Wikipedia gotwiki https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%83 MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Special Talk 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 Wikipedia 𐌸𐌹𐍃 Wikipedia 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 MediaWiki MediaWiki talk 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌰 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6392 49880 46776 2026-11-11T04:43:26Z Westseax 13855 49880 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="float:right;clear:right;width:24em;margin:0 0 1em 1em;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background:#f8f9fa;font-size:90%;border-collapse:collapse;" cellpadding="3" |+ style="font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;" | 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍄𐌴𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ''Scotland'' (𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺); ''Alba'' (𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺) |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Scotland.svg|frameless|alt=𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃]]<br />𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌰 |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Coat of arms of the United Kingdom in Scotland (2022).svg|250px]]<br />𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 | 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰, 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 ''„Flower of Scotland“'' [[File:Flower of Scotland · The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards.wav]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Scotland in the UK and Europe.svg|upright=1.15|frameless|alt=𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹]]<br />𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 | 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲<br />55°57′N 3°11′W |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 | 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅<br />55°51′N 4°15′W |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃 | 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 (''de facto''); 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺; 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺 (𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 ''Scottish Languages Act 2025''; 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃) |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 | 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 (𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 ''British Sign Language Act 2022'', 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰) |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 (2022) | 92,9% 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃; 3,9% 𐌰𐍃𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃; 1,2% 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃; 1,1% 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃; 0,9% 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂<ref name="census2022eth">Scotland's Census, "Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data", 21 May 2024. https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (2022) | 51,1% 𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃; 38,8% 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹 (20,4% 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃; 13,3% 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍀𐌰𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺; 5,1% 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹); 2,2% 𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌼; 0,6% 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃; 0,3% 𐌱𐌿𐌳𐌳𐌷𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃; 0,2% 𐍃𐌹𐌺𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃; 0,1% 𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃; 0,6% 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂; 6,2% 𐌽𐌹 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽<ref name="census2022eth" /> |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 | 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃; 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐍉𐍃 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 | 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 | 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌰 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | • 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 | Charles III |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | • 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 | John Swinney |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | • 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰 | Douglas Alexander |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻 | 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | • 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐍄𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍂 | 57 |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#cfe3ff;text-align:center;" | 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 | 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂 9 (𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌱𐌰 843) |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌷𐌰𐌼𐍀𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃 | 17 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍃 1328 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰 𐌱𐌴𐍂𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌹𐍃 | 3 𐍉𐌺𐍄𐍉𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍃 1357<ref>History Scotland, "The Treaty of Berwick was signed – On this day in Scottish history", 3 October 2020. https://www.historyscotland.com/history/the-treaty-of-berwick-was-signed-on-this-day-in-scottish-history</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 | 1 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌿𐍃 1707 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 | 19 𐌽𐍉𐍅𐌴𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍃 1998 |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#cfe3ff;text-align:center;" | 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍃 (ONS 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃, 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽) | 80.231 km² (30.977 sq mi)<ref name="onsarea">Office for National Statistics, "Standard Area Measurements for Administrative Areas (December 2023) in the UK", Open Geography Portal, 31 May 2024. https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (𐌹𐌽𐌿𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉) | 77.901 km² (30.078 sq mi) |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#cfe3ff;text-align:center;" | 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌲𐌹𐌻𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (2022) | 5.439.842<ref>Scotland's Census, "Quality Assurance report – Unrounded population estimates and ethnic group, national identity, language and religion topic data", 21 May 2024. https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-results/scotland-s-census-2022-quality-assurance-reports/quality-assurance-report-unrounded-population-estimates-and-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-topic-data/</ref> |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#cfe3ff;text-align:center;" | 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | GVA (2022) | £165,7 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌴 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | • 𐌱𐌹 𐌲𐌿𐌼𐌹𐌽 | £30.419<ref>Office for National Statistics, "Regional gross value added (balanced) per head and income components", 24 April 2024. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/datasets/nominalregionalgrossvalueaddedbalancedperheadandincomecomponents</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | GDP (𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃) (2025) | £230,9 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌴 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | • 𐌱𐌹 𐌲𐌿𐌼𐌹𐌽 | £40.339 (𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍅𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌰 𐌰𐍆 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽)<ref>Scottish Government, "GDP in nominal terms", www.gov.scot. https://www.gov.scot/publications/gdp-quarterly-national-accounts-2024-q4/pages/gdp-in-nominal-terms/</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌹 (2020–23) | 33 (𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌹𐌸)<ref>Scottish Government, "Poverty and Income Inequality in Scotland 2020-23", 21 March 2024. https://data.gov.scot/poverty/index.html</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | HDI (2022) | 0,933 (𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌶𐍉; 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌹𐌸)<ref>Global Data Lab, "Subnational HDI". https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/GBR/?years=2022</ref> |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#cfe3ff;text-align:center;" | 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 | 𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲 (£)<br />GBP |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹 | UTC+0 (GMT) |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | • 𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃 | UTC+1 (BST) |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 | dd/mm/yyyy (AD) |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌻𐌰𐌸𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 | +44 |- | style="vertical-align:top;" | 𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌽𐌴𐍄 | .scot (GeoTLD, 𐌽𐌹 ccTLD; 𐌾𐌰𐌷 .uk 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰; ISO 3166-1 𐌹𐍃𐍄 GB, 𐌹𐌸 .gb 𐌽𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰) |} '''𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''' (𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 '''𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍄𐌴𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳'''; 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺: ''Scotland''; 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺: ''Alba'') 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃. 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰, 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌷𐌴𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰. 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2022 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 5,4 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴.<ref name="r1">Office for National Statistics, "A Beginner's Guide to UK Geography (2023)", Open Geography Portal, 4 February 2025, https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/d1f39e20edb940d58307a54d6e1045cd/about</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲; 𐍃𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅. 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰. 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 129 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐌹𐌽 73 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌼.<ref name="r2">SpatialData.gov.scot, Scottish Government, "Scottish Parliamentary Constituencies", www.data.gov.uk, 6 June 2024, https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/e8eae7cf-3aa3-4d09-bfe8-3d5354bf0d63/scottish-parliamentary-constituencies#:~:text=Scottish%20Parliamentary%20Constituencies%20and%20Regions,electing%20an%20additional%20seven%20MSPs.</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌹𐍃; 𐍃𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌸 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰, 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌹𐌸 𐍂𐌰𐌸 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐌼.<ref name="r3">"First Minister", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/first-minister/#:~:text=As%20head%20of%20the%20Scottish,Scotland%20at%20home%20and%20overseas.</ref><ref name="r4">"What is the role of Scotland's First Minister?", BBC Bitesize, https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z69y8p3#zsmktcw</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 9 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴𐌹 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰. 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1603 𐌹𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌿𐍃 6 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌻𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 (𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃). 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌾𐌹𐍃 1707 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃,<ref name="r5">Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) ''Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland''. London. HarperCollins.</ref><ref name="r6">Mackie, J.D. (1969) ''A History of Scotland''. London. Penguin.</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌰𐌼 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃. 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1999 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰 𐌹𐌽𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰.<ref name="r7">gov.uk, "Devolution Settlement, Scotland", https://www.gov.uk/guidance/devolution-settlement-scotland</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸, 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃; 𐌸𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰, 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽.<ref name="r8">Devine, T. M. (1999), ''The Scottish Nation 1700–2000'', P.288–289, ISBN 0-14-023004-1 ''"created a new and powerful ''local state'' run by the Scottish bourgeoisie and reflecting their political and religious values. It was this local state, rather than a distant and usually indifferent Westminster authority, that in effect routinely governed Scotland"''</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃, 𐌸𐍉𐌶𐌴𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉.<ref name="r9">Maguire, Warren, "Areal Features of the Anglophone World", 2012, pp. 53–78</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌴𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌹𐌼;<ref name="r10">"Gaelic Language", Outer Hebrides, https://www.visitouterhebrides.co.uk/see-and-do/gaelic/gaelic-language</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 2% 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐌹𐌸 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌸𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴, 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽.<ref name="r11">"Gaelic in modern Scotland", Open Learning, https://www.open.edu/openlearn/languages/gaelic-modern-scotland/content-section-3.3</ref> 𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 3 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰), 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄, 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰), 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌹 (𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰, 𐌰𐍄 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍉𐌼). 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌹 𐌹𐌶𐌴, 𐌱𐌴𐌽 𐌽𐌴𐍅𐌹𐍃 (1.345 m).<ref name="r1" /> 𐍃𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌶𐌴𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳 ''loch''; 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐍃. 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰: 𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌻 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍅𐌴 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃, 𐍄𐌹𐍂𐌴𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐍉𐌻𐌻 𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍉𐌶𐍉𐍃. == 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰 == ''Scotland'' 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐍆 ''Scoti'', 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌴.<ref name="r12">BBC, "Scotland's History - The Kingdom of the Gaels", www.bbc.co.uk, https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/kingdom_of_the_gaels/</ref> 𐍀𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍀 𐍆𐍂𐌴𐌴𐌼𐌰𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍉𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄 *''skot'', 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰 𐌺𐍂𐌴𐌺𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 ''skotos'' ('𐍂𐌹𐌵𐌹𐍃').<ref name="r13">P. Freeman, ''Ireland and the Classical World'', Austin, 2001, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA93 93] .</ref> 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌶𐌰 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺 ''Scotia'' ("𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌴") 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 ''Scotland'' 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳.<ref name="r14">Gwynn, Stephen, "The History Of Ireland", July 2009, p. 16, ISBN 9781113155177, https://books.google.com/books?id=2RlF7sq48n4C&pg=PA16</ref><ref name="r15">Lemke, Andreas: [https://www.univerlag.uni-goettingen.de/bitstream/handle/3/isbn-978-3-86395-189-4/GSEP8_lemke.pdf?sequence=1 The Old English Translation of Bede's ''Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum'' in its Historical and Cultural Context] , Chapter II: The ''OEHE'': The Material Evidence; page 71 (Universitätsdrucke Göttingen, 2015)</ref> 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 11 ''Scotia'' 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰 𐌰𐍈𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌷, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 ''Albania'' 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 ''Albany'' (𐌰𐍆 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 ''Alba'').<ref name="r16">Ayto, John, "Brewer's Britain & Ireland: The History, Culture, Folklore and Etymology of 7500 Places in These Islands", 2005, ISBN 978-0-304-35385-9, https://archive.org/details/brewersbritainir0000unse</ref> ''Skōtōs'' 𐌾𐌰𐌷 ''Skōtland'' 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌶𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐌼.<ref name="r5" /> == 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰 == === 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰𐌼 === 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰, 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 14.500–14.000 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌴 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰, 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰 𐌱𐍉𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌴𐍂𐍉𐌳, 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐍆𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌸.<ref name="r17">Hardy, Karen, "At the far end of everything: A likely Ahrensburgian presence in the far north of the Isle of Skye, Scotland", Journal of Quaternary Science, 23 April 2025, pp. 847–861</ref><ref name="r18">Ballin, Torben Bjarke, "Reindeer hunters at Howburn Farm, South Lanarkshire: a late Hamburgian settlement in Southern Scotland - its lithic artefacts and natural environment", 2018, ISBN 978-1-78491-902-3, https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/Products/9781784919016</ref> 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌵𐌴𐌼𐌿𐌽 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 6000 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌴 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰.<ref name="r19">Rowley-Conwy, P., Gron, K.J., Bishop, R.R. et al. (5 more authors) (2020) [https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/157765/3/Rowley%20Conwey%20et%20al_Accepted_Earliest%20farming%20Britain%20ch%2019.pdf The earliest farming in Britain : towards a new synthesis]. In: Gron, K.J., Sorensen, L. and RowleyConwy, P., (eds.) Farmers at the Frontier: A Pan European Perspective on Neolithisation. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK, pp. 401-424. ISBN 9781789251401</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌴 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍉𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌴𐍅 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍉𐍃. 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼, 𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰, 𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽.<ref name="r20">Pryor, Francis, "Britain BC", 2003, pp. 98–104 & 246–250, ISBN 978-0-00-712693-4</ref> 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐍄 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌻𐌴𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌴𐍃 𐌷𐍉𐍅𐌴 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍉𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌴𐍅 (𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌾𐌴𐍂 3 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿) 𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r21">Houston, Rab, "Scotland: A Very Short Introduction", 2008, ISBN 9780191578861</ref> === 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰 === [[File:Skara Brae - geograph.org.uk - 3912232.jpg|thumb|𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌴, 𐍃𐍉 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐍉𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹, 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 3180 𐌿𐌽𐌳 2500 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿]] 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌼𐌴𐌻 𐌱𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌺𐍂𐌴𐌺𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌽 𐍀𐍅𐍄𐌷𐌴𐌰𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 320 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿, 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 "𐍉𐍂𐌺𐌰𐍃"; 𐌸𐌰𐌸𐍂𐍉 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 𐍉𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌴𐍅.<ref name="r22">Forsyth, Katherine, "Scotland: A History", 2005, ISBN 9780199601646</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌽𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐍅 𐌹𐌽 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌰. 𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌻𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 79 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌾𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹 𐌰𐍄 𐌼𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌹𐌿𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 83.<ref name="r22" /> 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 3 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌸𐌿𐌽 𐌳𐌿 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌹.<ref name="r23">Hanson, William S. ''The Roman Presence: Brief Interludes'', in Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B.M. (Eds) (2003). ''Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archeology and History, 8000 BC—AD 1000.'' Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press.</ref> 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃 1 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐍅𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌼𐍉𐍂𐌰𐍅 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r24">Richmond, Ian Archibald, "Oxford Classical Dictionary", 2012, ISBN 9780199545568</ref> 𐌿𐍆 𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌿 (𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 98–117) 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌳𐌿 𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐍈𐍉𐍃 𐍄𐍅𐌽𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍉𐌻𐍅𐌰𐍅 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌹𐍃,<ref name="r25">Millett, Martin J., "The Oxford Classical Dictionary", 2012, ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8</ref> 𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌰𐌽𐌿𐍃 (𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 117–138) 𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌿; ''Limes Britannicus'' 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌸 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r22" /><ref name="r26">Robertson, Anne S. (1960). ''The Antonine Wall''. Glasgow Archaeological Society.