name=":1">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/an-bhrasail-deja-vu-agus-duine-de-mhuintir-bolsonaro-chun-cinn-sa-ras-don-uachtaranacht/|teideal=An Bhrasaíl: ‘Déjà vu’ agus duine de mhuintir Bolsonaro chun cinn sa rás don uachtaránacht|údar=Alex Hijmans|dáta=21 Deireadh Fómhair 2026|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-10-21}}</ref> Dath dearg (Lula) ar an leath ó thuaidh den tír den chuid is mó agus dath gorm (Flávio Bolsonaro) ar an leath eile, ó dheas. Bíonn dath níos gile ar chraiceann na mBrasaíleach ó dheas, agus is fearr caighdeán an tsaoil sna bólaí sin go minic. Bhí Lula i gceannas ar an mBrasaíl cheana idir 2003 agus 2011 agus arís ó 2023 i leith agus i súile go leor Brasaíleach, is ionann é agus an tseanpholaitíocht. Beidh Flávio Bolsonaro agus Lula gob ar ghob Dé Domhnaigh, mar atá sna pobalbhreitheanna (51.1% á thuar do Bolsonaro agus 48.9 faoin gcéad do Lula sa cheann is deireanaí, ag AtlasIntel/Bloomberg.)<ref name=":1" /> === Beartais === Féirín d’aicme oibre na Brasaíle a chuir rialtas Lula i bhfeidhm díreach in am don dara babhta vótála ná deireadh a chur leis an tseachtain oibre 6 lá; seachtain oibre 40 uair an chloig atá i bhfeidhm feasta. Ní raibh an dífhoraoisiú sa dufair is mó ar domhan ag leibhéal níos ísle riamh ná mar a bhí le blianta beaga anuas, le linn an tríú tréimhse ag Lula ina uachtarán.<ref name=":1" /> Chuir Lula i leith mhuintir Bolsonaro lena chois gur puipéid de chuid Donald Trump iad, agus go bhfuil siad ag iarraidh an Bhrasaíl a thabhairt ar láimh do na Stáit Aontaithe.<ref>Ar feadh cúpla lá i mí Dheireadh Fómhair, ar éigean go bhféadfaí teacht ar [[Instagram]], ardán de chuid an chomhlachta Mheiriceánaigh [[Meta Platforms|META]], ar chuntas Lula. ‘Fabht theicniúil’ a dúirt META nuair a d’éiligh an t-údarás toghchánaíochta míniú</ref> Fearacht a athar, tá dearcadh Flávio Bolsonaro ar cheisteanna sóisialta seanfh fíorchoimeádach. Drochnuacht don timpeallacht agus do chúrsaí aeráide a bheidh ann freisin má thoghtar Bolsonaro óg. Mhaígh Flávio Bolsonaro go mbeidh cead ag feirmeoirí ‘a rogha rud a dhéanamh ar a gcuid tailte féin’ má thoghtar é.<ref name=":1" /> == Féach freisin == * [[Olltoghchán na Brasaíle, 2022]] * [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} [[Catagóir:2026]] [[Catagóir:Polaitíocht na Brasaíle]] [[Catagóir:Lula]] pes675vcbgnuuti5rf7uurskvrciwb7 2 128635 1330960 1330925 2026-10-29T19:42:07Z Renamed user b35fad33e3f6d948593dbb481fa3bd4d 78137 Replaced content with "{{Db-userreq}}" 1330960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Db-userreq}} fcpxlgpqi3jtivnox0n0bol5z2tdo3w 1330961 1330960 2026-10-29T19:44:06Z Renamed user b35fad33e3f6d948593dbb481fa3bd4d 78137 1330961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Scrios}} s7jxtm4py8bm86xzdpr3f1i1trnaot6 3 128643 1330962 1330884 2026-10-29T19:51:05Z Renamed user b35fad33e3f6d948593dbb481fa3bd4d 78137 Blanked the page 1330962 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 128692 1330953 1330860 2026-10-29T18:59:09Z Conradder 34685 /* Coill Ultaigh */ 1330953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Toghchán}} Reáchtáladh '''Chomhairle Cathrach Lios na gCearrbhach agus an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh''' ar 18 Bealtaine 2023, le gach dara [[Toghcháin Áitiúla Thuaisceart Éireann 2023|Toghcháin Áitiúla]] i d[[Tuaisceart Éireann|Tuaisceart Éireann, coicís tar éis na dtoghchán áitiúil i Sasana.]]. Cuireadh moill coicíse ar thoghcháin Thuaisceart Éireann chun comhthráth a sheachaint le [[Corónú Shéarlais III agus Camilla]]. Toghadh 40 ar [[Comhairle Cathrach Lios na gCearrbhach agus an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh|an chomhairle]] trí [[Aonvóta inaistrithe]] == Torthaí== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; margin-bottom: 10px;" ! colspan="10" | Toradh Toghcháin 2023 in [[Comhairle Cathrach Lios na gCearrbhach agus an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh|Lios na gCearrbhach agus An Caisleán Riabhach]] |- ! colspan ="2" |Páirtí ! Suíocháin ! Méaduithe ! Caillteanais ! Glan-mhéadú <br/>nó caillteanas ! Suíocháin % ! Vótaí % ! Vótaí ! +/− |- ! style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | | [[PAD]] ||14||0 ||1 ||{{decrease}}1 ||35.00||'''34.02'''||'''19,187'''||{{decrease}}2.69 |- ! style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | | [[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||13 ||4 ||0 ||{{increase}}4 ||32.50||28.48||16,064||{{increase}}4.84 |- ! style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | | [[PAU]] ||6 ||0 ||5 ||{{decrease}}5 ||15.00||13.97 ||7,877||{{decrease}}3.61 |- ! style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | | [[Sinn Féin]] ||4 ||2||0 ||{{increase}}2||10.00||10.98||6,193||{{increase}}5.57 |- ! style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | | [[PSDLO]] ||2 || 0||0|| {{steady}}0||5.00||6.69||3,774||{{decrease}}1.99 |- ! style="background:{{Neamhspleách/meta/color}};" | | [[Comhalta neamhspleách|Neamhspleách]] ||1 ||1 ||0||{{increase}}1 ||2.50||1.80||1,017||{{increase}}0.05 |- ! style="background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};" | | [[Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe|GTA]] ||0|| 0 ||0 ||{{steady}}0|| 0.00 ||2.33||1,317||{{increase}}0.01 |- ! style="background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};" | | [[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas TÉ]] ||0|| 0|| 1||{{decrease}}1 ||0.00 ||1.73||975||{{decrease}}0.02 |- ! colspan ="2" | Iomlán: || 40 || || || || || || 56,402|| |- |} <small>'''Nóta''': Is iad "vótaí" an chéad rogha vótaí</small> ==Achoimre dhúiche== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |- class="unsortable" align="centre" !rowspan=2 align="left"|Ceantar ! % <br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> !rowspan=2|Iomlán<br />Comhairleoirí<br /> |- class="unsortable" align="center" ! colspan=2| PAD !colspan=2 | PCTÉ !colspan=2 | PAU !colspan=2 | Sinn Féin ! colspan=2 | PSDLO !colspan=2 | Neamhspleách <br/> agus eile |- |align="left"|An Caisleán Riabhach Thoir |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|50.92 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''3''' {{steady}} |30.78 |'''2''' {{steady}} |9.03 |'''1''' {{steady}} |0.00 |0 {{steady}} |0.00 |0 {{steady}} |9.28 |0 {{steady}} |'''6''' |- |align="left"|An Caisleán Riabhach Theas |15.05 |'''1''' {{steady}} |bgcolor="#F6CB2F"|32.36 |bgcolor="#F6CB2F"|'''3''' {{increase}} 1 |7.46 |0 {{decrease}} 1 |21.61 |'''2''' {{increase}} 1 |17.05 |'''1''' {{steady}} |6.92 |0 {{decrease}} 1 |'''7''' |- |align="left"|Downshire Thoir |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|41.34 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''2''' {{steady}} |30.06 |'''2''' {{increase}} 1 |17.47 |'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |0.00 |0 {{steady}} |4.51 |0 {{steady}} |5.73 |0 {{steady}} |'''5''' |- |align="left"|Downshire Thiar |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|40.19 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''2''' {{steady}} |36.62 |'''2''' {{increase}} 1 |17.26 |'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |4.21 |0 {{steady}} |0.00 |0 {{steady}} |1.73 |0 {{steady}} |'''5''' |- |align="left"|Coill Ultaigh |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|33.49 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''2''' {{steady}} |22.22 |'''1''' {{steady}} |15.66 |'''1''' {{steady}} |23.36 |'''1''' {{steady}} |4.34 |0 {{steady}} |0.93 |0 {{steady}} |'''5''' |- |align="left"|Lios na gCearrbhach Thuaidh |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|26.47 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |23.61 |'''1''' {{steady}} |13.65 |'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |14.67 |'''1''' {{increase}} 1 |11.07 |'''1''' {{steady}} |10.54 |'''1''' {{increase}} 1 |'''6''' |- |align="left"|Lios na gCearrbhach Theas |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|38.20 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''3''' {{steady}} |23.81 |'''2''' {{increase}} 1 |19.95 |'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |6.58 |0 {{steady}} |6.30 |0 {{steady}} |5.16 |0 {{steady}} |'''6''' |- class="unsortable" class="sortbottom" style="background:#C9C9C9" |align="left"| '''Iomlán''' |'''34.02''' |'''14''' {{decrease}} 1 |'''28.48''' |'''13''' {{increase}} 4 |'''13.97''' |'''6''' {{decrease}} 5 |'''10.98''' |'''4''' {{increase}} 2 |'''6.69''' |'''2''' {{steady}} |'''5.87''' |'''1''' {{steady}} |'''40''' |- |} ==Torthaí na ndúichí== ===An Caisleán Riabhach Thoir=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| An Caisleán Riabhach Thoir - 6 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Sharon Skillen*'''|| 21.04% ||'''1,655 '''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Martin Gregg*'''|| 17.50% ||'''1,377'''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Samantha Burns'''|| 11.17% ||879 ||'''1,165.72'''|| || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Sharon Lowry*'''|| 13.28% ||1,045 ||1,057.16 ||'''1,192.16'''|| || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''John Laverty*'''|| 11.31% ||890 ||960.72 ||966.68 ||980.62 ||'''1,130.62''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''Hazel Legge*'''|| 9.03% ||710 ||735.28 ||763.92 ||959.08 ||'''1,086.60''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || David Drysdale* ||7.40% ||582 ||678 ||682.96 ||703.70 ||931.76 |- | style="background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};"| || [[Glór Traidisiúnta Aontachtach|GTA]] ||Andrew Girvin ||6.79% ||534 ||558.32 ||566.64 ||589.76 || |- | style="background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas (TÉ)]]||Terry Winchcombe|| 2.49% ||195 ||199.48 || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 16,289''' Bailí:'''7,867''' Millte:''' 90''' Cuóta:'''1,124''' Vótóirí:''' 7,957 (48.85%) |} ===An Caisleán Riabhach Theas=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| An Caisleán Riabhach Theas - 7 suíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 !! Comhair 7 !! Comhair 8 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''[[Michelle Guy]]* †'''|| 14.26% ||'''1,452'''|| || || || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Brian Higginson'''|| 9.88% ||1,006 ||1,009 ||1,009.60 ||'''1,507.72'''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Nancy Eaton †'''|| 10.96% 1,116 ||1,121 ||1,183.16 ||1,186.16 ||1,188.76 ||'''1,416.76'''|| || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||''' John Gallen*'''|| 10.61% ||1,035 ||1,035 ||1,042.08 ||1,044.08 ||1,046.16 ||1,147.12 ||'''1,613.12 '''|| |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || '''Ryan Carlin*''' ||11.82% ||1,204 ||1,207 ||1,213.24 ||1,214.24 ||1,214.76 ||1,260.76 ||'''1,314.76'''|| |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Martin McKeever'''|| 7.14% ||727 ||734 ||793.88 ||795.88 ||803.12 ||926.04 ||1,048.76 ||'''1,269.89''' |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || '''Daniel Bassett'''|| 9.79% ||997 ||998 ||1,000.88 ||1,000.88 ||1,000.88 ||1,036.24 ||1,095.60 ||'''1,192.80''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||Michael Henderson* ||7.46% ||760 ||764 ||768.92 ||786.92 ||1,001.68 ||1,039.08 ||1,059.60 ||1,077.42 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||Simon Lee*|| 6.44% ||656 ||662 ||683.36 ||686.36 ||688.44 ||761.64|| || |- | style="background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas (TÉ)]]||Jacinta Hamley ||6.44% ||656 ||667 ||675.16 ||675.16 ||677.76 || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || William Traynor|| 5.17% ||527 ||528 ||528.18|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Neamhspleách/meta/color}};" | || Neamhspleách ||Andrew Miller|| 0.48% ||49|| || || || || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 18,120''' Bailí:'''10,185''' Millte:''' 95''' Cuóta:'''1,274''' Vótóirí:'''10,280 (56.73%) |} ===Downshire Thoir === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| Downshire Thoir - 5 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Andrew Gowan*'''|| 26.01% ||'''1,798 '''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Uel Mackin*''' ||15.33% ||1,060 ||'''1,576.96'''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Aaron McIntyre*|| 15.94% ||1,102 ||1,123.96 ||1,139.00 ||'''1,253.00''' || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Kurtis Dickson'''||14.12% ||976 ||981.04 ||985.84 ||'''1,147.84'''|| || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''James Baird*'''|| 10.50% ||726 ||768.48 ||938.40 ||945.76 ||959.76 ||'''1,154.76''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||Alex Swan* ||6.97% ||482 ||498.92 ||600.36 ||605.36 ||626.36 ||749.36 |- | style="background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};"| || [[Glór Traidisiúnta Aontachtach|GTA]] ||Stewart Ferris|| 5.73% ||396 ||428.76 ||564.12 ||566.48 ||570.48 || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||John Drake|| 4.51% ||312 ||314.52 ||317.08|| || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:'''12,763''' Bailí:'''6,914''' Millte:'''62''' Cuóta:'''1,143''' Vótóirí:''' 6,976 (54.66%) |} ===Downshire Thiar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| Downshire Thiar - 5 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Owen Gawith*'''|| 23.58% ||'''1,693 '''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Gretta Thompson''' ||13.04%|| 936 ||'''1,353.02 '''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''Alan Martin '''||8.69% ||624 ||641.98 ||693.33 ||776.91 ||'''1,315.91'''|| |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Caleb McCready*'''||13.87% ||996 ||1,014.56 ||1,020.85 ||1,032.40 ||1,059.86 ||'''1,093.46''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Allan Ewart*'''|| 13.53% ||971 ||975.06 ||987.35 ||992.81 ||1,039.51 ||'''1,082.56''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || William Leathem ||12.79% ||918 ||921.48 ||925.48 ||928.21 ||947.26 ||988.56 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||Liz McCord ||8.57% ||615 ||621.38 ||691.12 ||739.42 || || |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || Siobhán Murphy|| 4.21% ||302 ||310.70|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas (TÉ)]]||Luke Robinson ||1.73% ||124 ||135.02 || || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:'''13,284 ''' Bailí:'''7,179 ''' Millte:'''72''' Cuóta:'''1,1197''' Vótóirí:''' 7,251 (54.58%) |} ===Coill Ultaigh=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| Coill Ultaigh - 5 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || '''Gary McCleave*'''|| 23.36% ||'''1,958'''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Claire Kemp'''|| 22.22% ||'''1,862 '''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Thomas Beckett*'''|| 18.01%||''' 1,509 '''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''James Tinsley*'''|| 15.48% ||1,297 ||1,297.68 ||1,312.26 ||1,325.80 ||'''1,415.05 '''|| |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''Ross McLernon*'''|| 7.80% ||654 ||657.74 ||732.80 ||765.65 ||776.78 ||'''1,398.14''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||Jack Patton ||4.34% ||364 ||888.28 ||1,145.86 ||1,178.05 ||1,178.47 ||1,192.49 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||Laura Turner ||7.86% ||659 ||664.10 ||728.63 ||748.84 ||752.69|| |- | style="background:{{Neamhspleách/meta/color}};" | || Neamhspleách ||Stuart Brown ||0.93%|| 78 ||93.64 ||136.57 || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 15,956''' Bailí:'''8,381''' Millte:''' 68''' Cuóta:'''1,397''' Vótóirí:'''8,449 (52.95%) |} ===Lios na gCearrbhach Thuaidh === ===Lios na gCearrbhach Theas === ==Athruithe i rith an téarma== ===† Comhthofa=== == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} {{Toghcháin agus reifrinn i dTuaisceart Éireann}} [[Catagóir:2023]] [[Catagóir:Polaitíocht Thuaisceart Éireann]] [[Catagóir:Stair Thuaisceart Éireann]] [[Catagóir:Toghcháin Áitiúla Thuaisceart Éireann 2023]] 5srl0tdi7ql94aquzjhn9pgmrsutk0p 1330955 1330953 2026-10-29T19:05:23Z Conradder 34685 /* Lios na gCearrbhach Thuaidh */ 1330955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Toghchán}} Reáchtáladh '''Chomhairle Cathrach Lios na gCearrbhach agus an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh''' ar 18 Bealtaine 2023, le gach dara [[Toghcháin Áitiúla Thuaisceart Éireann 2023|Toghcháin Áitiúla]] i d[[Tuaisceart Éireann|Tuaisceart Éireann, coicís tar éis na dtoghchán áitiúil i Sasana.]]. Cuireadh moill coicíse ar thoghcháin Thuaisceart Éireann chun comhthráth a sheachaint le [[Corónú Shéarlais III agus Camilla]]. Toghadh 40 ar [[Comhairle Cathrach Lios na gCearrbhach agus an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh|an chomhairle]] trí [[Aonvóta inaistrithe]] == Torthaí== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; margin-bottom: 10px;" ! colspan="10" | Toradh Toghcháin 2023 in [[Comhairle Cathrach Lios na gCearrbhach agus an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh|Lios na gCearrbhach agus An Caisleán Riabhach]] |- ! colspan ="2" |Páirtí ! Suíocháin ! Méaduithe ! Caillteanais ! Glan-mhéadú <br/>nó caillteanas ! Suíocháin % ! Vótaí % ! Vótaí ! +/− |- ! style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | | [[PAD]] ||14||0 ||1 ||{{decrease}}1 ||35.00||'''34.02'''||'''19,187'''||{{decrease}}2.69 |- ! style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | | [[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||13 ||4 ||0 ||{{increase}}4 ||32.50||28.48||16,064||{{increase}}4.84 |- ! style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | | [[PAU]] ||6 ||0 ||5 ||{{decrease}}5 ||15.00||13.97 ||7,877||{{decrease}}3.61 |- ! style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | | [[Sinn Féin]] ||4 ||2||0 ||{{increase}}2||10.00||10.98||6,193||{{increase}}5.57 |- ! style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | | [[PSDLO]] ||2 || 0||0|| {{steady}}0||5.00||6.69||3,774||{{decrease}}1.99 |- ! style="background:{{Neamhspleách/meta/color}};" | | [[Comhalta neamhspleách|Neamhspleách]] ||1 ||1 ||0||{{increase}}1 ||2.50||1.80||1,017||{{increase}}0.05 |- ! style="background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};" | | [[Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe|GTA]] ||0|| 0 ||0 ||{{steady}}0|| 0.00 ||2.33||1,317||{{increase}}0.01 |- ! style="background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};" | | [[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas TÉ]] ||0|| 0|| 1||{{decrease}}1 ||0.00 ||1.73||975||{{decrease}}0.02 |- ! colspan ="2" | Iomlán: || 40 || || || || || || 56,402|| |- |} <small>'''Nóta''': Is iad "vótaí" an chéad rogha vótaí</small> ==Achoimre dhúiche== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |- class="unsortable" align="centre" !rowspan=2 align="left"|Ceantar ! % <br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> !rowspan=2|Iomlán<br />Comhairleoirí<br /> |- class="unsortable" align="center" ! colspan=2| PAD !colspan=2 | PCTÉ !colspan=2 | PAU !colspan=2 | Sinn Féin ! colspan=2 | PSDLO !colspan=2 | Neamhspleách <br/> agus eile |- |align="left"|An Caisleán Riabhach Thoir |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|50.92 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''3''' {{steady}} |30.78 |'''2''' {{steady}} |9.03 |'''1''' {{steady}} |0.00 |0 {{steady}} |0.00 |0 {{steady}} |9.28 |0 {{steady}} |'''6''' |- |align="left"|An Caisleán Riabhach Theas |15.05 |'''1''' {{steady}} |bgcolor="#F6CB2F"|32.36 |bgcolor="#F6CB2F"|'''3''' {{increase}} 1 |7.46 |0 {{decrease}} 1 |21.61 |'''2''' {{increase}} 1 |17.05 |'''1''' {{steady}} |6.92 |0 {{decrease}} 1 |'''7''' |- |align="left"|Downshire Thoir |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|41.34 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''2''' {{steady}} |30.06 |'''2''' {{increase}} 1 |17.47 |'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |0.00 |0 {{steady}} |4.51 |0 {{steady}} |5.73 |0 {{steady}} |'''5''' |- |align="left"|Downshire Thiar |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|40.19 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''2''' {{steady}} |36.62 |'''2''' {{increase}} 1 |17.26 |'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |4.21 |0 {{steady}} |0.00 |0 {{steady}} |1.73 |0 {{steady}} |'''5''' |- |align="left"|Coill Ultaigh |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|33.49 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''2''' {{steady}} |22.22 |'''1''' {{steady}} |15.66 |'''1''' {{steady}} |23.36 |'''1''' {{steady}} |4.34 |0 {{steady}} |0.93 |0 {{steady}} |'''5''' |- |align="left"|Lios na gCearrbhach Thuaidh |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|26.47 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |23.61 |'''1''' {{steady}} |13.65 |'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |14.67 |'''1''' {{increase}} 1 |11.07 |'''1''' {{steady}} |10.54 |'''1''' {{increase}} 1 |'''6''' |- |align="left"|Lios na gCearrbhach Theas |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|38.20 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''3''' {{steady}} |23.81 |'''2''' {{increase}} 1 |19.95 |'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |6.58 |0 {{steady}} |6.30 |0 {{steady}} |5.16 |0 {{steady}} |'''6''' |- class="unsortable" class="sortbottom" style="background:#C9C9C9" |align="left"| '''Iomlán''' |'''34.02''' |'''14''' {{decrease}} 1 |'''28.48''' |'''13''' {{increase}} 4 |'''13.97''' |'''6''' {{decrease}} 5 |'''10.98''' |'''4''' {{increase}} 2 |'''6.69''' |'''2''' {{steady}} |'''5.87''' |'''1''' {{steady}} |'''40''' |- |} ==Torthaí na ndúichí== ===An Caisleán Riabhach Thoir=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| An Caisleán Riabhach Thoir - 6 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Sharon Skillen*'''|| 21.04% ||'''1,655 '''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Martin Gregg*'''|| 17.50% ||'''1,377'''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Samantha Burns'''|| 11.17% ||879 ||'''1,165.72'''|| || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Sharon Lowry*'''|| 13.28% ||1,045 ||1,057.16 ||'''1,192.16'''|| || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''John Laverty*'''|| 11.31% ||890 ||960.72 ||966.68 ||980.62 ||'''1,130.62''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''Hazel Legge*'''|| 9.03% ||710 ||735.28 ||763.92 ||959.08 ||'''1,086.60''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || David Drysdale* ||7.40% ||582 ||678 ||682.96 ||703.70 ||931.76 |- | style="background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};"| || [[Glór Traidisiúnta Aontachtach|GTA]] ||Andrew Girvin ||6.79% ||534 ||558.32 ||566.64 ||589.76 || |- | style="background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas (TÉ)]]||Terry Winchcombe|| 2.49% ||195 ||199.48 || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 16,289''' Bailí:'''7,867''' Millte:''' 90''' Cuóta:'''1,124''' Vótóirí:''' 7,957 (48.85%) |} ===An Caisleán Riabhach Theas=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| An Caisleán Riabhach Theas - 7 suíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 !! Comhair 7 !! Comhair 8 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''[[Michelle Guy]]* †'''|| 14.26% ||'''1,452'''|| || || || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Brian Higginson'''|| 9.88% ||1,006 ||1,009 ||1,009.60 ||'''1,507.72'''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Nancy Eaton †'''|| 10.96% 1,116 ||1,121 ||1,183.16 ||1,186.16 ||1,188.76 ||'''1,416.76'''|| || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||''' John Gallen*'''|| 10.61% ||1,035 ||1,035 ||1,042.08 ||1,044.08 ||1,046.16 ||1,147.12 ||'''1,613.12 '''|| |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || '''Ryan Carlin*''' ||11.82% ||1,204 ||1,207 ||1,213.24 ||1,214.24 ||1,214.76 ||1,260.76 ||'''1,314.76'''|| |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Martin McKeever'''|| 7.14% ||727 ||734 ||793.88 ||795.88 ||803.12 ||926.04 ||1,048.76 ||'''1,269.89''' |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || '''Daniel Bassett'''|| 9.79% ||997 ||998 ||1,000.88 ||1,000.88 ||1,000.88 ||1,036.24 ||1,095.60 ||'''1,192.80''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||Michael Henderson* ||7.46% ||760 ||764 ||768.92 ||786.92 ||1,001.68 ||1,039.08 ||1,059.60 ||1,077.42 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||Simon Lee*|| 6.44% ||656 ||662 ||683.36 ||686.36 ||688.44 ||761.64|| || |- | style="background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas (TÉ)]]||Jacinta Hamley ||6.44% ||656 ||667 ||675.16 ||675.16 ||677.76 || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || William Traynor|| 5.17% ||527 ||528 ||528.18|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Neamhspleách/meta/color}};" | || Neamhspleách ||Andrew Miller|| 0.48% ||49|| || || || || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 18,120''' Bailí:'''10,185''' Millte:''' 95''' Cuóta:'''1,274''' Vótóirí:'''10,280 (56.73%) |} ===Downshire Thoir === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| Downshire Thoir - 5 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Andrew Gowan*'''|| 26.01% ||'''1,798 '''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Uel Mackin*''' ||15.33% ||1,060 ||'''1,576.96'''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Aaron McIntyre*|| 15.94% ||1,102 ||1,123.96 ||1,139.00 ||'''1,253.00''' || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Kurtis Dickson'''||14.12% ||976 ||981.04 ||985.84 ||'''1,147.84'''|| || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''James Baird*'''|| 10.50% ||726 ||768.48 ||938.40 ||945.76 ||959.76 ||'''1,154.76''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||Alex Swan* ||6.97% ||482 ||498.92 ||600.36 ||605.36 ||626.36 ||749.36 |- | style="background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};"| || [[Glór Traidisiúnta Aontachtach|GTA]] ||Stewart Ferris|| 5.73% ||396 ||428.76 ||564.12 ||566.48 ||570.48 || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||John Drake|| 4.51% ||312 ||314.52 ||317.08|| || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:'''12,763''' Bailí:'''6,914''' Millte:'''62''' Cuóta:'''1,143''' Vótóirí:''' 6,976 (54.66%) |} ===Downshire Thiar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| Downshire Thiar - 5 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Owen Gawith*'''|| 23.58% ||'''1,693 '''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Gretta Thompson''' ||13.04%|| 936 ||'''1,353.02 '''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''Alan Martin '''||8.69% ||624 ||641.98 ||693.33 ||776.91 ||'''1,315.91'''|| |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Caleb McCready*'''||13.87% ||996 ||1,014.56 ||1,020.85 ||1,032.40 ||1,059.86 ||'''1,093.46''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Allan Ewart*'''|| 13.53% ||971 ||975.06 ||987.35 ||992.81 ||1,039.51 ||'''1,082.56''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || William Leathem ||12.79% ||918 ||921.48 ||925.48 ||928.21 ||947.26 ||988.56 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||Liz McCord ||8.57% ||615 ||621.38 ||691.12 ||739.42 || || |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || Siobhán Murphy|| 4.21% ||302 ||310.70|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas (TÉ)]]||Luke Robinson ||1.73% ||124 ||135.02 || || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:'''13,284 ''' Bailí:'''7,179 ''' Millte:'''72''' Cuóta:'''1,1197''' Vótóirí:''' 7,251 (54.58%) |} ===Coill Ultaigh=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| Coill Ultaigh - 5 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || '''Gary McCleave*'''|| 23.36% ||'''1,958'''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Claire Kemp'''|| 22.22% ||'''1,862 '''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Thomas Beckett*'''|| 18.01%||''' 1,509 '''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''James Tinsley*'''|| 15.48% ||1,297 ||1,297.68 ||1,312.26 ||1,325.80 ||'''1,415.05 '''|| |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''Ross McLernon*'''|| 7.80% ||654 ||657.74 ||732.80 ||765.65 ||776.78 ||'''1,398.14''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||Jack Patton ||4.34% ||364 ||888.28 ||1,145.86 ||1,178.05 ||1,178.47 ||1,192.49 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||Laura Turner ||7.86% ||659 ||664.10 ||728.63 ||748.84 ||752.69|| |- | style="background:{{Neamhspleách/meta/color}};" | || Neamhspleách ||Stuart Brown ||0.93%|| 78 ||93.64 ||136.57 || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 15,956''' Bailí:'''8,381''' Millte:''' 68''' Cuóta:'''1,397''' Vótóirí:'''8,449 (52.95%) |} ===Lios na gCearrbhach Thuaidh === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| Lios na gCearrbhach Thuaidh - 6 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || '''Paul Burke †'''|| 14.67% ||'''1,239'''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''[[Jonathan Craig]]*'''|| 14.45% ||'''1,220 '''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Nicola Parker'''|| 13.47% ||1,137 ||1,147 ||'''1,900'''|| || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||'''[[Pat Catney]]'''|| 11.07% ||935 ||941 ||1,002 ||'''1,360 '''|| |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''Nicholas Trimble*'''|| 7.43% ||627 ||1,035 ||1,070 ||'''1,242'''|| |- | style="background:{{Neamhspleách/meta/color}};" | || Neamhspleách ||'''Gary Hynds'''|| 10.54% ||890 ||933 ||946 ||1,045 ||'''1,162''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || Scott Carson* ||12.02%|| 1,015 ||1,049 ||1,053 ||1,066 ||1,071 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||Stephen Martin*|| 10.14% ||856 ||874 || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||Linsey Gibson ||6.22% ||525 || || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 16,680''' Bailí:'''8,444''' Millte:''' 89''' Cuóta:'''1,207''' Vótóirí:''' 8,553 (51.28%) |} ===Lios na gCearrbhach Theas === ==Athruithe i rith an téarma== ===† Comhthofa=== == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} {{Toghcháin agus reifrinn i dTuaisceart Éireann}} [[Catagóir:2023]] [[Catagóir:Polaitíocht Thuaisceart Éireann]] [[Catagóir:Stair Thuaisceart Éireann]] [[Catagóir:Toghcháin Áitiúla Thuaisceart Éireann 2023]] 04bjesim22iisnahjw70q9d1c54hq56 1330957 1330955 2026-10-29T19:12:26Z Conradder 34685 /* Lios na gCearrbhach Theas */ 1330957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Toghchán}} Reáchtáladh '''Chomhairle Cathrach Lios na gCearrbhach agus an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh''' ar 18 Bealtaine 2023, le gach dara [[Toghcháin Áitiúla Thuaisceart Éireann 2023|Toghcháin Áitiúla]] i d[[Tuaisceart Éireann|Tuaisceart Éireann, coicís tar éis na dtoghchán áitiúil i Sasana.]]. Cuireadh moill coicíse ar thoghcháin Thuaisceart Éireann chun comhthráth a sheachaint le [[Corónú Shéarlais III agus Camilla]]. Toghadh 40 ar [[Comhairle Cathrach Lios na gCearrbhach agus an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh|an chomhairle]] trí [[Aonvóta inaistrithe]] == Torthaí== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; margin-bottom: 10px;" ! colspan="10" | Toradh Toghcháin 2023 in [[Comhairle Cathrach Lios na gCearrbhach agus an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh|Lios na gCearrbhach agus An Caisleán Riabhach]] |- ! colspan ="2" |Páirtí ! Suíocháin ! Méaduithe ! Caillteanais ! Glan-mhéadú <br/>nó caillteanas ! Suíocháin % ! Vótaí % ! Vótaí ! +/− |- ! style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | | [[PAD]] ||14||0 ||1 ||{{decrease}}1 ||35.00||'''34.02'''||'''19,187'''||{{decrease}}2.69 |- ! style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | | [[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||13 ||4 ||0 ||{{increase}}4 ||32.50||28.48||16,064||{{increase}}4.84 |- ! style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | | [[PAU]] ||6 ||0 ||5 ||{{decrease}}5 ||15.00||13.97 ||7,877||{{decrease}}3.61 |- ! style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | | [[Sinn Féin]] ||4 ||2||0 ||{{increase}}2||10.00||10.98||6,193||{{increase}}5.57 |- ! style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | | [[PSDLO]] ||2 || 0||0|| {{steady}}0||5.00||6.69||3,774||{{decrease}}1.99 |- ! style="background:{{Neamhspleách/meta/color}};" | | [[Comhalta neamhspleách|Neamhspleách]] ||1 ||1 ||0||{{increase}}1 ||2.50||1.80||1,017||{{increase}}0.05 |- ! style="background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};" | | [[Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe|GTA]] ||0|| 0 ||0 ||{{steady}}0|| 0.00 ||2.33||1,317||{{increase}}0.01 |- ! style="background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};" | | [[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas TÉ]] ||0|| 0|| 1||{{decrease}}1 ||0.00 ||1.73||975||{{decrease}}0.02 |- ! colspan ="2" | Iomlán: || 40 || || || || || || 56,402|| |- |} <small>'''Nóta''': Is iad "vótaí" an chéad rogha vótaí</small> ==Achoimre dhúiche== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |- class="unsortable" align="centre" !rowspan=2 align="left"|Ceantar ! % <br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> !rowspan=2|Iomlán<br />Comhairleoirí<br /> |- class="unsortable" align="center" ! colspan=2| PAD !colspan=2 | PCTÉ !colspan=2 | PAU !colspan=2 | Sinn Féin ! colspan=2 | PSDLO !colspan=2 | Neamhspleách <br/> agus eile |- |align="left"|An Caisleán Riabhach Thoir |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|50.92 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''3''' {{steady}} |30.78 |'''2''' {{steady}} |9.03 |'''1''' {{steady}} |0.00 |0 {{steady}} |0.00 |0 {{steady}} |9.28 |0 {{steady}} |'''6''' |- |align="left"|An Caisleán Riabhach Theas |15.05 |'''1''' {{steady}} |bgcolor="#F6CB2F"|32.36 |bgcolor="#F6CB2F"|'''3''' {{increase}} 1 |7.46 |0 {{decrease}} 1 |21.61 |'''2''' {{increase}} 1 |17.05 |'''1''' {{steady}} |6.92 |0 {{decrease}} 1 |'''7''' |- |align="left"|Downshire Thoir |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|41.34 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''2''' {{steady}} |30.06 |'''2''' {{increase}} 1 |17.47 |'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |0.00 |0 {{steady}} |4.51 |0 {{steady}} |5.73 |0 {{steady}} |'''5''' |- |align="left"|Downshire Thiar |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|40.19 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''2''' {{steady}} |36.62 |'''2''' {{increase}} 1 |17.26 |'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |4.21 |0 {{steady}} |0.00 |0 {{steady}} |1.73 |0 {{steady}} |'''5''' |- |align="left"|Coill Ultaigh |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|33.49 