Wikipedia gotwiki https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%83 MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Special Talk 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 Wikipedia 𐌸𐌹𐍃 Wikipedia 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 MediaWiki MediaWiki talk 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌰 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 9275 49876 2026-11-06T05:31:37Z Westseax 13855 Well, enjoy it. 49876 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="float:right;clear:right;width:24em;margin:0 0 1em 1em;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background:#f8f9fa;font-size:90%;border-collapse:collapse;" cellpadding="3" |+ style="font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;" | 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|frameless|alt=𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃]]<br />𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌰 |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, both variants).svg|250px]]<br />𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃<br />𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍅𐌰) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸 (𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌹) |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 | ''„God Save the King“'' (𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 𐌱𐌹 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿, 𐌽𐌹 𐌱𐌹 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸; 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍃)<ref name="r1">"National Anthem", The Royal Family. https://www.royal.uk/encyclopedia/national-anthem</ref> [[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the Queen.ogg|God Save the King / Queen]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Europe-UK (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]] |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 | 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰<br />51°30′N 0°7′W |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 | 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 | (𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌸;<ref name="r2">"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148", Council of Europe. http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐍉𐍃;<ref name="r3">"Welsh language on GOV.UK – Content design: planning, writing and managing content – Guidance", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/content-design/welsh-language-on-gov-uk "Welsh language scheme", GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-transport/about/welsh-language-scheme "Welsh language scheme", GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/about/welsh-language-scheme</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌼 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳)<br />𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰; 𐌿𐌻𐍃𐍄𐍂𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰; 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰; 𐌺𐍉𐍂𐌽𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰; 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰; 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰; 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌴 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 (2021) | 83,1% 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃; 8,6% 𐌰𐍃𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃; 3,7% 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃; 2,7% 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃; 2,0% 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂<br />(𐌲𐌹𐌻𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2021; 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌸𐌰 𐌳𐌿 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2022; 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 ONS 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸𐍃 21 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍃 2021)<ref name="r4">"Table 06: UK06 - Ethnic group by sex by age, United Kingdom", Census-based statistics UK: 2021, Office for National Statistics, 27 June 2025. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/censusbasedstatisticsuk2021</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (2021) | 46,6% 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃; 37,6% 𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃; 6,0% 𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌼; 1,6% 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌹𐍃𐌼; 2,2% 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂; 5,9% 𐌽𐌹 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽<ref name="r5">"Table 07: UK07 - Religion by sex by age, United Kingdom", Census-based statistics UK: 2021, Office for National Statistics, 27 June 2025. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/censusbasedstatisticsuk2021</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 | 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃; 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃; 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄 (𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐍉) |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 | 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌰 (𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌾𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 „𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹“, 𐌱𐌹 Vernon Bogdanor 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌼,<ref name="r6">Bradbury, Jonathan, "Constitutional Policy and Territorial Politics in the UK: Volume 1: Union and Devolution 1997–2012", Policy Press, 2021. https://books.google.com/books?id=c3QWEAAAQBAJ&q=%2522union+state%2522+UK+unitary&pg=PA19</ref> 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌾𐌴𐌹𐌽 1990;<ref name="r7">Leith, Murray Stewart, "Political Discourse and National Identity in Scotland", Edinburgh University Press, 2012. https://books.google.com/books?id=PeBvAAAAQBAJ&q=Uk+%2522unitary+state%2522&pg=PA39</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹, 𐌰𐌺 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍂𐌴𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴)<ref name="r8">Gagnon, Alain-G.; Tully, "Multinational Democracies", Cambridge University Press, 2001. https://books.google.com/books?id=g0ahE2fTxS0C&q=%2522union+state%2522+UK+unitary&pg=PA47 Bogdanor, Vernon, "Constitutional Reform in the United Kingdom: Practice and Principles", Hart Publishing, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=YEEgDsCYmbQC&q=%2522union+state%2522+UK+unitary&pg=PA18</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | • 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 | charles III |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | • 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 | andy burnham |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻 | Parliament |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | • 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐌶𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 | House of Lords |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | • 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 | House of Commons |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#cfe3ff;text-align:center;" | 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | Laws in Wales Acts | 1535 𐌾𐌰𐌷 1542 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍀𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉 | 24 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍃 1603 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 | 22 𐌾𐌿𐌻𐌹𐍃 1706 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 | 1 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌿𐍃 1707 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 | 1 𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌿𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃 1801 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | Irish Free State Constitution Act | 6 𐌳𐌴𐌺𐌴𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍃 1922 |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#cfe3ff;text-align:center;" | 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍃 (ONS 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃, 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹; 𐌽𐌹 Crown Dependencies 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃) | 244.376 km² (94.356 sq mi)<ref name="r9">"Standard Area Measurements for Administrative Areas (December 2023) in the UK", Open Geography Portal, Office for National Statistics, 31 May 2024. https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about</ref><br />𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 78. |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#cfe3ff;text-align:center;" | 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 | 𐍈𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 69,5 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍃 (𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌹 2025)<br />𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 20. |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌲𐌹𐌻𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (2021) | 66.912.637<ref name="r4" /> |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹 𐌱𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌸 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 | 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 48. |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#cfe3ff;text-align:center;" | 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | GDP (PPP) (2026) | $4,783 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍉<ref name="r10">"World Economic Outlook Database (October 2026 Edition)", www.imf.org, International Monetary Fund, 13 October 2026. https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)</ref><br />𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 10. |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | • 𐌱𐌹 𐌲𐌿𐌼𐌹𐌽 | $68.476<ref name="r10" /><br />𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 33. |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | GDP (𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃) (2026) | $4,268 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍉<ref name="r10" /><br />𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 5. |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | • 𐌱𐌹 𐌲𐌿𐌼𐌹𐌽 | $61.108<ref name="r10" /><br />𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 21. |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌹 (2021) | 35,4 (𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉)<ref name="r11">"Income inequality", OECD Data, OECD. https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | HDI (2023) | 0,946 (𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌶𐍉)<ref name="r12">"Human Development Report 2025", United Nations Development Programme, 6 May 2025. https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf</ref><br />𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 13. |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#cfe3ff;text-align:center;" | 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 | 𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲 (𐌾𐌰𐌷 „𐍀𐌿𐌽𐌳“ 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 „𐍀𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲“; 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂) (£)<br />GBP |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹 | UTC+0 (GMT) |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | • 𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃 | UTC+1 (BST; jah brukiþ in ⟦Crown Dependencies⟧) |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 | dd/mm/yyyy (AD) (𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌸 ISO 8601 yyyy-mm-dd 𐌳𐌿 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃)<ref name="r13">"Formatting dates and times in data", gov.uk, HM Government, 9 August 2022. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/open-standards-for-government/date-times-and-time-stamps-standard</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌻𐌰𐌸𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 | +44 (𐌽𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌼 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽) |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌽𐌴𐍄 | .uk (.𐌲𐌱 𐌰𐌿𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽, 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌸) |} 𐍃𐌰 '''𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃''' ('''𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹''', 𐌾𐌰𐌷 '''𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰''') 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹, 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐍆 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌽𐌾𐌰. 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌹𐍃 „𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰“ 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃: ''The Guardian'' 𐌾𐌰𐌷 ''The Telegraph'' 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹; 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌺𐌻𐌰 gov.uk 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 „𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹“ 𐌾𐌰𐌷 „𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹“, 𐌰𐌺 „𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰“.<ref name="r14">"Guardian style guide: U", The Guardian, 23 April 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-style-guide-u</ref><ref name="r15">"Places", The Telegraph, 25 July 2025. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/style-book/places/</ref><ref name="r16">"Style guide - A to Z - Guidance - GOV.UK", www.gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/style-guide/a-to-z#great-britain</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰, 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐌽𐌹 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹), 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 69 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2025. 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼, 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌽𐌹 244.376 km2. 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍀𐌿𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃, 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰, 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽; 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰. 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹; 𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃, 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹𐍆 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃. 𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌾𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌾𐌰. 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌾𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 43 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌿; 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 383–410; 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍇𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌽 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 450; 𐌽𐍉𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌾𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1066. 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 17-𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰, 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌴𐌹 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃. 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1707 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃. 𐌸𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 1800 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1801. 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1922 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃; 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌽𐌴 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 1927 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍀 𐌽𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹. 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐍉 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍉 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃 19 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐍃 20, 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐌽 ''Pax Britannica'' (1815–1914). 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃 19 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃, 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹, 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃, 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃. 𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1920 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌱𐌹 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼. 𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴. 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌹 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌹 (𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍉𐍃 𐌳𐍉𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃)<ref name="r17">"What is the UK Constitution?", The Constitution Unit of UCL, 9 August 2018. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/what-uk-constitution/what-uk-constitution</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍉𐌼: 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳. 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰. 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌼 𐌱𐌹 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌽𐍉𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰 𐌿𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃. 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌰 𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍅𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐌽𐍃. 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉, 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌸𐌰𐌹, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴. 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌹𐌼 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃. == 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰 == 𐌸𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 1707 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 „𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌱𐌹 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃“ (𐌸𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 1800 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 „𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃“).<ref name="r18">"The Treaty (act) of the Union of Parliament 1706", Scots History Online. http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html Barnett, Hilaire; Jago, Robert, "Constitutional & Administrative Law", Routledge, 2011. https://books.google.com/books?id=LYc1tSYonrQC&pg=PA165</ref> „𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹“ 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌷𐌿𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌸𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃, 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 1707–1800 𐍅𐌰𐍃 „𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰“.<ref name="r19">"After the political union of England and Scotland in 1707, the nation's official name became 'Great Britain'", ''The American Pageant, Volume 1'', Cengage Learning (2012); "From 1707 until 1801 ''Great Britain'' was the official designation of the kingdoms of England and Scotland". ''The Standard Reference Work: For the Home, School and Library, Volume 3'', Harold Melvin Stanford (1921); "In 1707, on the union with Scotland, 'Great Britain' became the official name of the British Kingdom, and so continued until the union with Ireland in 1801". ''United States Congressional serial set, Issue 10; Issue 3265'' (1895); Gascoigne, Bamber, "History of Great Britain (from 1707)", History World. http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab07</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1922 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍆𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1927 𐌳𐌿 „𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃“.<ref name="r20">Cottrell, P., "The Irish Civil War 1922–23", Bloomsbury USA, 2008. https://archive.org/details/irishcivilwar00cott_573</ref> 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃, 𐌸𐍉 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰;<ref name="r21">S. Dunn; H. Dawson, "An Alphabetical Listing of Word, Name and Place in Northern Ireland and the Living Language of Conflict", Edwin Mellen Press, 2000 "Changes in the list of subdivision names and code elements", ISO 3166-2, International Organization for Standardization, 15 December 2011. http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-3_2011-12-13.pdf</ref> 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄 „𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹“.<ref name="r22">"Countries within a country", Prime Minister's Office, 10 January 2003. http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823</ref> NUTS 1 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 „𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌾𐌰“;<ref name="r23">"Statistical bulletin: Regional Labour Market Statistics". http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_346117.xml "13.4% Fall In Earnings Value During Recession". http://www.gmb.org.uk/newsroom/fall-in-earnings-value-during-recession</ref> 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌳𐌰 „𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹“.<ref name="r24">Dunn, Seamus; Dawson, Helen, "An Alphabetical Listing of Word, Name and Place in Northern Ireland and the Living Language of Conflict", Edwin Mellen Press, 2000 Murphy, Dervla, "A Place Apart", Penguin, 1979</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 „𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃“.<ref name="r25">Whyte, John; FitzGerald, "Interpreting Northern Ireland", Clarendon Press, 1991</ref> „𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰“ 𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰; 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌼 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹.<ref name="r26">"Guardian Unlimited Style Guide", Guardian News and Media Limited, 19 December 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/page/0,,184840,00.html "BBC style guide (Great Britain)", BBC News, 19 August 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/radio_newsroom/1099593.stm#g "Key facts about the United Kingdom", Government, citizens and rights, HM Government. http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517</ref><ref name="r27">New Oxford American Dictionary: "Great Britain: England, Wales, and Scotland considered as a unit. The name is also often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom."</ref> „𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳“ 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌼 𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌸𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍉 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌼.<ref name="r28">"When people say England, they sometimes mean Great Britain, sometimes the United Kingdom, sometimes the British Isles — but never England." — George Mikes, "How To Be An Alien", Penguin, 1946 "England OR United Kingdom (UK)? | Vocabulary | EnglishClub", englishclub.com. https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/cw-uk-england.htm</ref> „𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰“ 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃,<ref name="r29">"Britain Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary", dictionary.cambridge.org. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/britain "Definition of Britain in English by Oxford Dictionaries", Oxford Dictionaries – English. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/britain</ref><ref name="r30">"Britain definition and meaning", collinsdictionary.com, Collins English Dictionary. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/britain</ref> 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹.<ref name="r31">"Britain – Definition for English-Language Learners", learnersdictionary.com, Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary. http://learnersdictionary.com/definition/Britain</ref> 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌺𐌻𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌹𐌸 „𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹“ 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 (𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 „𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹“ 𐌳𐌿 „𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺“ 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1961),<ref name="r32">"'Cold U.K.' Becomes British", The Times, 21 October 1961</ref><ref name="r33">"Style guide: A to Z", UK Government, 21 November 2024. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/style-guide/a-to-z</ref> 𐌰𐌺 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐌼 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳.<ref name="r34">Permanent Committee on Geographical Names, "Toponymic guidelines for the United Kingdom", gov.uk, UK Government, 17 May 2023. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toponymic-guidelines</ref> 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌽𐌴 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌸 „𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹“, „𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹“; 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍉 „𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰“ 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳.<ref name="r34" /> BBC 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 „𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰“ 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍉 𐌳𐌿 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃; 𐌽𐌿 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌺𐌻𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍉 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 „𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰“ 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳.<ref name="r35">"BBC News style guide – Names", BBC Academy, BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/en/articles/art20130702112133537 "Alphabetical checklist", BBC News, BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/news-style-guide/article/art20130702112133551</ref> „𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃“ 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌸 𐌳𐌿 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌳𐌿 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r36">Bradley, Anthony Wilfred; Ewing, Keith D., "Constitutional and administrative law", Pearson Longman, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=HT_GS2zgN5QC&pg=PA36</ref> 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃; 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌺𐌻𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1961 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰, 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r37">Curran, James; Ward, "The Unknown Nation: Australia after Empire", Melbourne University Publishing, 2010</ref><ref name="r38">Ward, Stuart, "Untied kingdom: A Global History of the End of Britain", Cambridge University Press, 2023</ref> 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌺 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺, 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉, 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉,<ref name="r39">"Which of these best describes the way you think of yourself?", Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey 2010, ARK&nbsp;– Access Research Knowledge, 2010. http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2010/Community_Relations/NINATID.html</ref> 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂.<ref name="r40">"Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales", Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/ethnicityandnationalidentityinenglandandwales/2012-12-11 Schrijver, Frans, "Regionalism after regionalisation: Spain, France and the United Kingdom", Amsterdam University Press, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=u8gZklxHTMUC&pg=PA275</ref> == 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 == === 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍉𐍃 === [[File:Stonehenge2007 07 30.jpg|thumb|𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌴𐌷𐌴𐌽𐌲𐌴, 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐍄𐍃𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌴: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌷𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌲𐍃, 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 13 ft 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉𐍃]] 𐌺𐍂𐍉𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐍉 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌴𐌲𐍉𐍃 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 30.000 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰; 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 11.500 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰.<ref name="r41">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/7069001.stm "Ancient skeleton was 'even older'] ". BBC News. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</ref><ref name="r42">"A 12,000-year story - revealing the history of settlers in Britain from the end of the Ice Age to the present day | University of Oxford", ox.ac.uk, 9 February 2018. https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2018-02-09-12000-year-story-revealing-history-settlers-britain-end-ice-age-present-day</ref> 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰, 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍀𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r43">Koch, John T., "Celtic culture: A historical encyclopedia", ABC-CLIO, 2006. https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128</ref> 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌾𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 43 𐌾𐌰𐌷 400 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍃𐌿𐌸𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍇𐌰𐌽𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃, 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐍉 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐌳𐌿 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌺𐍉𐍂𐌽𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷, 𐌳𐌿 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹, 𐌷𐌴𐌽 𐍉𐌲𐌻𐌴𐌳𐌳 (𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍃𐌿𐌸𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳).<ref name="r44">Davies, "The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales", University of Wales Press, 2008</ref> 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍇𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 10.<ref name="r45">"Short Athelstan biography". https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/athelstan.shtml</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰 (𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 5)<ref name="r46">Mackie, J.D., "A History of Scotland", Penguin, 1991. https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan00mack_0/page/18 Campbell, Ewan, "Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots", Canongate, 1999</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍀𐌹𐌺𐍄𐍉𐌼 𐌳𐌿 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 9.<ref name="r47">Haigh, Christopher, "The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland", Cambridge University Press, 1990. https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistori0000unse_a9n8/page/30</ref> [[File:Roman Baths in Bath Spa, England - July 2006.jpg|thumb|alt=𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌱𐌰𐌳𐌴: 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌱𐌹 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌼 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌹𐌼. 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌸𐍉 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃.|𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌱𐌰𐌸, 𐌱𐌰𐍄𐌷, 𐍃𐍉𐌼𐌴𐍂𐍃𐌴𐍄: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍉 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃]] 𐌽𐍉𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1066, 𐌽𐌴𐌼𐌿𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐌾𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌻𐌰𐌸𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍅𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐍉𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍃;<ref name="r48">Ganshof, F.L., "Feudalism", University of Toronto, 1996. https://archive.org/details/feudalism0000gans_j4b5</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌸𐍉 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r49">Chibnall, Marjorie, "The Debate on the Norman Conquest", Manchester University Press, 1999. https://books.google.com/books?id=qJl5Jm-IndUC&pg=PA115</ref> 𐌸𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌾𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌺 𐌽𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌾𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐍉𐍃 1320, 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳.<ref name="r50">"The Declaration of Arbroath", NMS, 3 June 2023. https://www.nms.ac.uk/past-exhibitions/the-declaration-of-arbroath</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍂𐌹𐍀𐍀𐍉𐍃 (1215) 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌷𐌿𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌽𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r51">"Magna Carta", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/ "The contents of Magna Carta", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/magnacartaclauses/ "Magna Carta Key Facts", Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Magna-Carta-Key-Facts</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐍉 𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐍃, 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌾𐌰, 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽; 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌾𐌰.<ref name="r52">Keen, Maurice. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/hundred_years_war_01.shtml "The Hundred Years' War"] . BBC History.</ref> 𐌸𐍉 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍂𐍉𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍀𐍂𐍉𐍄𐌴𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌷𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r53">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/479892/Protestantism/41558/The-Reformation-in-England-and-Scotland The Reformation in England and Scotland] and [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293754/Ireland/22978/The-Reformation-period Ireland: The Reformation Period & Ireland under Elizabeth I] , Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> 𐌸𐍉 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹, 𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌿, 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 16, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍀 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r54">"English Reformation c1527-1590", The National Archives. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-english-reformation-c1527-1590/</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳;<ref name="r55">"British History in Depth&nbsp;– Wales under the Tudors", 5 November 2009. https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml</ref> 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r56">Nicholls, Mark, "A history of the modern British Isles, 1529–1603: The two kingdoms", Blackwell, 1999. https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000nich</ref> 𐌹𐌽 𐌿𐌻𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃 17 𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌷𐍉𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍆 𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐍀𐍂𐍉𐍄𐌴𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳.<ref name="r57">Canny, Nicholas P., "Making Ireland British, 1580–1650", Oxford University Press, 2003. https://archive.org/details/makingirelandbri00cann</ref> [[File:Adam de Colone (c.1572-1651) - James VI and I (1566–1625), King of Scotland (1567–1625), King of England and Ireland (1603–1625) - PG 2172 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg|thumb|𐌾𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌿𐍃 6 𐌾𐌰𐌷 1, 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 1567–1625, 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 1603–1625]] 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌿𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1603 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌿𐍃 6 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌾𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍀 𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰 𐌳𐌿 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰; 𐌸𐍉 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌷𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌶𐌿𐌷 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉, 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰, 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r58">Ross, D. (2002). ''Chronology of Scottish History''. Glasgow: Geddes & Grosset. p. 56. ; Hearn, J. (2002). ''Claiming Scotland: National Identity and Liberal Culture''. Edinburgh University Press. p. 104. .</ref> 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 17 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍉𐍃, 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃, 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌳𐌿 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌻𐌿𐍃 1 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌹𐌸 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌿 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍀𐌿𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌺𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r59">"English Civil Wars". https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187936/English-Civil-Wars; "Scotland and the Commonwealth: 1651–1660", Archontology.org, 14 March 2010. http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/scotland/01_laws.php</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃, 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰, 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌰𐌲𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 1688, 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌴𐍃 1689 (𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 1689 (𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳) 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌲𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌷𐍉𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃; 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽.<ref name="r60">Lodge, Richard, "The History of England&nbsp;– From the Restoration to the Death of William III (1660–1702)", Read Books, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=EBSpvBxGyqcC</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 (1660) 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰; 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃, 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r61">"Tudor Period and the Birth of a Regular Navy", Royal Navy History, Institute of Naval History. http://www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Tudor_Period_and_the_Birth_of_a_Regular_Navy_Part_Two; Canny, Nicholas, "The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I", Oxford University Press, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=eQHSivGzEEMC</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃 1606, 1667 𐌾𐌰𐌷 1689 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍀 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸 1705 𐌸𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍉𐍃 (1706), 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍉 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌰𐌼. === 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 === [[File:Articles of Union between England and Scotland 28 Jan 1707.png|thumb|𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 28 𐌳𐌰𐌲 𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌿𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃 1707]] 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌰 1 𐌳𐌰𐌲 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌹𐍃 1707 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌸𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 1707.<ref name="r62">"Articles of Union with Scotland 1707", UK Parliament. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/articles_union.htm; "Acts of Union 1707", UK Parliament. http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny; "Treaty (act) of Union 1706", Scottish History online. http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 𐍂𐍉𐌱𐌴𐍂𐍄 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍀𐍉𐌻𐌴, 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 1721–1742. 𐌾𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌹𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐍉 𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌷𐍉𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉; 𐌾𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌹𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐍄 𐌺𐌿𐌻𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌽 1746, 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌴𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌹𐌱𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌴. 𐌸𐍉 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌿𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍉𐍃; 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌰, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍉 𐌳𐌿 𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌰.<ref name="r63">Library of Congress, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BQDgr_XvsHoC&pg=PA73 ''The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad''] , p. 73.</ref> 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍉 1662–1807, 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰 𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌿𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷 3,3 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃, 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌳𐌿 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌳𐌿 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰.<ref name="r64">Morgan, Kenneth, "Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America", Oxford University Press, USA, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA12</ref><ref name="r65">Morgan, Kenneth, "Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America", Oxford University Press, US, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA15</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐍉 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽 1807 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌹 1833 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹; 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌿𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r66">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml Sailing against slavery] . BBC Devon. 2007.; Lovejoy, Paul E., "Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa", Cambridge University Press, 2000. https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/290</ref> === 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 === [[File:Victoria in her Coronation robes.jpg|thumb|𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐌺𐍄𐍉𐍂𐌹𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌾𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐌾𐍉𐌼]] 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌷𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌿𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 1800, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 1 𐌳𐌰𐌲 𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌿𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃 1801.<ref name="r67">"The Act of Union", Act of Union Virtual Library. http://www.actofunion.ac.uk/actofunion.htm#act</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐍀𐍉𐌻𐌴𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐌼 (1792–1815) 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐍃𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹, 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 1830.<ref name="r68">Tellier, L.-N. (2009). ''Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective''. Quebec: PUQ. p. 463. .</ref> 𐌸𐍉 ''Pax Britannica'' (1815–1914) 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍀 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 „𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽“.<ref name="r69">Mathias, P., "The First Industrial Nation: the Economic History of Britain, 1700–1914", Routledge, 2001; Ferguson, Niall, "Empire: The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power", Basic Books, 2004. https://archive.org/details/empire00nial</ref><ref name="r70">McDougall, Walter A., "20th-century international relations", 4 May 2023. https://www.britannica.com/topic/20th-century-international-relations-2085155</ref><ref name="r71">Sondhaus, L. (2004). ''Navies in Modern World History''. London: Reaktion Books. p. 9. .</ref><ref name="r72">Porter, Andrew, "The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III", Oxford University Press, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC</ref> 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌺𐍂𐌹𐌼𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌾𐌰 (1853–1856), 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍉𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰;<ref name="r73">Benn, David Wedgwood, "The Crimean War and its lessons for today", International Affairs, March 2012</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹 1857 𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐍀𐌰𐌻𐌼𐌴𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰. 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍆 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌼 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰.<ref name="r74">Porter, Andrew, "The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III", Oxford University Press, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC; Marshall, P.J., "The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire", Cambridge University Press, 1996. https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC</ref> 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐌺𐍄𐍉𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰 (1837–1901) 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 ''laissez-faire'' 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌹. 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 (1832) 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌹; 𐍃𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 1884 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌳𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐍆 𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌶𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌼. 𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍀 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍆𐍄𐍃.<ref name="r75">Tompson, Richard S., "Great Britain: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present", Facts on File, 2003. https://books.google.com/books?id=H5kcJqmXk2oC&pg=PA63</ref> 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃 19 𐌺𐍉𐌽𐍃𐌴𐍂𐍅𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐍉𐍃 (𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹, Salisbury) 𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌹, 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 „𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌽𐍉 𐌰𐍆𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽“ 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌾𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌰 (𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻).<ref name="r76">Fromkin, David, "The Great Game in Asia", Foreign Affairs, 1980. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040512</ref> 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌳𐌰, 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌹𐌽𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰.<ref name="r77">Hosch, William L., "World War I: People, Politics, and Power", Britannica Educational Publishing, 2009</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 1900.<ref name="r78">Zarembka, Paul, "Contradictions: Finance, Greed, and Labor Unequally Paid", Emerald Group Publishing, 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=NSrwpggmHigC&pg=PP1</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐌴𐌳𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰 (1901–1910) 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰; 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌴𐍃𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌳𐌿𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸 1900 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐍉𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼; 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r79">Sophia A. Van Wingerden, ''The women's suffrage movement in Britain, 1866–1928'' (1999) ch 1.</ref> === 𐌸𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹 === [[File:Wreaths Are Laid at the Cenotaph, London During Remembrance Sunday Service MOD 45152052.jpg|thumb|𐌲𐌰𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍉𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐍄 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼, 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰]] [[File:Spitfire and Hurricane in the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight.jpg|thumb|𐍃𐍀𐌹𐍄𐍆𐌹𐍂𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 Hurricane, 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃𐍆𐌻𐌿𐌲𐍃]] 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐌸𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌾𐌰 (1914–1918), 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌾𐌰, 𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 (𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1917) 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌴𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍉 𐌱𐌹 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌾𐌰.<ref name="r80">Turner, John (1988). ''Britain and the First World War''. London: Unwin Hyman. pp. 22–35. .</ref><ref name="r81">Westwell, I.; Cove, D. (eds) (2002). ''History of World War I, Volume 3''. London: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 698, 705. .</ref> 𐌲𐍂𐍉𐌱𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌴; 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 2,5 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍉𐌳𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰.<ref name="r81" /> 𐌸𐍉 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 1918 𐌲𐌰𐍆 𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌼.<ref name="r81" /> 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌳𐌿 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌹𐌱𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌼 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍉𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐌼; 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 Lloyd 𐌲𐌴𐍉𐍂𐌲𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰, 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆𐍄𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r82">Turner, J. (1988). ''Britain and the First World War''. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 41. .</ref> 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 1920 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 BBC 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍃;<ref name="r83">"100 years of radio since Marconi's big breakthrough", Ofcom, 15 June 2020. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about-ofcom/latest/features-and-news/100-years-of-radio</ref><ref name="r84">Linfoot, Matthew, "History of the BBC: The origins of BBC Local Radio", BBC. https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/research/local-radio</ref> 𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍆𐍄𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌵𐍅 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌽 1929 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍉 BBC 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹 1936.<ref name="r85">"History of the BBC: 1920s", BBC. https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/timelines/1920s</ref> 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌳𐌿 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 1921;<ref name="r86">SR&O 1921/533 of 3 May 1921.</ref> 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌿 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐍂𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌿𐌽𐌴𐌹 1920–𐌾𐌿𐌽𐌴𐌹 1922. 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 1922, 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌾𐍉 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 1931); 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r87">"The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 6&nbsp;December 1921", CAIN Web Service. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm</ref> 𐌸𐍉 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐍉 𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃 1928 𐌲𐌰𐍆 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌼 𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽. 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐍃 1926. 𐍃𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍉 (1929–1932) 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷 3 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃, 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃; 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌷𐌿𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍀 1931.<ref name="r88">Rubinstein, W.D. (2004). ''Capitalism, Culture, and Decline in Britain, 1750–1990''. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 11. .</ref> 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃, 𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃;<ref name="r89">Edgerton, David, "Britain's War Machine", Penguin, 2012. https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55731/britain-s-war-machine/9780141026107.html; "Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources and Experts in the Second World War", Reviews in History. https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/1114</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 1939 𐌾𐌰𐌷, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹, 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽.<ref name="r89" /> 𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1940 RAF 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 ''Luftwaffe''; 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌸𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐍉 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐍄𐌶. 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰, 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍉𐍅𐌾𐌴𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 1941. 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐍉𐍃 𐌵𐌴𐌼𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌾𐌰 𐌰𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌾𐍉𐍃; 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉 𐌳𐌿 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 𐌽𐍉𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 1944; 𐍃𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌼𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐍀𐌰𐌽. 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 𐌳𐌿 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌷𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r90">Septimus H. Paul, "Nuclear Rivals: Anglo-American Atomic Relations, 1941–1952", Ohio State U.P., 2000. https://books.google.com/books?id=fSZpgW-N628C&pg=PA1</ref> === 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂 20 === [[File:British Empire 1921.png|thumb|𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 1921]] 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌴 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸;<ref name="r91">Doenecke, Justus D.; Stoler, "Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945", Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62; Kelly, Brian, "The Four Policemen and Postwar Planning, 1943–1945: The Collision of Realist and Idealist Perspectives", Indiana University of Pennsylvania. https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍀 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐍉𐌺𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌼, 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌷𐌿𐌽𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 IMF, 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 NATO.<ref name="r92">"The "Special Relationship" between Great Britain and the United States Began with FDR", Roosevelt Institute, 22 July 2010. http://rooseveltinstitute.org/special-relationship-between-great-britain-and-united-states-began-fdr; "Remarks by the President Obama and Prime Minister Cameron in Joint Press Conference", The White House, 22 April 2016. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/04/22/remarks-president-obama-and-prime-minister-cameron-joint-press</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌻𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐍃𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰,<ref name="r93">"Britain to make its final payment on World War II loan from U.S.", The New York Times, 28 December 2006. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/business/worldbusiness/28iht-nazi.4042453.html</ref> 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐌸𐍉 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰.<ref name="r94">Reynolds, David, "Britain's War Machine by David Edgerton – review", The Guardian, 17 April 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/apr/17/britains-war-machine-david-edgerton-review</ref> 𐌸𐍉 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌴𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍀𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍂𐌰𐍄𐌾𐍉 𐌸𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍀 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹.<ref name="r95">Francis, Martin, "Ideas and policies under Labour, 1945–1951: Building a new Britain", Manchester University Press, 1997</ref><ref name="r96">Lee, Stephen J., "Aspects of British political history, 1914–1995", Routledge, 1996. https://archive.org/details/aspectsbritishpo00lees</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌻𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍀 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌲;<ref name="r97">Brown, Judith, "The Twentieth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV", Oxford University Press, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=CpSvK3An3hwC p. 319.</ref><ref name="r98">Louis, Wm. Roger, "Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization", I.B. Tauris, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC p. 337.</ref><ref name="r99">Abernethy, David, "The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980", Yale University Press, 2000. https://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC p. 146.</ref> 𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍀𐌰𐌺𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 1947<ref name="r100">Larres, Klaus, "A companion to Europe since 1945", Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=7D66_9YOof4C&pg=PA118</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐍉𐍃 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌼 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰, 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r101">"Country List", Commonwealth Secretariat, 19 March 2009. http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/System/YearbookHomePage.asp?NodeID=152099&load=countrylist</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅 Hurricane, 1952); 𐍃𐌰 𐍃𐌿𐌴𐌶𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 1956 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃. 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃𐌿𐍃𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌾𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1950, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍀 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r102">Julios, Christina, "Contemporary British identity: English language, migrants, and public discourse", Ashgate, 2008. https://books.google.com/books?id=s3RQ4dsFEkoC&pg=PA84</ref> 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌾𐌰, 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌾𐌰𐍀𐌰𐌽. 𐌹𐌽 1969 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐌳𐌿 18.<ref name="r103">Loughran, Thomas; Mycock, "A coming of age: how and why the UK became the first democracy to allow votes for 18-year-olds", Contemporary British History, 3 April 2021. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13619462.2021.1890589</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (1954) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 EFTA (1960), 𐌰𐍆𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰 EFTA 𐌳𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃 1973 (1975 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃: 67% 𐌳𐌿 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽),<ref name="r104">"1975: UK embraces Europe in referendum", BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/6/newsid_2499000/2499297.stm</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 1993. 𐌸𐍉 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1960, 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰 1998. 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 1970 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌻𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃, Thatcherōs 𐌺𐍉𐌽𐍃𐌴𐍂𐍅𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1980 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽, 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽 (𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽 1986), 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌿𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽.<ref name="r105">Aughey, Arthur, "The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement", Routledge, 2005. https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh; "The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance." Holland, Jack, "Hope against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland", Henry Holt, 1999. https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl/page/221; Elliot, Marianne (2007). ''The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University.'' University of Liverpool Institute of Irish Studies, Liverpool University Press. p. 2. .</ref><ref name="r106">Dorey, Peter, "British politics since 1945", Blackwell, 1995</ref> 𐌹𐌽 1982 𐌰𐍂𐌲𐌴𐌽𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌿𐌸𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌺𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐌰 10-𐍅𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌺𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃, 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌴𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃; 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌿𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 2013. 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍅 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1984.<ref name="r107">Griffiths, Alan; Wall, Stuart, "Applied Economics", Financial Times Press, 2007. http://vig.pearsoned.co.uk/catalog/uploads/Griffiths_C01.pdf</ref> 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌻𐍄𐌰𐍂, 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃,<ref name="r108">"Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between Spain and Great Britain"</ref> 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 2002. 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌿𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 20,<ref name="r109">Keating, Michael, "Reforging the Union: Devolution and Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom", Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 1 January 1998</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌴𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍃. 