</ref><ref name="r27">Keys, David, "Ancient Roman 'hand of god' discovered near Hadrian's Wall sheds light on biggest combat operation ever in UK", 27 June 2018, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/hand-of-god-ancient-roman-hadrians-wall-sculpture-bronze-found-latest-a8419131.html</ref> 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r22" /><ref name="r21" /> 𐌰𐌽𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌹𐌽𐌿𐍃 𐍀𐌹𐌿𐍃 (𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 138–161) 𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌿 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 142, 𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌹𐍃 𐌺𐌻𐍅𐌳𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌷.<ref name="r28">Visit Scotland, "Frontiers of the Roman Empire, The Antonine Wall", Visitscotland, https://www.visitscotland.com/things-to-do/unesco-trail/designations/antonine-wall</ref> 𐍃𐌴𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌰𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌾𐌰 (208–210) 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌷𐍉𐍆 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍉𐍃𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 197,<ref name="r24" /> 𐌹𐌸 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃 𐍃𐌴𐍀𐍄𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌿𐍃 𐍃𐌴𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌿𐍃 (𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 193–211) 𐌰𐍄 𐌴𐌱𐍉𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌼 (𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌺) 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌾𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽; 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 210–211 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌾𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r24" /> 𐍄𐌰𐌺𐌹𐍄𐌿𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌹𐌿𐍃 𐌳𐌹𐍉 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌿𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰 𐍆𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌾𐌰; 𐌳𐌹𐍉 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌽𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌴𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌴.<ref name="r24" /> 𐍀𐍄𐍉𐌻𐌴𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌿𐍃 (𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂 2) 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌹 (''saltus'') 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌱𐌴𐌰𐌿𐌻𐍅 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌹𐍃. 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌹𐌽 𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌺𐌴𐌻𐌳, 𐍂𐍉𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍉𐌽, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐌷𐌹𐌴𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍉𐌽.<ref name="r24" /> 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌶𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 4 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌸, 𐌰𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐍉𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌹𐌼 (𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍀𐌹𐌺𐍄𐍉𐌼), 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌾𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍄𐌷𐌴𐍉𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌹𐌰𐌿. 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐍆 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 5; 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌵𐌴𐌼𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰𐍇𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌰𐍇𐌰𐌼 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r25" /> === 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 === [[File:Early Medieval Scotland areas.png|thumb|𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐌼]] 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 6 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 4 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃: 𐍀𐌹𐌺𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌾𐌿𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰);<ref name="r22" /> 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌷𐌿𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰;<ref name="r22" /> 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌱𐌹 𐌰𐌻𐍄 𐌺𐌻𐌿𐍄 (𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌱𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍉𐌽 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌰𐌻 𐌺𐌻𐍅𐌳𐌴;<ref name="r29">Clarkson, Tim, "Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age", 2014, ISBN 9781906566784</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌰𐌻 𐍂𐌹𐌰𐍄𐌰 (𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃), 𐍃𐌴𐌹 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r30">Woolf, Alex, "Ancient Kindred? Dál Riata and the Cruthin", academia.edu, 2012, https://www.academia.edu/1502702</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰; 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌿𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃, 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌴𐌹 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐍄 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽. 𐍀𐌹𐌺𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌼, 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂 9.<ref name="r22" /> 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍀𐌹𐌺𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌷𐌿𐌼𐌱𐍂𐍉𐍃;<ref name="r22" /> 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍃 𐌺𐍉𐌻𐌿𐌼𐌱𐌰, 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐍉𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 6, 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌴.<ref name="r21" /> 𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌲𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 8 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐍉𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳; 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰, 𐌸𐌰𐌸𐍂𐍉𐌷 𐌱𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌰. 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐍀𐌹𐌺𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼.<ref name="r31">"What makes Shetland, Shetland?", Shetland.org, 18 December 2021, https://www.shetland.org/blog/what-makes-shetland-shetland</ref> 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 9, 𐌿𐍆 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌰, 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐍃 𐌺𐌴𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌸 1 (𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌴𐌳 𐌼𐌰𐌺 𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌹𐌽) 𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍀𐌹𐌺𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰, 𐌸𐌰𐌸𐍂𐍉 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌳.<ref name="r22" /><ref name="r32">Brown, Dauvit, "The Oxford Companion to Scottish History", 2001, p. 359, ISBN 978-0-19-211696-3</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌹𐍃, 𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌰, 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽; 𐍀𐌹𐌺𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐍄 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃 10, 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌹𐌺 𐌳𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r22" /> 𐌰𐍆 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐍆𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌷 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐍅 𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌰 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌺 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌷𐌿𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌴 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐍉𐍂𐌰𐍅. 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1000 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r22" /> [[File:Great Window, Parliament Hall, Edinburgh.JPG|thumb|𐌹𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌿𐍃 5 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐍄 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌻𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1532, 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲, 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌴𐍂 1707]] 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 12–13 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌿𐍆 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽. 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐍆 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌳 𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹 𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃; 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌸𐍂𐍉𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌰𐌷𐌼𐌰.<ref name="r33">Stringer, Keith, "Scotland: A History", 2005, ISBN 9780199601646</ref><ref name="r34">Barrell, A. D. M., "Medieval Scotland", 2000, ISBN 978-0-521-58602-3</ref> 𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌳 1 (1124–1153) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌴𐌼𐌿𐌽 𐌼𐍉𐍂𐌰𐍅, 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍉𐍅𐌰𐍅, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌷𐌽𐌴𐍃𐍃, 𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌹 𐌷𐌴𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐌸𐍉𐌶𐌴𐌹 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐍃𐍉𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌻𐌴𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1164.<ref name="r33" /> 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1266, 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌲𐌰𐌾𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃 4 𐌰𐍄 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌰𐍄 𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌲𐍃, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌷𐌴𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌹𐍃,<ref name="r35">theorkneynews, "The Battle of Largs #OnThisDay", The Orkney News, 1 October 2022, https://theorkneynews.scot/2022/10/02/the-battle-of-largs-onthisday/</ref> 𐌸𐍉𐌶𐌴𐌹 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌿𐍆 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 400 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍃; 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰 𐌵𐌴𐌼𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌿𐌾𐌴, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰. 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼, 𐌸𐍉𐌴𐌹 𐌵𐌴𐌼𐌿𐌽 𐌳𐌿 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 15; 𐌸𐌰𐍂 𐌽𐍉𐍂𐌽 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌹𐌶𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌷𐌴𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍉𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌴𐍅.<ref name="r36">Petrie, Calum, "Spikkin Scandinavian: The similarity between Scots and Nordic tongues", Press and Journal, 7 November 2021, https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/education/schools/3652656/similarity-between-scots-nordic/</ref> 𐌻𐌴𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌾𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰; 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹.<ref name="r33" /> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍈𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽; 1217–1296 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍃𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐌼 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐌼. === 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴𐌹𐌽 === [[File:The Battle of Stirling Bridge.jpg|thumb|𐌼𐌴𐌻 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐍄 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐍂𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌹, 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴𐌹𐌽, 1297]] 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍇𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐍃 3 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐌰 1286 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰. 𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌸 1 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌾𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼, 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌻𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽; 𐌹𐍉𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍉𐌻 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌸 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1292, 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐌹 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐍄𐌲𐌰𐍆.<ref name="r33" /><ref name="r37">National Archives, "Scotland Conquered, 1174–1296", http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/utk/scotland/conquered.htm</ref> 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1294 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍉𐌻 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌸𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳; 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 23 𐍉𐌺𐍄𐍉𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍃 1295 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌾𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃. 𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌸 𐌿𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍀 𐌹𐍉𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰.<ref name="r38">National Archives of the United Kingdom, "Scotland Regained, 1297–1328", http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/utk/scotland/regained.htm</ref> 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌰𐍃 𐌼𐍉𐍂𐌰𐍅 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌷𐌴𐌻𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌺𐌴 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸, 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1306.<ref name="r39">Murison, A. F., "King Robert the Bruce", 1899, p. 30, ISBN 978-1-4179-1494-4, https://books.google.com/books?id=iMEMc45g9s8C</ref> 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐍄 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌽𐍉𐌺𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1314 𐌰𐍄𐌲𐌰𐍆 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐍉𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹. 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1320 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌰𐍄 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌰𐍄𐌷, 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿, 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌰 𐍀𐌰𐍀𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍉𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃 22 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r40">Brown, Michael, "Scotland: A History", 2005, ISBN 9780199601646</ref> 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌴 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹𐌼 𐌺𐍉𐌼𐍅𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍉𐌻 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂 14. 𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌳 2 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽𐌿 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌾𐌰; 𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄 2, 𐍃𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳,<ref name="r40" /> 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍉𐍃. 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹 𐍅𐍉𐌷𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌶𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 14 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃,<ref name="r41">Mason, Roger, "Scotland: A History", 2005, ISBN 9780199601646</ref> 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃 (1349) 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐍉𐌷𐍃; 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌾𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍉𐌼.<ref name="r40" /> === 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍀𐌾𐌴 === [[File:Adam de Colone (c.1572-1651) - James VI and I (1566–1625), King of Scotland (1567–1625), King of England and Ireland (1603–1625) - PG 2172 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg|thumb|𐌹𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌿𐍃 6, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌻𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1603.]] 𐌹𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌿𐍃 4 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌺𐍃 7 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1502; 𐌹𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌿𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌰𐍂 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌴𐍄𐌰 𐍄𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍂.<ref name="r42">BBC, "James IV, King of Scots 1488–1513", https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/james_iv/</ref> 𐌹𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌿𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌳𐌿 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌰𐌹 𐌿𐍆 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐍄 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌳𐌳𐌴𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1513, 𐍃𐌰 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰𐌹, 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌿𐍃𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃.<ref name="r43">"Battle of Flodden, (Sept.&nbsp;9, 1513)", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2 September 2023, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/210431/Battle-of-Flodden</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 1543–1551, 𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌴 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r44">Marcus Merriman, ''The Rough Wooings'' (East Linton: Tuckwell, 2000), p. 6.</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌰𐍄 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲 (1560) 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌰𐍄 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌷 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 1 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r41" /> 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐍆𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌺 𐌰𐍆 𐍀𐌰𐍀𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰 (𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸).<ref name="r21" /> 𐍀𐌰𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1567.<ref name="r45">The National Archives of the United Kingdom, "Religion, Marriage and Power in Scotland, 1503–1603", http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/utk/scotland/religion.htm</ref> 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1603 𐌹𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌿𐍃 6 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌻𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 (𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍀𐌾𐌴) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌳𐌿 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r46">Ross, David, "Chronology of Scottish History", 2002, p. 56, ISBN 978-1-85534-380-1</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸𐍉𐍃. 𐌹𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌿𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽. 𐍂𐌰𐌸 𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌷: 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌱𐌰𐌳 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌹𐌺.<ref name="r47">"On this Day: 21 November 1606: The proposed union between England and Scotland | History of Parliament Online", www.historyofparliamentonline.org, https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/periods/stuarts/day-21-november-1606-proposed-union-between-england-and-scotland</ref> 𐌹𐌽𐌿𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 17, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍀𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌼 𐌱𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹.<ref name="r48">Wormald, Jenny, "Scotland: A History", 2005, ISBN 9780199601646</ref> 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍉𐌶𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐍉𐌼 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌼 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃; 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐍄 𐌹𐍉𐌽𐌰 (1609) 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌴𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌹𐌼 𐌳𐌿 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r49">Devine, T M, "The Scottish Clearances: A History of the Dispossessed, 1600–1900", 2018, ISBN 978-0241304105</ref> 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1641 𐌾𐌰𐌷 1643 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰 "𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰", 𐌽𐌹 "𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽", 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐌹𐌽𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽; 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1648.<ref name="r50">"BBC – History – British History in depth: Acts of Union: The creation of the United Kingdom", www.bbc.co.uk, https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/acts_of_union_01.shtml</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐍄 𐍅𐌷𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌻 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1649, 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌼 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌴, 𐍉𐌻𐌹𐍅𐌴𐍂 𐌺𐍂𐍉𐌼𐍅𐌴𐌻𐌻 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃, 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴, 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1652 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r50" /> 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐍄𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍂 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐌱𐌹 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌽. 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌵𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1660. 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌰 𐌱𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽: 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (1664, 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 1668); 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1670, 1674, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 1685; 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1689.<ref name="r50" /> 𐌹𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌼𐌰, 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌰 𐌿𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍀𐌰𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄, 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐌾𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1745.<ref name="r50" /> 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1698 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌴𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐍃𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃 𐌰𐍄 𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰, 𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌴𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌸, 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 𐍈𐌰𐌶𐌿𐌷 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰, 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌿 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰, 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r51">Scottish Affairs, "Why did the Scottish parliament accept the Treaty of Union?", http://www.scottishaffairs.org/backiss/pdfs/sa52/Sa52_Scott.pdf</ref><ref name="r52">Scottish Historical Society, "Popular Opposition to the Ratification of the Treaty of Anglo-Scottish Union in 1706–7", scottishhistorysociety.com, https://scottishhistorysociety.com/popular-opposition-to-the-ratification-of-the-treaty-of-anglo-scottish-union-in-1706-7</ref> === 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 === [[File:Treaty of Union.jpg|thumb|𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 1707]] 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1695, 1700, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 1702.