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''2''' {{steady}} |22.22 |'''1''' {{steady}} |15.66 |'''1''' {{steady}} |23.36 |'''1''' {{steady}} |4.34 |0 {{steady}} |0.93 |0 {{steady}} |'''5''' |- |align="left"|Lios na gCearrbhach Thuaidh |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|26.47 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |23.61 |'''1''' {{steady}} |13.65 |'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |14.67 |'''1''' {{increase}} 1 |11.07 |'''1''' {{steady}} |10.54 |'''1''' {{increase}} 1 |'''6''' |- |align="left"|Lios na gCearrbhach Theas |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|38.20 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''3''' {{steady}} |23.81 |'''2''' {{increase}} 1 |19.95 |'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |6.58 |0 {{steady}} |6.30 |0 {{steady}} |5.16 |0 {{steady}} |'''6''' |- class="unsortable" class="sortbottom" style="background:#C9C9C9" |align="left"| '''Iomlán''' |'''34.02''' |'''14''' {{decrease}} 1 |'''28.48''' |'''13''' {{increase}} 4 |'''13.97''' |'''6''' {{decrease}} 5 |'''10.98''' |'''4''' {{increase}} 2 |'''6.69''' |'''2''' {{steady}} |'''5.87''' |'''1''' {{steady}} |'''40''' |- |} ==Torthaí na ndúichí== ===An Caisleán Riabhach Thoir=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| An Caisleán Riabhach Thoir - 6 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Sharon Skillen*'''|| 21.04% ||'''1,655 '''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Martin Gregg*'''|| 17.50% ||'''1,377'''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Samantha Burns'''|| 11.17% ||879 ||'''1,165.72'''|| || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Sharon Lowry*'''|| 13.28% ||1,045 ||1,057.16 ||'''1,192.16'''|| || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''John Laverty*'''|| 11.31% ||890 ||960.72 ||966.68 ||980.62 ||'''1,130.62''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''Hazel Legge*'''|| 9.03% ||710 ||735.28 ||763.92 ||959.08 ||'''1,086.60''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || David Drysdale* ||7.40% ||582 ||678 ||682.96 ||703.70 ||931.76 |- | style="background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};"| || [[Glór Traidisiúnta Aontachtach|GTA]] ||Andrew Girvin ||6.79% ||534 ||558.32 ||566.64 ||589.76 || |- | style="background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas (TÉ)]]||Terry Winchcombe|| 2.49% ||195 ||199.48 || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 16,289''' Bailí:'''7,867''' Millte:''' 90''' Cuóta:'''1,124''' Vótóirí:''' 7,957 (48.85%) |} ===An Caisleán Riabhach Theas=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| An Caisleán Riabhach Theas - 7 suíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 !! Comhair 7 !! Comhair 8 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''[[Michelle Guy]]* †'''|| 14.26% ||'''1,452'''|| || || || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Brian Higginson'''|| 9.88% ||1,006 ||1,009 ||1,009.60 ||'''1,507.72'''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Nancy Eaton †'''|| 10.96% 1,116 ||1,121 ||1,183.16 ||1,186.16 ||1,188.76 ||'''1,416.76'''|| || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||''' John Gallen*'''|| 10.61% ||1,035 ||1,035 ||1,042.08 ||1,044.08 ||1,046.16 ||1,147.12 ||'''1,613.12 '''|| |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || '''Ryan Carlin*''' ||11.82% ||1,204 ||1,207 ||1,213.24 ||1,214.24 ||1,214.76 ||1,260.76 ||'''1,314.76'''|| |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Martin McKeever'''|| 7.14% ||727 ||734 ||793.88 ||795.88 ||803.12 ||926.04 ||1,048.76 ||'''1,269.89''' |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || '''Daniel Bassett'''|| 9.79% ||997 ||998 ||1,000.88 ||1,000.88 ||1,000.88 ||1,036.24 ||1,095.60 ||'''1,192.80''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||Michael Henderson* ||7.46% ||760 ||764 ||768.92 ||786.92 ||1,001.68 ||1,039.08 ||1,059.60 ||1,077.42 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||Simon Lee*|| 6.44% ||656 ||662 ||683.36 ||686.36 ||688.44 ||761.64|| || |- | style="background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas (TÉ)]]||Jacinta Hamley ||6.44% ||656 ||667 ||675.16 ||675.16 ||677.76 || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || William Traynor|| 5.17% ||527 ||528 ||528.18|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Neamhspleách/meta/color}};" | || Neamhspleách ||Andrew Miller|| 0.48% ||49|| || || || || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 18,120''' Bailí:'''10,185''' Millte:''' 95''' Cuóta:'''1,274''' Vótóirí:'''10,280 (56.73%) |} ===Downshire Thoir === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| Downshire Thoir - 5 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Andrew Gowan*'''|| 26.01% ||'''1,798 '''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Uel Mackin*''' ||15.33% ||1,060 ||'''1,576.96'''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Aaron McIntyre*|| 15.94% ||1,102 ||1,123.96 ||1,139.00 ||'''1,253.00''' || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Kurtis Dickson'''||14.12% ||976 ||981.04 ||985.84 ||'''1,147.84'''|| || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''James Baird*'''|| 10.50% ||726 ||768.48 ||938.40 ||945.76 ||959.76 ||'''1,154.76''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||Alex Swan* ||6.97% ||482 ||498.92 ||600.36 ||605.36 ||626.36 ||749.36 |- | style="background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};"| || [[Glór Traidisiúnta Aontachtach|GTA]] ||Stewart Ferris|| 5.73% ||396 ||428.76 ||564.12 ||566.48 ||570.48 || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||John Drake|| 4.51% ||312 ||314.52 ||317.08|| || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:'''12,763''' Bailí:'''6,914''' Millte:'''62''' Cuóta:'''1,143''' Vótóirí:''' 6,976 (54.66%) |} ===Downshire Thiar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| Downshire Thiar - 5 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Owen Gawith*'''|| 23.58% ||'''1,693 '''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Gretta Thompson''' ||13.04%|| 936 ||'''1,353.02 '''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''Alan Martin '''||8.69% ||624 ||641.98 ||693.33 ||776.91 ||'''1,315.91'''|| |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Caleb McCready*'''||13.87% ||996 ||1,014.56 ||1,020.85 ||1,032.40 ||1,059.86 ||'''1,093.46''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Allan Ewart*'''|| 13.53% ||971 ||975.06 ||987.35 ||992.81 ||1,039.51 ||'''1,082.56''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || William Leathem ||12.79% ||918 ||921.48 ||925.48 ||928.21 ||947.26 ||988.56 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||Liz McCord ||8.57% ||615 ||621.38 ||691.12 ||739.42 || || |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || Siobhán Murphy|| 4.21% ||302 ||310.70|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas (TÉ)]]||Luke Robinson ||1.73% ||124 ||135.02 || || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:'''13,284 ''' Bailí:'''7,179 ''' Millte:'''72''' Cuóta:'''1,1197''' Vótóirí:''' 7,251 (54.58%) |} ===Coill Ultaigh=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| Coill Ultaigh - 5 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || '''Gary McCleave*'''|| 23.36% ||'''1,958'''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Claire Kemp'''|| 22.22% ||'''1,862 '''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Thomas Beckett*'''|| 18.01%||''' 1,509 '''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''James Tinsley*'''|| 15.48% ||1,297 ||1,297.68 ||1,312.26 ||1,325.80 ||'''1,415.05 '''|| |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''Ross McLernon*'''|| 7.80% ||654 ||657.74 ||732.80 ||765.65 ||776.78 ||'''1,398.14''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||Jack Patton ||4.34% ||364 ||888.28 ||1,145.86 ||1,178.05 ||1,178.47 ||1,192.49 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||Laura Turner ||7.86% ||659 ||664.10 ||728.63 ||748.84 ||752.69|| |- | style="background:{{Neamhspleách/meta/color}};" | || Neamhspleách ||Stuart Brown ||0.93%|| 78 ||93.64 ||136.57 || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 15,956''' Bailí:'''8,381''' Millte:''' 68''' Cuóta:'''1,397''' Vótóirí:'''8,449 (52.95%) |} ===Lios na gCearrbhach Thuaidh === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| Lios na gCearrbhach Thuaidh - 6 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || '''Paul Burke †'''|| 14.67% ||'''1,239'''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''[[Jonathan Craig]]*'''|| 14.45% ||'''1,220 '''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Nicola Parker'''|| 13.47% ||1,137 ||1,147 ||'''1,900'''|| || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||'''[[Pat Catney]]'''|| 11.07% ||935 ||941 ||1,002 ||'''1,360 '''|| |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''Nicholas Trimble*'''|| 7.43% ||627 ||1,035 ||1,070 ||'''1,242'''|| |- | style="background:{{Neamhspleách/meta/color}};" | || Neamhspleách ||'''Gary Hynds'''|| 10.54% ||890 ||933 ||946 ||1,045 ||'''1,162''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || Scott Carson* ||12.02%|| 1,015 ||1,049 ||1,053 ||1,066 ||1,071 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||Stephen Martin*|| 10.14% ||856 ||874 || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||Linsey Gibson ||6.22% ||525 || || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 16,680''' Bailí:'''8,444''' Millte:''' 89''' Cuóta:'''1,207''' Vótóirí:''' 8,553 (51.28%) |} ===Lios na gCearrbhach Theas === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| Lios na gCearrbhach Theas - 6 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 !! Comhair 7 !! Comhair 8 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Andrew Ewing*'''||15.19% ||'''1,139'''|| || || || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Amanda Grehan*'''|| 14.82%|| '''1,111 '''|| || || || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Alan Givan*'''|| 13.85% ||1,038 ||'''1,089.60'''|| || || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Peter Kennedy †'''|| 8.99% ||674 ||674.24 ||677.30 ||707.33 ||707.55 ||949.27 ||'''1,324.27'''|| |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''Tim Mitchell*'''|| 11.61% ||870 ||871.44 ||962.86 ||963.58 ||965.12 ||971.12 ||1,007.29 ||'''1,065.29''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Paul Porter*'''|| 9.16%|| 687 ||696 ||900.42 ||900.81 ||915.15 ||921.15 ||931.23 ||'''937.23''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||[[Jenny Palmer]]* ||8.34% ||625 ||628.42 ||692.90 ||693.59 ||694.27 ||706.42 ||727.48 ||745.48 |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || Aisling Flynn ||6.58%|| 493 ||493.42 ||494.42 ||494.90 ||494.94 ||671.09 || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||Dee French|| 6.30% ||472 ||472.42 ||476.42 ||477.32 ||477.34 || || || |- | style="background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};"| || [[Glór Traidisiúnta Aontachtach|GTA]] ||Stewart McEvoy ||5.16% ||387 ||388.44 || || || || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 16,838''' Bailí:'''7,496''' Millte:''' 99''' Cuóta:'''1,071''' Vótóirí:'''7,595 (45.11%) |} ==Athruithe i rith an téarma== ===† Comhthofa=== == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} {{Toghcháin agus reifrinn i dTuaisceart Éireann}} [[Catagóir:2023]] [[Catagóir:Polaitíocht Thuaisceart Éireann]] [[Catagóir:Stair Thuaisceart Éireann]] [[Catagóir:Toghcháin Áitiúla Thuaisceart Éireann 2023]] gjw2avau39q4sxx17uhm1qcqz8mar0h 1330958 1330957 2026-10-29T19:17:30Z Conradder 34685 /* † Comhthofa */ 1330958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Toghchán}} Reáchtáladh '''Chomhairle Cathrach Lios na gCearrbhach agus an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh''' ar 18 Bealtaine 2023, le gach dara [[Toghcháin Áitiúla Thuaisceart Éireann 2023|Toghcháin Áitiúla]] i d[[Tuaisceart Éireann|Tuaisceart Éireann, coicís tar éis na dtoghchán áitiúil i Sasana.]]