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 NATO.<ref name="r110">McCourt, David, "Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics", University of Michigan Press, 2014. https://books.google.com/books?id=lwpOnwEACAAJ&q=Britain+and+World+Power+Since+1945:+Constructing+a+Nation%27s+Role+in+International+Politics</ref> === 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂 21 === [[File:Johnson signed Brexit Withdrawal Agreement.jpg|thumb|𐌱𐍉𐍂𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐍉𐌷𐌽𐍃𐍉𐌽 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐍂𐌴𐍇𐌹𐍄 𐌰𐍆𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽, 2020]] 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍉𐍃 „𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃“<ref name="r111">McSmith, Andy, "The inside story of how Tony Blair led Britain to war in Iraq", Independent, 5 July 2016. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/chilcot-report-iraq-war-inquiry-tony-blair-george-bush-us-uk-what-happened-a7119761.html</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐍆𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽; 𐍃𐌰 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌵𐌿𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃, 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 𐌱𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍂, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍀 𐌸𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄 𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r112">Adams, Tim, "'A beautiful outpouring of rage': did Britain's biggest ever protest change the world?", The Observer, 11 February 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/feb/11/slugs-iraq-war-london-protest-2003-legacy</ref> 𐍃𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃 (2007–2010) 𐍃𐌻𐍉𐌷 𐌸𐍉 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽,<ref name="r113">"Quarterly National Accounts – National accounts aggregates (ABMI Gross Domestic Product: chained volume measures: Seasonally adjusted £m, constant prices)", Office for National Statistics, 20 December 2013. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/datasets-and-tables/data-selector.html?cdid=ABMI&dataset=qna&table-id=A2</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌴𐌹 𐌿𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌲𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸.<ref name="r114">Harari, Daniel, "Low growth: The economy's biggest challenge", House of Commons Library, 16 July 2024. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/low-growth-the-economys-biggest-challenge/#:~:</ref><ref name="r115">Rees, Tom; Atkinson, "A Lost Decade Worse Than Japan's Threatens to Change UK Forever", Bloomberg News, 12 March 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-12/a-lost-decade-worse-than-japan-s-threatens-to-change-uk-forever</ref> 𐍃𐌰 Cameron–Clegg 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 2010 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐌸𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌶𐌽𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r116">"What is austerity and where could 'eye-watering' cuts fall now?", BBC News, 7 November 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/63304224</ref> 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰 2014 55,3% 𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌳𐌿 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r117">"Scottish independence referendum – Results", BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/scotland-decides/results</ref> 𐌹𐌽 2016 51,9% 𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐍆𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃;<ref name="r118">Witte, Griff; Adam, "In stunning decision, Britain votes to leave the E.U.", The Washington Post, 24 June 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/britons-head-to-the-polls-for-historic-vote-on-eu/2016/06/23/0d466fb0-34a7-11e6-ab9d-1da2b0f24f93_story.html</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌰𐍆𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰 2020<ref name="r119">"Brexit: New era for UK as it completes separation from European Union", BBC News, 1 January 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-55502781</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰–𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌰 1 𐌳𐌰𐌲 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌹𐍃 2021.<ref name="r120">"The EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement". https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/relations-non-eu-countries/relations-united-kingdom/eu-uk-trade-and-cooperation-agreement_en</ref><ref name="r121">"Free Trade Agreements EU-UK". https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1137</ref> 𐍃𐍉 COVID-19 𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐌻𐍉𐌷 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍀 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 2020–2021;<ref name="r122">"Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK", gov.uk, Government of the United Kingdom. https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/</ref><ref name="r123">"Coronavirus and the impact on output in the UK economy: April 2020", ons.gov.uk, Government of the United Kingdom. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/articles/coronavirusandtheimpactonoutputintheukeconomy/april2020</ref><ref name="r124">Walker, Andrew, "Coronavirus: UK economy could be among worst hit of leading nations, says OECD", BBC News, 10 June 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52991913</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌳𐍉 COVID-19 𐌻𐌴𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌰 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r125">"Landmark moment as first NHS patient receives COVID-19 vaccination", NHS, 8 December 2020. https://www.england.nhs.uk/2020/12/landmark-moment-as-first-nhs-patient-receives-covid-19-vaccination/</ref><ref name="r126">"Oxford University/AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine approved", UK Government. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/oxford-universityastrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-approved</ref> == 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌹 == [[File:MODIS - Great Britain and Northern Ireland - 2012-06-04 during heat wave (cropped).jpg|thumb|𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌷𐌴𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] 𐍃𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 244.376 km2, 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰 242.741 km2.<ref name="r9" /> 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴<ref name="r127">Oxford English Dictionary: "British Isles: a geographical term for the islands comprising Great Britain and Ireland with all their offshore islands including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands."</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰, 𐍃𐌰 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r9" /> 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃; 𐍃𐌿𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌷 35 km 𐌰𐍆 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌾𐌰 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃.<ref name="r128">"United Kingdom", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom</ref> 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐌺 𐌽𐌹 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃; 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴. 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃; 𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌹 𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐍆 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌾𐌰. 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 Greenwich 𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺, 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍉 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍃 1884.<ref name="r129">ROG Learning Team, "The Prime Meridian at Greenwich", Royal Museums Greenwich, 23 August 2002. http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/the-prime-meridian-at-greenwich</ref><ref name="r130">"Greenwich Royal Observatory: How the Prime Meridian line is actually 100 metres away from where it was believed to be", Independent, 13 August 2015. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/greenwich-royal-observatory-how-the-prime-meridian-line-is-actually-100-metres-away-from-where-it-10452386.html</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 49° 𐌾𐌰𐌷 61° 𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 9° 𐍅 𐌾𐌰𐌷 2° 𐌴. 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 499 km 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍀𐌿𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃<ref name="r128" /> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 650 km 𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r131">"Northern Ireland Coastal and Marine Forum", Northern Ireland Coastal and Marine Forum. https://library2.nics.gov.uk/pdf/dard/2014/EEUD.pdf</ref> 𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 31.368 km, 𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰 17.820 km,<ref name="r132">Darkes, Giles, "How long is the UK coastline?", The British Cartographic Society, January 2008. http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749</ref> 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 (𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰).<ref name="r133">Weiner, Sophie, "Why it's Impossible to Accurately Measure a Coastline", Popular Mechanics, 3 March 2018. https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a19068718/why-its-impossible-to-accurately-measure-a-coastline/</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌻𐍃𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹 (50 km, 38 km 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽) 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r134">"The Channel Tunnel", Eurotunnel. http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTunnelInfrastructure/ukcInfrastructure</ref> 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳: 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌱𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌳𐍉𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃, 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍆𐌿𐌺𐍄𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍃𐌹𐌺𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r135">Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm", BioScience, 2017</ref> 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄 3,25 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌴𐌺𐍄𐌰𐍂𐌰 2023, 13% 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r136">"Woodland Statistics, Key findings", Forest Research. https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/statistics-by-topic/woodland-statistics/</ref> === 𐍅𐌴𐌳𐍂𐌰 === 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌾𐌰, 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹 𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼.<ref name="r128" /> 𐌷𐌹𐍄𐍉 𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉 𐌷𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 0 C 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌹𐌸 30 C.<ref name="r137">"Hottest day of each year from 1900", trevorharley.com. https://www.trevorharley.com/hottest-day-of-each-year-from-1900.html; "Coldest day of each year from 1900", trevorharley.com. https://www.trevorharley.com/coldest-days-of-each-year-from-1900.html</ref> 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍉 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌴𐌳𐍂𐌰; 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌴𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌾𐍉𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰, 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌰.<ref name="r138">"English: A map of Köppen climate types in the United Kingdom (SVG version)", 9 August 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UK_K%C3%B6ppen.svg</ref> 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌿𐌸𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌾𐍉, 𐍆𐌿𐌺𐍄𐍉 𐌰𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌴𐌳𐍂𐌰;<ref name="r128" /> 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌿𐌱𐍃, 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌽𐌰 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰. 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍉 𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌴𐍃𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐍉𐌽 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍃, 𐍆𐌿𐌺𐍄𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌳𐌹𐌼. 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐍂𐌿𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌿𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰; 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍂𐌿 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐍂𐌿𐍃.<ref name="r139">"Atlantic Ocean Circulation (Gulf Stream)", UK Climate Projections, Met Office. http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/23152</ref> 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌱𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌽 1.339,7 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1971–2000<ref name="r140">"UK 1971–2000 averages", Met Office. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/uk.html</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1.200 𐌳𐌿 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 1.580 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r141">"UK temperature, rainfall and sunshine time series", Met Office. https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-temperature-rainfall-and-sunshine-time-series</ref> 𐍅𐌴𐌳𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍉𐍃; 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 2023 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r142">Smeeton, George, "Families hit by £605 food bill as extreme weather and energy crisis bites", Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit, 28 November 2023. https://eciu.net/media/press-releases/2023/families-hit-by-605-food-bill-as-extreme-weather-and-energy-crisis-bites</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆𐍄𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌰 180 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃 2024.<ref name="r143">"2024 Environmental Performance Index", Environmental Performance Index. https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI</ref> 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍆𐍄𐍃 𐌽𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌹𐍄𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌴 𐌱𐌹 2050.<ref name="r144">Shepheard, Marcus, "UK net zero target", Institute for Government, 20 April 2020. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/net-zero-target#:~:text=In%20June%202019%2C%20parliament%20passed,to%201990%20levels%20by%202050.&text=Prior%20to%20this%2C%20the%20UK,1990%20levels%2C%20also%20by%202050.</ref> === 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 === [[File:uk topo en.jpg|thumb|𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃]] '''𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' 𐌹𐍃𐍄 53% 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 (130.395 km2).<ref name="r145">"England&nbsp;– Profile", BBC News, 11 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/7327029.stm</ref> 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳,<ref name="r146">Latimer Clarke Corporation Pty Ltd, "United Kingdom – Atlapedia Online", Atlapedia.com. http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/unitedki.htm</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐍄𐌴𐌴𐍃–𐌴𐍇𐌴𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍃. 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰: 𐌺𐍉𐍂𐌽𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰, 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃, 𐍃𐌿𐌸𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰, 𐌽𐍉𐍂𐍆𐍉𐌻𐌺 𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌰𐌳𐍃; 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰: 𐌻𐌰𐌺𐌴 District, 𐍀𐌴𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌽𐌴𐍃, Yorkshire 𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍃, 𐌴𐍇𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂, 𐌳𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂. 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐍉𐍃: 𐍄𐌷𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍃, Severn, 𐌷𐌿𐌼𐌱𐌴𐍂. 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌹 Scafell 𐍀𐌹𐌺𐌴 (978 m); 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌴 𐍉𐍆 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌷𐍄. '''𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' 𐌹𐍃𐍄 32% (78.772 km2),<ref name="r147">"Scotland Facts", Scotland Online Gateway. http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 800 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 (𐌷𐌴𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐍃, Orkney, 𐍃𐌷𐌴𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳)<ref name="r148">Winter, Jon, "The complete guide to the ... Scottish Islands", Independent, 1 June 2000. https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to-the--scottish-islands-633851.html</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳. 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌳𐍅𐌴𐌻𐌻𐌴𐍂𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 (Cairngorms, Loch 𐌻𐍉𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍄𐌷𐌴 Trossachs, 𐌱𐌴𐌽 Nevis 𐌰𐌽𐌰 1.345 m,<ref name="r149">"Great Britain's tallest mountain is taller", Ordnance Survey Blog, Ordnance Survey, 18 March 2016. https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/2016/03/britains-tallest-mountain-is-taller</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴<ref name="r150">"Ben Nevis Weather", Ben Nevis Weather. http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp</ref>). '''𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 9% (20.779 km2),<ref name="r151">"Profile: Wales", BBC News, 9 June 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/6233450.stm</ref> 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉, 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌿𐌸𐌰. 𐍃𐌽𐍉𐍅𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌹𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌽𐍉𐍅𐌳𐍉𐌽 (Yr Wyddfa, 1.085 m), 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌹.<ref name="r146" /> 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 1.680 mi 𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃<ref name="r132" /> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼, 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 Anglesey (''Ynys Môn''). '''𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (14.160 km2), 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐍆 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰, 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉. 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌻𐍉𐌿𐌲𐌷 𐌽𐌴𐌰𐌲𐌷 (388 km2, 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴),<ref name="r152">"Geography of Northern Ireland", University of Ulster. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm</ref> 𐌻𐍉𐌿𐌲𐌷 𐌴𐍂𐌽𐌴 (𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 150 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌹𐌰𐌽𐍄'𐍃 Causeway, 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 UNESCO. 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌹: Slieve 𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌳, 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐍉𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌴𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌼 (852 m).<ref name="r146" /> == 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐍃 == 𐍃𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹<ref name="r153">[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx The British Monarchy, "What is constitutional monarchy?"] . Retrieved 17 July 2013; [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/ "United Kingdom"] CIA ''The World Factbook''. Retrieved 17 July 2013</ref> 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐍄𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿.<ref name="r154">Stepan, Alfred; Linz, "Democratic Parliamentary Monarchies", Journal of Democracy, 2014. http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_democracy/v025/25.2.stepan.html</ref> 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃<ref name="r155">Lewer, Andrew, "The UK is one of the most centralised advanced democracies – it's time that changed", New Statesman, 5 May 2021. https://www.newstatesman.com/spotlight/2021/05/the-uk-is-one-of-the-most-centralised-advanced-democracies-its-time-that-changed</ref><ref name="r156">"Centralisation Nation: Britain's system of local government and its impact on the national economy", Centre for Cities. https://www.centreforcities.org/?post_type=publication&p=40951</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐍉𐌽<ref name="r157">"Parliamentary Sovereignty", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/parliamentary-sovereignty</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍉𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌾𐍉𐍃. 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌾𐍉𐍃, 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌺𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍉 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹, 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐍉 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰;<ref name="r158">Polly Botsford, "Relationship between UK Crown and law in focus as Carolean era begins", International Bar Association. https://www.ibanet.org/Relationship-between-UK-Crown-and-law-in-focus-as-Carolean-era-begins</ref><ref name="r159">"Interpretation Act 1978 (c. 30, s. 10)", The National Archives. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1978/30/section/10</ref><ref name="r160">"Parliament", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role</ref> 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 Maurice 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌺𐌹𐌽 𐌵𐌰𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌾𐌹𐌸 „𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐍉𐍃“. 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍆𐍄𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌼.<ref name="r161">"Royal Assent", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/passage-bill/lords/lrds-royal-assent</ref> 𐍃𐍉 𐌽𐌹 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌼, 𐌳𐍉𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐌼, 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍉𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼;<ref name="r162">Carter, Sarah, "A Guide To the UK Legal System", University of Kent at Canterbury. http://www.llrx.com/features/uk2.htm#UK%20Legal%20System</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌿: 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹, 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹, 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹, 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳.<ref name="r163">See ''R (Miller) v Prime Minister'' [2019] UKSC 41 (Parliamentary sovereignty), ''R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor'' [2017] [http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2017/51.html UKSC 51] , [67] ff (rule of law), ''R (Animal Defenders International) v Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport'' [2008] UKHL 15, [48] (democracy), ''R v Lyons'' [2002] [https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2002/44.html UKHL 44] , [27] (international law).</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌻𐌿𐍃 3 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 14 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 „𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃“. 𐍃𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹 𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌾𐍉𐍃, „𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌿 𐌳𐌿 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹“,<ref name="r164">Robert Blackburn, "The Constitutional Role and Working of the Monarchy in the United Kingdom", Jahrbuch des öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart, 2022. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-constitutional-role-and-working-of-the-monarchy-in-the-united</ref> 𐌰𐌺 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍃, 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌴𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍉 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹, 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌱𐌹 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴. 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 „𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍉 𐌳𐌿 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌸𐍃, 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍉 𐌳𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍉 𐌳𐌿 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽“<ref name="r165">Bagehot, Walter (1867). ''The English Constitution''. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 103.</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍃: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 (𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃), 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌿𐌽𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌽, 𐌰𐍆𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌿𐌽𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐍉 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺 𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌴.<ref name="r166">David Torrance, "The Crown and the Constitution", House of Commons Library. https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8885/CBP-8885.pdf</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r167">"The Government, Prime Minister and Cabinet", Public services all in one place, Directgov. http://direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹, 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌸 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌸, 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐍂𐌰𐌸, 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌸 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍂𐌰𐌸 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r168">Tim Durrant, "Cabinet", Institute for Government, 25 March 2020. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/cabinet</ref><ref name="r169">"Parliament and Government", UK Parliament. https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/relations-with-other-institutions/parliament-government/</ref><ref name="r170">Vernon Bogdanor, "The Monarchy and the Constitution, Chapter 3 – The Basic Constitutional Rules: Influence and the Prerogative", Clarendon Press, 1995. https://books.google.com/books?id=mN6SzMefot4C</ref> 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐍃, 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1905;<ref name="r171">Blick, Andrew; Jones, "The Institution of Prime Minister – History of government", gov.uk, 1 January 2012. https://history.blog.gov.uk/2012/01/01/the-institution-of-prime-minister</ref><ref name="r172">Brown, Jack, "The Prime Ministers", Hodder & Stoughton, 2020</ref> 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1968;<ref name="r173">"Minister for the Civil Service", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-civil-service</ref> 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 2019.<ref name="r174">Woodcock, Andrew, "Boris Johnson accused of 'cynical rebranding' after appointing himself 'Minister for the Union'", Independent, 26 July 2021. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-minister-union-scotland-independence-referendum-snp-a9022356.html; "Minister for the Union", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-for-the-union</ref> 𐌱𐌹 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 𐍃𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃𐌻𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃, 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r175">"The Cabinet Manual", gov.uk, October 2011. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/60641/cabinet-manual.pdf</ref><ref name="r176">Norton, Philip, "Governing Britain: Parliament, Ministers and Our Ambiguous Constitution", Manchester University Press, 2020</ref> 𐌰𐌽𐌰 20 𐌳𐌰𐌲 𐌾𐌿𐌻𐌹𐍃 2026 𐍃𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 Andy 𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌷𐌰𐌼, 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌴𐍃. 𐌸𐍉 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 14 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰.<ref name="r177">Palan, Rolen, "Legacies of Empire: Imperial Roots of the Contemporary Global Order", Cambridge University Press, 2015. https://books.google.com/books?id=76QyCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22British+overseas+territories%22+%22crown+dependencies%22+UK+%22British+crown%22&pg=PA48</ref> 𐍃𐌰 V-𐌳𐌴𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃𐌼𐌴𐌻 2026 𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌰𐍄 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r178">"Democracy Report 2026, Unraveling The Democratic Era?". https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf</ref> === 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰 === [[File:Houses of Parliament in 2022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐌽𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌹𐌳𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 𐌲𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌹. 𐍃𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍉𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰.|𐍅𐌴𐍃𐍄𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃, 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐍉𐍃]] 𐍃𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 650 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃, 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌷𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃𐌻𐌹𐌼 𐌱𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌿 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰.<ref name="r179">"General elections", parliament.uk. https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/general</ref> 𐌺𐍉𐌽𐍃𐌴𐍂𐍅𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌴𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1920 (𐍄𐍅𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰); 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌺 𐌰𐌹𐍅 𐌽𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌷𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌴𐌷.<ref name="r180">Raymond, C, "Why British Politics is Not a Two-Party System", Queen's University Belfast, 2016. https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/107735631/The_United_Kingdom_is_Not_a_Two_Party_System.pdf</ref> 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2020 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐍉 𐍄𐍅𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌳𐌿 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r181">"Sir John Curtice: Election results show politics in the UK has fragmented", BBC News, 8 May 2026. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8p4yn448vo</ref> === 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 === [[File:United Kingdom labelled map7 vector.svg|thumb|𐌸𐍉 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃]] 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌳𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌼 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r182">Hackwood Frederick William: ''The Story of the Shire, Being the Lore, History and Evolution of English County Institutions'' (1851)</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌿𐌽 𐌱𐌹 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌼: 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 1888, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 1889, 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 1898, 𐍃𐍅𐌰 𐌽𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹<ref name="r183">United Nations Economic and Social Council, "Ninth UN Conference on the standardization of Geographical Names", UN Statistics Division, August 2007. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/report%20of%209th%20uncsgn%20n0750902%20en.pdf</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐍉 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉.<ref name="r184">Dewart, Megan, "The Scottish Legal System", Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_EtwEACAAJ; "The justice system and the constitution", Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/our-justice-system/jud-acc-ind/justice-sys-and-constitution/#:~:text=The%20United%20Kingdom%20has%20three,of%20Union%201707%20and%201800.</ref><ref name="r185">Barlow, I.M., "Metropolitan Government", Routledge, 1991</ref> '''𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''': 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽; 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌽 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌾𐌰.<ref name="r186">"Welcome to the national site of the Government Office Network", Government Offices. http://www.gos.gov.uk/national</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍉 𐍂𐌰𐌸 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 2000 (𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽 1998).<ref name="r187">"A short history of London government", Greater London Authority. http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/history.jsp</ref> '''𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''': 32 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌾𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽 (𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅, 𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃, 𐌰𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌴𐌽, 𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌴 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉; 𐌷𐌹𐌲𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌺 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍉 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 200.000 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴); 1.223 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r188">"STV in Scotland: Local Government Elections 2007", Political Studies Association. http://www.psa.ac.uk/2007/pps/Bennie.pdf</ref> '''𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''': 22 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐍉𐍃 (𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹𐍆, 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌴𐌰, 𐌽𐌴𐍅𐍀𐍉𐍂𐍄) 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌰; 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐌱𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r189">"Unitary authorities", Welsh Government, 2014. http://gov.wales/topics/localgovernment/local-authorities/?lang=en</ref> '''𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''': 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 2015, 11 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌱𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌼 (𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌷𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍃, 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃, 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍉𐍃),<ref name="r190">Devenport, Mark, "NI local government set for shake-up", BBC News, 18 November 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4449092.stm</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 26 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌾𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1973 𐌱𐌹 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸𐌰 2008.<ref name="r191">"Foster announces the future shape of local government", Northern Ireland Executive, 13 March 2008. http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-doe/news-doe-130308-foster-announces-the.htm</ref> === 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹𐍃 === [[File:Council of Nations and Regions (54059219744) (cropped).jpg|thumb|𐍃𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍂 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌴𐍂 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃]] 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌿 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1999 𐌲𐌰𐍆 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌳𐌿 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌼;<ref name="r192">"Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland", United Kingdom Government. https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations; "Country Overviews: United Kingdom", Transport Research Knowledge Centre. http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm</ref> 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐍄 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰, 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷, 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐍉𐌼 (𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰, 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐍉𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐍉𐍃).<ref name="r193">Le Sueur, Andrew; Sunkin, "Public Law: Text, Cases, and Materials", Oxford University Press, 2023. https://books.google.com/books?id=6sLDEAAAQBAJ&dq=Le+sueur+Public+Law%C2%A0fifth+edition&pg=PR3</ref> 𐍃𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐍉 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃, „𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹“.<ref name="r194">"The progress of devolution - Erskine May - UK Parliament", erskinemay.parliament.uk. https://erskinemay.parliament.uk/section/4537/the-progress-of-devolution</ref><ref name="r195">"David Mundell speech: 20 years of Scottish devolution", GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/david-mundell-speech-20-years-of-scottish-devolution</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰, 𐍃𐍅𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐍄𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍂 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽, 𐍃𐌴𐌽𐌴𐌳𐌳 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽,<ref name="r196">Burrows, N., "Unfinished Business: The Scotland Act 1998", The Modern Law Review, 1999; Elliot, M., "United Kingdom: Parliamentary sovereignty under pressure", International Journal of Constitutional Law, 2004</ref> 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 2016 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 2017 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐍉𐍃 „𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉“.<ref name="r197">"Scotland Act 2016", Gov.uk. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/11/part/1/crossheading/the-scottish-parliament-and-the-scottish-government#:~:text=(1)The%20Scottish%20Parliament%20and,the%20United%20Kingdom's%20constitutional%20arrangements.</ref><ref name="r198">"Wales Act 2017". https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2017/4/section/1/enacted</ref> 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌼,<ref name="r199">Gamble, A., "The Constitutional Revolution in the United Kingdom", Publius, 2006</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹, 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌶𐌿𐌷 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r200">Meehan, E., "The Belfast Agreement – Its Distinctiveness and Points of Cross-Fertilization in the UK's Devolution Programme", Parliamentary Affairs, 1999</ref> 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 2020 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐍉 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌴. ==== 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 ==== 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌽𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽;<ref name="r201">"English devolution", Institute for Government, 21 June 2024. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/english-devolution#:~:text=After%201997%20Labour%20governments%20devolved,assembly%20were%20created%20in%202000.</ref> 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽𐍉𐌼 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌽 1998.<ref name="r202">"Devolution explained", Local Government Association. https://www.local.gov.uk/topics/devolution/devolution-hub/devolution-explained</ref> 𐍃𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 (𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽), 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽 1998, 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌹𐌸 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳. 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐍉𐍃 (𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌹𐍃, 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌹𐍃 2009) 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐍉𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐍅𐌴𐌲𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌸;<ref name="r203">"English devolution", Institute for Government, 6 March 2023. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/english-devolution</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐍉𐍃 (𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 2023) 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌺 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌸𐍉𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌼.<ref name="r204">"Combined County Authorities – key differences to Combined Authorities", Local Government Lawyer, 6 April 2023. https://www.localgovernmentlawyer.co.uk/governance/314-governance-a-risk-articles/53464-combined-county-authorities-key-differences-to-combined-authorities</ref> ==== 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 ==== [[File:First Minister meets Prime Minister (53840421342).jpg|thumb|𐍃𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌴𐍂 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐍉𐌷𐌽 Swinney]] 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1999 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐍄 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐍄𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍂;<ref name="r205">"Devolved and Reserved Powers", parliament.scot, Scottish Parliament. https://www.parliament.scot/about/how-parliament-works/devolved-and-reserved-powers</ref><ref name="r206">"Scotland's Parliament&nbsp;– powers and structures", BBC News, 8 April 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/scotland_99/the_scottish_parliament/310036.stm</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐍉𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹, 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌹, 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌼, 𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌾𐍉𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃.<ref name="r207">"Devolved and Reserved Matters - Visit & Learn Scottish Parliament", 22 July 2017. http://www.parliament.scot/visitandlearn/Education/18642.aspx</ref> 𐌸𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 2012 𐌾𐌰𐌷 2016 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃 (𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽, 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌷𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰, 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰, 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰, 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌰𐍆𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌹𐍃 (𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼, 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍅 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹).<ref name="r208">"What the Scottish Government does", Scottish Government. https://www.gov.scot/about/what-the-government-does/</ref><ref name="r205" /> 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 2020 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐍉 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃. 𐍃𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 SNP 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹<ref name="r209">"Humza Yousaf's precarious position puts the SNP – and Scotland – at a crossroads", Institute for Government, 26 April 2024. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/comment/humza-yousaf-snp-scotland-crossroads</ref> 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐍉𐌷𐌽 Swinney. 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 2014 55,3% 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰, 44,7% 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂. 𐍃𐌰 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 129 MSP, 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰.<ref name="r208" /> ==== 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 ==== 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰, 𐌸𐍉 𐍃𐌴𐌽𐌴𐌳𐌳, 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1999. 𐍃𐌴𐌽𐌴𐌳𐌳𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌻𐌹𐌼𐌴𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 2026, 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍅𐌴𐌽𐌾𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌹𐌼𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 60 𐌳𐌿 96 (16 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌻𐌹𐌼𐌴). 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌿𐌱𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃;<ref name="r210">"Structure and powers of the Assembly", BBC News, 9 April 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/wales_99/the_welsh_assembly/309033.stm</ref> 𐌼𐌰𐌲 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐍄 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐍄𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍂. 𐍃𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍀𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌳 Cymru 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍂𐌷𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐍀 𐌹𐍉𐍂𐍅𐌴𐍂𐍄𐌷. ==== 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 ==== 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌲𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰 1998, 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐌸𐍉 30-𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹𐍃: 𐌸𐍉 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽.<ref name="r211">"Good Friday Agreement: What is it?", BBC News, 3 April 2023. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-61968177</ref> 𐍃𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌱𐌽𐌰𐌹; 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r212">"Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland", GOV.UK, 8 May 2019. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland</ref> 𐍃𐍉 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍉𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐍉𐌽;<ref name="r213">"Your Executive", Northern Ireland Executive, 25 September 2015. https://www.northernireland.gov.uk/topics/your-executive</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r214">"Stormont: Why were NI leaders given unequal job titles?", BBC News, 15 May 2022. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-61393736</ref><ref name="r215">"Northern Ireland Executive: Ministerial Code", 28 September 2015. https://www.northernireland.gov.uk/topics/your-executive/ministerial-code</ref> === 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 === [[File:Trump-Starmer bilateral 2025-02-27-16-07.jpg|thumb|𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌴𐍂 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌳 𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍀 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍆𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃 2025]] 𐍃𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉 𐌻𐌹𐌼 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 NATO, AUKUS, 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃, G7, G20, OECD, WTO, 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 OSCE.<ref name="r216">May, Theresa, "Prime Minister's letter to Donald Tusk triggering Article 50", 29 March 2017. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/prime-ministers-letter-to-donald-tusk-triggering-article-50/prime-ministers-letter-to-donald-tusk-triggering-article-50</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍂𐌰𐌸 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 100 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼. 𐍃𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌹, 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍃, 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r217">Paul, T.V.; Wirtz, "Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st century", Stanford University Press, 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&pg=PA59</ref><ref name="r218">"United Kingdom country profile", BBC News, 10 May 2012. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18023389</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 „𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉“ 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 „𐌴𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌽𐍄𐌴 cordiale“ 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌾𐌰, 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽𐌴 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐌰;<ref name="r219">Swaine, Jon, "Barack Obama presidency will strengthen special relationship, says Gordon Brown", The Telegraph, 13 January 2009. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/barackobama/4226246/Barack-Obama-presidency-will-strengthen-special-relationship-says-Gordon-Brown.html</ref><ref name="r220">Kirchner, Emil Joseph; Sperling, "Global Security Governance: Competing Perceptions of Security in the 21st century", Routledge, 2007</ref> 𐍃𐍉 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍀𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐍉 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹. 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐍉 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐍉 𐍅𐌴𐌲𐍉𐍃𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍂𐌰𐌸. 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐍃, 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸, 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r221">The Committee Office, House of Commons, "DFID's expenditure on development assistance", UK Parliament, 19 February 2009. http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmintdev/220/22007.htm</ref> === 𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 === [[File:United Kingdom overseas military installations and operations.png|thumb|𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍉𐍃]] 𐌸𐍉 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍉𐍃 (𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹), 𐍃𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃,<ref name="r222">"Ministry of Defence", Ministry of Defence. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/Home</ref> 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌰 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽. 𐍃𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃, 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌴𐌹 𐌻𐌹𐌼𐌴 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰.<ref name="r223">"Speaker addresses Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II", UK Parliament, 30 March 2012. http://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2012/march/speaker-addresses-hm-the-queen</ref> 𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 NATO (𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌹), 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸𐌹𐌼, RIMPAC 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌼. 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃: Ascension 𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽, 𐌱𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌶𐌴, 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌴𐌹, 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌳𐌰, 𐌺𐌿𐍀𐍂𐍉𐍃, 𐌳𐌹𐌴𐌲𐍉 Garcia, 𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌺𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃, 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌾𐌰, 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌻𐍄𐌰𐍂, Kenya, 𐍉𐌼𐌰𐌽, 𐌵𐌰𐍄𐌰𐍂, 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍀𐌿𐍂.<ref name="r224">"House of Commons Hansard", UK Parliament. https://publications.parliament.uk/cgi-bin/newhtml_hl?DB=semukparl&STEMMER=en&WORDS=raf%20diego%20garcia&ALL=RAF&ANY=&PHRASE=%22Diego%20Garcia%20%22&CATEGORIES=&SIMPLE=&SPEAKER=&COLOUR=red&STYLE=s&ANCHOR=50221w33.html_spnew0&URL=/pa/cm200405/cmhansrd/vo050221/text/50221w33.htm#50221w33.html_spnew0; "House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 17 Jun 2013 (pt 0002)", Publications.parliament.uk. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm130617/text/130617w0002.htm#13061746000236</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐍉 𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆𐍄𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹 2025 (SIPRI, IISS);<ref name="r225">"Trends in Military Expenditure 2025", Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, April 2026. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2</ref><ref name="r226">"The Military Balance 2026: Global defence spending", IISS. https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/2026/the-military-balance-2026/global-defence-spending/</ref> 2024 𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 2,3% 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r227">"Rishi Sunak vows to boost UK defence spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2030", BBC News, 24 April 2024. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-68880171</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐌽𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌾𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 „𐌸𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍆𐍄𐍉𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃“ 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r228">''UK 2005: The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Office for National Statistics. p. 89.</ref> === 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌰 === [[File:Middlesex Guildhall (cropped).jpg|thumb|𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃, 𐍃𐌰 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰]] 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌽𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰, 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 𐍃𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍉𐍃 1706 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸;<ref name="r18" /> 𐌸𐍉 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸. 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐍉 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐌰 𐍉𐌺𐍄𐍉𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍃 2009.<ref name="r229">"UK Supreme Court judges sworn in", BBC News, 1 October 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8283939.stm; "Constitutional reform: A Supreme Court for the United Kingdom", Department for Constitutional Affairs, July 2003. http://www.dca.gov.uk/consult/supremecourt/supreme.pdf</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌹𐌼𐌴 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 𐌳𐌿 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃, 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌼 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r230">"Role of the JCPC", Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. http://www.jcpc.uk/about/role-of-the-jcpc.html</ref> 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 (𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰,<ref name="r231">Bainham, Andrew, "The international survey of family law: 1996", Martinus Nijhoff, 1998. https://books.google.com/books?id=AF303DEl0MkC&pg=PA298</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r232">"Common Law", Britannica, 19 May 2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/common-law</ref> 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌹𐌼: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰, 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 (𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 (𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃).<ref name="r233">"The Australian courts and comparative law", Australian Law Postgraduate Network. http://www.alpn.edu.au/node/66</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿- 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌹𐍃; 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃 (𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃)<ref name="r234">"Court of Session&nbsp;– Introduction", Scottish Courts. http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/session/index.asp</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌹𐍃 (𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃);<ref name="r235">"High Court of Justiciary&nbsp;– Introduction", Scottish Courts. http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/justiciary/index.asp</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸.<ref name="r236">"House of Lords&nbsp;– Practice Directions and Standing Orders Applicable to Civil Appeals", UK Parliament. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldinfo/ld08judg/bluebook/bluebk03.htm</ref> 𐍃𐍉 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌵𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄 𐌳𐌿 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌼.<ref name="r237">Lovett, Jo; Hales, "What can We Learn from Police Data About Timeliness in Rape and Serious Sexual Offence Investigations in England and Wales?", International Criminology, 2022</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰 1981–1995 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 66% 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1995 𐌳𐌿 2015.<ref name="r238">"Crime in England and Wales, Year Ending June 2015", UK Government Web Archive, Office for National Statistics. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_419450.pdf</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌶𐌳𐍉𐌽, 𐌱𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 28 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌴 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍃𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍃𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌹𐌽𐍃. 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 2014 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 2020;<ref name="r239">Wratten, Marcus, "Tom Allen to host vital new BBC show marking 10th anniversary of same-sex marriage", PinkNews, 3 July 2023. https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/07/03/tom-allen-bbc-my-big-gay-wedding-same-sex-marriage/</ref> 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 LGBT 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉.<ref name="r240">"The 203 Worst (& Safest) Countries for LGBTQ+ Travel in 2023", Asher & Lyric, 5 June 2023. https://www.asherfergusson.com/lgbtq-travel-safety/</ref><ref name="r241">R. Flores, Andrew, "Social Acceptance of LGBTI People in 175 Countries and Locations", Williams Institute. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/global-acceptance-index-lgbt/</ref> 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌱𐍂𐌴𐍇𐌹𐍄, 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹–𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰𐌹, 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰, 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉 𐌰𐍄 PCA 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌲𐌰.<ref name="r120" /><ref name="r242">"Disputes under the Trade and Cooperation Agreement", Institute for Government, November 2021. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/disputes-trade-and-cooperation-agreement</ref><ref name="r243">"Sandeel fishing ban to remain in place", BBC, 2 May 2025. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ckgrwxxzxkjo</ref> 𐍃𐍉 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍆𐍄𐍃 „𐌿𐍃𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌾𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌷𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌴𐌷 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰“ 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r244">"Good Faith in Public Law", ox.ac.uk, 20 January 2022. https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/news/2022-01-20-good-faith-public-law</ref> 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃𐍉𐍂𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌰, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐍂𐍆 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰, 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐍃𐍉 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍂𐌼𐍉𐌽𐍄𐌷𐌴𐌼𐌴𐌻 𐌼𐌰𐌲 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃. == 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹 == [[File:Bank junction - 2020-09-20 (2).jpg|thumb|𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌼 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌺 Junction; 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐌽𐍃]] 𐍃𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r245">Thane, Pat, "The Origins of the British Welfare State", The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 2019</ref><ref name="r246">Griffiths, Alan; Wall, "Applied Economics", 16 July 2011. http://www.ftms.edu.my/pdf/Download/UndergraduateStudent/BusinessEconomics/BC215001S%20-%20BE%20Key%20Text%20-%20Applied%20Economics.pdf</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 £2,819 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 2025,<ref name="r10" /> 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆𐍄𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹. 𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍃𐌰 𐌳𐍉𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍂, 𐌴𐌿𐍂𐍉 𐌾𐌰𐌷 yen,<ref name="r247">"World Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves", IMF Data. https://data.imf.org/regular.aspx?key=41175</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉. 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 2022 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌿𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃<ref name="r248">"Exports of goods and services (BoP, current US$)", World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.GNFS.CD?end=2024&most_recent_value_desc=true</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃<ref name="r249">"Imports of goods and services (current US$)", World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.IMP.GNFS.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴. 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃,<ref name="r250">Francis-Devine, Brigid, "House of Commons Research Briefing on Income inequality in the UK.", UK Parliament. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7484/</ref><ref name="r251">"Inequality – Income inequality – OECD Data", theOECD. http://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm</ref> HDI 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰. 𐌹𐌽 2025 𐌿𐌽𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 4,7%<ref name="r252">Labiak, Mitchell; Smith, "UK jobs market weakens as unemployment rate rises", www.bbc.com, 17 July 2025. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg754negn75o</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 1,1%.<ref name="r253">"GDP quarterly national accounts, UK", Office for National Statistics, 2026. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/quarterlynationalaccounts/octobertodecember2025</ref> HM 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽, 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽, 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌸; 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽, 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽. 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍂 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃; 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌿𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍂𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍂𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃. [[File:Bank-of-England.jpg|thumb|𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃]] === 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍃 === [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|Concorde, 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀]] 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 80% GVA 2023.