<ref name="r50" /> 𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌴𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌴𐌹 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 (𐌽𐌹 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃); 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽.<ref name="r51" /><ref name="r52" /> 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 22 𐌹𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌰𐌿𐍃 1706; 𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌾𐌹𐍃 1707,<ref name="r53">UK Parliament, "Act of Union 1707", www.parliament.uk, https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/act-of-union-1707/#:~:text=The%20Acts%20of%20Union%2C%20passed,1%20May%20of%20that%20year.</ref> 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲, 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌸.<ref name="r54">Devine, T. M., "The Scottish Nation 1700–2000", 1999, p. 9, ISBN 978-0-14-023004-8</ref><ref name="r55">The House of Lords, "Act of Union 1707 Mob unrest and disorder", 2007, http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/06_03_mob.html</ref> 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌳 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍂𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌹𐌺 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽.<ref name="r50" /> 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐌻𐌴𐍄𐌺𐌷𐌴𐍂 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌰, 𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹 "𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌶𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌾𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰";<ref name="r56">"Union of Parliaments", National Library of Scotland, https://www.nls.uk/collections/rare-books/collections/union-of-parliaments/</ref> 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1713 𐌹𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌿𐍃 𐍉𐌲𐌹𐌻𐍅𐍅, 𐍃𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌴𐍂, 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃, 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽, 𐌹𐌽𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽.<ref name="r57">"James Ogilvy, 1st Earl of Seafield, 1663 - 1730. Lord Chancellor", Nationalgalleries.org, https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/3734</ref> 𐌹𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰, 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍀𐌰𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌹𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼. 𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1715 𐌾𐌰𐌷 1745 𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽; 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉 𐌰𐍄 𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌻𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌽, 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰𐌹, 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃. 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌽𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐍀𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r58">William, Rilley, Patrick, Joseph, "The Union of England and Scotland A Study in Anglo-Scottish Politics of the Eighteenth Century", 1978, p. 312, ISBN 9780719007279</ref> 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌿𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌹 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌴𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r56" /> 𐌱𐌹𐌸𐌴 𐌲𐌹𐌻𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽, 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐍉𐌷𐍃, 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌼 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰; 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌴𐍂 1776 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌼 𐍄𐍉𐌱𐌰𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴, 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍄𐍉𐌱𐌰𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐍆𐌽𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿.<ref name="r59">Robert, Joseph C, "The Tobacco Lords: A study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and their Activities", The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 1976, pp. 100–102</ref> 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌼 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐍉𐌷𐍃. 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌿𐌽 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃; 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌳𐌿 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌴.<ref name="r60">Devine, T M, "Clanship to Crofters' War: The social transformation of the Scottish Highlands", 1994, ISBN 978-0-7190-9076-9</ref> === 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌴 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 === [[File:Sir Henry Raeburn - Portrait of Sir Walter Scott.jpg|thumb|𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍄𐌴𐍂 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐍄, 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐌶𐌴𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌻𐌴𐍅 𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌻𐍀𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 19]] 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰, 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌼;<ref name="r61">"[http://www.uiowa.edu/%7Ec008224b/scotline2.htm Some Dates in Scottish History from 1745 to 1914] ", The University of Iowa.</ref> 𐍅𐍉𐌻𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌴 𐌵𐌰𐌸: "𐍅𐌹𐍄 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌼 𐌳𐌿 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌷𐌿𐌲𐍃𐌹𐌼 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌹𐍅𐌴 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹."<ref name="r62">Learning and Teaching Scotland, "Enlightenment Scotland", http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/scottishenlightenment/scotland/index.asp</ref> 𐌱𐌹𐌸𐌴 𐌹𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌼𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰, 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌴, 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐍆 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌴𐌼𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌼, 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃, 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃, 𐌹𐌽 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌼 𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹. 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌻 𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌳𐍃𐍉𐌽 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸, 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 1746 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌼 𐌵𐌰𐌼 "𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌿𐌼𐌸𐌰", 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌻𐌰𐌲 𐌹𐌽 "𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰" 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r63">Neil Davidson(2000), "The Origins of Scottish Nationhood", pp. 94–95</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌱𐍉𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 1832 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍆 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌼.<ref name="r64">T. M. Devine and R. J. Finlay, ''Scotland in the Twentieth Century'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996), pp. 64–65.</ref> 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 19 𐌱𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍃𐌸𐌴𐌲𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸.<ref name="r65">F. Requejo and K-J Nagel, ''Federalism Beyond Federations: Asymmetry and Processes of Re-symmetrization in Europe'' (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011), p. 39.</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌷𐌴𐌻𐌼 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌳𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌰 𐍂𐍉𐍃𐌴𐌱𐌴𐍂𐍅.<ref name="r66">R. Quinault, "Scots on Top? Tartan Power at Westminster 1707–2007", ''History Today'', 2007 57(7): 30–36. ISSN 0018-2753 Fulltext: Ebsco.</ref><ref name="r67">K. Kumar, ''The Making of English National Identity'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 183.</ref> 𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍂 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍃𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌴 1888 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌳𐌿 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌹, 𐍃𐍉 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1895 𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌰𐌼 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹𐌴 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌾𐌰.<ref name="r68">D. Howell, ''British Workers and the Independent Labour Party, 1888–1906'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984), p. 144.</ref> 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌸 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐍉 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿, "𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌹𐍃".<ref name="r69">J. F. MacKenzie, "The second city of the Empire: Glasgow – imperial municipality", in F. Driver and D. Gilbert, eds, ''Imperial Cities: Landscape, Display and Identity'' (2003), pp. 215–223.</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 1860 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐌹 𐌺𐌻𐍅𐌳𐌴 𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌽𐌰 (𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 1870 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌷𐌻𐍉𐌽𐌰) 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌿𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌴 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿.<ref name="r70">J. Shields, ''Clyde Built: a History of Ship-Building on the River Clyde'' (1949).</ref> 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰, 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌸, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌿𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿; 𐌸𐌰𐌸𐍂𐍉 𐌵𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌹𐌸𐌰, 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌴 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃.<ref name="r71">C. H. Lee, ''Scotland and the United Kingdom: the Economy and the Union in the Twentieth Century'' (1995), p. 43.</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌶𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 18,<ref name="r72">M. Magnusson, "Review of James Buchan, ''Capital of the Mind: how Edinburgh Changed the World''", New Statesman, 10 November 2003, http://www.newstatesman.com/200311100040</ref> 𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌰 𐌳𐌿 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍅𐌰𐍃 50 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃, 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌼 𐌹𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌿𐍃 𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍂𐌺 𐌼𐌰𐍇𐍅𐌴𐌻𐌻 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌼 𐌹𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌿𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍄 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌷𐌴𐌻𐌼 𐌼𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍉𐌺𐌷, 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌴𐌹 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r73">E. Wills, ''Scottish Firsts: a Celebration of Innovation and Achievement'' (Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2002).</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍄𐌴𐍂 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐍄 ''Waverley'' (1814) 𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻𐌻;<ref name="r74">K. S. Whetter, "Understanding Genre and Medieval Romance", 2008, p. 28</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅 𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌷𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 𐌳𐌿 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽.<ref name="r75">N. Davidson, "The Origins of Scottish Nationhood", 2000, p. 136</ref> 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄 𐌻𐍉𐌿𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍅𐌴𐌽𐍃𐍉𐌽, 𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌷𐌿𐍂 𐌺𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌽 𐌳𐍉𐍅𐌻𐌴, 𐌾. 𐌼. 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌹𐌴, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌴𐍉𐍂𐌲𐌴 𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌶𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 19.<ref name="r76">"Cultural Profile: 19th and early 20th century developments", Visiting Arts: Scotland: Cultural Profile, http://www.culturalprofiles.net/scotland/Directories/Scotland_Cultural_Profile/-5402.html</ref> 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌻𐌰 (𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂 19 – 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂 20), 𐍃𐍉 𐌱𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌺𐍅𐌹𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌰𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍉𐍃, 𐌷𐌿𐌻𐍀 ''Art Nouveau'' 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽; 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌻 𐍂𐌴𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌴 𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍉𐍃𐌷.<ref name="r77">Stephan Tschudi-Madsen, ''The Art Nouveau Style: a Comprehensive Guide'' (Courier Dover, 2002), pp. 283–284.</ref> === 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 1998 === [[File:Bagpiper Battle of Bazentin Ridge 14-07-1916 IWM Q 4012.jpg|thumb|𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐍃𐌴𐌰𐍆𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌹𐌸 26 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻 𐌰𐍆 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌱𐍉𐌼 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌰𐍄 𐌱𐌰𐌶𐌴𐌽𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰, 𐌹𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍃 1916]] 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐍆 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰, 𐍃𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰, 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿.<ref name="r78">Richard J. Finlay, ''Modern Scotland 1914–2000'' (2006), pp 1–33</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌸 4,8 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌼 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1911 𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 500.000 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌴; 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 150.000 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌱𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r79">R. A. Houston and W. W. J. Knox, eds. ''The New Penguin History of Scotland'' (2001) p 426.[https://books.google.com/books?id=VI5nAAAAMAAJ&q=casualties] Niall Ferguson points out in "The Pity of War" that the proportion of enlisted Scots who died was third highest in the war behind Serbia and Turkey and a much higher proportion than in other parts of the UK.[https://books.google.com/books?id=QrYhAQAAIAAJ&q=enlisted] [http://news.scotsman.com/worldwarone/39Savage-Scots39-wish-you-weren39t.6487746.jp]</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐍂 𐌳𐍉𐌿𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌲 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌰. 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰 "𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌺𐌻𐍅𐌳𐌴" 𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃, 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍉𐌼; 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌹𐌺 𐌰𐍆 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌹 𐌳𐌿 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌹 𐌿𐌽𐌳 1922, 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍀𐌰𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌼, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌼, 𐌸𐍉𐌶𐌴𐌹 𐌱𐌹 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽. 𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍄 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1920–1929.<ref name="r80">Iain McLean, ''The Legend of Red Clydeside'' (1983)</ref> 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌷𐌿𐍃𐌰, 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌴 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌱𐍉𐍃, 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅, 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐌼 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r81">BBC, "Primary History – World War 2 – Scotland's Blitz", https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/subjects/zcw76sg</ref> 𐌺𐌻𐍅𐌳𐌴𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌺 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌷𐌴𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐌰 1941, 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐌿𐍃𐌵𐌰𐌼 528 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 4.000 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰.<ref name="r82">BBC, "Scotland's Landscape : Clydebank Blitz", https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/landscapes/clydebank_blitz/</ref> 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1941 𐍂𐌿𐌳𐍉𐌻𐍆 𐌷𐌴𐍃𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌿 𐌳𐌿 𐍂𐌴𐌽𐍆𐍂𐌴𐍅𐍃𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌴, 𐍅𐌴𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌹 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌻𐍄𐍉𐌽.<ref name="r83">J. Leasor ''Rudolf Hess: The Uninvited Envoy'' (Kelly Bray: House of Stratus, 2001), ISBN 0-7551-0041-7, p. 15.</ref> 𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌻𐌷𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌶 𐍀𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍃𐌺𐌷 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐌳𐍉𐌻𐍆 𐌷𐌹𐍄𐌻𐌴𐍂, 𐌸𐍉𐌶𐌴𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌸 𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽; 𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌲𐌷𐍉𐍆 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 11 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌾𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r84">Evans, Richard J., "The Third Reich at War", 2008, ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4, p. 168</ref> 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌴𐍂𐍄 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌴𐍂 𐌵𐌰𐌸, 𐌷𐌹𐍄𐌻𐌴𐍂 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐍉 𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌴 𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃;<ref name="r85">Sereny, Gitta, "Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth", 1996, ISBN 978-0-679-76812-8, p. 240</ref> 𐍉𐌷𐍄𐌰, 𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌰𐍀𐌰𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰, 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌽𐌹𐌱𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰. [[File:Opening of the Scottish Parliament, 1999.jpg|thumb|𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍃 1999 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌳 𐌳𐌴𐍅𐌰𐍂, 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 (𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌹), 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 2 (𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰)]] 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 1945 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌾𐌰, 𐌿𐌽𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌼, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐌴𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r86">Harvie, Christopher ''No Gods and Precious Few Heroes'' (Edward Arnold, 1989) pp 54–63.</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌵𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐍆 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌼, 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰𐌼 (𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌽 𐌲𐌻𐌴𐌽),<ref name="r87">Stewart, Heather, "Celtic Tiger Burns Brighter at Holyrood", The Guardian, 6 May 2007, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/may/06/scottishparliament.devolution</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍅𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌰 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r88">"National Planning Framework for Scotland", Gov.scot, April 2004, http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2004/04/19170/35326</ref> 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌴𐍄𐌰 𐍄𐌷𐌰𐍄𐌺𐌷𐌴𐍂 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰 𐌲𐌹𐌻𐍃𐍄𐍂 (𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌻𐍃𐍄𐍂) 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1989, 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃,<ref name="r89">Torrance, David, "Modern myth of a poll tax test-bed lives on", The Scotsman, 30 March 2009, http://www.scotsman.com/news/david-torrance-modern-myth-of-a-poll-tax-test-bed-lives-on-1-1031968</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹.<ref name="r90">"The poll tax in Scotland 20 years on", BBC News, 1 April 2009, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/7976782.stm</ref> 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 21 𐌳𐌴𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌴 1988 𐍀𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐌼 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀 103 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌺 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌴𐍂𐌱𐌹𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍃𐌵𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 11 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃; 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐍃𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌱𐍉𐍂𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r91">"Lockerbie tragedy: 35th anniversary of the bombing of Pan Am flight 103", Sky News, https://news.sky.com/story/lockerbie-tragedy-35th-anniversary-of-the-bombing-of-pan-am-flight-103-13033448</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌱𐌹 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1997 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 1998<ref name="r92">[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts1998/ukpga_19980046_en_1 "Scotland Act 1998"] , Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 22 April 2008.</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹, 𐌸𐍉𐌴𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰, 𐌸𐍉𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌼𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌳.<ref name="r93">"Devolution > Scottish responsibilities", Scottish Government, http://www.gov.scot/About/Factfile/18060/11552</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 4 𐌹𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌰𐌿𐍃 1999.<ref name="r94">"Special Report &#124; 1999 &#124; 06/99 &#124; Scottish Parliament opening &#124; Scotland's day of history", BBC News, 4 July 1999, https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/06/99/scottish_parliament_opening/382490.stm</ref> 𐍃𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃, 𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌳 𐌳𐌴𐍅𐌰𐍂, 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿 𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2000.<ref name="r95">"Donald Dewar dies after fall", The Independent, 11 October 2000, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/donald-dewar-dies-after-fall-634695.html</ref> === 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂 21 === [[File:Signing of the Edinburgh Agreement, 2012.jpg|thumb|𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐍄 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2014]] 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌰𐍄 𐌷𐍉𐌻𐍅𐍂𐍉𐍉𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍉𐌺𐍄𐍉𐌱𐍂𐌴 2004, 𐌻𐌰𐍄𐍉 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿.<ref name="r96">"UK &#124; Scotland &#124; Guide to opening of Scottish Parliament", BBC News, 6 October 2004, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/3719396.stm</ref> 𐌿𐍆 𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻 𐌹𐌽 3 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌼. 