. Cuireadh moill coicíse ar thoghcháin Thuaisceart Éireann chun comhthráth a sheachaint le [[Corónú Shéarlais III agus Camilla]]. Toghadh 40 ar [[Comhairle Cathrach Lios na gCearrbhach agus an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh|an chomhairle]] trí [[Aonvóta inaistrithe]] == Torthaí== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; margin-bottom: 10px;" ! colspan="10" | Toradh Toghcháin 2023 in [[Comhairle Cathrach Lios na gCearrbhach agus an Chaisleáin Riabhaigh|Lios na gCearrbhach agus An Caisleán Riabhach]] |- ! colspan ="2" |Páirtí ! Suíocháin ! Méaduithe ! Caillteanais ! Glan-mhéadú <br/>nó caillteanas ! Suíocháin % ! Vótaí % ! Vótaí ! +/− |- ! style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | | [[PAD]] ||14||0 ||1 ||{{decrease}}1 ||35.00||'''34.02'''||'''19,187'''||{{decrease}}2.69 |- ! style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | | [[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||13 ||4 ||0 ||{{increase}}4 ||32.50||28.48||16,064||{{increase}}4.84 |- ! style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | | [[PAU]] ||6 ||0 ||5 ||{{decrease}}5 ||15.00||13.97 ||7,877||{{decrease}}3.61 |- ! style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | | [[Sinn Féin]] ||4 ||2||0 ||{{increase}}2||10.00||10.98||6,193||{{increase}}5.57 |- ! style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | | [[PSDLO]] ||2 || 0||0|| {{steady}}0||5.00||6.69||3,774||{{decrease}}1.99 |- ! style="background:{{Neamhspleách/meta/color}};" | | [[Comhalta neamhspleách|Neamhspleách]] ||1 ||1 ||0||{{increase}}1 ||2.50||1.80||1,017||{{increase}}0.05 |- ! style="background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};" | | [[Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe|GTA]] ||0|| 0 ||0 ||{{steady}}0|| 0.00 ||2.33||1,317||{{increase}}0.01 |- ! style="background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};" | | [[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas TÉ]] ||0|| 0|| 1||{{decrease}}1 ||0.00 ||1.73||975||{{decrease}}0.02 |- ! colspan ="2" | Iomlán: || 40 || || || || || || 56,402|| |- |} <small>'''Nóta''': Is iad "vótaí" an chéad rogha vótaí</small> ==Achoimre dhúiche== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |- class="unsortable" align="centre" !rowspan=2 align="left"|Ceantar ! % <br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> ! %<br /> !Comhairleoirí<br /> !rowspan=2|Iomlán<br />Comhairleoirí<br /> |- class="unsortable" align="center" ! colspan=2| PAD !colspan=2 | PCTÉ !colspan=2 | PAU !colspan=2 | Sinn Féin ! colspan=2 | PSDLO !colspan=2 | Neamhspleách <br/> agus eile |- |align="left"|An Caisleán Riabhach Thoir |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|50.92 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''3''' {{steady}} |30.78 |'''2''' {{steady}} |9.03 |'''1''' {{steady}} |0.00 |0 {{steady}} |0.00 |0 {{steady}} |9.28 |0 {{steady}} |'''6''' |- |align="left"|An Caisleán Riabhach Theas |15.05 |'''1''' {{steady}} |bgcolor="#F6CB2F"|32.36 |bgcolor="#F6CB2F"|'''3''' {{increase}} 1 |7.46 |0 {{decrease}} 1 |21.61 |'''2''' {{increase}} 1 |17.05 |'''1''' {{steady}} |6.92 |0 {{decrease}} 1 |'''7''' |- |align="left"|Downshire Thoir |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|41.34 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''2''' {{steady}} |30.06 |'''2''' {{increase}} 1 |17.47 |'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |0.00 |0 {{steady}} |4.51 |0 {{steady}} |5.73 |0 {{steady}} |'''5''' |- |align="left"|Downshire Thiar |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|40.19 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''2''' {{steady}} |36.62 |'''2''' {{increase}} 1 |17.26 |'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |4.21 |0 {{steady}} |0.00 |0 {{steady}} |1.73 |0 {{steady}} |'''5''' |- |align="left"|Coill Ultaigh |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|33.49 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''2''' {{steady}} |22.22 |'''1''' {{steady}} |15.66 |'''1''' {{steady}} |23.36 |'''1''' {{steady}} |4.34 |0 {{steady}} |0.93 |0 {{steady}} |'''5''' |- |align="left"|Lios na gCearrbhach Thuaidh |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|26.47 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |23.61 |'''1''' {{steady}} |13.65 |'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |14.67 |'''1''' {{increase}} 1 |11.07 |'''1''' {{steady}} |10.54 |'''1''' {{increase}} 1 |'''6''' |- |align="left"|Lios na gCearrbhach Theas |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|38.20 |bgcolor="#D46A4C"|'''3''' {{steady}} |23.81 |'''2''' {{increase}} 1 |19.95 |'''1''' {{decrease}} 1 |6.58 |0 {{steady}} |6.30 |0 {{steady}} |5.16 |0 {{steady}} |'''6''' |- class="unsortable" class="sortbottom" style="background:#C9C9C9" |align="left"| '''Iomlán''' |'''34.02''' |'''14''' {{decrease}} 1 |'''28.48''' |'''13''' {{increase}} 4 |'''13.97''' |'''6''' {{decrease}} 5 |'''10.98''' |'''4''' {{increase}} 2 |'''6.69''' |'''2''' {{steady}} |'''5.87''' |'''1''' {{steady}} |'''40''' |- |} ==Torthaí na ndúichí== ===An Caisleán Riabhach Thoir=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| An Caisleán Riabhach Thoir - 6 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Sharon Skillen*'''|| 21.04% ||'''1,655 '''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Martin Gregg*'''|| 17.50% ||'''1,377'''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Samantha Burns'''|| 11.17% ||879 ||'''1,165.72'''|| || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Sharon Lowry*'''|| 13.28% ||1,045 ||1,057.16 ||'''1,192.16'''|| || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''John Laverty*'''|| 11.31% ||890 ||960.72 ||966.68 ||980.62 ||'''1,130.62''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''Hazel Legge*'''|| 9.03% ||710 ||735.28 ||763.92 ||959.08 ||'''1,086.60''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || David Drysdale* ||7.40% ||582 ||678 ||682.96 ||703.70 ||931.76 |- | style="background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};"| || [[Glór Traidisiúnta Aontachtach|GTA]] ||Andrew Girvin ||6.79% ||534 ||558.32 ||566.64 ||589.76 || |- | style="background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas (TÉ)]]||Terry Winchcombe|| 2.49% ||195 ||199.48 || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 16,289''' Bailí:'''7,867''' Millte:''' 90''' Cuóta:'''1,124''' Vótóirí:''' 7,957 (48.85%) |} ===An Caisleán Riabhach Theas=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| An Caisleán Riabhach Theas - 7 suíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 !! Comhair 7 !! Comhair 8 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''[[Michelle Guy]]* †'''|| 14.26% ||'''1,452'''|| || || || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Brian Higginson'''|| 9.88% ||1,006 ||1,009 ||1,009.60 ||'''1,507.72'''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Nancy Eaton †'''|| 10.96% 1,116 ||1,121 ||1,183.16 ||1,186.16 ||1,188.76 ||'''1,416.76'''|| || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||''' John Gallen*'''|| 10.61% ||1,035 ||1,035 ||1,042.08 ||1,044.08 ||1,046.16 ||1,147.12 ||'''1,613.12 '''|| |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || '''Ryan Carlin*''' ||11.82% ||1,204 ||1,207 ||1,213.24 ||1,214.24 ||1,214.76 ||1,260.76 ||'''1,314.76'''|| |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Martin McKeever'''|| 7.14% ||727 ||734 ||793.88 ||795.88 ||803.12 ||926.04 ||1,048.76 ||'''1,269.89''' |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || '''Daniel Bassett'''|| 9.79% ||997 ||998 ||1,000.88 ||1,000.88 ||1,000.88 ||1,036.24 ||1,095.60 ||'''1,192.80''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||Michael Henderson* ||7.46% ||760 ||764 ||768.92 ||786.92 ||1,001.68 ||1,039.08 ||1,059.60 ||1,077.42 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||Simon Lee*|| 6.44% ||656 ||662 ||683.36 ||686.36 ||688.44 ||761.64|| || |- | style="background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas (TÉ)]]||Jacinta Hamley ||6.44% ||656 ||667 ||675.16 ||675.16 ||677.76 || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || William Traynor|| 5.17% ||527 ||528 ||528.18|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Neamhspleách/meta/color}};" | || Neamhspleách ||Andrew Miller|| 0.48% ||49|| || || || || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 18,120''' Bailí:'''10,185''' Millte:''' 95''' Cuóta:'''1,274''' Vótóirí:'''10,280 (56.73%) |} ===Downshire Thoir === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| Downshire Thoir - 5 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Andrew Gowan*'''|| 26.01% ||'''1,798 '''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Uel Mackin*''' ||15.33% ||1,060 ||'''1,576.96'''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Aaron McIntyre*|| 15.94% ||1,102 ||1,123.96 ||1,139.00 ||'''1,253.00''' || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Kurtis Dickson'''||14.12% ||976 ||981.04 ||985.84 ||'''1,147.84'''|| || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''James Baird*'''|| 10.50% ||726 ||768.48 ||938.40 ||945.76 ||959.76 ||'''1,154.76''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||Alex Swan* ||6.97% ||482 ||498.92 ||600.36 ||605.36 ||626.36 ||749.36 |- | style="background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};"| || [[Glór Traidisiúnta Aontachtach|GTA]] ||Stewart Ferris|| 5.73% ||396 ||428.76 ||564.12 ||566.48 ||570.48 || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||John Drake|| 4.51% ||312 ||314.52 ||317.08|| || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:'''12,763''' Bailí:'''6,914''' Millte:'''62''' Cuóta:'''1,143''' Vótóirí:''' 6,976 (54.66%) |} ===Downshire Thiar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| Downshire Thiar - 5 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Owen Gawith*'''|| 23.58% ||'''1,693 '''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Gretta Thompson''' ||13.04%|| 936 ||'''1,353.02 '''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''Alan Martin '''||8.69% ||624 ||641.98 ||693.33 ||776.91 ||'''1,315.91'''|| |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Caleb McCready*'''||13.87% ||996 ||1,014.56 ||1,020.85 ||1,032.40 ||1,059.86 ||'''1,093.46''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Allan Ewart*'''|| 13.53% ||971 ||975.06 ||987.35 ||992.81 ||1,039.51 ||'''1,082.56''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || William Leathem ||12.79% ||918 ||921.48 ||925.48 ||928.21 ||947.26 ||988.56 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||Liz McCord ||8.57% ||615 ||621.38 ||691.12 ||739.42 || || |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || Siobhán Murphy|| 4.21% ||302 ||310.70|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Comhaontas Glas/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Glas Thuaisceart Éireann|Páirtí Glas (TÉ)]]||Luke Robinson ||1.73% ||124 ||135.02 || || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:'''13,284 ''' Bailí:'''7,179 ''' Millte:'''72''' Cuóta:'''1,1197''' Vótóirí:''' 7,251 (54.58%) |} ===Coill Ultaigh=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| Coill Ultaigh - 5 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || '''Gary McCleave*'''|| 23.36% ||'''1,958'''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Claire Kemp'''|| 22.22% ||'''1,862 '''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Thomas Beckett*'''|| 18.01%||''' 1,509 '''|| || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''James Tinsley*'''|| 15.48% ||1,297 ||1,297.68 ||1,312.26 ||1,325.80 ||'''1,415.05 '''|| |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''Ross McLernon*'''|| 7.80% ||654 ||657.74 ||732.80 ||765.65 ||776.78 ||'''1,398.14''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||Jack Patton ||4.34% ||364 ||888.28 ||1,145.86 ||1,178.05 ||1,178.47 ||1,192.49 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||Laura Turner ||7.86% ||659 ||664.10 ||728.63 ||748.84 ||752.69|| |- | style="background:{{Neamhspleách/meta/color}};" | || Neamhspleách ||Stuart Brown ||0.93%|| 78 ||93.64 ||136.57 || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 15,956''' Bailí:'''8,381''' Millte:''' 68''' Cuóta:'''1,397''' Vótóirí:'''8,449 (52.95%) |} ===Lios na gCearrbhach Thuaidh === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| Lios na gCearrbhach Thuaidh - 6 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || '''Paul Burke †'''|| 14.67% ||'''1,239'''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''[[Jonathan Craig]]*'''|| 14.45% ||'''1,220 '''|| || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Nicola Parker'''|| 13.47% ||1,137 ||1,147 ||'''1,900'''|| || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||'''[[Pat Catney]]'''|| 11.07% ||935 ||941 ||1,002 ||'''1,360 '''|| |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''Nicholas Trimble*'''|| 7.43% ||627 ||1,035 ||1,070 ||'''1,242'''|| |- | style="background:{{Neamhspleách/meta/color}};" | || Neamhspleách ||'''Gary Hynds'''|| 10.54% ||890 ||933 ||946 ||1,045 ||'''1,162''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || Scott Carson* ||12.02%|| 1,015 ||1,049 ||1,053 ||1,066 ||1,071 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||Stephen Martin*|| 10.14% ||856 ||874 || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||Linsey Gibson ||6.22% ||525 || || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 16,680''' Bailí:'''8,444''' Millte:''' 89''' Cuóta:'''1,207''' Vótóirí:''' 8,553 (51.28%) |} ===Lios na gCearrbhach Theas === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" |- ! align=center colspan=16| Lios na gCearrbhach Theas - 6 shuíochán |- ! align=center colspan=2| Páirtí !! Iarrthóir !! Scair !! Comhair 1 !! Comhair 2 !! Comhair 3 !! Comhair 4 !! Comhair 5 !! Comhair 6 !! Comhair 7 !! Comhair 8 |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Andrew Ewing*'''||15.19% ||'''1,139'''|| || || || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Amanda Grehan*'''|| 14.82%|| '''1,111 '''|| || || || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Alan Givan*'''|| 13.85% ||1,038 ||'''1,089.60'''|| || || || || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] ||'''Peter Kennedy †'''|| 8.99% ||674 ||674.24 ||677.30 ||707.33 ||707.55 ||949.27 ||'''1,324.27'''|| |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||'''Tim Mitchell*'''|| 11.61% ||870 ||871.44 ||962.86 ||963.58 ||965.12 ||971.12 ||1,007.29 ||'''1,065.29''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach/meta/color}};" | || [[PAD]] || '''Paul Porter*'''|| 9.16%|| 687 ||696 ||900.42 ||900.81 ||915.15 ||921.15 ||931.23 ||'''937.23''' |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh/meta/color}};" | || [[PAU]] ||[[Jenny Palmer]]* ||8.34% ||625 ||628.42 ||692.90 ||693.59 ||694.27 ||706.42 ||727.48 ||745.48 |- | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] || Aisling Flynn ||6.58%|| 493 ||493.42 ||494.42 ||494.90 ||494.94 ||671.09 || || |- | style="background:{{Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre/meta/color}};" | || [[PSDLO]]||Dee French|| 6.30% ||472 ||472.42 ||476.42 ||477.32 ||477.34 || || || |- | style="background:{{Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtaithe/meta/color}};"| || [[Glór Traidisiúnta Aontachtach|GTA]] ||Stewart McEvoy ||5.16% ||387 ||388.44 || || || || || || |- | align=left colspan=14|'''Toghthóirí:''' 16,838''' Bailí:'''7,496''' Millte:''' 99''' Cuóta:'''1,071''' Vótóirí:'''7,595 (45.11%) |} ==Athruithe i rith an téarma== ===† Comhthofa=== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; font-size: 95%" !Dáta !Ceantar !colspan="2"|Páirtí !Comhairleoir atá <br/>ag dul as oifig !Comhairleoir <br/>ag comhthoghadh !Fáth |- |5 Lúnasa 2024 | An Caisleán Riabhach Theas | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] |[[Michelle Guy]] |Jamie Harpur |Comhthoghadh Guy ar [[Tionól Thuaisceart Éireann|Thionól Thuaisceart Éireann]] |- |1 Samhain 2024 |Lios na gCearrbhach Thuaidh | style="background:{{Sinn Féin/meta/color}};" | || [[Sinn Féin]] |Paul Burke | Declan Lynch | D'éirigh Burke as |- |21 Márta 2025 |Lios na gCearrbhach Theas | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] |Peter Kennedy |Jessica Bamford | D'éirigh Kennedy as |- |29 Bealtaine 2025 |An Caisleán Riabhach Theas | style="background:{{Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann/meta/color}};" | || |[[Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann|Comhaontas]] |Nancy Eaton |Bronagh Magee | D'éirigh Eaton as |} == Tagairtí == {{reflist}} {{Toghcháin agus reifrinn i dTuaisceart Éireann}} [[Catagóir:2023]] [[Catagóir:Polaitíocht Thuaisceart Éireann]] [[Catagóir:Stair Thuaisceart Éireann]] [[Catagóir:Toghcháin Áitiúla Thuaisceart Éireann 2023]] pug4q1jdllssu8si1fdehxklofory3h 0 128717 1330930 2026-10-29T12:48:25Z Amy Uí Ríordáin 57269 cruthaigh mé leathanach ar Phóilín Nic Géidigh 1330930 wikitext text/x-wiki Iriseoir, craoltóir agus dearthóir grafaice ó [[Gort an Choirce|Ghort an Choirce]] i [[Gaeltacht|nGaeltacht]] [[Contae Dhún na nGall|Dhún na nGall]] í '''Póilín Nic Géidigh'''. Is cainteoir dúchais Gaeilge í.<ref name="nos2020">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/news/poilin-nic-geidigh-ceaptha-ina-hiriseoir-le-nos/|teideal=Póilín Nic Géidigh ceaptha ina hiriseoir le NÓS|dáta=2020-06-10|language=ga|work=NÓS|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref><ref name="maraduit">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://maraduit.com/|teideal=Fúinn – About|language=ga|work=Mara Duit|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> == Saol agus oideachas == Bhain Nic Géidigh bunchéim amach sa Chumarsáid Fhísiúil in [[Institiúid Teicneolaíochta Bhaile Átha Cliath]] sa bhliain 2019.<ref name="oireachtas">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/realta-og-na-bliana/poilin-nic-geidigh.html|teideal=Póilín Nic Géidigh – Réalta Óg na Bliana|language=ga|work=An tOireachtas|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> Bhí a tionscadal céime, ''Bánú Tuaithe'', dírithe ar mheath cultúrtha agus ar dhídhaonrú i gceantair Ghaeltachta.<ref name="gradx">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://gradx.ie/2019/courses/visual-communications/poilin-nic-geidigh/index.html|teideal=Póilín Nic Géidigh – Bánú Tuaithe|language=en|work=GradX 2019|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> Sa bhliain 2020, bhain sí céim mháistreachta amach i gCleachtas Gairmiúil sna Meáin in [[Ollscoil na Gaillimhe|Ollscoil na hÉireann, Gaillimh]].<ref name="oireachtas" /><ref name="rte2020">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2020/1008/1170215-at-home-with-r-na-gs-poilin-nic-geidigh/|teideal=At home with...R na G's Póilín Nic Géidigh|dáta=2020-10-08|language=en|work=RTÉ|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> == Gairm == Bhí Nic Géidigh ina colúnaí seachtrach leis an iris ''[[NÓS (iris)|NÓS]]'' sular ceapadh ina hiriseoir léi í i Meitheamh 2020.<ref name="nos2020" /> Bhí sí ina láithreoir ar ''[[Cúla4|Cúla 4 ar Scoil]]'' ar [[TG4]], agus bhí sí le cloisteáil ar an bpodchraoladh ''Motherfoclóir'' agus ar [[Raidió na Life]].<ref name="nos2020" /> Le linn na dianghlasála i 2020, chruthaigh sí míreanna do ''Cúla 4 ar Scoil'' agus do ''Campa Cúla 4'', agus bhí sí ina comhláithreoir ar ''Timpeall Orainn'', clár do pháistí faoin timpeallacht a léirigh an comhlacht [[Fíbín]].<ref name="rte2020" /><ref name="oireachtas" /> D'oibrigh sí mar Chlár Reachtaire le [[RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta]] i stiúideo [[Na Doirí Beaga|na nDoirí Beaga]], áit a raibh sí le cloisteáil ar ''Nuacht an Tuaiscirt'' agus ar an gclár ''Bladhaire''.<ref name="oireachtas" /> Ainmníodh í do ghradam Réalta Óg na Bliana ag Gradaim Chumarsáide [[Oireachtas na Gaeilge|an Oireachtais]] sa bhliain 2020.<ref name="oireachtas" /><ref name="rte2020" /> Bhí sí ina ball den ghrúpa An Ghaeltokt ar [[TikTok]].<ref name="oireachtas" /> Bhunaigh Nic Géidigh an comhlacht ''Mara Duit'', a dhíolann cártaí beannachta agus priontaí i nGaeilge.<ref name="maraduit" /><ref name="mcm">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://mindingcreativeminds.ie/your-story/your-story-poilin-nic-geidigh/|teideal=Your Story: Póilín Nic Géidigh|language=en|work=Minding Creative Minds|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> Dhear sí hataí agus málaí d'fheachtas #SeoÍanGhaeltacht de chuid [[Glór na nGael]], agus chruthaigh sí gifeanna i nGaeilge do na meáin shóisialta.<ref name="meoneile">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.meoneile.ie/cultur-agus-ealain/poilin-nic-geidigh-ar-aipeanna-gaeilge-sna-meain-shoisialta-agus-feachtas-seoianghaeltacht|teideal=Póilín Nic Géidigh ar aipeanna, na meáin shóisialta agus #SeoÍanGhaeltacht|dáta=2021-07-07|language=ga|work=Meon Eile|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> == Tagairtí == <references responsive="1"><ref name="nos2020" /> <ref name="rte2020" /> <ref name="oireachtas" /> <ref name="gradx" /> <ref name="meoneile" /> <ref name="maraduit" /> <ref name="mcm" /></references> p7n27e67d2bb3yhfw367099kl53cv3w 1330931 1330930 2026-10-29T13:05:13Z Amy Uí Ríordáin 57269 1330931 wikitext text/x-wiki Iriseoir, craoltóir agus dearthóir grafaice ó [[Gort an Choirce|Ghort an Choirce]] i [[Gaeltacht]] [[Contae Dhún na nGall|Dhún na nGall]] í '''Póilín Nic Géidigh'''. Is cainteoir dúchais Gaeilge í.<ref name="nos20202">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/news/poilin-nic-geidigh-ceaptha-ina-hiriseoir-le-nos/|teideal=Póilín Nic Géidigh ceaptha ina hiriseoir le NÓS|dáta=2020-06-10|language=ga|work=NÓS|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref><ref name="maraduit2">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://maraduit.com/|teideal=Fúinn – About|language=ga|work=Mara Duit|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> == Saol agus oideachas == Bhain Nic Géidigh bunchéim amach sa Chumarsáid Fhísiúil in [[Institiúid Teicneolaíochta Bhaile Átha Cliath]] sa bhliain 2019.<ref name="oireachtas2">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/realta-og-na-bliana/poilin-nic-geidigh.html|teideal=Póilín Nic Géidigh – Réalta Óg na Bliana|language=ga|work=An tOireachtas|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> Bhí a tionscadal céime, ''Bánú Tuaithe'', dírithe ar mheath cultúrtha agus ar dhídhaonrú i gceantair Ghaeltachta.<ref name="gradx2">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://gradx.ie/2019/courses/visual-communications/poilin-nic-geidigh/index.html|teideal=Póilín Nic Géidigh – Bánú Tuaithe|language=en|work=GradX 2019|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> Sa bhliain 2020, bhain sí céim mháistreachta amach i gCleachtas Gairmiúil sna Meáin in [[Ollscoil na Gaillimhe|Ollscoil na hÉireann, Gaillimh]].