<ref name="r254">Hutton, Georgina, "Industries in the UK", UK Parliament: House of Commons Library, 3 October 2024. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8353/</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌿𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 2023<ref name="r255">"Service exports (BoP, current US$)", World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.NFSV.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=false</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌿𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴 2024.<ref name="r256">"UK leads world in financial services trade surplus", TheCityUK, 15 January 2025. https://www.thecityuk.com/news/uk-leads-world-in-financial-services-trade-surplus/</ref> 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 37,8% 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (2022),<ref name="r257">"BIS Triennial Survey of Foreign Exchange and Over-The-Counter Interest Rate Derivatives Markets in April 2025 – UK Data", Bank of England, 30 September 2025. https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/news/2025/september/bis-triennial-survey-of-foreign-exchange-and-over-the-counter-interest-rate-derivatives-markets</ref> 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐌽𐍃<ref name="r258">Florida, Richard, "The Economic Power of Cities Compared to Nations", Bloomberg, 16 March 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-16/top-metros-have-more-economic-power-than-most-nations</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽;<ref name="r259">"World Cities 2024", GaWC. https://gawc.lboro.ac.uk/gawc-worlds/the-world-according-to-gawc/world-cities-2024/</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌴 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 2025, 𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 (𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹) 29.<ref name="r260">"GFCI 36 Rank - Long Finance", www.longfinance.net. https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-36-explore-the-data/gfci-36-rank/</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 𐌹𐌽 2024 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹 𐌱𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰;<ref name="r261">"World Bank Open Data", World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true</ref> 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 8% 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 8,6% 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹 2024.<ref name="r262">"Manufacturing industries: Economic indicators", House of Commons Library, 22 May 2025. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn05206/</ref> 𐌹𐌽 2017 𐍃𐍉 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 (12,6% 𐌾𐌰𐌷 11,8%), 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄 (2,8%).<ref name="r263">Hennik Research. [http://www.themanufacturer.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Annual-Manufacturing-Report-2017-Final-Version.pdf ''Annual Manufacturing Report: 2017'' (Dec. 2016)]</ref> 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍉𐌽 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉;<ref name="r264">Chan, Kelvin, "King Charles' coronation is bringing millions of tourists and a cash infusion to London but it probably won't save the British economy", fortune.com, 25 April 2023. https://fortune.com/2023/04/25/king-charles-coronation-tourists-money-london-british-economy/</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 5,9% GVA 2019<ref name="r265">"DCMS Economic Estimates 2019 (provisional): Gross Value Added", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/dcms-economic-estimates-2019-gross-value-added/dcms-economic-estimates-2019-provisional-gross-value-added</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 £111 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃 2018.<ref name="r266">"UK's Creative Industries contributes almost £13 million to the UK economy every hour", UK Government, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uks-creative-industries-contributes-almost-13-million-to-the-uk-economy-every-hour</ref> Lloyd'𐍃 𐍉𐍆 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹;<ref name="r267">"Lloyd's of London – value proposition", Lloyd's of London. https://www.lloyds.com/about-lloyds/value-proposition-coverholder</ref> WPP 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃;<ref name="r268">"Rankings 2025 - Creative 100", WARC. https://www.warc.com/creative/rankings/creative-100</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌴 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌹, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 US$2 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 2023, 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r269">"Retail", great.gov.uk. https://www.great.gov.uk/international/content/investment/sectors/retail/</ref><ref name="r270">"Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (current US$)", World Bank Group. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.CD?year_high_desc=true</ref> 𐌾𐍉𐌷𐌽 𐌻𐌴𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅.<ref name="r271">"Employee owned businesses - What the evidence tells us". https://employeeownership.co.uk/resources/what-the-evidence-tells-us/</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌽𐍉𐍃𐌿𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 £47 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃 (12% 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌴𐌿𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌴); 2024 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐍃 779.584 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 125.649 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌽𐍉𐍃, 8 𐌰𐍆 10 𐌿𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r272">"SMMT Motor Industry Facts 2025", SMMT, 15 May 2025. https://www.smmt.co.uk/smmt-motor-industry-facts-2025/</ref> 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌹, 𐌾𐌰𐌲𐌿𐌰𐍂, 𐍂𐍉𐌻𐌻𐍃-Royce, Bentley, 𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌴 Rover;<ref name="r273">"Best British cars: Top 50 all-time greatest British-built cars revealed - page 2", Auto Express, 19 November 2020. https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/best-cars-vans/351729/best-british-cars-top-50-all-time-greatest-british-built-cars-revealed/page-2</ref> 1,59 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌹 2024 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍃𐌰 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌿𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 2023.<ref name="r274">"Combustion Engines", OEC - The Observatory of Economic Complexity. https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/combustion-engines</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 £10 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰;<ref name="r275">"UK motorsport industry in pole position for F1's 70th anniversary", UK Government, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-motorsport-industry-in-pole-position-for-f1s-70th-anniversary</ref> 𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐍆 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌻𐌹𐍆 𐍆𐍉𐍂𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌰 1 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹. 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹, 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 £30 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃;<ref name="r276">"United Kingdom - Country Commercial Guide: Aerospace and Defense", International Trade Administration, 3 November 2023. https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/united-kingdom-aerospace-and-defense</ref><ref name="r277">Tovey, Alan, "Britain's aerospace sector soars amid fears Brexit could clip its wings", The Telegraph, 29 June 2016. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/06/29/britains-aerospace-sector-soars-amid-fears-brexit-could-clip-its</ref> 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 £17,5 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃 2020/21 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 48.800 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼,<ref name="r278">"UK space sector income reaches £17.5 billion as jobs and services grow", UKspace, 27 March 2023. https://www.ukspace.org/uk-space-sector-income-reaches-17-5-billion-as-jobs-and-services-grow/</ref><ref name="r279">"UK space sector income reaches £17.5 billion as jobs and services grow", gov.uk, 29 March 2023. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-space-sector-income-reaches-175-billion-as-jobs-and-services-grow</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹 𐌵𐌰𐌸 2023 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌹𐌸 £1,6 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r280">"New funding to support space exploration using Moon resources and nuclear power". https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-funding-to-support-space-exploration-using-moon-resources-and-nuclear-power</ref> 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉, 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐍉𐌳𐌰, 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 60% 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍆𐍄𐌴 (73% 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴) 𐌼𐌹𐌸 0,9% 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 (292.000); 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰, 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐍃.<ref name="r281">"UK Food Security Index 2024", Department for the Environment Food & Rural Affairs. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-food-security-index-2024/uk-food-security-index-2024;"Agricultural workforce in England at 1 June 2023", Department for the Environment Food & Rural Affairs. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/agricultural-workforce-in-england-at-1-june/agricultural-workforce-in-england-at-1-june-2023</ref> 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌽 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌰𐌺 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 49% 𐌲𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍉 2020;<ref name="r282">"Sustainable fisheries: fish stocks harvested within safe limits", JNCC. https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/ukbi-b2-sustainable-fisheries</ref> 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 £211 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃 2021.<ref name="r283">"Marine accounts, natural capital, UK: 2021", ONS, 6 April 2021. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/bulletins/marineaccountsnaturalcapitaluk/2021</ref> 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌻𐍃, 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍅, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌰𐍃, 𐍄𐌹𐌽, 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌴𐍂𐍄𐍃, 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍄, 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃, 𐌺𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌰, gypsum, 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃, 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌺𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰.<ref name="r284">"Coal", BGS Minerals UK. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/mines/coal/home.html</ref> === 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 === [[File:Cambridge Science Park Napp.jpg|thumb|Cambridge Science 𐍀𐌰𐍂𐌺; 𐍃𐌰 Cambridge-𐌷𐍉𐍀𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐍃𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐍉𐍀𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹]] 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌰 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 17; 𐍃𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 18.<ref name="r285">Gascoin, J. "A reappraisal of the role of the universities in the Scientific Revolution", in Lindberg, David C. and Westman, Robert S., eds (1990), ''Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution''. Cambridge University Press. p. 248. .</ref><ref name="r286">Reynolds, E.E.; Brasher, N.H. (1966). ''Britain in the Twentieth Century, 1900–1964''. Cambridge University Press. p. 336.</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰: Isaac 𐌽𐌴𐍅𐍄𐍉𐌽 (𐌻𐌰𐌲𐍉𐍃 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌱𐍉𐌽𐍃, 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌽𐍃),<ref name="r287">Burtt, E.A. (2003) 1924.[https://books.google.com/books?id=G9WBMa1Rz_kC&pg=PA207 ''The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science''] . Mineola, NY: Courier Dover. p. 207. .</ref> Charles 𐌳𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌹𐌽 (𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌿𐍂𐌹), 𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍃 Clerk 𐌼𐌰𐍇𐍅𐌴𐌻𐌻 (𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌲𐍂𐍉𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌹𐍃) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍀𐌷𐌴𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐍅𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌲 (𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌹, 𐌺𐍅𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌰𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃).<ref name="r288">Hatt, C. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BVBvehqrAPQC ''Scientists and Their Discoveries''] . London: Evans Brothers. pp. 16, 30 and 46. .</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰, 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌹𐌸 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰. 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r289">Castells, M.; Hall, P.; Hall, P.G. (2004). ''Technopoles of the World: the Making of Twenty-First-Century Industrial Complexes''. London: Routledge. pp. 98–100. .</ref> 𐌹𐌽 2022 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍀 6,0% 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 8,8% 𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌴 (𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌹𐌽 G7 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌹𐌻, China, 𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌰, 𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰, 𐍃𐌿𐌸𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌴𐌰) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰.<ref name="r290">"International comparison of the UK research base, 2025", GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-comparison-of-the-uk-research-base-2025/international-comparison-of-the-uk-research-base-2025</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃, ''Nature'', ''British Medical Journal'' 𐌾𐌰𐌷 ''The Lancet''.<ref name="r291">McCook, Alison, "Is peer review broken?", The Scientist, 2006. http://gaia.pge.utexas.edu/Good/Materials/scientist_02_28_2006.htm</ref> 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 2024 𐍃𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐍃𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 US$1,2 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃, 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐍉 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰;<ref name="r292">Greenberg, Elizabeth, "UK Innovation Economy Worth a Combined $1.2 trillion", Digit News, 14 January 2025. https://www.digit.fyi/uk-innovation-economy-worth-a-combined-1-2-trillion/</ref> Cambridge 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌳𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐍃𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r293">"UK tech sector retains #1 spot in Europe and #3 in world as sector resilience brings continued growth", gov.uk, 21 December 2022. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-tech-sector-retains-1-spot-in-europe-and-3-in-world-as-sector-resilience-brings-continued-growth</ref> 𐍃𐍉 AI-𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹 𐌱𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰<ref name="r294">"UK AI sector most valuable in Europe, new report reveals", Holyrood, 11 June 2024. https://www.holyrood.com/news/view,uk-ai-sector-most-valuable-in-europe-new-report-reveals</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍆𐍉𐍂𐌳𐌹𐍃 2026 AI-𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹<ref name="r295">"Which countries are leading in AI? | Stanford HAI", hai.stanford.edu. https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/global-vibrancy-tool</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 2025 𐌾𐌰𐌷 2026.<ref name="r296">"GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025", WIPO. https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-kingdom</ref><ref name="r297">Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, "Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads", World Intellectual Property Organization, 2025. https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html</ref><ref name="r298">World Intellectual Property Organization, "WIPO Global Innovation Index 2026: Switzerland, Sweden, US, Republic of Korea and Singapore Top Ranking; AI Reshaping Innovation Investments as Deep Science Startups Top $7.6 Trillion", www.wipo.int, September 29, 2026. https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2026/article_0014.html</ref><ref name="r299">World Intellectual Property Organization, "Global Innovation Index 2026: Powering Entrepreneurs at the Frontier of Science", World Intellectual Property Organization, 2026-09-29. https://tind.wipo.int/record/59194</ref> === 𐍅𐌴𐌲𐍉𐍃 === [[File:An LNER Azuma train on the East Coast Railway Line, geograph 6275180 by Walter Baxter.jpg|thumb|𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌾𐍉𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌽𐍃, 𐌴𐌰𐍃𐍄 Coast 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌴, 𐌽𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌷𐌿𐌼𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] [[File:London City Airport Sunset.jpg|thumb|𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀 𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐍄 𐌻𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍉𐌽 City 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍀𐍉𐍂𐍄]] 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌹𐌽; 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 mi, yd 𐌾𐌰𐌷 mph; 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽. 𐍃𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍄𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 29.145 mi 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌴, 2.173 mi 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 213.750 mi 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌴.<ref name="r128" /> 𐍃𐌰 M25 𐌱𐌹 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r300">Moran, Joe, "Reading the Everyday", Routledge, 16 November 2005. https://archive.org/details/readingeveryday00mora</ref> 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 41,7 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌽𐌴 2024.<ref name="r301">"General facts and figures about roads and road use". https://www.racfoundation.org/motoring-faqs/mobility</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃𐌽𐌰𐍄𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 10.072 mi. 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌸 1994–1997, 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴; 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌳𐌿 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰. 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌽 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 2017.<ref name="r302">Sylvain Duranton; Agnès Audier, "The 2017 European Railway Performance Index", Boston Consulting Group, 18 April 2017. https://www.bcg.com/en-ch/publications/2017/transportation-travel-tourism-2017-european-railway-performance-index.aspx</ref> 𐌴𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍂 𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌸 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰–𐍀𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌰<ref name="r303">"London to Paris Trains", Eurostar. https://www.eurostar.com/uk-en/train/london-to-paris</ref> 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌻𐍃𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹 (23,5 mi, 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹 𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹);<ref name="r304">"Channel Tunnel, Tunnel, Europe", Britannica, 10 May 2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Channel-Tunnel</ref> 𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌷𐌿𐍄𐍄𐌻𐌴 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌽𐌰𐌽𐍃. 𐍃𐍉 𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌱𐌴𐍄𐌷𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌹, 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌱𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌽 𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌱𐌴𐍄𐌷 2 2016, 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 2022.<ref name="r305">"Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled", BBC News, 2 January 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-16289051; Leftly, Mark, "Crossrail delayed to save £1bn", Independent, 29 August 2010. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/crossrail-delayed-to-save-1631bn-2064629.html</ref><ref name="r306">"Crossrail to become the Elizabeth line in honour of Her Majesty the Queen", Transport for London. https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2016/february/crossrail-to-become-the-elizabeth-line-in-honour-of-her-majesty-the-queen</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉 𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌾𐍉 2 (𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 2019) 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌲𐌷𐌰𐌼, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌳𐌿 225 mph.<ref name="r307">"What is HS2", HS2. https://www.hs2.org.uk/what-is-hs2</ref><ref name="r308">"HS2 Trains", HS2. https://www.hs2.org.uk/building-hs2/trains/</ref> 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 4 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍉𐍃 2023, 1,8 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌹;<ref name="r309">"Transport Statistics Great Britain: 2023 Domestic Travel", gov.uk, 19 December 2024. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/transport-statistics-great-britain-2024/transport-statistics-great-britain-2023-domestic-travel</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌼 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r310">"Our Collection", icons.org.uk. http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/index.html</ref> 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐍄𐍃 𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 6.800 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 700 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 6 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴, 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r311">[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/1548.aspx London Buses], Transport for London. Accessed 10 May 2007.</ref> 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌴𐌼𐌿𐌽 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 292,5 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 2024; 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌷𐌴𐌰𐍄𐌷𐍂𐍉𐍅 (83,9 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃), Gatwick (43,2 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 Manchester (30,8 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃).<ref name="r312">"Size of Reporting Airports 2024", Civil Aviation Authority. https://www.caa.co.uk/Documents/Download/11910/4d230d1f-dab6-4c1a-992a-431b9cca89a2/16918</ref> 𐌷𐌴𐌰𐍄𐌷𐍂𐍉𐍅, 15 mi 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃, 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌷𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌶𐌿𐌷; 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 𐌳𐌿 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌷 Airways 𐌾𐌰𐌷 Virgin Atlantic.<ref name="r313">"Heathrow 'needs a third runway'", BBC News, 25 June 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7472432.stm; "Statistics: Top 30 World airports", Airports Council International, July 2008. http://www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/Press%20Releases/2008/TOP30_International%20Passengers_2007.pdf</ref><ref name="r314">"BMI being taken over by Lufthansa", BBC News, 29 October 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7697261.stm</ref> 𐌹𐌽 2023, 18,3 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌸 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 18,1 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹.<ref name="r315">"Transport Statistics Great Britain: 2023 International Travel", gov.uk, 19 December 2024. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/transport-statistics-great-britain-2024/transport-statistics-great-britain-2023-international-travel</ref> === 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰 === 𐌹𐌽 2021 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍃𐌰 14. 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌹𐍃𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰 22. 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹;<ref name="r316">"United Kingdom Energy Profile", U.S. Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/GBR</ref> BP 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌷𐌴𐌻𐌻, 𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍅 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌴, 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r317">Mason, Rowena, "Let the battle begin over black gold", The Telegraph, 24 October 2009. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/6424030/Let-the-battle-begin-over-black-gold.html; Heath, Michael, "RBA Says Currency Containing Prices, Rate Level 'Appropriate' in Near Term", Bloomberg, 26 November 2010. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-25/rba-s-stevens-says-inflation-unlikely-to-fall-much-further.html</ref> [[File:Ardrossan's fan club. - panoramio.jpg|thumb|𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍃𐌽𐌴𐍅𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐍄 𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍂𐍉𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌽, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍆 51% 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌲𐍂𐍉𐍃 2024; 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍃𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 30%.<ref name="r318">"Britain's Electricity Explained: 2024 Review", NESO. https://www.neso.energy/news/britains-electricity-explained-2024-review</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹, 𐌰𐍆 Yorkshire.<ref name="r319">"Wind energy in the UK: June 2021", UK Government, 14 June 2021. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/articles/windenergyintheuk/june2021</ref> 𐌹𐌽 2023 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌽 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌴𐌱𐌿𐌽 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 15% 𐌻𐌹𐌲𐍂𐍉𐍃, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐍃;<ref name="r320">"Nuclear Power in the United Kingdom", World Nuclear Association. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/united-kingdom.aspx</ref><ref name="r321">"Nuclear Power in the United Kingdom", World Nuclear Association, April 2013. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf84.html</ref><ref name="r322">"Nuclear energy: What you need to know", UK Government. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nuclear-energy-what-you-need-to-know</ref> 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐍆 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 25% 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1990. 𐍃𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰 2023 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌳𐌿 „𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌳𐍉 𐌽𐌰𐍄𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐌳𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐌹 2040“.<ref name="r323">Belderbos, Harriet, "UKAEA implementing the UK's fusion energy strategy", Open Access Government, 7 March 2024. https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/ukaea-implementing-the-uks-fusion-energy-strategy/174384/;"UK nuclear fusion reactor sets new world record for energy output". https://www.newscientist.com/article/2415909-uk-nuclear-fusion-reactor-sets-new-world-record-for-energy-output/</ref> 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹 2023 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 1,1 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌴 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍅𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 2,3 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌴 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍅;<ref name="r324">"UK Oil and Gas Reserves and Resources", North Sea Transition Authority. https://www.nstauthority.co.uk/media/vtjkyqnf/uk-reserves-and-resources-report-as-at-end-2023.pdf</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌴 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃 LNG, 𐌱𐌹 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r325">"North Sea oil and gas claims fact-checked", BBC, 22 January 2024. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-67945281</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌻𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐌰 𐍃𐌴𐍀𐍄𐌴𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍃 2024.<ref name="r318" /> 𐌽𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃, 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃.<ref name="r326">"UK's last fracking wells to be filled with cement despite dwindling gas stocks", City AM, 29 January 2025. https://www.cityam.com/uks-last-fracking-wells-to-be-filled-with-cement-despite-dwindling-gas-stocks/</ref> === 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽 === 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹 𐌳𐌿 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌼; 96% 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌴 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐍄𐍃 2022.<ref name="r327">"Sewage Treatment in the UK", assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, DEFRA, March 2022. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69582/pb6655-uk-sewage-treatment-020424.pdf</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 16.406 𐌼𐌴𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍄𐍂𐌴 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 2007.<ref name="r328">"Environment Agency". http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/data/112185.aspx</ref> 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 10 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍅𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 13 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍉𐍃 „𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉“ 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃; 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉.<ref name="r329">"About Us", niwater.com. https://www.niwater.com/about</ref> == 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 == [[File:Elderly British Couple.jpg|thumb|𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌳𐍉𐌽𐍃; 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 24% 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 60 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰]] 𐍃𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 2021 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌳𐌿 2022 𐌹𐌽 COVID-19; ONS 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 2021 66.912.637 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌰 21 𐌳𐌰𐌲 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 2021.<ref name="r4" /> 𐍃𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐍉 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌳𐍉𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐍉 22. 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹. 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽 2012–2013 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐍉 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 2014–2015;<ref name="r330">"Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, Mid-2015", Office for National Statistics, 23 June 2016. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/latest</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 2001–2011 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌱𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌽 0,7% 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰.<ref name="r331">"Population estimates for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2021", Office for National Statistics, 21 December 2022. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2021</ref> 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 69,5 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 2025, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1998 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 2020.<ref name="r332">Hymas, Charles; Corfe, "UK population growth slumps to lowest in 30 years", The Telegraph, 1 October 2026. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2026/10/01/uk-population-growth-lowest-three-decades/</ref> 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 2011, 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 100 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰, 𐍃𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 0–14 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 31% 𐌳𐌿 18% 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 65+ 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 5% 𐌳𐌿 16%.<ref name="r331" /> 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 41,7 𐌹𐌽 2018.<ref name="r128" /> 𐍃𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 2021 𐌲𐌰𐍆 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 5,48 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃, 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 3,1 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 1,9 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r331" /> {{UK population table}} 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 56 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 2021, 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 84% 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 434 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴/km2 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 2021, 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹, 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌹<ref name="r333">"United Kingdom country profile", BBC News, 10 May 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18023389</ref><ref name="r334">"United Kingdom - Country Profile | OpenFactBook World Factbook", openfactbook.org. https://openfactbook.org/countries/united-kingdom/</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌿𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰.<ref name="r335">Khan, Urmee, "England is most crowded country in Europe", The Telegraph, 16 September 2008. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/2967374/England-is-most-crowded-country-in-Europe.html</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹, 14,9 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 2024.<ref name="r336">"Major Agglomerations". http://citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌾𐌰 ({{UK subdivision statistics year}})<ref name="r9" /> |- ! rowspan=2 | 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹 ! colspan=2 | 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌽 ! colspan=2 | 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 ! rowspan=2 | 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐌽𐌰 km2 |- ! (km2) ! (%) ! 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 ! (%) |- | 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 || 8.581 || 6% || 2.683.040 || 5% || 313 |- | 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 || 14.108 || 11% || 7.516.113 || 13% || 533 |- | Yorkshire 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌿𐌼𐌱𐌴𐍂 || 15.404 || 12% || 5.541.262 || 10% || 360 |- | 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 || 15.624 || 12% || 4.934.939 || 9% || 316 |- | 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 || 12.998 || 10% || 6.021.653 || 11% || 463 |- | 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 || 19.116 || 15% || 6.398.497 || 11% || 335 |- | 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 || 1.572 || 1% || 8.866.180 || 15% || 5.640 |- | 𐍃𐌿𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 || 19.072 || 15% || 9.379.833 || 16% || 492 |- | 𐍃𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 || 23.836 || 18% || 5.764.881 || 10% || 242 |- ! 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 ! 130.310 ! 100% ! 57.106.398 ! 100% ! 438 |} 𐍃𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 1,53 𐌹𐌽 2021,<ref name="r337">"Vital statistics: population and health reference tables", Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/vitalstatisticspopulationandhealthreferencetables</ref> 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌹𐍃 1964 2,95,<ref name="r338">Boseley, Sarah, "The question: What's behind the baby boom?", The Guardian, 14 July 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/jul/14/familyandrelationships.women</ref> 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 1815 6,02<ref name="r339">Roser, Max, "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World in Data, Gapminder Foundation, 2014. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=GBR</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 2,1. 𐌹𐌽 2011 47,3% 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌼 𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼.<ref name="r340">[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=0&language=en&pcode=tps00018 Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table]. Eurostat (26 February 2013). Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref> ONS 2015: 1,7% 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 16+ 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌺 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌽, 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽𐍃𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌽 (2,0% 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌴, 1,5% 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽𐍃); 4,5% 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌷𐍉𐍆𐌿𐌽 „𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂“, „𐌽𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍄“ 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌽𐌹 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌷𐍉𐍆𐌿𐌽.<ref name="r341">"Sexual identity, UK: 2015 – Experimental Official Statistics on sexual identity in the UK in 2015 by region, sex, age, marital status, ethnicity and NS-SEC", Office for National Statistics, 5 October 2016. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/sexuality/bulletins/sexualidentityuk/2015</ref> 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 2001–2008 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 65.000–300.000 𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌲𐌴𐌽𐌳𐌴𐍂 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴.<ref name="r342">"Research report 27: Trans research review", equalityhumanrights.com. http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/about-us/our-work/key-projects/trans-inequalities-reviewed/introduction-to-the-review</ref> {{Largest Urban Areas of the United Kingdom}} === 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 === 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍉𐌽 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 12: 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍄𐍉𐍃, 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃, 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍇𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐍉𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃; 𐍃𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐌲 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍉.<ref name="r343">"Welsh people could be most ancient in UK, DNA suggests", BBC News, 19 June 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-18489735</ref> 𐌿𐌽𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍉 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰: Liverpool 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐍉 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 (𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌱𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 1730 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼)<ref name="r344">Winder, Robert, "Bloody Foreigners: The Story of Immigration to Britain", Little, Brown Book, 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=7ORcaQIgdcEC&q=combed&pg=PT94; Costello, Ray, "Black Liverpool: The Early History of Britain's Oldest Black Community 1730–1918", Picton Press, 2001</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐌽𐍃 (𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 19).<ref name="r345">"Culture and Ethnicity Differences in Liverpool&nbsp;– Chinese Community", Chambré Hardman Trust. http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1369</ref> 𐌹𐌽 2021, 83,1% 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌹, 8,6% 𐌰𐍃𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌰𐍃𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃, 3,7% 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃, 2,7% 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 2,0% 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r4" /> 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿: 46,2% 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌿𐌽𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌽 2021,<ref name="r346">"Regional ethnic diversity", Office for National Statistics, 22 December 2022. https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/national-and-regional-populations/regional-ethnic-diversity/latest/</ref> 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 10% 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰, 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳,<ref name="r346" /> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳<ref name="r347">"Ethnicity", National Records of Scotland, 4 February 2025. https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/census-results/at-a-glance/ethnicity/</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳.<ref name="r348">"MS-B01: Ethnic group", Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency, 30 November 2023. https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b01.xlsx</ref> === 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 === [[File:United Kingdom foreign born population by country of birth.png|thumb|𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐌰𐍀𐍂𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃 2007–𐌼𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 2008]] [[File:British expats countrymap.svg|thumb|𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌱𐌹 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 2006]] 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽;<ref name="r349">"Immigration and births to non-British mothers pushes British population to record high", London Evening Standard, 21 August 2008. https://www.standard.co.uk/news/immigration-and-births-to-nonbritish-mothers-pushes-british-population-to-record-high-6816318.html</ref><ref name="r350">"Migration: How many people come to the UK and how are the salary rules changing?", BBC News, 23 May 2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48785695</ref> 𐌰𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃 1991–2001. 𐌹𐌽 2014, 27% 𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰.<ref name="r351">"Births in England and Wales: 2014", Office for National Statistics, 15 July 2015. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/birth-summary-tables--england-and-wales/2014/index.html</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 208.000 𐌹𐌽 2013 (𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1962), 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐌳𐌿 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 125.800 𐌹𐌽 2014; 2009–2013 𐌱𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌽 195.800 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰. 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 2024: 𐍀𐌰𐌺𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽, 𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌰, 𐌽𐌹𐌲𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌰, 𐍀𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍀𐍀𐌹𐌽𐌴𐍃, 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌳𐌴𐍃𐌷, 𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌰, 𐍄𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰, 𐍂𐍉𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰, 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽. 𐌲𐌹𐍆𐍄𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽𐍃 (𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃)<ref name="r352">Blinder, Scott, "Settlement in the UK", The Migration Observatory, University of Oxford, 11 June 2014. http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/briefings/settlement-uk</ref> 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 154.700 𐌹𐌽 2013.<ref name="r353">Blinder, Scott, "Naturalisation as a British Citizen: Concepts and Trends", The Migration Observatory, University of Oxford, 27 March 2015. http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/migobs/Briefing%20-%20Naturalisation%20as%20a%20British%20Citizen%20-%20Concepts%20and%20Trends_0.pdf</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐍉 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 860.000 𐌹𐌽 2023 (𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 1,326 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃, 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 466.000), 𐍅𐌰𐍃 431.000 𐌹𐌽 2024 (948.000 𐌹𐌽𐌽, 517.000 𐌿𐍄)<ref name="r354">"Long-term international migration, provisional: year ending December 2024", gov.uk, 22 May 2025. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/bulletins/longterminternationalmigrationprovisional/yearendingdecember2024</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐌳𐌿 222.900 𐌹𐌽 12 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐌴 𐌳𐌿 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 2025, 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐌸𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1998 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 2020.<ref name="r332" /> 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 19: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1815–1930 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 11,4 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐍆 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 7,3 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐍆 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳;<ref name="r355">Hammar, Tomas, "European Immigration Policy: A Comparative Study", Cambridge University Press, 1985. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/european-immigration-policy/10B639425685B0C101619FA11522C409</ref><ref name="r356">Richards, Eric, "The genesis of international mass migration: The British case, 1750-1900", Manchester University Press, 2018. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvnb7rj2</ref> 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃 20 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 300 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r356" /> 𐌹𐌽 2006 𐌱𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 5,5 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰, 𐍃𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰, 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r357">Sriskandarajah, Dhananjayan; Drew, "Brits Abroad: Mapping the scale and nature of British emigration", Institute for Public Policy Research, 11 December 2006. http://www.ippr.org/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=509</ref><ref name="r358">"Brits Abroad: world overview", BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/default.stm; Casciani, Dominic, "5.5&nbsp;m Britons 'opt to live abroad'", BBC News, 11 December 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6210358.stm</ref><ref name="r359">"Brits Abroad: Country-by-country", BBC News, 11 December 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6161705.stm</ref> === 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 === 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰;<ref name="r360">"English language&nbsp;– Government, citizens and rights", Directgov. http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012519</ref><ref name="r361">Mac Sithigh, Daithí, "Official status of languages in the UK and Ireland", Common Law World Review, 17 May 2018. https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/141540053/Status_OA_Feb_2018.pdf</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r362">British Council "British Council &#124; the UK's international culture and education organisation". https://www.britishcouncil.org/ (last checked 6 February 2023)</ref><ref name="r363">"About BBC Learning English", BBC. https://www.bbc.com/learningenglish/english/hygiene</ref> 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍉 𐌳𐌹𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌺𐍄𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌱𐌽𐍉𐍃; 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌽 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌼 𐍃𐌿𐌸𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌼 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼.<ref name="r364">"British English Pronunciations", OED. https://www.oed.com/information/understanding-entries/pronunciation/british-english-pronunciations/?tl=true</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌳𐌹𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌺𐍄𐌴: 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉, 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉; 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃: 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌼𐌹𐌴, Cockney, 𐌲𐌴𐍉𐍂𐌳𐌹𐌴, Mancunian, Scouse, 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐍄 Country, Yorkshire 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍉𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍉 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉.<ref name="r365">"10 British dialects you need to know", EF. https://www.ef.com/wwen/blog/language/british-dialects-you-need-to-know/</ref> [[File:Bilingual welcome sign Newry.jpg|thumb|𐍄𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉–𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 Newry]] 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰: 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉, 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉. 𐌺𐍉𐍂𐌽𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐍉 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 18, 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐌼 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼.<ref name="r366">Track, Robert Lawrence; Stockwell, Peter, "Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts", Routledge, 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=oLx9AgAAQBAJ&q=%E2%80%9Cthese+people+speak+the+dead+language+as+a+second+language%E2%80%9D&pg=PA63; "Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Strasbourg, 1.II.1995", Council of Europe. http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/157.htm; "European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Strasbourg, 5.XI.1992", Council of Europe. http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/148.htm</ref><ref name="r2" /> 𐌹𐌽 2021 538.300 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 3+ 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (17,8%) 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉<ref name="r367">"Welsh language in Wales (Census 2021)", gov.wales, 6 December 2022. https://gov.wales/welsh-language-wales-census-2021-html</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 200.000 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳.<ref name="r368">Wynn Thomas, Peter, "Welsh today", Voices, BBC, March 2007. https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/welsh.shtml</ref> 𐌹𐌽 2021 12,4% 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐍉 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌾𐌰𐌷 10,4% 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐍉 𐌿𐌻𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍂𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉.<ref name="r369">"Census 2021: Main statistics for Northern Ireland". https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-language.pdf</ref> 𐌹𐌽 2001 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 92.000 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 2%) 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 72% 𐌹𐌽 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐍃;<ref name="r370">"Scotland's Census 2001&nbsp;– Gaelic Report", General Register Office for Scotland. http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/press/news2005/scotlands-census-2001-gaelic-report.html</ref> 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳.<ref name="r371">"Local UK languages 'taking off'", BBC News, 12 February 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7885493.stm</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 (𐌰𐍆 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐌻𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍂𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼.<ref name="r2" /><ref name="r372">"Language Data&nbsp;– Scots", European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages. http://www.eurolang.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2449&Itemid=52&lang=en</ref> 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 151.000 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐍀𐍂𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃 2020.<ref name="r373">Brown, Hannah, "'People are dying because of this': Calls for UK Gov to follow Scotland with sign language interpreter at Covid-19 briefing", The Scotsman, 23 April 2020. https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/people-are-dying-because-calls-uk-gov-follow-scotland-sign-language-interpreter-covid-19-briefing-2547989</ref> 𐌹𐌽 2013, 95% 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐌼 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 5% 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃,<ref name="r374">"Languages across Europe: United Kingdom", BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/countries/uk.shtml</ref> 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍉 𐍃𐌿𐌸𐌰𐌰𐍃𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 (𐍀𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌹, 𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌿, 𐌱𐌴𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌹, Sylheti, 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹, 𐍀𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍀𐍉𐍄𐌷𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌹, 𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌻, 𐌲𐌿𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍄𐌹).<ref name="r375">Carl Skutsch (2013). ''Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities''. pp.1261. Routledge. Retrieved 3 December 2020.</ref> 𐍀𐍉𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 2011 (546.000 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃).<ref name="r376">Booth, Robert, "Polish becomes England's second language", The Guardian, 30 January 2013. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jan/30/polish-becomes-englands-second-language</ref> 𐌹𐌽 2019 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌳𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍆𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌽𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄.<ref name="r377">"The teenagers who translate for their parents", BBC News, 23 April 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-47982494</ref> === 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 === [[File:Westminster Abbey St Peter.jpg|thumb|𐍅𐌴𐍃𐍄𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍂 Abbey, 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰; 𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌾𐍉𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴]] 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 1.400 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰.<ref name="r378">Cannon, John, ed. (2nd edn., 2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=TYnfhTq2M7EC&pg=PA144 ''A Dictionary of British History'']. Oxford University Press. p. 144. .</ref> 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐍃𐌹𐌺 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃, 𐌰𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌾𐍉 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃 20<ref name="r379">Field, Clive D. (November 2009). [http://www.brin.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/development-of-religious-statistics.pdf "British religion in numbers"]. BRIN Discussion Series on Religious Statistics, Discussion Paper 001. Retrieved 7 March 2015.</ref> 𐍈𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃,<ref name="r380">Yilmaz, Ihsan (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ryrD2YODzxUC&pg=PA291 ''Muslim Laws, Politics and Society in Modern Nation States: Dynamic Legal Pluralisms in England, Turkey, and Pakistan'']. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 55–56. .</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍉,<ref name="r381">Brown, Callum G. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ryrD2YODzxUC&pg=PA291 ''Religion and Society in Twentieth-Century Britain'']. Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 291. .</ref> 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐍉<ref name="r382">Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=dto-P2YfWJIC&pg=PA84 ''Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide'']. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. .</ref> 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍉.<ref name="r383">Fergusson, David (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Owz4aBSEINgC&pg=PA94 ''Church, State and Civil Society'']. Cambridge University Press. p. 94. .</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 2021, 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳: 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 46,2%, 𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌼 6,5%, 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌹𐍃𐌼 1,7%, 𐍃𐌹𐌺𐌷𐌹𐍃𐌼 0,9%, 𐌱𐌿𐌳𐌳𐌷𐌹𐍃𐌼 0,5%, 𐌾𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌼 0,5%, 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐍉𐍃 0,6%, 𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 37,2%, 𐌽𐌹 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌷𐌰𐍆𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 6,0%.<ref name="r384">Roskams, Michael, "Religion, England and Wales: Census 2021", Office for National Statistics, 29 November 2022. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021</ref> 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳: 𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌷𐍉𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 42,3%, 𐍀𐍂𐍉𐍄𐌴𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 37,7%, 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 1,3%, 𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 17,4%, 𐌽𐌹 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍉 1,6%.<ref name="r385">"MS-B19: Religion", Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency, 30 November 2023. https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b19.xlsx</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (2022): 𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 51,1%, 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 20,4%, 𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌷𐍉𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 13,3%, 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 5,1%, 𐌼𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃 2,2%, 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 0,6%, 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃 1,2%, 𐌽𐌹 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍉 6,2%.<ref name="r386">"Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion", National Records of Scotland, 21 May 2024. https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-reports/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion/</ref> 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐍄𐌴𐌰𐍂𐍆𐌿𐌽𐌳 2007 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌷𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌶𐌿𐌷.<ref name="r387">"United Kingdom: New Report Finds Only One in 10 Attend Church", News.adventist.org, 4 April 2007. http://news.adventist.org/2007/04/uite-kigom-ew-report-fis-oly-oe-i-10-atte-church.html</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌸 2001 𐌾𐌰𐌷 2011 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃𐍃𐌹𐌺𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 12% 𐍈𐌰𐌽 𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌼 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰; 𐌼𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄, 𐌳𐌿 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 5%.<ref name="r388">Philby, Charlotte, "Less religious and more ethnically diverse: Census reveals a picture of Britain today", Independent, 12 December 2012. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/less-religious-and-more-ethnically-diverse-census-reveals-a-picture-of-britain-today-8406506.html</ref> 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐍉𐌽, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃.<ref name="r389">"The History of the Church of England", The Church of England, 2004. http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/history/</ref><ref name="r390">"Queen and Church of England", British Monarchy Media Centre. http://www.royalinsight.gov.uk/output/Page4708.asp</ref> 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉, 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰 𐌰𐍆 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰; 𐍃𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌻𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐌹 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 „𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐍀𐍂𐍉𐍄𐌴𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 Presbyteriskō 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽“.<ref name="r391">"Queen and the Church", The British Monarchy (Official Website). http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandChurch/History.aspx</ref><ref name="r2" /><ref name="r392">"Our structure", churchofscotland.org.uk, 22 February 2010. https://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about-us/our-structure</ref> 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰 1920 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 1870, 𐍃𐍅𐌰 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌽𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉𐌽.<ref name="r393">Weller, Paul (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tHc88PzAPLMC&pg=PA80 ''Time for a Change: Reconfiguring Religion, State, and Society'']. London: Continuum. pp. 79–80. .</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴 (2001): 62% 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃, 13,5% 𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌷𐍉𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃, 6% Presbyteriskans, 3,4% 𐌼𐌴𐍄𐌷𐍉𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r394">Peach, Ceri, [https://books.google.com/books?id=i6ER_z8gcD4C "United Kingdom, a major transformation of the religious landscape"], in H. Knippenberg. ed. (2005). ''The Changing Religious Landscape of Europe''. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis. pp. 44–58. .</ref> === 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 === 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌷𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰. 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 38% 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌿, 𐍃𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r395">"The Most Educated Countries in the World", Yahoo Finance, 24 September 2012. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/the-most-educated-countries-in-the-world.html;_ylt=AlaWy8IcyeBaviKi7_.WJyhE6odG;_ylu=X3oDMTJrY2d2NGZyBG1pdANDeFMgRmluYW5jaWFsbHkgRml0IEFydGljbGUgQXJ0aWNsZSBCb2R5IFByb2QEcG9zAzMEc2VjA01lZGlhQXJ0aWNsZUJvZHlBc3NlbWJseQ--;_ylg=X3oDMTNjdGVoaXJqBGludGwDdXMEbGFuZwNlbi11cwRwc3RhaWQDY2IyOTRhMGEtYmY2OS0zYTdlLThlYTUtZWFlNTU3YWI1ZTc3BHBzdGNhdANleGNsdXNpdmVzfGZpbmFuY2lhbGx5Zml0BHB0A3N0b3J5cGFnZQ--;_ylv=3?page=1; "And the World's Most Educated Country Is...", 27 September 2012. https://newsfeed.time.com/2012/09/27/and-the-worlds-most-educated-country-is/</ref> 𐍉𐍇𐍆𐍉𐍂𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 Cambridge 𐍈𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍈𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r396">"The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024", 25 September 2023. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking</ref><ref name="r397">"QS World University Rankings 2024". https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌶𐌳𐍉𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳: 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌶𐌳𐍉 𐌳𐌿 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌼, 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍉 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌹𐍃;<ref name="r398">"Repaying your student loan", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/repaying-your-student-loan/what-you-pay</ref> 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌽𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌶𐌳𐍉𐌽. 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌹𐌽𐍃; 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌷𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌶𐌿𐌷 𐌻𐌴𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 2017 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 £230.000 𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r399">"Undergraduate Tuition Fess and Student Loans", UCAS, 20 October 2014. https://www.ucas.com/money-and-student-life/money/student-finance/undergraduate-tuition-fees-and-student-loans</ref><ref name="r400">"More undergraduate medical education places", gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/more-undergraduate-medical-education-places</ref> 𐌹𐌽 PISA 2022 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 15-𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 14. 𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽, 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰, 𐌱𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌽 494 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 OECD 478.<ref name="r401">"PISA 2022 UK Results", OECD, 4 December 2023. https://www.oecd.org/publication/pisa-2022-results/country-notes/united-kingdom-9c15db47#chapter-d1e11</ref> === 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹 === [[File:QEUH.jpg|thumb|𐌵𐌿𐌴𐌴𐌽 𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌱𐌴𐍄𐌷 University 𐌷𐍉𐍃𐍀𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌻, 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅, NHS 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰 1948,<ref name="r402">"The foundation of the NHS", The National Archives. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/explore-the-collection/stories/the-foundation-of-the-nhs/</ref> 𐍃𐍅𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌴𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌳𐌰 „𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃“.<ref name="r403">Gill, Martha, "To those who claim the NHS has turned into a British religion, I say: keep the faith", The Observer, 9 July 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jul/09/nhs-british-religion-keep-faith-nhs-at-75</ref><ref name="r404">"Is the NHS our new national religion? – Religion Media Centre", religionmediacentre.org.uk, 14 April 2020. https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/is-the-nhs-our-new-national-religion/</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰: NHS 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, NHS 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 NHS 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷. 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼, 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍆𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰. 𐍃𐌰 WHO 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌷𐍄 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌴𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹 2000.<ref name="r405">Haden, "The world health report 2000&nbsp;– Health systems: improving performance", World Health Organization, 2000. https://archive.org/details/worldhealthrepor00worl; World Health Organization, "Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries", New York University. http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~wgreene/Statistics/WHO-COMP-Study-30.pdf</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1979.<ref name="r406">Fisher, Peter, "The NHS from Thatcher to Blair", NHS Consultants Association. http://www.healthp.org/node/71</ref> OECD 𐍆𐌰𐌷𐍂𐌰 2018 (𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌷𐍄) 𐌲𐌰𐍆 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰 £3.121 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽;<ref name="r407">"Swindells: They aren't 'your' patients", Health Service Journal, 24 September 2019. https://www.hsj.co.uk/policy-and-regulation/swindells-they-arent-your-patients/7025988.article?</ref> 𐌹𐌽 2017 𐍅𐌰𐍃 £2.989, 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 OECD 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉.<ref name="r408">"How does UK healthcare spending compare with other countries?", Office of National Statistics, 29 August 2019. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthcaresystem/articles/howdoesukhealthcarespendingcomparewithothercountries/2019-08-29</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌴𐌽𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌻 Medical Council, 𐌽𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌲 𐌰𐌽𐌳 Midwifery Council 𐌾𐌰𐌷 Royal Colleges; 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰 (𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳), 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰.<ref name="r409">"'Huge contrasts' in devolved NHS", BBC News, 28 August 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7586147.stm; Triggle, Nick, "NHS now four different systems", BBC News, 2 January 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7149423.stm</ref> == 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍃 == 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌸𐍉 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽, 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴, 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌷𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍃, 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌽𐍃. 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰𐌹, 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌴, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍉𐍃, 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰, 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌳𐌰, 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐍉 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍉 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃.<ref>Ferguson, 2004, p. 307</ref> 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌽 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌾𐌰.<ref name="r410">"The Commonwealth", New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/peace-rights-and-security/the-commonwealth/</ref><ref name="r411">"Commonwealth of Nations", UK Parliament. https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/contemporary-context/</ref><ref name="r412">Mazrui, Ali Al Amin; Taylor, "Anglo-African Commonwealth", Pergamon, 1967</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 2024 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉 𐌹𐌽 „𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼“, 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 China.<ref name="r413">"Most Influential Countries", U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/most-influential-countries</ref> === 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻 === 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹, 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌻𐍃𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃, 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰𐌹. 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 669 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌹𐌽 2022, 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐍃𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂.<ref name="r414">"UK publishing industry reports record-breaking year in 2022", The Guardian, 17 April 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/apr/17/uk-publishing-industry-reports-record-breaking-year-in-2022</ref> 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌴𐌻 𐌳𐌴𐍆𐍉𐌴, Rudyard 𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲, 𐌻𐌴𐍅𐌹𐍃 Carroll, 𐌱𐌴𐌰𐍄𐍂𐌹𐍇 𐍀𐍉𐍄𐍄𐌴𐍂, 𐌰. 𐌰. 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌽𐌴, 𐌴𐌽𐌹𐌳 Blyton, 𐌾. 𐍂. 𐍂. 𐍄𐍉𐌻𐌺𐌹𐌴𐌽, 𐍂𐍉𐌰𐌻𐌳 𐌳𐌰𐌷𐌻, Terry Pratchett 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌾. 𐌺. 𐍂𐍉𐍅𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲, 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 ''Harry Potter'' 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐍅.<ref name="r415">"Best-selling Book Series Of All Time", Wordsrated, 20 July 2023. https://wordsrated.com/best-selling-book-series-of-all-time-statistics/</ref> 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐌷𐌰𐌺𐌴𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌰𐍂𐌴 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃;<ref name="r416">"William Shakespeare (English author)", Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537853/William-Shakespeare; "MSN Encarta Encyclopedia article on Shakespeare". http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html; "William Shakespeare", TheFreeDictionary.com, Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Shakespeare%2c+William</ref> 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌽, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌼. 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃: Geoffrey Chaucer (''The Canterbury Tales''), 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌳𐍃𐍅𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌷 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍂𐍉𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃, Charles Dickens, 𐌷. G. 𐍅𐌴𐌻𐌻𐍃, 𐌲𐌴𐍉𐍂𐌲𐌴 𐍉𐍂𐍅𐌴𐌻𐌻, 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍉𐌿𐍃 Huxley, 𐌹𐌰𐌽 𐍆𐌻𐌴𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌲. 𐌰𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌷𐌰 Christie 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰.<ref name="r417">"Mystery of Christie's success is solved", The Telegraph, 19 December 2005. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1505799/Mystery-of-Christies-success-is-solved.html</ref> 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍆 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 25 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐌹𐌽 BBC 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰 𐌳𐍉𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 100 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌴 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌼 (𐌲𐌴𐍉𐍂𐌲𐌴 𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍉𐍄, Virginia 𐍅𐍉𐍉𐌻𐍆, Charlotte 𐌾𐌰𐌷 Emily 𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌽𐍄ë, Mary Shelley, 𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌽, 𐌳𐍉𐍂𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌴𐍃𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌲, 𐌶𐌰𐌳𐌹𐌴 𐍃𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌷).<ref name="r418">Ciabattari, Jane, "The 25 greatest British novels", BBC Culture, December 2015. https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20151204-the-25-greatest-british-novels</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃: 𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌷𐌿𐍂 Conan Doyle, 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍄𐌴𐍂 Scott, 𐌾. M. 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌹𐌴, 𐍂𐍉𐌱𐌴𐍂𐍄 𐌻𐍉𐌿𐌹𐍃 Stevenson (''Treasure Island'' 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍀 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌸), 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐍉𐌱𐌴𐍂𐍄 𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍃, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌿𐌲𐌷 MacDiarmid 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌻 M. 𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌰𐌽 𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌺𐍃. 𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌴 UNESCO.<ref name="r419">"Edinburgh, United Kingdom, UNESCO City of Literature", Unesco, 2004. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/creativity/creative-industries/creative-cities-network/literature/edinburgh</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐍉 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃, ''Y Gododdin'' (𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 6, 𐌺𐌿𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉), 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌳𐌿 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌷𐌿𐍂;<ref name="r420">"Early Welsh poetry", BBC Wales. https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/language_poetry.shtml</ref> Geoffrey 𐍉𐍆 𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌼𐍉𐌿𐍄𐌷 𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐍉 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰.<ref name="r421">Lang, Andrew, "History of English Literature from Beowulf to Swinburne", Wildside Press, 2003. https://books.google.com/books?id=dKJiPyyTevgC</ref> Dafydd 𐌰𐍀 Gwilym (''fl.'' 1320–1370) 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌴 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r422">"Dafydd ap Gwilym", Academi.org, 2011. http://www.academi.org/dafydd-ap-gwilym-eng</ref> 𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌴𐌻 𐍉𐍅𐌴𐌽 𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐍉 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰, ''Rhys Lewis'' (1885). 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃: Dylan 𐍄𐌷𐍉𐌼𐌰𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍂. 𐍃. 𐍄𐌷𐍉𐌼𐌰𐍃 (𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐌽𐍉𐌱𐌴𐌻 1996); 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃 20 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 Richard Llewellyn 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌴 𐍂𐍉𐌱𐌴𐍂𐍄𐍃.<ref name="r423">"True birthplace of Wales's literary hero", BBC News, 5 December 1999. http://newsalerts.bbc.co.uk/1/low/wales/551486.stm</ref><ref name="r424">"Kate Roberts: Biography", BBC Wales. https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/halloffame/arts/kateroberts.shtml</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃 C. 𐍃. 𐌻𐌴𐍅𐌹𐍃 (''The Chronicles of Narnia'').<ref name="r425">"The Chronicles of Narnia Book Series Statistics", Wordsrated, 19 July 2023. https://wordsrated.com/the-chronicles-of-narnia-book-series-statistics/</ref> 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 Oscar 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌴,<ref name="r426">Varty, Anne, "A Preface to Oscar Wilde", Routledge, 2014; "Oscar Wilde", Cengage. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/english-literature-19th-cent-biographies/oscar-wilde</ref> 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌺𐌴𐍂 (''Dracula'')<ref name="r427">Moss, Joyce, "British and Irish Literature and Its Times: The Victorian Era to the Present (1837–)", Gale Group, 2001. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780787637286</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌴𐍉𐍂𐌲𐌴 𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌳 𐍃𐌷𐌰𐍅.<ref name="r428">Holroyd, Michael, "Bernard Shaw, Volume 2: 1898–1918: The Pursuit of Power", Chatto & Windus, 1989. https://archive.org/details/bernardshaw00holr/page/384; "G B Shaw", Discovering Literature: 20th century, British Library. https://www.bl.uk/people/g-b-shaw</ref> 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐌿𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹, 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐍉𐍃𐌴𐍀𐌷 Conrad,<ref name="r429">Middleton, Tim, "Joseph Conrad", Routledge, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=Azd1f8NBpUoC&pg=PA159</ref> 𐍄. 𐍃. 𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍉𐍄,<ref name="r430">Cooper, John Xiros, "The Cambridge Introduction to T. S. Eliot", Cambridge University Press, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?id=XqmNjQzhwV4C&pg=PA111</ref> 𐌺𐌰𐌶𐌿𐍉 𐌹𐍃𐌷𐌹𐌲𐌿𐍂𐍉,<ref name="r431">Sim, Wai-chew, "Kazuo Ishiguro", Routledge, 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=WcKLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT201</ref> 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌼𐌰𐌽 𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌷𐌳𐌹𐌴<ref name="r432">"Salman Rushdie", Oxford Reference, Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100433765</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌴𐌶𐍂𐌰 𐍀𐍉𐌿𐌽𐌳.<ref name="r433">Campbell, James, "Home from home", The Guardian, 17 May 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/may/17/poetry3; Nadel, Ira, "Ezra Pound: A Literary Life", Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=ECiGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90</ref> === 𐍆𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹 === 𐍃𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 𐌱𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍆𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐌽 (𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍉 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 „𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍆𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽“.<ref name="r434">Fieser, James, "A bibliography of Scottish common sense philosophy: Sources and origins", Thoemmes Press, 2000. http://www.rrbltd.co.uk/bibliographies/scottish_v5_bibliog.pdf</ref> 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃: 𐌾𐍉𐌷𐌽 Locke, 𐌲𐌴𐍉𐍂𐌲𐌴 Berkeley (𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉, 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 David 𐌷𐌿𐌼𐌴; 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌻𐌰: 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌳 𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄, 𐍄𐌷𐍉𐌼𐌰𐍃 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌳, 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌰𐌼 𐌷𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌻𐍄𐍉𐌽. Jeremy 𐌱𐌴𐌽𐍄𐌷𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌾𐍉𐌷𐌽 𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌰𐍂𐍄 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻 (''Utilitarianism'') 𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐍉 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰𐍆𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r435">Palmer, Michael, "Moral Problems in Medicine: A Practical Coursebook", Lutterworth Press, 1999. https://books.google.com/books?id=s7y5MJOuN30C&pg=PA66; Scarre, Geoffrey, "Utilitarianism", Routledge, 1995. https://books.google.com/books?id=8A4xLnzfqYwC&pg=PA82</ref> === 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹 === 𐍃𐌰 BBC (𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 1922) 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹,<ref name="r436">"BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand", Media Newsline. http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html</ref><ref name="r437">"Digital license", Prospect. http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/?p=64654</ref><ref name="r438">"About the BBC&nbsp;– What is the BBC", BBC Online. https://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌰.<ref name="r439">"BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand", Media Newsline, 13 August 2009. http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html; "TV Licence Fee: facts & figures", BBC Press Office, April 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/keyfacts/stories/licencefee.shtml</ref> 𐍃𐌰 BBC 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹, 𐌹𐌽 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 40 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰𐌼.<ref name="r440">"Microsoft Word – The Work of the BBC World Service 2008–09 HC 334 FINAL.doc". https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmfaff/334/334.pdf</ref><ref name="r441">"News in your language – BBC News", BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/ws/languages; "BBC World Service", Facebook.com. https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Media-News-Company/bbcworldservice/about</ref> ITV 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌹𐌸 11 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 15 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌴 ITV 𐌽𐌰𐍄𐍃;<ref name="r442">"Publications & Policies: The History of ITV", ITV.com. http://www.itv.com/aboutitv/publications-policies</ref> Sky 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉.<ref name="r443">"Direct Broadcast Satellite Television", News Corporation. http://www.newscorp.com/operations/dbst.html</ref> 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌱𐌻𐌰𐌸𐍉: ''Daily Mail'', ''The Guardian'', ''The Telegraph'', ''The Times'', ''Financial Times''.<ref name="r444">"ABCs: National daily newspaper circulation September 2008", The Guardian, 10 October 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/media/table/2008/oct/10/abcs-pressandpublishing</ref> 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰𐌱𐌻𐌰𐌸𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽: ''The Spectator'', ''The Economist'', ''New Statesman'', ''Radio Times''. [[File:Media City Footbridge and BBC Offices (geograph 2685261).jpg|thumb|MediaCityUK, 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍆𐍉𐍂𐌳, 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 Manchester, 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉]] 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽; MediaCityUK 𐌹𐌽 Manchester 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃, 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹𐍆 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳.<ref name="r445">William, D. (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7yg45P35KDMC ''UK Cities: A Look at Life and Major Cities in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland'']. Eastbourne: Gardners Books. , pp. 22, 46, 109 and 145.</ref> 𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 £20 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌹𐌸 167.000.<ref name="r446">"Publishing", Department of Culture, Media and Sport. http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/creative_industries/3280.aspx</ref> 𐌹𐌽 2015 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌰 2.710 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴, 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴.<ref name="r447">"Annual Report 2015–2016", internationalpublishers.org, International Publishers Association, 2016. https://www.internationalpublishers.org/images/reports/Annual_Report_2016/IPA_Annual_Report_2015-2016_interactive.pdf</ref> 𐌹𐌽 2010, 82,5% 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌽𐌴𐍄𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐍃𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 20 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼.<ref name="r448">"Top 20 countries with the highest number of Internet users", Internet World Stats. http://www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm</ref> 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 video-𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻-𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹; 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 2022 𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹 𐌱𐌹 𐌱𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽, 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌾𐌰,<ref name="r449">Dring, Christopher, "European console and PC game sales fall 7.1% in 2022", GamesIndustry.biz, 12 January 2023. https://www.gamesindustry.biz/european-console-and-pc-game-sales-fall-71-over-2021</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌾𐌰𐍀𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌼.<ref name="r450">"About the UK Video Games Industry", TIGA. https://tiga.org/about-tiga-and-our-industry/about-uk-video-games-industry</ref> === 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹 === [[File:Angel of the North - 6150534524.jpg|thumb|𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌴𐌻 𐍉𐍆 𐍄𐌷𐌴 𐌽𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 Antony Gormley, 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃]] 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃: 𐍂𐍉𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌰𐌼 𐌱𐌻𐌰𐌺𐌴, 𐌾𐍉𐌷𐌽 Constable, 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌿𐌴𐌻 𐍀𐌰𐌻𐌼𐌴𐍂, 𐌾. M. 𐍅. 𐍄𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌴𐍂; 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐍉𐍃𐌷𐌿𐌰 Reynolds 𐌾𐌰𐌷 Lucian 𐍆𐍂𐌴𐌿𐌳; 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍄𐌷𐍉𐌼𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌱𐍉𐍂𐍉𐌿𐌲𐌷 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻. 𐍃. Lowry; 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌷𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌰𐌼 𐌼𐍉𐍂𐍂𐌹𐍃; Francis Bacon; 𐍀𐍉𐍀 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍀𐌴𐍄𐌴𐍂 𐌱𐌻𐌰𐌺𐌴, Richard 𐌷𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌻𐍄𐍉𐌽, David Hockney; 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐍂𐍄 & 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌿𐌰𐌲𐌴;<ref name="r451">Tate, "Art & Language – Art Term | Tate", Tate. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/art-language</ref> 𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌴𐍂𐍄 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌴𐍉𐍂𐌲𐌴; 𐌷𐍉𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳 𐌷𐍉𐌳𐌲𐌺𐌹𐌽; 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 Antony Gormley, 𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐍀𐍉𐍉𐍂, Henry 𐌼𐍉𐍉𐍂𐌴. 𐍃𐌰 Saatchi Gallery 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 „𐌾𐌿𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃“ 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1980 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1990, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌴𐌽 𐌷𐌹𐍂𐍃𐍄, Chris 𐍉𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌹, Rachel 𐍅𐌷𐌹𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌴𐌰𐌳, Tracey 𐌴𐌼𐌹𐌽, 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲𐌴𐍂, Steve McQueen, 𐍃𐌰𐌼 Taylor-𐍅𐍉𐍉𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 Chapman 𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐍂𐌾𐌿𐍃. 𐍃𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌳𐌴𐌼𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃. 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌻𐍉𐍃: University 𐍉𐍆 𐍄𐌷𐌴 𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 𐌻𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍉𐌽 (𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌻𐍉𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 Central 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍄 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 Chelsea), 𐌲𐍉𐌻𐌳𐍃𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌷𐍃, 𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌳𐌴 (UCL), 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅 School 𐍉𐍆 𐌰𐍂𐍄, Royal College 𐍉𐍆 𐌰𐍂𐍄, 𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌽 School (𐍉𐍇𐍆𐍉𐍂𐌳); 𐍃𐌰 Courtauld 𐌹𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌹𐍄𐌿𐍄𐌴 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃. 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰: 𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌻 Gallery, 𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌻 𐍀𐍉𐍂𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍄 Gallery, 𐍄𐌰𐍄𐌴 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍄𐌰𐍄𐌴 𐌼𐍉𐌳𐌴𐍂𐌽 (𐍃𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹, 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 4,7 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰).<ref name="r452">Bayley, Stephen, "The startling success of Tate Modern", The Times, 24 April 2010. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article7105032.ece</ref> === 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 === [[File:Royal Albert Hall, BBC Proms 2017.jpg|thumb|𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐍀𐍂𐍉𐌼𐍃, 𐌺𐌻𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 𐌰𐍄 Royal 𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌴𐍂𐍄 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌻, 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌸 Henry 𐍅𐍉𐍉𐌳]] 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍃: 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 (𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌱𐌽𐍉𐌼, 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐌺𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌹𐌸𐌿𐌻𐍉𐌼);<ref name="r453">"Songs of England". https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/inspire-me/songs-of-england</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 (𐍀𐌹𐍀𐍉𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌹𐌸𐌿𐌻𐍉𐌼, 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃);<ref name="r454">"The influence of traditional Scottish Music". https://www.visitscotland.com/things-to-do/events/music-festivals/traditional-folk</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 (𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍀𐍉𐌼, 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌱𐌽𐍉𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃, 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉);<ref name="r455">"Celtic connections: the story of folk music in Wales", 17 February 2020. https://www.wales.com/culture-and-sport/music-and-performance/roots-and-shoots-welsh-folk-music</ref> 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 (𐍆𐌹𐌸𐌿𐌻𐍉𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍀𐌻𐌿𐍄𐍉𐌼, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉–𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃).<ref name="r456">"Why you should experience traditional music in Ireland". https://www.ireland.com/en-us/magazine/music/traditional-music/</ref> 𐍄𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃: 𐍄𐌷𐍉𐌼𐌰𐍃 𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍃, 𐌾𐍉𐌷𐌽 Taverner, 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌰𐌼 Byrd, 𐍉𐍂𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌱𐍉𐌽𐍃, 𐌾𐍉𐌷𐌽 𐌳𐍉𐍅𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳. 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 Henry Purcell 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌼𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃, 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌴, 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌴𐌹 𐍄𐌷𐍉𐌼𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌴. 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌻𐍃 ''Zadok the Priest'' (𐌳𐌿 𐌲𐌴𐍉𐍂𐌲𐌴 2 𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌾𐍉𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌲𐍂𐍉𐌱𐍃) 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴; 𐌹𐍃 𐍉𐍂𐌰𐍄𐍉𐍂𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌴𐌹 ''Messiah'' 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r457">"British Citizen by Act of Parliament: George Frideric Handel", UK Parliament, 20 July 2009. http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_publications_and_archives/parliamentary_archives/handel_and_naturalisation.cfm; Andrews, John, "Handel all'inglese", Playbill, 14 April 2006. http://www.playbillarts.com/features/article/4236.html</ref> 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃 19 𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌷𐌿𐍂 Sullivan 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅. 𐍃. 𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌴𐍂𐍄 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 Savoy-𐍉𐍀𐌴𐍂𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌴𐌳𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳 𐌴𐌻𐌲𐌰𐍂 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿. 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐍉 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃: Gustav 𐌷𐍉𐌻𐍃𐍄, 𐍂𐌰𐌻𐍀𐌷 Vaughan 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌰𐌼𐍃, 𐌱𐌴𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌴𐌽 (𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍉𐍀𐌴𐍂𐍉𐍃). 