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰 (SNP), 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐌿𐍆 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍇 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2011, 69 𐌰𐍆 129 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻𐌴,<ref name="r97">Carrell, Severin, "Salmond hails 'historic' victory as SNP secures Holyrood's first ever majority &#124; Politics", The Guardian, 6 May 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/may/06/scottish-elections-salmond-historic-victory-snp</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌳𐌿 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌱𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌴𐍀𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌴 2014, 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹 55% "𐌽𐌹" 𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽.<ref name="r98">"Scottish independence referendum – Results", BBC News, 19 September 2014, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/scotland-decides/results</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌼 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌹 𐌲𐌹𐌻𐍃𐍄𐍂, 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃. 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 𐌰𐍆 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹, 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌹𐌺, 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌳𐌿 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐍉𐌼 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹. 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2022 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌳𐍉𐍂𐍉𐍄𐌷𐍅 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌵𐌰𐌸, 𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽; 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌾𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰.<ref name="r99">"Supreme court rules against Scottish parliament holding new independence referendum", The Guardian, 23 November 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/nov/23/scottish-independence-supreme-court-scottish-parliament-second-referendum-indyref2</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌸𐍂𐍉𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 1998 𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽, 𐌴𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹.<ref name="r100">Brown, Faye, "SNP reveals new plan to secure indyref2 without Westminster backing", Sky News, 14 December 2022, https://news.sky.com/story/snp-reveals-new-plan-to-secure-indyref2-without-westminster-backing-12767700</ref><ref name="r101">Torrance, David, "Scottish independence referendum: legal issues", House of Commons Library, 18 February 2025, https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9104/</ref> 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 14 𐍃𐌴𐍀𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌴 2026 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌾𐍉𐌷𐌽 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌴𐍅 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐍃𐍉 𐌱𐌰𐌳 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴𐌹𐌽; 𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄 𐌹𐍄𐌰 "𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌹𐍃".<ref name="r102">"Westminster coming to an end, say Welsh, Scottish and Northern Irish leaders", BBC News, 13 September 2026, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c62enegxyl9o</ref> == 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌹 == [[File:Corpach Basin - geograph.org.uk - 5757851.jpg|thumb|𐌼𐌹𐌸 4.413 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐌼 (1.345 m) 𐌱𐌴𐌽 𐌽𐌴𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼]] 𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃. 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹 80.231 km², 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹 77.901 km²,<ref name="r103">Office for National Statistics, "Standard Area Measurements for Administrative Areas (December 2023) in the UK", Open Geography Portal, 31 May 2024, https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰 𐍄𐍃𐌾𐌴𐌺𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹. 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰 𐌹𐍃, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐌹𐍃𐍄 96 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌰 𐌰𐍈𐍉𐍃 𐍄𐍅𐌴𐌴𐌳 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐍉𐌻𐍅𐌰𐍅 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰. 𐌰𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰. 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐍃𐍄 21 km 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰 𐌺𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍅𐍂𐌴;<ref name="r104">[http://www.britannica.com/place/North-Channel-strait North Channel] , Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2 May 2016.</ref> 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 305 km 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍉𐌴 270 km 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰. 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌰𐍄 𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌺 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 (1237)<ref name="r37" /> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌰𐍄 𐍀𐌴𐍂𐍄𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰 (1266).<ref name="r6" /> 𐌹𐌽𐌿𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰: 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌰𐌽, 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌵𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 14 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌿 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍀𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍆𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃; 𐍉𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌴𐍅 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌷𐌴𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐍆 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1472;<ref name="r105">''Whitaker's Almanack'' (1991) London. J. Whitaker and Sons.</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌴𐍂𐍅𐌹𐌺 𐌱𐌹 𐍄𐍅𐌴𐌴𐌳, 𐌰𐍄𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1482.<ref name="r106">Ellis, Steven G., "The Making of the British Isles", 15 July 2014, p. 30, ISBN 978-1-317-90050-4</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 𐌽𐌴𐍅𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌼𐍉𐍂𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐌰𐌳𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌺𐌷.<ref name="r107">See [http://www.newtonmore.com/our-community/centre-of-scotland.html "Centre of Scotland"] Newtonmore.com. Retrieved 7 September 2012.</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌱𐌴𐌽 𐌽𐌴𐍅𐌹𐍃 (1.345 m) 𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌴𐍂; 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌰𐍈𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍄𐌰𐍅 (188 km).<ref name="r1" /> === 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 === [[File:South over the Quiraing, Isle of Skye - 2.jpg|thumb|𐌵𐌿𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌲 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍅𐌴, 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌷𐌴𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴]] 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 900 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐌰𐍆 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 118 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳,<ref name="r108">"Facts and figures about Scotland's sea area (coastline length, sea area in sq kms) | marine.gov.scot", marine.gov.scot, https://marine.gov.scot/data/facts-and-figures-about-scotlands-sea-area-coastline-length-sea-area-sq-kms</ref> 𐌹𐌽 4 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍉𐌼: 𐍃𐌷𐌴𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍉𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌴𐍅, 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌴𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍄𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌴𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌹𐍃. 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴: 71 𐌰𐍆 5 km² 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r109">"Britain's largest islands | Blog | OS", Ordnance Survey, 28 June 2018, https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/britains-largest-islands</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌻𐌴𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌹𐍃, 𐍃𐌺𐍅𐌴, 𐍃𐌷𐌴𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌻.<ref name="r109" /> 𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌰𐌽, 𐌱𐌿𐍄𐌴, 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰 𐌿𐌹𐍃𐍄, 𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌰𐍅, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌺𐌿𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌶𐌿𐌷 1.300–6.400 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r110">"5 Exploring individual factors: population, local amenities, and ferry connections", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-islands-typology-overview-2024/pages/7/</ref> 𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃𐌰 𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌲, 𐌿𐌽𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰, 𐌱𐌹 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰 𐌰𐍅𐍂𐍃𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌴, 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼 ''curling'' 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r111">"Ailsa Craig: Asking price reduced in Irish Sea island sale", BBC News, 21 March 2013, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-21878099</ref> 𐍃𐌷𐌴𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍉𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌴𐍅, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1472, 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃. 𐌹𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌿𐍃 3 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃, 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌺𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 1 𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌹𐍄.<ref name="r112">"550 Years Ago: how Shetland became part of Scotland - part 2", Shetland Museum & Archives, 14 February 2022, https://www.shetlandmuseumandarchives.org.uk/blog/550-years-ago-how-shetland-became-part-of-scotland-part-2</ref> 𐌱𐌰𐌾𐍉𐌸𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 32 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r113">"Organisations", www.mygov.scot, https://www.mygov.scot/organisations</ref> 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍂𐍉𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌻 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐍉𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌻 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 1972;<ref name="r114">BBC News, "On This Day: 21 September", 21 September 1955, https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/21/newsid_4582000/4582327.stm</ref><ref name="r115">"House of Lords Hansard", 24 June 1997, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970624/text/70624-02.htm</ref> 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹 𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿, 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌴𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌸.<ref name="r116">Dáil Éireann, "Oral Questions to the Minister of Foreign Affairs", Official Report of the Parliamentary Debates of the Houses of the Oireachtas, 1 November 1973, http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0268/D.0268.197311010090.html</ref><ref name="r117">MacDonald (2006) pp. 627–647.</ref> === 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌹𐍅𐌹 === [[File:Arthur's Seat seen from the Pentlands - geograph.org.uk - 7138235.jpg|thumb|𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻𐍃, 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲]] 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌿𐍆 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍀𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌺𐌴𐌽𐌴 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍀 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌹𐍅𐌹. 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 3 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌹. 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌽𐍃 (𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌰𐌽 𐌳𐌿 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌴𐌷𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌽). 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃, 𐌿𐍃𐌷𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌴𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍉𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍉𐍃, 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌴𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌴𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍆𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌲𐍉𐍂𐌼𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌿𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r118">"Hebrides – Scottish Geology Trust", https://www.scottishgeologytrust.org/geology/scotlands-geology/regional-geology/hebrides/</ref> 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍀 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃. 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌼𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐌹 𐌼𐍉𐍂𐌰𐍅 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌹𐍃, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌼 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐍉𐌼 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐌶𐌴, 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌰.<ref name="r119">Hall, Adian M., "Deep weathering patterns in north-east Scotland and their geomorphological significance", Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 1986, pp. 407–422</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌷 𐌻𐍉𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌷 𐌽𐌴𐍃𐍃; 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 ''machair'', 𐌷𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌼𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰. 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍀𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍉𐌶𐍉𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰, 𐌸𐍉𐌴𐌹 𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽. 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌰 𐍆𐍉𐌽𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻 𐌹𐌽 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲. 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌷𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐍉𐌺𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐌼𐍀𐍃𐌹𐌴 𐍆𐌴𐌻𐌻𐍃. 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌴 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 200 km 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌲 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌼, 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌽𐍃 (𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌲𐌹𐍂𐍅𐌰𐌽 𐌳𐌿 𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌱𐌰𐍂).<ref name="r120">Tiscali.co.uk, "Southern Uplands", 16 November 1990, http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0029160.html</ref><ref name="r121">BBC, "Education Scotland – Standard Grade Bitesize Revision – Ask a Teacher – Geography – Physical – Question From PN", http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/bitesize/standard/other/sos/geography/physical/answerphysical_59.shtml</ref><ref name="r122">Intheknowtraveler.com, "Scotland Today " ITKT", 28 December 2006, http://www.intheknowtraveler.com/1144</ref> 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌰, 400–500 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌴 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌴 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌾𐌰. 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌴𐍂𐍂𐌹𐌺 (843 m).<ref name="r5" /><ref name="r123">Murray, W.H. (1973) ''The Islands of Western Scotland''. London. Eyre Methuen ISBN 978-0-413-30380-6</ref><ref name="r124">Murray, W.H. (1968) ''The Companion Guide to the West Highlands of Scotland''. London. Collins. ISBN 0-00-211135-7</ref><ref name="r125">Johnstone, Scott ''et al.'' (1990) ''The Corbetts and Other Scottish Hills''. Edinburgh. Scottish Mountaineering Trust. Page 9.</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌷𐌴𐌰𐌳 (430 m) 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r122" /> === 𐍅𐌴𐌳𐍂 === [[File:The beach below Balevullin - geograph.org.uk - 4480551.jpg|thumb|𐍄𐌹𐍂𐌴𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌷𐌴𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌹𐌼 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰.]] 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌰, 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉 𐍅𐌴𐌳𐍂. 𐌲𐌿𐌻𐍆 𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌴𐌰𐌼 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌳𐍉𐌶𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌸 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍉𐌶𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌵𐌰𐌳𐍉𐌶𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌼 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌰, 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌻𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌳𐍉𐍂, 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌾𐍉𐍃, 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌱𐌹 𐌼𐍉𐍃𐌺𐍅𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌺𐌷𐌰𐍄𐌺𐌰. 𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍉 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃. 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃, −27,2 °C, 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐍄 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌴𐌼𐌰𐍂 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 11 𐍆𐌴𐌱𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌿𐍃 1895, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐍄 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌴𐌼𐌰𐍂 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 10 𐌹𐌰𐌽𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌿𐍃 1982 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐍄 𐌰𐌻𐍄𐌽𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 30 𐌳𐌴𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌴 1995.<ref name="r126">BBC Weather, "UK Records", http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/understanding/uk_records.shtml</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍂𐌿𐍃 𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍉 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌰 6 °C 𐌹𐌽 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐍂𐌹𐍃 18 °C. 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍉 𐌹𐍃𐍄 34,8 °C 𐌰𐍄 𐌺𐌷𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌻, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍉𐍃, 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 19 𐌹𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌰𐌿𐍃 2022.<ref name="r127">"Scotland's record temperature of 34.8C at Charterhall confirmed", 28 July 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-62334687</ref> 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍉𐌶𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃, 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌴𐌼𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍉𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽. 𐍄𐌹𐍂𐌴𐌴 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌴, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 300 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌼 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌾𐌹𐍃 1975.<ref name="r128">Met Office, "Weather extremes", http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate-extremes/#?tab=climateExtremes</ref> 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌽𐌰𐌵𐌰𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍄, 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 3000 mm 𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌼;<ref name="r129">"Western Scotland: climate", http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ws</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 800 mm.<ref name="r130">"Eastern Scotland: climate", http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/es</ref> 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌴𐌻𐌳𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌴𐌹𐌽: 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌴𐌼𐌰𐍂 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌰 59 𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰,<ref name="r131">BBC, "Scottish Weather Part One", http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/understanding/scotland_01.shtml</ref> 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 10 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r130" /> 𐍅𐌴𐌳𐍂𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐌱𐌰: 3 𐍄𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌲𐍉 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽 𐌿𐌽𐌳 8% 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐌳 2070. 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌿𐍃𐌵𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌱𐌹 51,3% 𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌽 1990 𐌾𐌰𐌷 2023. 𐍅𐌴𐌳𐍂𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌸 𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2026 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌸 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌿𐌽𐌳 2045, 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍉 𐌿𐌽𐌳 2045, 21% 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐍆 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐌳 2032, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌾𐍉.<ref name="r132">"Scotland's Climate Change Plan: 2026 – 2040 & Annexes", Scottish Government, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-climate-change-plan-2026-2040-annexes/</ref><ref name="r133">"Scotland's Climate Change Plan: 2026 – 2040 & Annexes - Introduction", Scottish Government, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-climate-change-plan-2026-2040-annexes/pages/2/</ref><ref name="r134">"Climate Change Plan published", March 2026, https://nen.press/climate-change-plan-published/</ref> === 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐌶𐌰 === [[File:White-tailed eagle in flight at Falkenhof Schloss Rosenburg.jpg|thumb|𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌿𐍃]] 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐍄𐌾𐌰 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐌶𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐍉𐍃; 𐌻𐌿𐌷𐍃, 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃, 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍃, 𐌰𐌻𐌷𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍂𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌿𐍃𐌵𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰𐌼. 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌷𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻𐌴, 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍄𐌴.<ref name="r135">Fraser Darling, F. & Boyd, J. M. (1969) ''Natural History in the Highlands and Islands.'' London. Bloomsbury.</ref> 𐌲𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r136">Benvie, Neil (2004) ''Scotland's Wildlife''. London. Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-978-2 p. 12.</ref> 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌼 𐍂𐌾𐌿𐍀𐌰, 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍃𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌴𐍂𐌼𐌾𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍂𐌿.<ref name="r137">[http://www.cairngorms.co.uk/resource/docs/publications/CNPA.Paper.225.State%20of%20the%20Park%20Report%20-%20Chapter%202%20Natural%20Resources.pdf "State of the Park Report. Chapter 2: Natural Resources"] (pdf) (2006) Cairngorms National Park Authority. Retrieved 14 October 2007.