<ref name="oireachtas2" /><ref name="rte20202">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2020/1008/1170215-at-home-with-r-na-gs-poilin-nic-geidigh/|teideal=At home with...R na G's Póilín Nic Géidigh|dáta=2020-10-08|language=en|work=RTÉ|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> == Gairm == Bhí Nic Géidigh ina colúnaí seachtrach leis an iris ''[[NÓS (iris)|NÓS]]'' sular ceapadh ina hiriseoir léi í i Meitheamh 2020.<ref name="nos20202" /> Bhí sí ina láithreoir ar ''[[Cúla4|Cúla 4 ar Scoil]]'' ar [[TG4]], agus bhí sí le cloisteáil ar an bpodchraoladh ''Motherfoclóir'' agus ar [[Raidió na Life]].<ref name="nos20202" /> Le linn na dianghlasála in 2020, chruthaigh sí míreanna do ''Cúla 4 ar Scoil'' agus do ''Campa Cúla 4'', agus bhí sí ina comhláithreoir ar ''Timpeall Orainn'', clár do pháistí faoin timpeallacht a léirigh an comhlacht [[Fíbín]].<ref name="rte20202" /><ref name="oireachtas2" /> D'oibrigh sí mar Chlár Reachtaire le [[RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta]] i stiúideo [[Na Doirí Beaga|na nDoirí Beaga]], áit a raibh sí le cloisteáil ar ''Nuacht an Tuaiscirt'' agus ar an gclár ''Bladhaire''.<ref name="oireachtas2" /> Ainmníodh í do ghradam Réalta Óg na Bliana ag Gradaim Chumarsáide [[Oireachtas na Gaeilge|an Oireachtais]] sa bhliain 2020.<ref name="oireachtas2" /><ref name="rte20202" /> Bhí sí ina ball den ghrúpa An Ghaeltokt ar [[TikTok]].<ref name="oireachtas2" /> Bhunaigh Nic Géidigh an comhlacht ''Mara Duit'', a dhíolann cártaí beannachta agus priontaí i nGaeilge.<ref name="maraduit2" /><ref name="mcm2">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://mindingcreativeminds.ie/your-story/your-story-poilin-nic-geidigh/|teideal=Your Story: Póilín Nic Géidigh|language=en|work=Minding Creative Minds|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> Dhear sí hataí agus málaí d'fheachtas #SeoÍanGhaeltacht de chuid [[Glór na nGael]], agus chruthaigh sí gifeanna i nGaeilge do na meáin shóisialta.<ref name="meoneile2">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.meoneile.ie/cultur-agus-ealain/poilin-nic-geidigh-ar-aipeanna-gaeilge-sna-meain-shoisialta-agus-feachtas-seoianghaeltacht|teideal=Póilín Nic Géidigh ar aipeanna, na meáin shóisialta agus #SeoÍanGhaeltacht|dáta=2021-07-07|language=ga|work=Meon Eile|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> == Tagairtí == <references responsive="1"></references> acg4e8vv8xbisa5a4yzn6j6bh5qipam 1330941 1330931 2026-10-29T17:03:55Z Amy Uí Ríordáin 57269 1330941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} Iriseoir, craoltóir agus dearthóir grafaice ó [[Gort an Choirce|Ghort an Choirce]] i [[Gaeltacht]] [[Contae Dhún na nGall|Dhún na nGall]] í '''Póilín Nic Géidigh'''. Is cainteoir dúchais Gaeilge í.<ref name="nos20202">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://nos.ie/news/poilin-nic-geidigh-ceaptha-ina-hiriseoir-le-nos/|teideal=Póilín Nic Géidigh ceaptha ina hiriseoir le NÓS|dáta=2020-06-10|language=ga|work=NÓS|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref><ref name="maraduit2">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://maraduit.com/|teideal=Fúinn – About|language=ga|work=Mara Duit|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> == Saol agus oideachas == Bhain Nic Géidigh bunchéim amach sa Chumarsáid Fhísiúil in [[Institiúid Teicneolaíochta Bhaile Átha Cliath]] sa bhliain 2019.<ref name="oireachtas2">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.antoireachtas.ie/gradaim-chumarsaide/realta-og-na-bliana/poilin-nic-geidigh.html|teideal=Póilín Nic Géidigh – Réalta Óg na Bliana|language=ga|work=An tOireachtas|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> Bhí a tionscadal céime, ''Bánú Tuaithe'', dírithe ar mheath cultúrtha agus ar dhídhaonrú i gceantair Ghaeltachta.<ref name="gradx2">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://gradx.ie/2019/courses/visual-communications/poilin-nic-geidigh/index.html|teideal=Póilín Nic Géidigh – Bánú Tuaithe|language=en|work=GradX 2019|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> Sa bhliain 2020, bhain sí céim mháistreachta amach i gCleachtas Gairmiúil sna Meáin in [[Ollscoil na Gaillimhe|Ollscoil na hÉireann, Gaillimh]].<ref name="oireachtas2" /><ref name="rte20202">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2020/1008/1170215-at-home-with-r-na-gs-poilin-nic-geidigh/|teideal=At home with...R na G's Póilín Nic Géidigh|dáta=2020-10-08|language=en|work=RTÉ|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> == Gairm == Bhí Nic Géidigh ina colúnaí seachtrach leis an iris ''[[NÓS (iris)|NÓS]]'' sular ceapadh ina hiriseoir léi í i Meitheamh 2020.<ref name="nos20202" /> Bhí sí ina láithreoir ar ''[[Cúla4|Cúla 4 ar Scoil]]'' ar [[TG4]], agus bhí sí le cloisteáil ar an bpodchraoladh ''Motherfoclóir'' agus ar [[Raidió na Life]].<ref name="nos20202" /> Le linn na dianghlasála in 2020, chruthaigh sí míreanna do ''Cúla 4 ar Scoil'' agus do ''Campa Cúla 4'', agus bhí sí ina comhláithreoir ar ''Timpeall Orainn'', clár do pháistí faoin timpeallacht a léirigh an comhlacht [[Fíbín]].<ref name="rte20202" /><ref name="oireachtas2" /> D'oibrigh sí mar Chlár Reachtaire le [[RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta]] i stiúideo [[Na Doirí Beaga|na nDoirí Beaga]], áit a raibh sí le cloisteáil ar ''Nuacht an Tuaiscirt'' agus ar an gclár ''Bladhaire''.<ref name="oireachtas2" /> Ainmníodh í do ghradam Réalta Óg na Bliana ag Gradaim Chumarsáide [[Oireachtas na Gaeilge|an Oireachtais]] sa bhliain 2020.<ref name="oireachtas2" /><ref name="rte20202" /> Bhí sí ina ball den ghrúpa An Ghaeltokt ar [[TikTok]].<ref name="oireachtas2" /> Bhunaigh Nic Géidigh an comhlacht ''Mara Duit'', a dhíolann cártaí beannachta agus priontaí i nGaeilge.<ref name="maraduit2" /><ref name="mcm2">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://mindingcreativeminds.ie/your-story/your-story-poilin-nic-geidigh/|teideal=Your Story: Póilín Nic Géidigh|language=en|work=Minding Creative Minds|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> Dhear sí hataí agus málaí d'fheachtas #SeoÍanGhaeltacht de chuid [[Glór na nGael]], agus chruthaigh sí gifeanna i nGaeilge do na meáin shóisialta.<ref name="meoneile2">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.meoneile.ie/cultur-agus-ealain/poilin-nic-geidigh-ar-aipeanna-gaeilge-sna-meain-shoisialta-agus-feachtas-seoianghaeltacht|teideal=Póilín Nic Géidigh ar aipeanna, na meáin shóisialta agus #SeoÍanGhaeltacht|dáta=2021-07-07|language=ga|work=Meon Eile|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> == Tagairtí == <references responsive="1"></references> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nic Géidigh, Póilín}} [[Catagóir:Craoltóirí Gaeilge]] [[Catagóir:Láithreoirí teilifíse Éireannacha]] 7n8cb1zhd1hknbxumlrelfyj7eoao84 0 128718 1330935 2026-10-29T13:39:39Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 Cruthaithe ó enwiki 1330935 wikitext text/x-wiki Is [[tairif|éiceo-tairif]] ar [[astaíochtaí leabaithe]] carbóin é '''tairif carbóin''' nó '''coigeartú carbóin ar theorainneacha (CCT)'''<ref name=iate /><ref name=:0 /> Is é mar phríomhaidhm aim is generally ná cuireadh a chur le [[sceitheadh carbóin]] ar tíortha gan {{h|praghsáil carbóin}} acu.<ref name=:0 /> Cuirtear san áireamh anseo táirgí ard-charbón amhail is leictreachas cinnte le [[gléasra cumhachta gualbhreoslaithe]], iarainn agus cruach déanta le [[foirnéis soinneáin]] agus leasachán ón b[[próiseas Haber]]. Go dtí an bhliain 2026, níl ann ach California atá CCT aige i gcomhair leictreachais. Beidh a leithéid ag an AE agus an RA óna blianta 2026 agus 2027 faoi seach. Tá CCTanna á phlé ag roinnt tíortha agus tuath.<ref name=eucram /> == I réim agus le teacht == * [[Sásra Coigeartaithe Carbóin ar Theorainneacha an AE|Aontas Eorpach]] * [[Sásra RA um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha|Ríocht Aontaithe]] * California: Tá sásra um choigeartú carbóin ar theorainneacha ag an ''[[California Cap-and-Trade Program]]'' le haghaidh leictreachais ón mbliain 2011.<ref name=lpddbca /> '' I dteannta le Québec agus Washington, rinneadh leathadh ar an sásra sa bhliain 2026 chun aisíocaíochtaí a laghdú le 85% faoin mbliain 2045.<ref name=jones2026 />. Níor chuir California táirgí fisiciúla (cosúil le cruach, stroighin nó alúmanam) lena sásra coigeartaithe carbóin ar theorainneacha go dtí seo.<ref name=icap2021 /> == Comhoiriúnacht WTO == De réir rialacha reatha WTO, d'fhéadfadh é go bhfuil cosc ar roinnt coigeartuirhe carbóin. Sa bhliain 2024, mhol na Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá (faoi Na Daonlathaithe) nár [[cáin charbóin]] atá i gceist anseo, ach ina ionad sin gur táille í ceadaithe faoin [[Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Trádála]] (EDT / WTO) rules.<ref name=jec2024 /> Níl cinneadh déanta ag an WTO féin.<ref name=Porterfield /> == Tagairtí == {{reflist | refs = <ref name=iate>{{lua idirlín | url = https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/3579087 | teideal = Téarma: Sásra um Choigeartú Carbóin ar Theorainneacha | foilsitheoir = [[IATE]] | dátarochtana = 2026-10-29}}</ref> <ref name=:0>{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/#:~:text=A%20Carbon%20Border%20Adjustment%20Mechanism%20(CBAM)%20(also%20known%20as,gases%20emitted%20during%20their%20production. | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | foilsitheoir=Brookings | teanga = en-US}}</ref> <ref name=eucram>{{lua idirlín | teideal = EU's CBAM to spur other countries to introduce carbon border levies: IETA | url = https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/041824-eus-cbam-to-spur-other-countries-to-introduce-carbon-border-levies-ieta}}</ref> <ref name=lpddbca>{{lua idirlín | teideal = California ETS Border Carbon Adjustment | url = https://lpdd.org/resources/california-ets-border-carbon-adjustment/ | foilsitheoir = Model Laws for Deep Decarbonization in the United States | dátarochtana = 21 Bealtaine 2023}}</ref> <ref name=carb2024>{{lua idirlín | foilsitheoir = California Air Resources Board (CARB) | dáta = 9 Aibreán 2024 | teideal = Regulation for the California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and MarketBased Compliance Mechanisms 2024 Amendments | url = https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/nc-Cap-and-Trade_SRIA2024.pdf}}</ref> <ref name=jec2024>{{lua idirlín | teideal = What is a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM)? | url=https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/democrats/2024/2/what-is-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam-and-what-are-some-legislative-proposals-to-make-one | dátarochtana = 2024-11-13 | work = [[United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee]] | teanga = en}}</ref> <ref name=Porterfield>{{lua idirlín | sloinne = Porterfield | ainm = Matthew | teideal = Carbon Import Fees and the WTO | url = https://clcouncil.org/reports/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf}}</ref> <ref name=jones2026>{{lua idirlín | url = https://clcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Carbon_Import_Fees_and_the_WTO.pdf | teideal = California's Cap-and-Invest Overhaul and the Expansion of North America's Largest Carbon Market | foilsitheoir = Jones Day | dátarochtana = 2026-10-29}}</ref> <ref name=icap2021>{{lua idirlín | url = https://icapcarbonaction.com/system/files/document/canz-paper_v06_final.pdf | teideal = Carbon Leakage