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃: 𐍀𐌴𐍄𐌴𐍂 𐌼𐌰𐍇𐍅𐌴𐌻𐌻 Davies (Orkney), 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍉𐌽 𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌻𐌴 (𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃), 𐌾𐍉𐌷𐌽 Tavener (𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉𐌽).<ref name="r458">Iemperley, Nicholas, "Great Britain", 2002. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O006236; Banfield, Stephen; Russell, "England (i)", 2001. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40044; Lewis, Geraint; Davies, "Wales", 2001. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.41108; Elliott, Kenneth; Collinson, "Scotland", 2001. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40113; White, Harry; Carolan, "Ireland", 2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13901; "British 20th century composers", BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zdjw7p3/revision/1</ref> 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌻𐍆𐌹𐌴 𐌱𐍉𐌴, Bryn 𐍄𐌴𐍂𐍆𐌴𐌻, 𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌷𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌴 𐌾𐌴𐌽𐌺𐌹𐌽𐍃, Michael 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌻, Roderick 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌰𐌼𐍃, 𐍂𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌴𐌻𐌻 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍃𐍉𐌽, 𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌷𐍄𐌼𐌰𐌽; 𐍆𐌹𐌸𐌿𐌻𐍉𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 Nicola 𐌱𐌴𐌽𐌴𐌳𐌴𐍄𐍄𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌹𐌲𐌴𐌻 Kennedy.<ref name="r459">"30 of the greatest violinists on record", Gramophone, 21 June 2022. https://www.gramophone.co.uk/features/article/30-of-the-greatest-violinists-on-record;"Katherine Jenkins has officially sold the most classical albums this century", Classic FM, 1 January 2020. https://www.classicfm.com/radio/shows-presenters/classic-fm-chart/katherine-jenkins-most-classical-albums/;"Who is Roderick Williams, the British baritone and composer at the King's coronation?", Classic FM, 6 May 2023. https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/roderick-williams-composer-baritone-singing-roles/;"Michael Ball", English National Opera, 23 February 2024. https://www.eno.org/artists/michael-ball-2/;"Alfie Bow", Classic FM. https://www.classicfm.com/artists/alfie-boe/;"Sarah Brightman facts", Smooth Radio, 11 July 2023. https://www.smoothradio.com/news/music/sarah-brightman-age-husband-songs/</ref> „𐍀𐍉𐍀𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃“ 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1950 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 „rock 𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍂𐍉𐌻𐌻“ 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸 „𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌿𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰“;<ref name="r460">R. Middleton, et al., [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/book/omo_gmo "Pop"], ''Grove music online'', retrieved 14 March 2010.</ref> 𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌱𐌴𐌰𐍄𐌻𐌴𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍂𐍉𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌴𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍀𐍉𐍀 𐌳𐌿 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1960.<ref name="r461">"Pop", [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/book/omo_t237 ''The Oxford Dictionary of Music''], retrieved 9 March 2010.</ref> 𐌱𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌲𐌷𐌰𐌼 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌹𐍃 (Black 𐍃𐌰𐌱𐌱𐌰𐍄𐌷, 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1960).<ref name="r462">Allsop, Laura, "Birmingham, England ... the unlikely birthplace of heavy metal", CNN, 1 July 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/07/01/birmingham.home.of.metal/index.html Bentley, David, "Midlands rocks! How Birmingham's industrial heritage made it the birthplace of heavy metal", Birmingham Post, 4 June 2013. http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/whats-on/music/birmingham-birthplace-of-heavy-metal-4031445</ref> 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳 rock,<ref name="r463">"The Rolling Stones | Biography & History", AllMusic. https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-rolling-stones-mn0000894465/biography</ref> 𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰 rock, heavy 𐌼𐌴𐍄𐌰𐌻,<ref name="r464">Tom Larson, "History of Rock and Roll", Kendall/Hunt Pub., 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=vGJ7XmA8rjIC&pg=PA183</ref> space rock, 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌼 rock,<ref name="r465">"Glam Rock". http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561509274/glam_rock.html</ref> Gothic rock,<ref name="r466">"NME Originals: Goth", NME, 2004. https://www.nme.com/originals/4</ref> psychedelic rock<ref name="r467">"Pop/Rock » Psychedelic/Garage", AllMusic. https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/psychedelic-garage-ma0000002800</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍀𐌿𐌽𐌺 rock,<ref name="r468">Charles M. Young, "Rock is Sick and Living in London", 20 October 1977. https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/a-report-on-the-sex-pistols-119989/</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌽𐌴𐍉 𐍃𐍉𐌿𐌻 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌿𐌱𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍀.<ref name="r469">Henderson, Alex (1 August 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20101104165122/http://allmusic.com/explore/essay/british-soul-t2160 British Soul]. Allmusic. Retrieved 6 March 2011.; [http://www.allmusic.com/style/dubstep-ma0000004465 AllMusic – Dubstep] "Absorbed and transfigured elements of techno, drum'n' bass and dub"; Goldman, Vivien, "Local Groove Does Good: The Story Of Trip-Hop's Rise From Bristol", NPR, 31 January 2012. https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2012/01/31/142607358/local-groove-does-good-the-story-of-trip-hops-rise-from-bristol</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐍀𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 Stormzy, 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍉, Yxng 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌴, 𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌶, 𐌻𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌻𐌴 𐍃𐌹𐌼𐌶 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐍀𐍄𐌰.<ref name="r470">"5 U.K. Rappers Primed to Take Over America in 2018". https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/uk-rappers-to-watch-2018-8097878/</ref> [[File:The SSE Hydro arena - geograph.org.uk - 6725739.jpg|thumb|OVO Hydro, 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅, 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 14.500]] 𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌱𐌴𐌰𐍄𐌻𐌴𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌺 (𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 1 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌳 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰.<ref name="r471">"1960–1969", EMI Group. http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/#</ref><ref name="r472">"Paul At Fifty", 8 June 1992. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975715-2,00.html</ref><ref name="r473">[https://books.google.com/books?id=rdU1xtIWJz0C Most Successful Group] ''The Guinness Book of Records'' 1999, p. 230. 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''The Guardian'' (London). Retrieved 28 February 2012.</ref> 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃: 𐌲𐌴𐍉𐍂𐌲𐌴 Michael, 𐍉𐌰𐍃𐌹𐍃, Spice 𐌲𐌹𐍂𐌻𐍃, 𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌹𐍉𐌷𐌴𐌰𐌳, Coldplay, Arctic Monkeys, 𐍂𐍉𐌱𐌱𐌹𐌴 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌰𐌼𐍃, Amy 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌷𐍉𐌿𐍃𐌴, 𐍃𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 Boyle, 𐌰𐌳𐌴𐌻𐌴, 𐌴𐌳 𐍃𐌷𐌴𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌽, 𐌻𐌴𐍅𐌹𐍃 Capaldi, 𐍉𐌽𐌴 Direction, Harry Styles, 𐌳𐌿𐌰 𐌻𐌹𐍀𐌰.<ref name="r477">"Harry Styles Has Weathered the Post-Boy Band Storm Better Than Most", Consequence of Sound, 12 January 2020. https://consequence.net/2020/01/harry-styles-solo-career/; Paul, Larisha, "10 Years of One Direction: The Story of the World's Biggest Boy Band, Told With the Fans Who Made It Happen", 16 July 2020. https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/one-direction-ten-year-anniversary-fan-interviews-9419436/; Corner, Lewis, "Adele, Coldplay biggest-selling UK artists worldwide in 2011", Digital Spy, 16 February 2012. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a366130/adele-coldplay-biggest-selling-uk-artists-worldwide-in-2011.html; Magliola, Anna Sky, "Ed Sheeran's career journey: From street busker to global superstar", PlanetRadio.co.uk, 30 November 2022. https://planetradio.co.uk/hits-radio/entertainment/celebrity/ed-sheeran-career-timeline/; "Dua Lipa, 77.5M Monthly listeners", Spotify, 6 May 2024. https://open.spotify.com/artist/6M2wZ9GZgrQXHCFfjv46we</ref> 𐌹𐌽 2024 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍃𐌰 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌾𐌰𐍀𐌰𐌽;<ref name="r478">Paine, Andre, "IFPI report reveals EU risks falling behind in global market - UK still among top music exporters", Music Week, 10 September 2024. https://www.musicweek.com/labels/read/ifpi-report-reveals-eu-risks-falling-behind-in-global-market-uk-still-among-top-music-exporters/090424</ref> 𐌹𐌽 2021 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r479">Savage, Mark, "British music exports reach a record high", BBC, 16 June 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-57486272</ref> Liverpool-𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 54 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌴, 𐌸𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃.<ref name="r480">Hughes, Mark, "A tale of two cities of culture: Liverpool vs Stavanger", Independent, 14 January 2008. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/a-tale-of-two-cities-of-culture-liverpool-vs-stavanger-770076.html?r=RSS</ref> 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸 UNESCO 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌹𐍃 2008.<ref name="r481">"Glasgow gets city of music honour", BBC News, 20 August 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7570915.stm</ref> Manchester 𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌰 acid 𐌷𐍉𐌿𐍃𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷, 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1990, 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍀𐍉𐍀; 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌻 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼 𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌱𐌰𐍃𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐍀 𐌷𐍉𐍀 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌼.<ref name="r482">"Out of the melting pot: The origins and evolution of drum'n'bass", Red Bull, 25 June 2020. https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/history-of-drum-and-bass-music</ref> 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐍆 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌱𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1960 𐌾𐌰𐌷 70 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹,<ref name="r483">"Parties, protest and police: the neglected histories of UK dance music", Dazed, 3 August 2023. https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/60511/1/ed-gillet-new-book-party-lines-politics-history-uk-dance-music-clubbing</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌸 Chicago 𐌷𐍉𐌿𐍃𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌴𐍄𐍂𐍉𐌹𐍄 techno 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹. 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1980 rave-𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 𐌾𐌰𐌷 Acid 𐌷𐍉𐌿𐍃𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌿𐌽 𐌳𐌿 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰 (𐍃𐌼𐌰𐍂𐍄 𐌴'𐍃 ''𐍃𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌴'𐍃 𐍄𐍂𐌴𐌴𐍄'', 𐍄𐌷𐌴 Prodigy'𐍃 ''Charly'')<ref name="r484">"Rave", Oxford Music Online, 20 January 2001. https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/search?q=rave</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐍉 Balearic 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌱𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐍆 𐌹𐌱𐌹𐌶𐌰, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 UK 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌴, 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌴𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌴, 𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌼 𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌱𐌰𐍃𐍃, 𐌾𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌻𐌴, Trance 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌿𐌱𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍀. 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃: 808 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍄𐌴, 𐍉𐍂𐌱𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌻, 𐍄𐌷𐌴 Prodigy, 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌴𐍂𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌻𐌳, 𐍂𐍉𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐌹𐌶𐌴, 𐌻𐌴𐍆𐍄𐍆𐌹𐌴𐌻𐌳, Massive Attack, Groove 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌳𐌰, Fatboy 𐍃𐌻𐌹𐌼, 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌷𐌻𐌴𐍃𐍃, 𐌱𐌰𐍃𐌴𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍄 𐌾𐌰𐍇𐍇, Chemical 𐌱𐍂𐍉𐍄𐌷𐌴𐍂𐍃, Disclosure, Calvin 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌹𐍃, 𐍆𐍂𐌴𐌳 𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌽;<ref name="r485">"Mixmag's Greatest Dance Act of all Time Revealed", 19 January 2012. http://www.mixmag.net/words/news/mixmags-greatest-dance-act-revealed;"Fred Again: who is the DJ who has thousands queuing for a 'secret rave' at the Sydney Opera House?", The Guardian, 26 February 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2024/feb/27/fred-again-dj-sydney-opera-house-secret-show-tickets-sell-out-profile-bio-details</ref> 𐌳𐌾𐍃: 𐌾𐌿𐌳𐌲𐌴 𐌾𐌿𐌻𐌴𐍃, 𐍀𐌴𐍄𐌴 𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌲, Carl Cox, 𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻 𐍉𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌽𐍆𐍉𐌻𐌳, 𐌾𐍉𐌷𐌽 𐌳𐌹𐌲𐍅𐌴𐌴𐌳, 𐍃𐌰𐍃𐌷𐌰.<ref name="r486">"Top 100 DJs Poll results 2003". http://djmag.com/top100chart.asp</ref> === 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻 === 𐌰𐌻𐍆𐍂𐌴𐌳 Hitchcock (''Vertigo'', 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌳𐍉𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐌰 𐌲𐍉𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻 𐌰𐌹𐍅)<ref name="r487">"Vertigo is named 'greatest film of all time'", BBC News, 2 August 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-19078948</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 David 𐌻𐌴𐌰𐌽 (''Lawrence of Arabia'') 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌷𐌰𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼;<ref name="r488">"The Directors' Top Ten Directors", British Film Institute. http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html</ref> 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 Christopher 𐌽𐍉𐌻𐌰𐌽, 𐍃𐌰𐌼 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌳𐌴𐍃, Steve McQueen, Richard Curtis, Danny Boyle, Tony Scott, Ridley Scott.<ref name="r489">"The 24 Best British Directors of All Time", Movieweb, 13 May 2023. https://movieweb.com/best-british-directors-of-all-time/</ref><ref name="r490">"Top 22 U.K. Film Directors", IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/list/ls062383258/</ref><ref name="r491">"5 of the best ... Richard Curtis films", The Times, 17 April 2024. https://www.thetimes.com/culture/tv-radio/article/5-of-the-best-richard-curtis-films-tzxx9fv2h</ref><ref name="r492">"The UK's top 50 film directors", Televisual, 23 May 2012. https://www.televisual.com/news/the-uk-s-top-50-film-directors_bid-357/</ref> 𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌲𐍂𐍉𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌴, ''Harry Potter'' 𐌾𐌰𐌷 ''James Bond'', 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r493">"Harry Potter becomes highest-grossing film franchise", The Guardian, 11 September 2007. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/sep/11/jkjoannekathleenrowling</ref> 𐌹𐌽 2019 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻 𐌲𐌴𐌱𐌿𐌽 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 £10,3 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹, 28,7% 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃;<ref name="r494">"UK Film Industry Statistics 2023", 10 April 2023. https://www.socialfilms.co.uk/blog/uk-film-industry-statistics</ref> 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 £1,25 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 176 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼.<ref name="r495">"The UK box office in 2019". https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-uk-box-office-2019.pdf</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌳𐌿 6,9 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 ft2 𐌹𐌽 2023, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 1 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰.<ref name="r496">"UK Film and Television Studios Market Report", Knight Frank. https://content.knightfrank.com/research/2439/documents/en/uk-film-and-television-studios-market-2023-10567.pdf</ref> 𐌸𐍉 BAFTA 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃𐌲𐌴𐌱𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌷 Academy 𐍉𐍆 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌼 𐌰𐌽𐌳 Television 𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃.<ref name="r497">"Baftas fuel Oscars race", BBC News, 26 February 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1190562.stm</ref> === 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃 === [[File:Fish, chips and mushy peas.jpg|thumb|𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌾𐌰𐌷 chips 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐍂𐍉𐌽, tartar sauce 𐌾𐌰𐌷 mushy peas]] 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽, 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃, 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹. 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌲𐍉𐌳𐍉𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍉𐌽;<ref name="r498">Else, David, "Inghilterra", EDT srl, 2007</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉𐌽𐍃𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃 (𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌼𐌶, 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱, 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌼𐌶 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌼, Yorkshire 𐍀𐌿𐌳𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌲 𐌾𐌰𐌷 gravy) 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌾𐌹𐌸𐍃, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌼𐌶𐌰𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌼. YouGov-𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 2019 𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌰𐍄 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 80% 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉𐌽𐍃𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃, Yorkshire 𐍀𐌿𐌳𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌲, 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌾𐌰𐌷 chips, crumpets 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃.<ref name="r499">"Classic British cuisine ranked by Britons", 11 June 2019. https://yougov.co.uk/topics/consumer/articles-reports/2019/06/12/classic-british-cuisine-ranked-britons</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰 (''The Good Food Guide'', ''𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌽'𐍃''); 𐌹𐌽 2025 197 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 Michelin 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍉, 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌼.<ref name="r500">"United Kingdom", Michelin Guide. https://guide.michelin.com/en/gb/restaurants/all-starred</ref> 𐍃𐌿𐍄𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿; 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌹𐍃𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐍄𐌴 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 1840.<ref name="r501">"The tea-rific history of Victorian afternoon tea", The British Museum. https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/tea-rific-history-victorian-afternoon-tea</ref> 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌿𐌻𐌹𐍃 2024 𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌰𐍄 3% 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌽𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌼𐌶, 6% 𐌽𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌼𐌶, 13% 𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌾𐍉 𐍃𐌿𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r502">"Dietary choices of Brits (e.g. vegeterian, flexitarian, meat-eater etc)", YouGov.co.uk, 8 July 2024. https://yougov.co.uk/topics/society/trackers/dietery-choices-of-brits-eg-vegeterian-flexitarian-meat-eater-etc</ref> 𐍃𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌹 𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍄𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌰.<ref name="r503">"Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech", The Guardian, 19 April 2001. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity; BBC E-Cyclopedia, "Chicken tikka masala: Spice and easy does it", BBC, 20 April 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/02/99/e-cyclopedia/1285804.stm</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌲𐍉𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐍀𐌰𐌻𐌴 𐌰𐌻𐌴, 𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌰 𐍀𐌰𐌻𐌴 𐌰𐌻𐌴, 𐌱𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌴𐍂, 𐌱𐍂𐍉𐍅𐌽 𐌰𐌻𐌴, 𐍀𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌴𐍂 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌿𐍄; 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍉 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌾𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌾𐍉 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹 𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌾𐌿𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰.<ref name="r504">"A guide to British Beer", Expatica. https://www.expatica.com/uk/lifestyle/food-drink/british-beer-469903/</ref> 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌺𐌰: 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 whisky, 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐌲𐌹𐌽, perry, cider. === 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻 === [[File:City vs United FA Cup final 2023.jpg|thumb|FA Cup-𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄 2023, Wembley 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌳𐌹𐌿𐌼, Manchester City 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 Manchester 𐌿𐌽𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌳]] [[File:Old 18th tee lr.jpg|thumb|𐍉𐌻𐌳 Course 𐌰𐍄 St 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌴𐍅𐍃, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌲𐍉𐌻𐍆𐍃]] 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰, 𐍄𐌴𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃, 𐍄𐌰𐌱𐌻𐌴 𐍄𐌴𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃, 𐌱𐌰𐌳𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍉𐌽, rugby 𐌿𐌽𐌹𐍉𐌽, rugby 𐌻𐌴𐌰𐌲𐌿𐌴, rugby sevens, 𐌲𐍉𐌻𐍆, 𐌷𐍂𐍉𐌸𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃, 𐌽𐌴𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌻, 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉𐍀𐍉𐌻𐍉, 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳-hockey, 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃, 𐌳𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃, 𐍂𐍉𐌸𐍃, 𐍂𐍉𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌴𐍂𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 cricket 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉 𐌿𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐌺𐍄𐍉𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰. 𐌹𐌽 2012 IOC-𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 Jacques 𐍂𐍉𐌲𐌲𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄 𐌸𐍉 „𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍉 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃“, 𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐍉𐌳𐌰𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌻𐍉𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r505">"Opening Ceremony of the Games of the XXX Olympiad", Olympic.org, 27 July 2012. http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_London_2012/London_2012_Opening_ceremony_Speech_Jacques_Rogge.pdf</ref><ref name="r506">Mehaffey, John, "Unparalleled Sporting History", Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-oly-preview-ad-idUKBRE86M0I720120723</ref> 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻 (𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 2003).<ref name="r507">"Rugby Union 'Britain's Second Most Popular Sport'", Ipsos-Mori, 22 December 2003. http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/928/Rugby-Union-Britains-Second-Most-Popular-Sport.aspx</ref> FIFA 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍃; 𐍃𐌰 𐍆𐍉𐍉𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌻 Association 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌴𐌱𐌴𐌽𐌴𐌶𐌴𐍂 Cobb Morley 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 1863.<ref name="r508">Rudd, Alyson, "The father of football deserves much more", The Times, 7 April 2008. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article3694775.ece; "Sheffield FC: 150 years of history", FIFA, 24 October 2007. https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=621801.html</ref> 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌷𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰, 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌺 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐌽𐌰𐍄𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌻𐌹𐌼 𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌻 𐍆𐍉𐍉𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌻 Association 𐌱𐍉𐌰𐍂𐌳 𐌼𐌹𐌸 FIFA. 𐍃𐌰 𐍀𐍂𐌴𐌼𐌹𐌴𐍂 𐌻𐌴𐌰𐌲𐌿𐌴 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r509">Ebner, Sarah, "History and time are key to power of football, says Premier League chief", The Times, 2 July 2013. http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/ceo-summit/article3804923.ece</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌽𐌰 30 𐌳𐌰𐌲 𐌽𐍉𐍅𐌴𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍃 1872.<ref name="r510">Mitchell, Paul, "The first international football match", BBC Sport Scotland, November 2005. https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/sportscotland/asportingnation/article/0012/index.shtml</ref> 𐌸𐍉 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰.<ref name="r511">Harlow, Phil, "Why is there no GB Olympics football team?", BBC Sport, 5 August 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/football/7529807.stm</ref> Rugby 𐌿𐌽𐌹𐍉𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌳𐌰 (2003).<ref name="r507" /> 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 Rugby-𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌻𐌰𐌹, Warwickshire; 𐍃𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌽𐌰 27 𐌳𐌰𐌲 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 1871.<ref name="r512">"Six ways the town of Rugby helped change the world", BBC News, 1 February 2014. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-25946757</ref><ref name="r513">Godwin, Terry; Rhys, "The Guinness Book of Rugby Facts & Feats", Guinness Superlatives, 1981</ref> 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐍄 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃; 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉.<ref name="r514">Louw, Jaco; Nesbit, Derrick, "The Girlfriends Guide to Rugby", South Publishers, 2008. https://books.google.com/books?id=0-IiowvNomMC&pg=PA95</ref> 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌷𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌺, 𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌷 𐌻𐌹𐍉𐌽𐍃, 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰, 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌿𐌸𐌰𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰. 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐍂𐌿𐍃 Olympia 𐌹𐌽 1908, 1948 𐌾𐌰𐌷 2012, 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌹. 𐌱𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌲𐌷𐌰𐌼 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃 2022, 𐌸𐍉 𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍉 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳 (𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌷𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉 𐌱𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰).<ref name="r515">"The journey of India in Commonwealth Games in 2022", The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/allaboutsports/the-journey-of-india-in-commonwealth-games-in-2022-44477/</ref> === 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌽𐍃 === [[File:Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee 2022 - Platinum Pageant (52123378222).jpg|thumb|𐌿𐌽𐌹𐍉𐌽 Jack 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍄𐌷𐌴 𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌻, 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰]] 𐌸𐍉 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉 (𐌿𐌽𐌹𐍉𐌽 Jack).<ref name="r516">"Union Jack or Union Flag?", The Flag Institute. https://www.flaginstitute.org/wp/uk-flags/the-union-jack-or-the-union-flag</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌹𐌳𐌰 1606 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐍉 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 (𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉 𐌲𐌴𐍉𐍂𐌲) 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 (𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌴𐌰𐍃) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌳𐌰 1801 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌹𐌽𐍃 Patrick.<ref name="r517">"college-of-arms.gov.uk", The College of Arms. https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/resources/union-flag-approved-designs</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌽𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌹𐌳𐌰; 𐌿𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 2007.<ref name="r518">"Welsh dragon call for Union flag", BBC News, 27 November 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7114248.stm</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 „𐌲𐍉𐌳 Save 𐍄𐌷𐌴 𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌲“, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 „𐌵𐌿𐌴𐌴𐌽“ 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸 „𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌲“ 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉. 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐌽𐍃. 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍀𐌿𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃, 𐌰𐌺 𐌽𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌹𐌽𐍉 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐌽.<ref name="r519">Minahan, James, "The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems", ABC-CLIO, 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ</ref> 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌻𐌹𐍅𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌽 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌽, 𐍃𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌸𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌾𐌹𐌸𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐌽.<ref name="r520">Baker, Steve, "Picturing the Beast", University of Illinois Press, 2001</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃: 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌰<ref name="r521">"Britannia on British Coins", Chard. http://www.24carat.co.uk/britanniaframe.html</ref><ref name="r522">"Britannia". https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/britannia</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌾𐍉𐌷𐌽 𐌱𐌿𐌻𐌻.<ref name="r523">"Who is John Bull", The Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/wiseguide/jan04/johnbull.html</ref> == 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 == {{Reflist}} 5n4mhg959mdu1tmqhlweilte0ai25fp