</ref> 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍆𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍉𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐌴<ref name="r138">Preston, C. D., Pearman, D. A., & Dines, T. D. (2002) ''New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora''. Oxford University Press.</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌱𐌰 (𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌽𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍂 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃), 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌷𐍉𐌽, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐍄𐌾𐌰 𐌺𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰, 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍉𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿.<ref name="r139">Gooders, J. (1994) ''Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Ireland''. London. Kingfisher.</ref><ref name="r140">Matthews, L. H. (1968) ''British Mammals''. London. Bloomsbury.</ref><ref name="r141">WM Adams, "Future nature:a vision for conservation", 2003, p. 30, ISBN 978-1-85383-998-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=kxlN8YJQWQsC&q=future+nature:+a+vision+for+conservation</ref> 𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌿𐍃 (1975) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌰 (1980–1989) 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌹;<ref name="r142">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110420032140/http://www.rspb.org.uk/ourwork/projects/details/274707-east-scotland-sea-eagles-esse "East Scotland Sea Eagles"] RSPB. Retrieved 3 January 2014.</ref><ref name="r143">Ross, John, "Mass slaughter of the red kites", The Scotsman, 29 December 2006</ref> 𐌱𐌹𐌱𐍂𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐍄𐌾𐌰 𐌹𐌱𐍂𐍃, 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹, 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌽𐌿 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰. 𐍃𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐍉𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌹𐌽 𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌲𐍉𐍂𐌼𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐍉𐌼 𐌹𐌽 84 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌼. 𐍃𐌴𐌻𐌳𐍉 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐍉𐍃 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌰, 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰 𐍄𐌰𐍅𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌷 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐍂𐌲𐍅𐌻𐌻, 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐍉𐌼 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r144">Ross, David (26 November 2009) "Wild Boar: our new eco warriors" ''The Herald.'' Glasgow.</ref><ref name="r145">"Beavers return after 400-year gap", BBC News, 29 May 2009, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/glasgow_and_west/8072443.stm</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼 15% 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐍉 𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r146">"NatureScot Research Report 1309 - Understanding the Indirect Drivers of Biodiversity Loss in Scotland &#124; NatureScot", www.nature.scot, 31 August 2023, https://www.nature.scot/doc/naturescot-research-report-1309-understanding-indirect-drivers-biodiversity-loss-scotland</ref><ref name="r147">"How does Scotland's biodiversity measure up?", SPICe Spotlight &#124; Solas air SPICe, 4 June 2021, https://spice-spotlight.scot/2021/06/04/how-does-scotlands-biodiversity-measure-up/</ref> 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌾𐍉𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰. 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐍃𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌰𐍅𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌾𐍉𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰, 𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍄𐌴 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌸, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐍉𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌿𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰.<ref name="r148">''[https://web.archive.org/web/20191004122226/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.382.9320&rep=rep1&type=pdf Integrated Upland Management for Wildlife, Field Sports, Agriculture & Public Enjoyment]'' (pdf) (September 1999) Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 14 October 2007.</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐍆𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸𐍃 𐌱𐌹 𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌷 𐍆𐍅𐌽𐌴, 𐌰𐍂𐌲𐍅𐌻𐌻, 𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1870–1879; 𐍆𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌻 𐌴𐌷𐍅𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌲 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 5.000 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌴 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃, 𐍅𐌴𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r149">Forestry and Land Scotland, "Yew", www.forestryandland.gov.scot, https://forestryandland.gov.scot/learn/trees/yew</ref><ref name="r150">Forestry Commission, "Scotland remains home to Britain's tallest tree as Dughall Mor reaches new heights", http://www.forestry.gov.uk/newsrele.nsf/WebPressReleases/3EEE4838BED1F155802570D8003965E9</ref><ref name="r151">Copping, Jasper (4 June 2011) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110607184948/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/countryside/8557126/Britains-record-breaking-trees-identified.html "Britain's record-breaking trees identified"] London. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 10 July 2011.</ref> 𐌹𐌽𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌰𐌳𐍂𐍉𐌲𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐌰𐍅𐌰 𐌱𐌹 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌿, 𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌿𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍃.<ref name="r152">"Why Scotland has so many mosses and liverworts", Snh.org.uk, http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/naturallyscottish/mossesliverworts/whyscotland.asp</ref><ref name="r153">"Bryology (mosses, liverworts and hornworts)", Rbge.org.uk, http://www.rbge.org.uk/science/cryptogamic-plants-and-fungi/bryology</ref> == 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉 == [[File:King Charles III (July 2023).jpg|thumb|𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌻 3, 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 2022]] 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃, 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍆 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰, 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐌶𐌴𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌻 3.<ref name="r154">"Scotland marks the Coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla", royal.uk, 5 July 2023, https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2023-07-05/scotland-marks-the-coronation-of-king-charles-iii-and-queen-camilla</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌼 𐌰𐍆 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌿, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌰 𐍂𐍉𐍄𐌷𐌴𐍃𐌰𐍅 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌾𐌰. 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍀𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r155">Scottish Parliament, "Opening of Parliament: Procession of the Crown of Scotland", 29 June 2016, http://www.parliament.scot/newsandmediacentre/100237.aspx</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃. 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽<ref name="r156">Select Committee on the Constitution, "Respect and Co-operation: Building a Stronger Union for the 21st century", 2022, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld5802/ldselect/ldconst/142/14206.htm#_idTextAnchor033</ref> 𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌼: 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌲𐌹𐌻𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌼, 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐍉𐍃, 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽, 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌾𐍉𐌼, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌰.<ref name="r157">"Government of Scotland Facts", http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/government/index.html</ref> 𐌱𐌹 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌼 𐌹𐌽𐌿 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌰.<ref name="r158">"Sewel Convention", UK Parliament, https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/sewel-convention/</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌺𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌸 57 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 650 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴,<ref name="r159">"Parliamentary constituencies", UK Parliament, https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/constituencies/</ref> 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐍄 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍆𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌼. 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍆𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰;<ref name="r160">"Scotland Office Charter", Scotland Office website, 9 August 2004, http://www.scotlandoffice.gov.uk/our-communications/doc.php?id=11</ref> 𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍃𐌸𐌴𐌲𐌽𐍃, 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r161">BBC, "Alister Jack: What do we know about the new Scottish Secretary?", BBC News, 24 July 2019, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-49103859</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 𐌳𐍉𐌿𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍇𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐍂 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐌴𐍀𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌴 2025,<ref name="r162">Lennon, Holly, "Douglas Alexander replaces Ian Murray after Scottish secretary sacked", STV News, 5 September 2025, https://news.stv.tv/politics/scottish-secretary-sacked-as-starmer-reshuffles-cabinet-in-wake-of-rayner-resignation</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌹𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌰𐍅 (𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌹𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌰𐌿𐍃 2024).<ref name="r163">"Ian Murray: From lone Labour MP to Scottish secretary", BBC, 5 July 2024, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cxe2xyv13g3o.amp</ref> [[File:Scottish Parliament Debating Chamber 1.jpg|thumb|𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲]] 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌸 129 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌼: 73 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐍄 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍆𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 56 𐌹𐌽 8 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌼 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 5 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰.<ref name="r164">Scottish Government, "Parliamentary and local election terms extended", www.gov.scot, 3 June 2020, https://www.gov.scot/news/parliamentary-and-local-election-terms-extended</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃<ref name="r165">"The progress of devolution - Erskine May - UK Parliament", erskinemay.parliament.uk, https://erskinemay.parliament.uk/section/4537/the-progress-of-devolution</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍉𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐍉 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿.<ref name="r166">"David Mundell speech: 20 years of Scottish devolution", GOV.UK, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/david-mundell-speech-20-years-of-scottish-devolution</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍉𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌴,<ref name="r167">"5 reasons why Scotland is more powerful as part of the United Kingdom", GOV.UK, 22 January 2015, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/5-reasons-why-scotland-is-more-powerful-as-part-of-the-united-kingdom</ref> 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍉𐍃; 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r168">Scottish Government, "People: Who runs the Scottish Government", 21 November 2014, http://www.gov.scot/About/People</ref> 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌸 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐍄 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍉𐌸𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼.<ref name="r169">"First Minister", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/first-minister/</ref> 𐌾𐍉𐌷𐌽 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌴𐍅, 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 SNP, 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 8 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌾𐌹𐍃 2024.<ref name="r170">National Records of Scotland, "First Minister swearing in ceremony", ros.gov.uk, https://www.ros.gov.uk/about/news/2024/first-minister-swearing-in-ceremony</ref> === 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌾𐍉𐍃 === [[File:President Donald Trump meets with Scottish First Minister John Swinney and U.K. Ambassador to the U.S. Peter Mandelson (54778210513).jpg|thumb|𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌴𐍅 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌴 𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌳 𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍀, 𐍃𐌴𐍀𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌴 2025]] 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌴 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴, 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰𐌼 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌼 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r171">"StackPath", www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk, 11 December 2017, https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/devolution-joint-ministerial-committee</ref> 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌸 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃,<ref name="r172">Scottish Parliament, "Devolved and Reserved Matters – Visit & Learn", 14 February 2017, http://www.parliament.scot/visitandlearn/Education/18642.aspx</ref> 𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌼𐍉𐍄 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍆𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌹 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽.<ref name="r173">gov.scot, "International", http://www.gov.scot/Topics/International</ref> 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌼.<ref name="r174">gov.scot, "Cabinet Secretary for Culture, Tourism and External Affairs", https://beta.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/cabinet-secretary-culture-tourism-external-affairs</ref><ref name="r175">gov.scot, "Minister for Europe, Migration and International Development", https://beta.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/minister-international-development-europe</ref><ref name="r176">Government of the United Kingdom, "The Review of Intergovernmental Relations", https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1046083/The_Review_of_Intergovernmental_Relations.pdf</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌹 𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 2 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 (𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌴𐌻 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌹, 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌱𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰), 7 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌴 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰𐌼, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 30 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r177">Scottish Government, "Scotland's International Network Annual Report 2022-23", https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/corporate-report/2023/12/scotlands-international-network-annual-report-2022-23/documents/scotlands-international-network-annual-report-2022-23/scotlands-international-network-annual-report-2022-23/govscot%3Adocument/scotlands-international-network-annual-report-2022-23.pdf</ref> 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌾𐌹𐌽𐌲, 𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌻𐌹𐌽, 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌴𐌻, 𐌺𐍉𐍀𐌴𐌽𐌷𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌽, 𐌳𐌿𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌽, 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌹, 𐍉𐍄𐍄𐌰𐍅𐌰, 𐍀𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌲𐍄𐍉𐌽.<ref name="r178">"International relations - gov.scot", gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/policies/international-relations/</ref> 𐌸𐍉 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌴 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲.<ref name="r179">"Consular Corps in Scotland | Consulates in Scotland", CCS, https://www.consularcorpsscotland.org</ref> 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 (1295) 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽;<ref name="r180">BBC, "Scotland's History – The Auld Alliance", https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/auld_alliance/</ref> 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 16, 𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐌼 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2013.<ref name="r181">"Scottish & French Connections", Scotland.org, https://www.scotland.org/events/lorient-celtic-festival/scottish-french-connections</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 (2004) 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌽𐍉𐌸 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌹; 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌴𐌲𐌰 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽𐍃 (2021) 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐍉𐌶𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌾𐍉𐌼, 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐌰.<ref name="r177" /><ref name="r182">Scotland Malawi Partnership, "About us", 3 November 2005, https://www.scotland-malawipartnership.org/who-we-are/about-us</ref><ref name="r183">First Minister of Scotland, "First Minister in Dublin: Day 2", 29 November 2016, https://firstminister.gov.scot/first-minister-in-dublin-day-2</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r184">Fitzpatrick, Tara, "Arts festival celebrates Scotland's ties to Canada and Scandinavia", STV News, 29 September 2022, https://news.stv.tv/highlands-islands/highlands-arts-festival-celebrates-scotlands-ties-to-canada-and-scandinavia</ref><ref name="r185">"How DNA reveals Vikings never left Scotland – BBC REEL", 6 June 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dw3VbJ0RTcQ</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐍉𐌶𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌰 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌴 𐌺𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍃;<ref name="r186">Heather, Alistair, "Why Finns believe Scotland could become Nordic nation number six", The Scotsman, 17 May 2020, https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/columnists/alistair-heather-why-finns-believe-scotland-could-become-nordic-nation-number-six-2855748</ref><ref name="r187">"Nordic Baltic Policy Statement", gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/policies/europe/nordic-baltic-policy-statement/</ref> 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌵𐌴𐌼𐌿𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌳𐌿 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2022.<ref name="r188">"Presiding Officer leads Holyrood delegation to strengthen links with Nordic Council", parliament.scot, 31 October 2022, https://www.parliament.scot/about/news/news-listing/presiding-officer-leads-holyrood-delegation-to-strengthen-links-with-nordic-council</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌻𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺–𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌹 (REGLEG), 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺–𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌿𐌼𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴,<ref name="r189">"National Associations", CEMR CCRE, https://ccre-cemr.org/national-associations</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌿𐌼𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌴,<ref name="r190">"Détail pays - Congress of Local and Regional Authorities - www.coe.int", Congress of Local and Regional Authorities, https://www.coe.int/en/web/congress/country?id=13</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍃<ref name="r191">"Scotland", UK-CPA, https://www.uk-cpa.org/where-we-work/americas-caribbean-europe/scotland</ref><ref name="r192">"Scotland / Alba", British-Irish Council, 7 December 2011, http://www.britishirishcouncil.org/member-administrations/scotland-alba</ref><ref name="r193">British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly, "Members", http://www.britishirish.org/members-2</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌿𐌼𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r194">"Parliamentary Partnership Assembly", www.parliament.scot, https://www.parliament.scot/chamber-and-committees/committees/current-and-previous-committees/session-6-constitution-europe-external-affairs-and-culture-committee/correspondence/2021/parliamentary-partnership-assembly</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌻 REGLEG 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌴 2003 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌴 2004 𐌿𐍆 𐌾𐌰𐌺 𐌼𐌺𐌺𐍉𐌽𐌽𐌴𐌻𐌻.<ref name="r195">"Scotland on the international stage", SPICe Spotlight | Solas air SPICe, 18 September 2019, https://spice-spotlight.scot/2019/09/18/scotland-on-the-international-stage/</ref> === 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴𐌹 === [[File:Donald Dewar First Minister.jpg|thumb|𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌳 𐌳𐌴𐍅𐌰𐍂, 𐍃𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃, 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 "𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃"]] 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍃, 𐌲𐌹𐍆𐍄 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰, 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌿𐌽 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌱𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌶𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 20; 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐍉𐌷𐌽 𐍃𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄 𐌸𐍉𐍃 "𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽".<ref name="r196">Cavanagh, Michael (2001) ''[http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/aspect/docs/aspectcampaigns.htm The Campaigns for a Scottish Parliament] ''. University of Strathclyde. Retrieved 12 April 2008.