and Competitiveness: California’s Treatment of Imported Electricity and New Zealand’s Synthetic Greenhouse Gas Levy | foilsitheoir = International Carbon Action Partnership | dátarochtana = 2026-10-29}}</ref> }} [[Catagóir:Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]] [[Catagóir:Cáin chomhshaoil]] 7aedc3ca67b8y8sitt4o6zag8duq3o3 1 128719 1330942 2026-10-29T17:08:14Z Amy Uí Ríordáin 57269 /* Cabhair Uaim */ mír nua 1330942 wikitext text/x-wiki == Cabhair Uaim == Haigh a chairde Vicí - nuair atá am ag duine ar bith an féidir leat nasc a dhéanamh idir bosca eolais agus [[d:Q141914092|sonraí WikiData anseo]] Bheinn an-bhuíoch asat [[Úsáideoir:Amy Uí Ríordáin|Amy Uí Ríordáin]] ([[Plé úsáideora:Amy Uí Ríordáin|plé]]) 17:08, 29 Deireadh Fómhair 2026 (UTC) 2e2mwx2wqlkpn2bh4sh114byhjuu1gz 0 128720 1330948 2026-10-29T18:00:21Z Marcas.oduinn 33120 Bhog Marcas.oduinn an leathanach [[Maolú an Athraithe Aeráide]] go [[Maolú an athraithe aeráide]]: litreacha beaga 1330948 wikitext text/x-wiki #athsheoladh [[Maolú an athraithe aeráide]] 1t3nebs167wdfnsngysg1d2td9dls4g 0 128721 1330968 2026-10-29T22:33:29Z TGcoa 21229 Leathanach cruthaithe le 'Múinteoir, cumadóir, file, amhránaí, agus scríbhneoir ba ea Fearghas Mac Lochlainn (1961 - gan choinne, 26 Deireadh Fómhair 2026). == Saol == Rugadh Fearghas Mac Lochlainn i mBaile Átha Cliath sa bhliain 1961. Chaith sé blianta ag múineadh agus bhí sé ina phríomhoide ar Scoil Sailearna in Indreabhán go dtí 2019. Bhí suim mhór ag Fearghas san aos óg agus bhí tionchar ollmhór aige daltaí óga a spreagadh chun páirt a ghlacadh i gcomórtais Oir...' 1330968 wikitext text/x-wiki Múinteoir, cumadóir, file, amhránaí, agus scríbhneoir ba ea Fearghas Mac Lochlainn (1961 - gan choinne, 26 Deireadh Fómhair 2026). == Saol == Rugadh Fearghas Mac Lochlainn i mBaile Átha Cliath sa bhliain 1961. Chaith sé blianta ag múineadh agus bhí sé ina phríomhoide ar Scoil Sailearna in Indreabhán go dtí 2019. Bhí suim mhór ag Fearghas san aos óg agus bhí tionchar ollmhór aige daltaí óga a spreagadh chun páirt a ghlacadh i gcomórtais Oireachtas na Samhna. Chreid sé gur bhealach maith a bhí san amhránaíocht agus sa drámaíocht chun muinín agus grá don chultúr dúchasach a chothú iontu. Bhí Fearghas an-tugtha don scríbhneoireacht agus chum sé amhráin, lúibíní, agallaimh bheirte agus leabhair do pháistí. Ó 2021-2025 bhíodh Fearghas le feiceáil ar stáitse ag [[Oireachtas na Gaeilge|Oireachtas na Samhna]] agus é ag dul i bhfeidhm ar an lucht féachana lena shaothair nuachumtha. Bhásaigh Fearghas gan choinne an 26 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Maireann a bhean chéile, Bríd, agus a iníon, Anna, ina dhiaidh. Tá sé curtha i Reilig an Choilligh, An Spidéal.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.advertiser.ie/galway/article/153187/srscrbhneoir-fearghas-mac-lochlainn-ar-shl-na-frinne|teideal=Sárscríbhneoir Fearghas Mac Lochlainn ar shlí na fírinne|údar=Galway Advertiser, Thu, Oct 29, 2026|work=Galway Advertiser|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> == Féach freisin == == Tagairtí == {{reflist}}{{síol}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Lochlainn, Fearghas Mac }} [[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1961]] [[Catagóir:Básanna in 2026]] [[Catagóir:Pádraic Mac Piarais]] [[Catagóir:Daoine as Baile Átha Cliath]] [[Catagóir:Daoine as Conamara]] [[Catagóir:Múinteoirí Éireannacha]] [[Catagóir:Scríbhneoirí do pháistí]] [[Catagóir:Daoine curtha i Reilig an Choilligh]] [[Catagóir:Agallaimh beirte]] ewnfpkem6zuouxznv4mkhn21lj00v3n 1330970 1330968 2026-10-29T23:02:09Z TGcoa 21229 1330970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} Oide, cumadóir, file, amhránaí, agus scríbhneoir ba ea '''Fearghas Mac Lochlainn''' (1961 - gan choinne, 26 Deireadh Fómhair 2026).<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/fearghas-mac-lochlainn-dublin-646287|teideal=Fógra báis|údar=rip.ie|language=ga-IE|work=rip.ie|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> == Saol == Leasdeirfiúr le [[Pádraig Mac Piarais]] ab ea a shin-seanmháthair, Emily Pearse. Rugadh Fearghas Mac Lochlainn i mBaile Átha Cliath sa bhliain 1961. Fuair Mac Lochlainn a chuid scolaíochta trí Ghaeilge i Scoil Náisiúnta Bhríde i Raghnallach ar dtús agus i gColáiste Mhuire ar Chearnóg Parnell sa gcathair ina dhiaidh sin. Chaith sé blianta ag múineadh. Fuair sé a chéad phost múinteoireachta i Scoil Neasáin i mBaile Átha Cliath. Bhí aithne mhór air mar phríomhoide ar Scoil Sailearna sna hAille agus chaith sé 20 bliain ag obair sa scoil sular éirigh sé as in 2019. D’oibrigh sé mar chúntóir riachtanais speisialta i nGaelscoil Dara ar an Rinn Mhór ina dhiaidh sin.<ref name=":1">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/fearghas-mac-lochlainn-scribhneoir-cumadoir-agus-oide-ar-shli-na-firinne/|teideal=Fearghas Mac Lochlainn, scríbhneoir, cumadóir agus oide, ar shlí na Fírinne|dáta=2026-10-28|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> Bhí suim mhór ag Fearghas san aos óg agus bhí tionchar ollmhór aige daltaí óga a spreagadh chun páirt a ghlacadh i gcomórtais Oireachtas na Samhna. Chreid sé gur bhealach maith a bhí san amhránaíocht agus sa drámaíocht chun muinín agus grá don chultúr dúchasach a chothú iontu. Bhí Fearghas an-tugtha don scríbhneoireacht agus chum sé amhráin, lúibíní, agallaimh bheirte agus leabhair do pháistí. Ó 2021-2025 bhíodh Fearghas le feiceáil ar stáitse ag [[Oireachtas na Gaeilge|Oireachtas na Samhna]] agus é ag dul i bhfeidhm ar an lucht féachana lena shaothair nuachumtha. Scríbhneoir agus aistritheoir leabhar do pháistí ab ea é. Bhuaigh leabhair leis Gradam Reics Carló ag Gradaim Foilsitheoireachta an Oireachtais faoi dhó. ''An Slipéar Gloine'' a fuair an gradam in 2022 agus ''Puisín na mBróg'' a bhuaigh in 2026.<ref name=":1" /> Buaiteoir Ghradaim Foilsitheoireachta an Oireachtais ba ea é.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/4bc71b4b-1670-4821-a8b7-b4da00bcdc12/|teideal=Máirín Ní Mhárta, aistritheoir & Fearghas Mac Lochlainn Údar, Buaiteoirí Ghradaim Foilsitheoireachta an Oireachtais.|údar=RnaG|dáta=2026-10-05|language=ga-IE|work=RTE Radio|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Fearghas Mac Lochlainn {{!}} Clár Sean Nós, S1 E19|url=https://www.tg4.ie/ga/player/seinn/?pid=6201794096001&series=Sean+N%C3%B3s&genre=Ceol|language=en-ie|author=TG4|date=31.01.13}}</ref> Bhásaigh Fearghas gan choinne an 26 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Maireann a bhean chéile, Bríd, agus a iníon, Anna, ina dhiaidh. Tá sé curtha i Reilig an Choilligh, An Spidéal.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.advertiser.ie/galway/article/153187/srscrbhneoir-fearghas-mac-lochlainn-ar-shl-na-frinne|teideal=Sárscríbhneoir Fearghas Mac Lochlainn ar shlí na fírinne|údar=Galway Advertiser, Thu, Oct 29, 2026|work=Galway Advertiser|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Físeán: Fearghas Mac Lochlainn|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oANEN7Tph0M|date=2019-02-17|author=Liam and Tom O'Flaherty Society}}</ref> == Féach freisin == == Tagairtí == {{reflist}}{{síol}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Lochlainn, Fearghas Mac }} [[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1961]] [[Catagóir:Básanna in 2026]] [[Catagóir:Daoine as Baile Átha Cliath]] [[Catagóir:Daoine as Conamara]] [[Catagóir:Múinteoirí Éireannacha]] [[Catagóir:Scríbhneoirí do pháistí]] [[Catagóir:Daoine curtha i Reilig an Choilligh]] [[Catagóir:Agallaimh beirte]] [[Catagóir:Pádraig Mac Piarais]] dvnzr4gfo86r5cr45lo8onxgna6z4zi 1330971 1330970 2026-10-29T23:02:27Z TGcoa 21229 1330971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WD Bosca Sonraí Duine}} Oide, cumadóir, file, amhránaí, agus scríbhneoir ba ea '''Fearghas Mac Lochlainn''' (1961 - gan choinne, 26 Deireadh Fómhair 2026).<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/fearghas-mac-lochlainn-dublin-646287|teideal=Fógra báis|údar=rip.ie|language=ga-IE|work=rip.ie|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> == Saol == Leasdeirfiúr le [[Pádraig Mac Piarais]] ab ea a shin-seanmháthair, Emily Pearse. Rugadh Fearghas Mac Lochlainn i mBaile Átha Cliath sa bhliain 1961. Fuair Mac Lochlainn a chuid scolaíochta trí Ghaeilge i Scoil Náisiúnta Bhríde i Raghnallach ar dtús agus i gColáiste Mhuire ar Chearnóg Parnell sa gcathair ina dhiaidh sin. Chaith sé blianta ag múineadh. Fuair sé a chéad phost múinteoireachta i Scoil Neasáin i mBaile Átha Cliath. Bhí aithne mhór air mar phríomhoide ar Scoil Sailearna sna hAille agus chaith sé 20 bliain ag obair sa scoil sular éirigh sé as in 2019. D’oibrigh sé mar chúntóir riachtanais speisialta i nGaelscoil Dara ar an Rinn Mhór ina dhiaidh sin.<ref name=":1">{{Lua idirlín|url=https://tuairisc.ie/fearghas-mac-lochlainn-scribhneoir-cumadoir-agus-oide-ar-shli-na-firinne/|teideal=Fearghas Mac Lochlainn, scríbhneoir, cumadóir agus oide, ar shlí na Fírinne|dáta=2026-10-28|language=ga-IE|work=Tuairisc.ie|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref> Bhí suim mhór ag Fearghas san aos óg agus bhí tionchar ollmhór aige daltaí óga a spreagadh chun páirt a ghlacadh i gcomórtais Oireachtas na Samhna. Chreid sé gur bhealach maith a bhí san amhránaíocht agus sa drámaíocht chun muinín agus grá don chultúr dúchasach a chothú iontu. Bhí Fearghas an-tugtha don scríbhneoireacht agus chum sé amhráin, lúibíní, agallaimh bheirte agus leabhair do pháistí. Ó 2021-2025 bhíodh Fearghas le feiceáil ar stáitse ag [[Oireachtas na Gaeilge|Oireachtas na Samhna]] agus é ag dul i bhfeidhm ar an lucht féachana lena shaothair nuachumtha. Scríbhneoir agus aistritheoir leabhar do pháistí ab ea é. Bhuaigh leabhair leis Gradam Reics Carló ag Gradaim Foilsitheoireachta an Oireachtais faoi dhó. ''An Slipéar Gloine'' a fuair an gradam in 2022 agus ''Puisín na mBróg'' a bhuaigh in 2026.<ref name=":1" /> Buaiteoir Ghradaim Foilsitheoireachta an Oireachtais ba ea é.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/4bc71b4b-1670-4821-a8b7-b4da00bcdc12/|teideal=Máirín Ní Mhárta, aistritheoir & Fearghas Mac Lochlainn Údar, Buaiteoirí Ghradaim Foilsitheoireachta an Oireachtais.|údar=RnaG|dáta=2026-10-05|language=ga-IE|work=RTE Radio|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Fearghas Mac Lochlainn {{!}} Clár Sean Nós, S1 E19|url=https://www.tg4.ie/ga/player/seinn/?pid=6201794096001&series=Sean+N%C3%B3s&genre=Ceol|language=en-ie|author=TG4|date=31.01.13}}</ref> Bhásaigh Fearghas gan choinne an 26 Deireadh Fómhair 2026. Maireann a bhean chéile, Bríd, agus a iníon, Anna, ina dhiaidh. Tá sé curtha i Reilig an Choilligh, An Spidéal.<ref>{{Lua idirlín|url=https://www.advertiser.ie/galway/article/153187/srscrbhneoir-fearghas-mac-lochlainn-ar-shl-na-frinne|teideal=Sárscríbhneoir Fearghas Mac Lochlainn ar shlí na fírinne|údar=Galway Advertiser, Thu, Oct 29, 2026|work=Galway Advertiser|dátarochtana=2026-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{Luaigh foilseachán|title=Físeán: Fearghas Mac Lochlainn|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oANEN7Tph0M|date=2019-02-17|author=Liam and Tom O'Flaherty Society}}</ref> == Féach freisin == == Tagairtí == {{reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Lochlainn, Fearghas Mac }} [[Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1961]] [[Catagóir:Básanna in 2026]] [[Catagóir:Daoine as Baile Átha Cliath]] [[Catagóir:Daoine as Conamara]] [[Catagóir:Múinteoirí Éireannacha]] [[Catagóir:Scríbhneoirí do pháistí]] [[Catagóir:Daoine curtha i Reilig an Choilligh]] [[Catagóir:Agallaimh beirte]] [[Catagóir:Pádraig Mac Piarais]] 4ptlj0w2bznntmqcv9ue8az5qhtxvwg