</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1997 𐌷𐌿𐌻𐍀 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌻𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 1998 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹,<ref name="r197">Kerr, Andrew, "Scottish devolution referendum: The birth of a parliament", BBC News, 8 September 2017, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-41189455</ref> 𐌸𐍉𐌴𐌹 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌼, 𐌸𐍉𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r198">"Devolved and Reserved Powers", www.parliament.scot, https://www.parliament.scot/about/how-parliament-works/devolved-and-reserved-powers</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 2012 𐌾𐌰𐌷 2016 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌲𐌹𐌻𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐍉𐍃;<ref name="r199">Fraser, Douglas, "Scotland's tax powers: What it has and what's coming?", BBC News, 2 February 2016, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-35470086</ref> 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 2016 𐌲𐌰𐍆 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍀𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r200">"Holyrood gives approval to devolved powers Scotland Bill", BBC News, 16 March 2016, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-35815426</ref> 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌹𐌽𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 2020, 𐌹𐌸, 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽,<ref name="r201">Masterman, Roger, "Constitutional and Administrative Law", 2022, pp. 471–473, ISBN 9781009158503, https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/constitutional-and-administrative-law/E1EB9FEDC43459C991E42BD945231DB5</ref><ref name="r202">Dougan, Michael, "Sleeping with an Elephant: Devolution and the United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020", Law Quarterly Review, 2022, pp. 650–676, https://dro.dur.ac.uk/35167/</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍅𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉𐌸 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r203">Guderjan, Marius, "Intergovernmental Relations in the UK: Cooperation and Conflict in a Devolved Unitary State", 2023, pp. 166–176, ISBN 978-1-032-39485-5, https://www.routledge.com/Intergovernmental-Relations-in-the-UK-Cooperation-and-Conflict-in-a-Devolved/Guderjan/p/book/9781032394855</ref><ref name="r204">Keating, Michael, "Taking back control? Brexit and the territorial constitution of the United Kingdom", Journal of European Public Policy, 2 February 2021, pp. 491–509</ref><ref name="r205">Lydgate, Emily, "Brexit, food law and the UK's search for a post-EU identity", Modern Law Review, September 2022, pp. 1168–1190</ref><ref name="r206">Dougan, Michael, "UK and the Internal Market, Devolution and the Union", 2020, pp. 2–3, https://www.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk/publications/uk-and-internal-market-devolution-and-union</ref><ref name="r207">Armstrong, Kenneth A., "The Governance of Economic Unionism after the United Kingdom Internal Market Act", Modern Law Review, May 2022, pp. 635–660</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2007 SNP, 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌽 "𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃" 𐌱𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴, 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴𐌹𐌽. 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄 𐌱𐌹 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴, 𐌹𐌽𐌿 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r208">Porter, David, "Party people confront new realities", BBC News, 18 January 2008, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/7195800.stm</ref> 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿 2009 SNP 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌴 2010; 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐍄𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽.<ref name="r209">Scottish Government, "Referendum Bill", 2 September 2009, http://www.gov.scot/About/programme-for-government/2009-10/summary-of-bills/referendum-bill</ref><ref name="r210">MacLeod, Angus, "Salmond to push ahead with referendum Bill", The Times, 3 September 2009, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article6820542.ece</ref><ref name="r211">"Scottish independence plan 'an election issue'", BBC News, 6 September 2010, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-11196967</ref> [[File:Visit of Nicola Sturgeon, First Minister of the Scottish Government, to the EC.jpg|thumb|𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌻𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴𐍉𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌷𐌴𐌻 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌹𐌴𐍂 𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌴𐌻, 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐌱𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰, 2019]] 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 SNP 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2011, 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 18 𐍃𐌴𐍀𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌴 2014<ref name="r212">Black, Andrew, "Scottish independence: Referendum to be held on 18 September, 2014", BBC News, 21 March 2013, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-21828424</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌹𐌺 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌸 55,3% 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 44,7%.<ref name="r213">"Scotland votes no: the union has survived, but the questions for the left are profound", The Guardian, 19 September 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/19/scottish-independence-union-survived-put-away-flags</ref><ref name="r214">"Scotland decides", BBC, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/scotland-decides/live</ref> 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌿𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃;<ref name="r215">[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/scottish-independence-referendum-statement-by-the-prime-minister Scottish Independence Referendum: statement by the Prime Minister] , UK Government</ref><ref name="r216">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-29273177 Scottish referendum: Who is Lord Smith of Kelvin?] , BBC News</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍉 𐌿𐍆 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌷, 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐍉𐌽 𐍃𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌷 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌽,<ref name="r216" /> 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌳𐌿 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 2016.<ref name="r217">"Scotland Act 2016", 23 March 2016, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/11/contents/enacted</ref> 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌱𐌹 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 23 𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌰𐌿𐍃 2016 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽.<ref name="r218">"Brexit: Nicola Sturgeon says second Scottish independence vote 'highly likely'", 24 June 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-36621030</ref> 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌻𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴𐍉𐌽 𐌵𐌰𐌸 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰, 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌹 "𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃".<ref name="r219">"Scottish Leader Nicola Sturgeon Announces Plans for Second Independence Referendum", 24 June 2016, https://time.com/4381327/brexit-nicole-sturgeon-scotland-referendum/</ref><ref name="r218" /> 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐍄 𐌰𐍆 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 31 𐌹𐌰𐌽𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌿𐍃 2020. === 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 === [[File:Cunningham House, Irvine.jpg|thumb|𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌽𐌲𐌷𐌰𐌼𐌴 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐍂𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌴, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰 𐌰𐍅𐍂𐍃𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌴, 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰 𐌰𐍅𐍂𐍃𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌴]] 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 32 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌽𐍃,<ref name="r220">[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1994/Ukpga_19940039_en_1.htm "Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994"] Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 26 September 2007.</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1996, 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰. 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐍈𐌰𐌶𐌿𐌷 5 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰; 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰 𐌰𐍆 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌹, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 (''provost'' 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 ''lord provost'') 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰.<ref name="r221">"Local authorities: factsheet", www.gov.scot, http://www.gov.scot/publications/local-authorities-factsheet/</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌰.<ref name="r222">"Scotland – Office for National Statistics", www.ons.gov.uk, https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/geography/ukgeographies/administrativegeography/scotland</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳. 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃, 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌼. 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 8 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃: 𐌰𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌴𐌽, 𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌴, 𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍆𐌴𐍂𐌼𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌴, 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲, 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅, 𐌹𐌽𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌽𐌴𐍃𐍃, 𐍀𐌴𐍂𐍄𐌷, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐍂𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲.<ref name="r223">"UK Cities", Dca.gov.uk, http://www.dca.gov.uk/constitution/city/citygj.htm</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r224">"City status", Dca.gov.uk, http://www.dca.gov.uk/constitution/city/cityhome.htm</ref> === 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 === [[File:Eurofighter Typhoon, ZK312 (19451923880).jpg|thumb|𐍄𐍅𐍀𐌷𐍉𐍉𐌽 FGR4 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌼 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃 6 𐌰𐍄 RAF 𐌻𐍉𐍃𐍃𐌹𐌴𐌼𐍉𐌿𐍄𐌷]] 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃; 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 £3,3 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌼𐍀 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 2018–2019.<ref name="r225">Scottish Government, "Government Expenditure & Review 2018-19", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/statistics/2019/08/government-expenditure-revenue-scotland-gers/documents/government-expenditure-revenue-scotland-2018-19/government-expenditure-revenue-scotland-2018-19/govscot%3Adocument/government-expenditure-revenue-scotland-2018-19.pdf?forceDownload=true</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1707 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹.<ref name="r226">Williams, Noel T. St John, "Redcoats and courtesans: the birth of the British Army (1660–1690)", 1 January 1994, pp. 1–2, ISBN 9781857530971, https://books.google.com/books?id=zDxnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22british+army%22+1660</ref><ref name="r227">Walton, Clifford, "History of the British Standing Army. A.D. 1660 to 1700", 1 January 1894, p. [https://archive.org/details/historybritishs00waltgoog/page/n42 16], https://archive.org/details/historybritishs00waltgoog</ref> 𐌰𐍄𐌷𐍉𐌻𐌻 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃, 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹, 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌽 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰.<ref name="r228">Atholl Estates, "Atholl Highlanders", www.atholl-estates.co.uk, https://atholl-estates.co.uk/blair-castle/atholl-highlanders/</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 154 (𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺) 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 RLC. 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2006, 𐌿𐍆 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐌼 ''Delivering Security in a Changing World'', 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r229">The British Army, "Royal Regiment of Scotland", www.army.mod.uk, https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/infantry/royal-regiment-of-scotland/#:~:text=The%20Royal%20Regiment%20of%20Scotland%20was%20formed%20in%202006%20through,those%20regiments%20that%20formed%20us.</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃 2010 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌸 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃, 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2017; 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰.<ref name="r230">The Telegraph, "Army to merge Scottish brigades", www.telegraph.co.uk, 7 May 2001, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1329420/Army-to-merge-Scottish-brigades.html</ref> 𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌹𐍅𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌽𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌰.<ref name="r231">The large number of military bases in Scotland led some to use the euphemism "Fortress Scotland". See Spaven, Malcolm (1983) ''Fortress Scotland''. London. Pluto Press in association with Scottish CND.</ref><ref name="r232">"Pensioner, 94, in nuclear protest", BBC News Online, 16 December 2006, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/6186213.stm</ref><ref name="r233">"Reprieve for RAF Lossiemouth base", News.bbc.co.uk, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4083933.stm</ref> 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1960 𐌿𐌽𐌳 1991 𐌷𐍉𐌻𐍅 𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐍀𐍉𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌴.<ref name="r234">"Dunoon and the US Navy", Argyllonline.co.uk, http://www.argyllonline.co.uk/places/dunoon-cowal/dunoon-and-the-us-navy</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌺𐌻𐍅𐌳𐌴, 25 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅, 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 4 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌽𐍄 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽𐌴 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃. 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌰 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐍅 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 20.<ref name="r235">Angus Konstam, ''Scapa Flow: The Defences of Britain's Great Fleet Anchorage 1914–45'' (2009).</ref> 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1961 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍀𐍉𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐍉𐌻𐍅 𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌷, 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌷 CND 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌹; 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐍄𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌰𐌼, 𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌰 𐍀𐍉𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌹 (1963), 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌴 𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌷. 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌽𐍄 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1994; 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐍄 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r236">Andrew Marr, ''A History of Modern Britain'' (2009), p. 211.</ref> RAF 𐌻𐍉𐍃𐍃𐌹𐌴𐌼𐍉𐌿𐍄𐌷 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐍉𐍂𐌰𐍅, 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌴 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃, 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 4 𐌴𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌷𐍄𐌴𐍂 𐍄𐍅𐍀𐌷𐍉𐍉𐌽 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌽𐍃, 3 𐍀𐍉𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌳𐍉𐌽 MRA1 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻 RAF 𐍂𐌴𐌲𐌹𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍄.<ref name="r237">Royal Air Force, "RAF Lossiemouth", www.raf.mod.uk, https://www.raf.mod.uk/our-organisation/stations/raf-lossiemouth/#:~:text=RAF%20Lossiemouth%20in%20Moray%2C%20north,and%20an%20RAF%20Regiment%20squadron.</ref> 4 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰: 612, 2622 (𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳), 𐌾𐌰𐌷 602 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 603 𐌹𐌽 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲.<ref name="r238">"The Royal Air Force in Scotland", Delivering for Scotland, https://www.deliveringforscotland.gov.uk/security/the-royal-air-force-in-scotland/</ref> === 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 === [[File:Parliament Square, Edinburgh facing east.jpg|thumb|𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲, 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌿 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃]] 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐍆 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰,<ref name="r239">The University of Edinburgh School of Law, "History of the Faculty of Law", http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/history/chpt4.aspx</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 (𐌰𐍆 ''Corpus Juris Civilis'') 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌴. 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 1707 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸, 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 𐌰𐍆 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r240">The Articles: legal and miscellaneous, UK Parliament House of Lords (2007). "Article 19: The Scottish legal system and its courts were to remain unchanged":House of Lords, "Act of Union 1707", http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/04_05_legal.html</ref> 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 1611 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰, 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍉𐌸𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 (𐌰𐌻𐌸 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸) 𐌹𐌽 𐍉𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌴𐍅 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌷𐌴𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳; 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 (𐌱𐍂𐌴𐌷𐍉𐌽) 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂 19.<ref name="r241">"Law and institutions, Gaelic" & "Law and lawyers" in M. Lynch (ed.), ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'', (Oxford, 2001), pp. 381–382 & 382–386. Udal Law remains relevant to land law in Orkney and Shetland: Law Society of Scotland, "A General History of Scots Law (20th century)", http://www.lawscot.org.uk/uploads/Ad-Hoc/AGeneralHistoryofScotsLaw_20thCentury.pdf</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃, 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃. 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌲 𐌻𐌰𐌸𐍉𐌽 𐌳𐌿 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 (𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐍉𐌺𐍄𐍉𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍃 2009, 𐌳𐌿 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴). 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰. 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲, 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃; 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌸𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌽𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌴𐍄. 49 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍂𐌲𐍂𐌴𐍆𐌾𐌴 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌾𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r242">[http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/locations/index.asp "Court Information"] www.scotcourts.gov.uk. Retrieved 26 September 207.</ref> 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍉𐍃 (𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1975) 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉𐌼 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌾𐍉𐌼 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍉𐌼 𐌹𐌽 2008–2010. 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌹𐌽𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰𐌹, 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1999.<ref name="r198" /> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 3 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰: "𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰", "𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰", 𐌾𐌰𐌷 "''ni gaswikunþiþ''".<ref name="r243">The Times, "The case for keeping 'not proven' verdict", Timesonline.co.uk, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article431121.ece?token=null&offset=0&page=1</ref> 𐌱𐌰𐌾𐍉𐌸𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 (𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌰 𐍈𐍉𐍄𐌰), 𐌹𐌽𐌿𐌷 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰, 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌶𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽, 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r244">The Scotsman, "Scotland's unique 15-strong juries will not be abolished", www.scotsman.com, 11 May 2009, http://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/scotland-s-unique-15-strong-juries-will-not-be-abolished-1-1037747</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 15, 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌸 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄. [[File:The High Court, Glasgow (geograph 6643274).jpg|thumb|𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅, 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌼 𐌹𐌽 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌴𐌽]] 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍀𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐍂𐍉𐌷𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌴, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r245">Scottish Government, "Lord Advocate", www.gov.scot, 16 August 2021, https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/lord-advocate/</ref> 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐍂𐍉𐌷𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍀𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐍂𐍉𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌽.<ref name="r245" /> 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃. 𐌳𐍉𐍂𐍉𐍄𐌷𐍅 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽, 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌽𐌹𐌺𐍉𐌻𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴𐍉𐌽, 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌰𐌿𐍃 2021,<ref name="r246">Scottish Government, "Rt Hon Dorothy Bain KC", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/dorothy-bain-qc/</ref> 𐌷𐌿𐌻𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r247">Scottish Government, "Solicitor General", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/solicitor-general/</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 2013. 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌴 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰𐍂𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 8.500 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌼,<ref name="r248">Scottish Prison Service, "Prisoner Population", www.sps.gov.uk, http://www.sps.gov.uk/default.aspx?documentid=7811a7f1-6c61-4667-a12c-f102bbf5b808</ref> 𐌿𐍆 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽. == 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 == [[File:Skyline of Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲, 𐍃𐌰 13 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿 𐌾𐌰𐌷 4 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2020]] 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌱𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐌹 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r249">Union Media, "Scotland retains status as the UK's second largest international financial hub", Scottish Business News, 5 September 2023, https://scottishbusinessnews.net/scotland-retains-status-as-the-uks-second-largest-international-financial-hub/</ref> 𐌹𐌽 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌻𐌻𐍉𐍅𐌳𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌲 𐌲𐍂𐍉𐌿𐍀, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽, 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌳 𐌻𐌹𐍆𐌴;<ref name="r250">Scottish Development International, "Financial services and fintech", www.sdi.co.uk, https://www.sdi.co.uk/business-in-scotland/find-your-industry/digital-and-technology-industries/financial-services-and-fintech</ref> 𐍃𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐍃 15 𐌹𐌽 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐍉 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌴 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2007<ref name="r251">"Scots cities slide down chart of the world's top financial centres", The Scotsman, 20 March 2012, https://www.scotsman.com/business/scots-cities-slide-down-chart-of-the-worlds-top-financial-centres-1638036#:~:text=Edinburgh's%20fortunes%20as%20a%20world,Index%20(GFCI)%20in%202007.</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 33 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿 (10 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹) 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2024. 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅 𐍅𐌰𐍃 42 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2024.<ref name="r252">"Scottish cities rise in Global Financial Centres Index as industry reports 13,000 new jobs", Scottish Financial Enterprise (SFE), https://www.sfe.org.uk/news-database/scottish-cities-rise-in-global-financial-centres-index-as-industry-reports-13000-new-jobsnbsp</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 10 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌿.<ref name="r253">"Scotland's sustainable and inclusive economy", www.sdi.co.uk, https://www.sdi.co.uk/business-in-scotland/sustainable-economy</ref> [[File:Distillery-gates.jpg|thumb|𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅 𐌰𐍄 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌹𐌺𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌹𐌺𐌷 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰]] 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2024, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍅𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌰 𐌰𐍆 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 £223,4 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌴.<ref name="r254">"GDP in nominal terms", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/publications/gdp-quarterly-national-accounts-2024-q4/pages/gdp-in-nominal-terms/</ref> 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴, 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹, 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 £50,1 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌴 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2021.<ref name="r255">Tuck, Helen, "International trade in UK nations, regions and cities: 2021", Office for National Statistics, 28 June 2023, https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/internationaltrade/bulletins/internationaltradeinuknationsregionsandcities/2021</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌴 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍆𐍉𐌽𐌰, 𐍃𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉, 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍄𐍉𐌱𐌰𐌺.<ref name="r256">HM Revenue and Customs, "UK Regional Trade in Goods Statistics", UK Trade Info, 14 December 2023, https://www.uktradeinfo.com/media/uainztpl/rts-q3-2023.xlsx</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌴: 𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (£6,9 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌴), 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌰 (£4,0), 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (£2,8), 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (£2,8), 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (£2,3), 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌰 (£0,8);<ref name="r257">"Goods exports by destination", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-international-goods-trade-quarter-3-2023/pages/goods-exports-by-destination/</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌹 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r258">McKee, Ivan, "Scotland and Poland: European partners", Scotland's Economy, 23 January 2019, https://blogs.gov.scot/scotlands-economy/2019/01/23/scotland-and-poland-european-partners/</ref><ref name="r259">"SCOTLAND'S TRADE POSITION AND PERFORMANCE", Scottish Enterprise, https://www.scottish-enterprise.com/media/o0nbozgp/scotland-s-trade-position-and-performance.pdf</ref> 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌽 £5,4 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌴 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2024; 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐍃 74% 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2023 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 41.000 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌴.<ref name="r260">"Facts & Figures", Scotch Whisky Association, https://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/industry-insights/facts-figures/#:~:text=There%20are%2043%20bottles%20of,popular%20tourist%20attraction%20in%20Scotland</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌴𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍂𐍉𐌺𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍂 𐌽𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌷 (𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃), 𐍀𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌲𐌻𐌴 𐍉𐍆 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐍅𐌻𐌴 & 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐍄 (𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌾𐍉𐍃), A.G. 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐍂 (𐍃𐌿𐍄𐌾𐌰 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺𐍉𐍃), 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍇𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐍂 𐌳𐌴𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃 (𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌰𐍂𐍂𐍉𐍃), 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌺𐍉𐌰𐌺𐌷 𐌲𐍂𐍉𐌿𐍀 (𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉), 𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉𐌺'𐍃 (𐍃𐌿𐍄𐌾𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍉𐍃), 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌾𐍉𐌷𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌺𐌴𐍂 (𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽). [[File:Beryl alpha from air.jpg|thumb|𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽]] 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌹,<ref name="r261">"Scotland profile", BBC News, 17 October 2012, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/7219799.stm</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌾𐍉𐌼, 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌼 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌴 𐍃𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰, 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌰𐍂𐍂𐍉𐍃, 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌸.<ref name="r262">"Scottish Goods and Services", Scotland, https://www.scotland.org/business/goods-and-services</ref> 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌼 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌽𐌿 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃.<ref name="r263">gov.scot, "Financial and Business Services", Scotland: a trading nation, 1 May 2019, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotland-a-trading-nation/sectors/financial-and-business-services</ref> 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍂𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅 (𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅, 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌻, 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌷𐌻) 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃; 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍅 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1970–1979, 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰. 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1970–1989 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰, 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌰𐍅𐌹, 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌽, 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐍃, 𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌾𐌰, 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍅 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸, 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌹, 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃, 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰, 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉; 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉, 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r264">"Key Sectors | Scotland.org", Scotland, https://www.scotland.org/business/key-sectors</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 4 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r265">"SCOTLAND'S PLACE IN EUROPE: People, Jobs and Investment", Scottish Government, https://www.cdn.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Scotlands-place-in-Europe.pdf</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2020 𐌼𐌹𐌸 £2 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌴 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃, 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌹𐌸 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌼, 𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r266">BBC News, "Scotland's national investment bank launches", 23 November 2020, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-55035520</ref> === 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉 === [[File:Horses' heads in the clouds - geograph.org.uk (cropped for SCO Portal).jpg|thumb|𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍀𐌹𐌴𐍃, 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌺𐌹𐍂𐌺]] 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃:<ref name="r267">"Tourism and events", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/policies/tourism-and-events/</ref> 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 245.000 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 £10,8 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌴 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2023, 6% 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r268">Davidson, Shongah, "Industry Update: Driving the visitor economy | Scottish Tourism Alliance", Scottish Tourism Alliance, 12 May 2025, https://scottishtourismalliance.co.uk/industry-update-driving-the-visitor-economy/#:~:text=In%202023%2C%20visitor%20spend%20was%20worth%20£10.8,these%20areas%20in%20the%20past%2012%20months.</ref> 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃, 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌿𐌶𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌴 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌰𐍄 𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌻𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌽, 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐌶𐌰𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃, 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐍂𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍂𐌵𐌿𐌷𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃;<ref name="r269">"Visitor Attractions Performance I VisitScotland.org", www.visitscotland.org, https://www.visitscotland.org/research-insights/about-our-industry/visitor-attractions</ref> 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌷𐌿𐌶𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐍈𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 2 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌴 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2017.<ref name="r270">"Chapter 2: The Value of Visitors to Scotland[4]", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/publications/tourism-scotland-economic-contribution-sector/pages/3/</ref> 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌹𐍄𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌴 (𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳) 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 2006, 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐌽.<ref name="r267" /> 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2023 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌷𐌹𐍅𐌹 7 𐌰𐍆 60 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼.<ref name="r271">"Scotland's international reputation grows", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/news/scotlands-international-reputation-grows/</ref> 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 4 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐌵𐌴𐌼𐌿𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2023, 15% 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2019.<ref name="r272">"Record number of overseas tourists visit Scotland", BBC News, 17 May 2024, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cv2rg3rjdvjo</ref> 𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌷 𐌻𐍉𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌳, 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍀𐌹𐌴𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻𐌻𐍉𐌸 𐌿𐌽𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌸𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌷 𐌽𐌴𐍃𐍃 𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐍆 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌹;<ref name="r273">"Tourism rises sharply in Falkirk with almost a million visits in 2024", www.falkirk.gov.uk, https://www.falkirk.gov.uk/news/council/tourism-rises-sharply-in-falkirk-with-almost-a-million-visits-in-2024</ref><ref name="r274">"We came to Scotland to see the Loch Ness Monster", BBC News, 19 May 2023, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-65637377</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐍆 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌼, 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌳𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰.<ref name="r275">"International Visitors | VisitScotland.org", www.visitscotland.org, https://www.visitscotland.org/research-insights/about-our-visitors/international</ref> 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃, 𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌼𐍉𐍃, 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴𐌹𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌹 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌱𐍉𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r276">"Visiting Scotland | Scotland.org", Scotland, https://www.scotland.org/visit</ref><ref name="r277">"Why People Choose Scotland I VisitScotland.org", www.visitscotland.org, https://www.visitscotland.org/research-insights/about-our-visitors/why-people-choose-scotland#:~:text=The%20overall%20%22nation%20brand%22%20rank,towards%20and%20familiar%20with%20Scotland.</ref> 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌵𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 £9,7 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌴 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2016.<ref name="r278">"Chapter 2: The Value of Visitors to Scotland[4]", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/publications/tourism-scotland-economic-contribution-sector/pages/3/#</ref> === 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 === [[File:Museum on the mound, Edinburgh (41404375864).jpg|thumb|𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹, 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰]] 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃, 𐌹𐌸 3 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃: 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽, 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌻𐍅𐌳𐌴𐍃𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌴 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽. 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽, 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1696, 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽, 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌳𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿.<ref name="r279">"Lloyds Banking Group - Bank of Scotland History", www.lloydsbankinggroup.com, https://www.lloydsbankinggroup.com/who-we-are/our-heritage/bank-of-scotland-heritage.html</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌸 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 5 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿 𐌱𐌹 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2002,<ref name="r280">"Royal Bank of Scotland Group", Scottish Financial Enterprise (SFE), https://www.sfe.org.uk/members-database/royal-bank-of-scotland-group</ref> 𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2008 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍆𐍄𐌰 £76 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌴 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃;<ref name="r281">"RBS collapse: timeline", The Guardian, 12 December 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/dec/12/rbs-collapse-timeline</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸. 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 2008 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 30 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r282">"Scottish Financial Enterprise – Financial Industry Overview", http://www.sfe.org.uk/info/overview_scottish_financial_industry</ref><ref name="r283">"Lloyds Bank – About Lloyds Banking Group – TSB", Lloydsbank.com, https://www.lloydsbank.com/about_ltsb/tsb.asp</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐌲𐌹𐍆𐍄 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌴 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 2009 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸𐍉𐍃 2009.<ref name="r284">"The Bank of England's approach to regulating Scottish and Northern Ireland commercial banknotes", March 2017, https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/banknotes/scottish-northern-ireland/scottish-and-northern-ireland-regime-approach.pdf</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2013 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 £3,8 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿, 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸.<ref name="r285">"Scottish Banknotes: The Treasury's Symbolic Hostage in the Independence Debate", The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/scottish-independence-blog/2013/apr/22/scottish-independence-banknotes</ref> === 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉 === [[File:Airport and plane Barra airstrip - geograph.org.uk - 852094.jpg|thumb|𐌱𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌰 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃, 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿, 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌼𐌰 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐍉𐍅𐌴𐌲 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌸]] 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 5 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐌼 𐌳𐌿 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹, 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌹, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌰𐌹, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌽𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r286">Visit Scotland, "Scotland's Airports & Flights Around The Country", www.visitscotland.com, https://www.visitscotland.com/travel-planning/getting-around/plane</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳 11 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐍉𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌴𐍅, 𐍃𐌷𐌴𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼, 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐌼; 𐌹𐌽𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌽𐌴𐍃𐍃 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r287">Highlands and Islands Airport Limited, "Destinations from Inverness Airport", www.hial.co.uk, https://www.hial.co.uk/inverness-airport/destinations-5/1</ref> 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍃𐍄𐍃 (𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 13 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2017) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 6 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌼𐍉𐍃𐍄𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r288">"Datasets – UK Civil Aviation Authority", Caa.co.uk, https://www.caa.co.uk/Data-and-analysis/UK-aviation-market/Airports/Datasets</ref> 𐌻𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍂, "𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉", 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸𐍃 𐌰𐍄 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌰.<ref name="r289">Isle of Man Government, "Loganair to link Scotland's capital with the Isle of Man", www.gov.im, https://www.gov.im/news/2017/mar/31/loganair-to-link-scotlands-capital-with-the-isle-of-man/</ref> 𐌽𐌴𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌺 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌻 𐌰𐌹𐌷 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃; 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌸 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿.<ref name="r290">[https://web.archive.org/web/20050722065527/http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/upload/pdf/238.pdf "Disaggregating Network Rail's expenditure and revenue allowance and future price control framework: a consultation (June 2005)"] Office of Rail Regulation. Retrieved 2 November 2007.</ref> 𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 359 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 2.760 km 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃;<ref name="r291">Transport Scotland, "Scottish Transport Statistics No 38: 2019 Edition Chapter 7: Rail Services", Transport.gov.scot, 18 March 2020, https://www.transport.gov.scot/publication/scottish-transport-statistics-no-38-2019-edition/chapter-7-rail-services</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌻 𐌱𐌰𐍂 64 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌹𐌽 2022–2023.<ref name="r292">"Scottish Transport Statistics 2023 Rail", transport.gov.scot, https://www.transport.gov.scot/media/ahohoblv/chapter-7-rail-transport-scottish-transport-statistics-2023.pdf</ref> 𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍀𐍉𐍂𐍄 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌰𐌽𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌿𐍃 2006, 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐌸 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰.<ref name="r293">Transport in Scotland, "Corporate: Freedom of Information Publication Scheme", http://www.transportscotland.gov.uk/corporate/freedom-information-publication-scheme/freedom-information-publication-scheme</ref> 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌷 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌻 𐌷𐍉𐌻𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌲𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌻 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐍀𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃 2022<ref name="r294">"ScotRail goes back into public ownership", BBC News, 1 April 2022, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-60842268</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍀𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌰𐌿𐍃 2023.<ref name="r295">Transport Scotland, "Caledonian Sleeper to be delivered by the Scottish Government", 2 March 2023, https://www.transport.gov.scot/news/caledonian-sleeper-to-be-delivered-by-the-scottish-government/</ref> 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃, 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 14 𐌳𐌴𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌴 1896, 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 3 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌱𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍀𐌴𐍃𐍄 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌹; 𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐍄𐌷𐌺𐌻𐍅𐌳𐌴 𐍀𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌽𐌴𐍂𐍃𐌷𐌹𐍀 𐍆𐍉𐍂 𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍀𐍉𐍂𐍄 𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌸.<ref name="r296">Strathclyde Partnership for Transport, "Celebrating 125 years of Subway", www.spt.co.uk, https://www.spt.co.uk/125/</ref> 𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍀𐍉𐍂𐍄 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌼; 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌼. 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰. 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌹𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌱𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌽𐌴, 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃, 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍄𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌷𐌴𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌹𐌼;<ref name="r297">Traveline Scotland, "Ferry operators", www.travelinescotland.com, https://www.travelinescotland.com/ferry-operators</ref><ref name="r298">CalMac Ferries, "Scotland's west coast ferry seascape", www.calmac.co.uk, https://www.calmac.co.uk/article/5655/Scotlands-west-coast-ferry-seascape#:~:text=They%20are%20a%20company%20wholly%20owned%20by%20the%20Scottish%20Government.&text=CalMac%20Ferries%20Ltd%20is%20a,service%20provider%20David%20MacBrayne%20Ltd.</ref> 𐍃𐌴𐍂𐌺𐍉 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼; 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌴𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳. DFDS 𐍃𐌴𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍅𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐍂𐍉𐍃𐍅𐍄𐌷 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌶𐌴𐌴𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌲𐌴, 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 𐍆𐍉𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀 𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌰;<ref name="r299">Direct Ferries, "Ferries from Northern Ireland to Scotland", www.directferries.co.uk, https://www.directferries.co.uk/ferries_from_northern_ireland_to_scotland.htm#:~:text=There%20are%202%20ferry%20routes,which%20runs%205%20times%20daily.</ref><ref name="r300">"Ferry freight service axed after fire", Bbc.co.uk, 23 April 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-43864813</ref> 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀 𐍆𐍉𐍂 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 2002 𐌿𐌽𐌳 2010.<ref name="r301">"Passenger ferry service to stop", Bbc.co.uk, 20 August 2010, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-11041554</ref> === 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌹, 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 === [[File:Synthetic Production of Penicillin TR1468 crop.jpg|thumb|𐍃𐌹𐍂 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍇𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐍂 𐍆𐌻𐌴𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌲, 𐍆𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌻𐌴𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 – 𐍀𐌴𐌽𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌽]] 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐍆 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹 (61,8%), 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹 (25,7%), 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍆𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌼 (10,9%).<ref name="r302">"Quarterly energy statistics bulletins", www.gov.scot, http://www.gov.scot/publications/quarterly-energy-statistics-bulletins</ref> 𐍅𐌷𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌻𐌴𐌴 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍈𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r303">Iberdrola, "Whitelee wind farm in Scotland", iberdrola.com, https://www.iberdrola.com/about-us/what-we-do/onshore-wind-energy/-whitelee-onshore-wind-farm#:~:text=Whitelee%2C%20with%20215%20turbines%20in,period%20the%20largest%20in%20Europe.</ref> 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌹𐌸; 𐌼𐌴𐍅𐌲𐌴𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌴𐌼𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿.<ref name="r304">Dickie, Mure, "Scotland unveils world's largest tidal stream power project", ft.com, 12 September 2016, https://www.ft.com/content/d197308a-7826-11e6-97ae-647294649b28</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌼 98,6% 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹.<ref name="r302" /> 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍉𐌺𐍄𐍉𐌱𐍂𐌴 2021 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌴𐍀𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌴 2022 63,1% 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹, 83,6% 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌻𐍉𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 14,5% 𐌰𐍆 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍆𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌼.<ref name="r305">"Scottish Energy Statistics Hub: Proportion of electricity consumption by fuel", scotland.shinyapps.io, https://scotland.shinyapps.io/Energy/?Section=RenLowCarbon&Subsection=RenElec&Chart=ElecConsumptionFuel</ref> 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 50% 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍉, 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐌽, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌲 𐌰𐍆 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐌿𐌽𐌳 2030.<ref name="r306">"The future of energy in Scotland: Scottish energy strategy", Gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-energy-strategy-future-energy-scotland-9781788515276/pages/5</ref> 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2022 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺 113% 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍃, 𐍃𐍅𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌽𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐍅 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r307">Scottish Government, "Record renewable energy output", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/news/record-renewable-energy-output/</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍃, 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰, 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌺𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰, MRI 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃, 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌿𐌼𐌸𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰𐌼, 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰𐌼, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌳𐌿 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r308">Live Breathe Scotland, "Scottish Inventions", https://www.livebreathescotland.com/scottish-inventions/</ref> 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍇𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐍂 𐍆𐌻𐌴𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌲 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌸 𐍀𐌴𐌽𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌽, 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 𐌻𐌴𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐌽𐍉𐌱𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌻𐌴𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌿 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1945.<ref name="r309">The Nobel Foundation, "Alexander Fleming Biography", Les Prix Nobel, 1945, http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming.html</ref><ref name="r310">Hugh, T. B., "Howard Florey, Alexander Fleming and the fairy tale of penicillin", The Medical Journal of Australia, 2002, pp. 52–53; author 53 53</ref><ref name="r311">Cruickshank, Robert, "Sir Alexander Fleming, F.R.S", Nature, 1955, pp. 355–6</ref> 𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌺𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐍈𐌹𐌻 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐍈𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍆𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌺𐌽 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌱𐌰 𐍈𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌾𐍉.<ref name="r312">Scottish Canals, "The Falkirk Wheel", https://www.scottishcanals.co.uk/visit/canals/visit-the-forth-clyde-canal/attractions/the-falkirk-wheel</ref><ref name="r313">Glasgow Science Centre, "Glasgow Tower", https://www.glasgowsciencecentre.org/discover/our-experiences/glasgow-tower</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹;<ref name="r314">"The Scottish Space Cluster Executive Summary May 2020", https://londoneconomics.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/LE-SE-Scottish-Space-Cluster-EXECUTIVE-SUMMARY-FINAL-Issue-4-S2C110520.pdf</ref><ref name="r315">Scottish Development International, "Space technology industry in Scotland", Sdi.co.uk, https://www.sdi.co.uk/business-in-scotland/find-your-industry/digital-and-technology-industries/space-tech</ref> 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 173 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌴𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌾𐌹𐍃 2021,<ref name="r316">"More than 3,000 jobs created as space sector grows across the UK", GOV.UK, 19 May 2021, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/more-than-3000-jobs-created-as-space-sector-grows-across-the-uk</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌼, 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼, 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰𐌼.<ref name="r317">"Boldly going towards the new age of space", HeraldScotland, 20 February 2021, https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19104939.boldly-going-towards-new-age-space/</ref> 𐍅𐌴𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌹 £2 𐌸𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌴 𐌿𐌽𐌳 2030,<ref name="r314" /> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐍆 5 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r318">"Manufacturing: Space sector - gov.scot", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/policies/manufacturing/space-sector/</ref> 2 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹: 𐍃𐌿𐍄𐌷𐌴𐍂𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰𐍇𐌰𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌳.<ref name="r319">Carrell, Severin, "Rocket men: locals divided over plans for UK's first spaceport", The Guardian, 16 July 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/jul/16/rocket-men-locals-divided-over-plans-for-uks-first-spaceport</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1834, 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌽𐌿 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌰 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌽 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r320">"Expert is first female Astronomer Royal for Scotland | Research and innovation", The University of Edinburgh, 27 May 2021, https://www.ed.ac.uk/research-innovation/latest-research-news/expert-first-female-astronomer-royal-for-scotland</ref> == 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹 == === 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 === [[File:Scotland population cartogram.svg|thumb|𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃. 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌱𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌶𐌴.]] 𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1820–1829 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐍉𐍃, 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐍆 𐌿𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌸𐌿𐌽 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰, 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌼, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r321">National Library of Scotland, "Emigration", www.nls.uk, https://www.nls.uk/family-history/emigration/</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍃𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌿.<ref name="r322">University of Glasgow, "Poverty, Protest and Politics: Perceptions of the Scottish Highlands in the 1880s", www.gla.ac.uk, https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/Media_792389_smxx.pdf</ref> 𐍆𐌰𐍅𐌰 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃, 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 𐌽𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹 𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐍄. 𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌴𐌹 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌽𐍃: 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃, 𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌱𐌹𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰, 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰. 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰; 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌹𐌸𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌴𐍀𐌻𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌿, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐍂𐌿𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌴, 𐌸𐍉𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌰𐍀𐍉𐌻𐌴𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌸𐌿𐌽.<ref name="r323">E. Richards, ''The Highland Clearances: People, Landlords and Rural Turmoil'' (2008).</ref> 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹 𐍅𐍉𐌷𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1.608.000 (1801) 𐌳𐌿 2.889.000 (1851) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 4.472.000 (1901).<ref name="r324">A. K. Cairncross, ''The Scottish Economy: A Statistical Account of Scottish Life by Members of the Staff of Glasgow University'' (Glasgow: Glasgow University Press, 1953), p. 10.</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 𐌽𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽: 𐌹𐌽 1841–1931 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 2 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌸𐌿𐌽 𐌳𐌿 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 750.000 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r325">R. A. Houston and W. W. Knox, eds, ''The New Penguin History of Scotland'' (Penguin, 2001), p. xxxii.</ref> 𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1870–1879 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰, 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌼𐌶, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌿.<ref name="r326">Warren, Charles R., "Managing Scotland's environment", 2009, pp. [https://archive.org/details/managingscotland00warr/page/n73 45] ff., 179 ff, ISBN 9780748630639, https://archive.org/details/managingscotland00warr</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r327">"Number of people per square kilometer in the United Kingdom in 2023, by region", Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/281322/population-density-in-the-uk-by-region/</ref><ref name="r328">"Population estimates for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland - Office for National Statistics", www.beta.ons.gov.uk, https://www.beta.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2023</ref> 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿 2012 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰 5,25 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐍃𐍅𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌽𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐍅 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃, 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌵𐌴𐌼𐌿𐌽; 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2011 𐌵𐌴𐌼𐌿𐌽 43.700 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐌰𐍆 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r329">The Courier, "Scotland's population reaches record of high of 5.25&nbsp;million", 3 August 2012, http://www.thecourier.co.uk/news/scotland-s-population-reaches-record-of-high-of-5-25-million-1.57049</ref> 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐌰 2022, 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃,<ref name="r330">"Scotland's Census 2022 - key milestones", https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/about/2022-census/2022-timeline/key-milestones/</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 5.436.600, 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌽𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐍅 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃, 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 5.295.400 (2011)<ref name="r330" /> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 5.062.011 (2001).<ref name="r331">National Records of Scotland, "Scotland's Population at its Highest Ever", 30 April 2015, http://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/news/2015/scotlands-population-at-its-highest-ever</ref> 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 2011 𐌵𐌴𐌸𐌿𐌽 62% 𐍃𐌹𐌺 '𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐍃', 18% '𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃', 8% '𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐍃', 𐌾𐌰𐌷 4% '𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰'.<ref name="r332">[http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/news/census-2011-detailed-characteristics-ethnicity-identity-language-and-religion-scotland-%E2%80%93 Census 2011: Detailed characteristics on Ethnicity, Identity, Language and Religion in Scotland – Release 3A] . Scotland Census 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2014.</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌲 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐌽. 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2021 𐌵𐌴𐌼𐌿𐌽 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 41.000 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐌹𐌽𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 22.100 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌸𐌿𐌽 𐌿𐍄, 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 27.800 𐌾𐌰𐌷 26.200 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2002.<ref name="r333">"statistics.gov.scot", statistics.gov.scot, https://statistics.gov.scot/slice?dataset=http://statistics.gov.scot/data/migration-to-and-from-scotland&http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#measureType=http://statistics.gov.scot/def/measure-properties/count&http://purl.org/linked-data/sdmx/2009/dimension</ref> === 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐍃 === 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃, 𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 584.000 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴; 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅, 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 1,2 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃, 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r334">"Did You Know?—Scotland's Cities", Rampantscotland.com, http://rampantscotland.com/know/blknow_cities.htm</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅, 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲, 𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌴, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍀𐌴𐍂𐍄𐌷, 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃; 𐌰𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌴𐌽 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐍉 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰. 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 80% 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐍉𐍃 3,5 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌽𐍃. 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌶𐌰, 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌱𐌰 𐌰𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌹𐌸𐌰 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰, 𐌽𐌿 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 90. 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌰𐍅𐌾𐌰.<ref name="r335">Clapperton, C.M. (ed) (1983) ''Scotland: A New Study''. London. David & Charles.</ref><ref name="r336">Miller, J. (2004) ''Inverness''. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-84158-296-2</ref> 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌴 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌿𐌽 𐌳𐌿 5 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐌼 𐌹𐌽 1947–1966: 𐌴𐌰𐍃𐍄 𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴, 𐌲𐌻𐌴𐌽𐍂𐍉𐍄𐌷𐌴𐍃, 𐌺𐌿𐌼𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌳, 𐌻𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌲𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍂𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌴.<ref name="r337">"New Towns", Bbc.co.uk, https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/as/sixties/standard/rural/new_towns.shtml</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌱𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃; 𐌱𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳. {| class="wikitable" |+ 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 (𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 2022)<ref>National Records of Scotland, "2022 Census population data for localities in Scotland", Scotlandscensus.gov.uk. http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-analyser/jsf/tableView/crosstabTableView.xhtml</ref> ! 𐍄𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌲𐍉 !! 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 !! 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 !! 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹 |- | 1 || 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅 || 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅 𐌺𐌹𐍄𐍅 || 632.350 |- | 2 || 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌷 || 𐌺𐌹𐍄𐍅 𐍉𐍆 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌷 || 506.520 |- | 3 || 𐌰𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌴𐌽 || 𐌰𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌴𐌽 || 198.590 |- | 4 || 𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌴 || 𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌴 𐌺𐌹𐍄𐍅 || 148.210 |- | 5 || 𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍅 || 𐍂𐌴𐌽𐍆𐍂𐌴𐍅𐍃𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌴 || 77.270 |- | 6 || 𐌴𐌰𐍃𐍄 𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌴 || 𐍃𐍉𐌿𐍄𐌷 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍃𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌴 || 75.310 |- | 7 || 𐌻𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌲𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽 || 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐍄 𐌻𐍉𐍄𐌷𐌹𐌰𐌽 || 56.840 |- | 8 || 𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍆𐌴𐍂𐌼𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌴 || 𐍆𐌹𐍆𐌴 || 54.990 |- | 9 || 𐌷𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌻𐍄𐍉𐌽 || 𐍃𐍉𐌿𐍄𐌷 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍃𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌴 || 54.480 |- | 10 || 𐌺𐌿𐌼𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌳 || 𐌽𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌷 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍃𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌴 || 50.530 |- | 11 || 𐌺𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍅 || 𐍆𐌹𐍆𐌴 || 50.370 |- | 12 || 𐌹𐌽𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌽𐌴𐍃𐍃 || 𐌷𐌹𐌲𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 || 47.790 |- | 13 || 𐍀𐌴𐍂𐍄𐌷 || 𐍀𐌴𐍂𐍄𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌺𐌹𐌽𐍂𐍉𐍃𐍃 || 47.350 |- | 14 || 𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌺 || 𐌴𐌰𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐍅𐍂𐍃𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌴 || 46.970 |- | 15 || 𐌰𐍅𐍂 || 𐍃𐍉𐌿𐍄𐌷 𐌰𐍅𐍂𐍃𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌴 || 46.260 |- | 16 || 𐌺𐍉𐌰𐍄𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌲𐌴 || 𐌽𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌷 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍃𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌴 || 43.950 |- | 17 || 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌺 || 𐌹𐌽𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌺𐌻𐍅𐌳𐌴 || 41.280 |- | 18 || 𐌲𐌻𐌴𐌽𐍂𐍉𐍄𐌷𐌴𐍃 || 𐍆𐌹𐍆𐌴 || 38.360 |- | 19 || 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐍂𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲 || 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐍂𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲 || 37.910 |- | 20 || 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌴 || 𐌽𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌷 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍃𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌴 || 36.390 |} === 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 === [[File:Welcome to Scotland sign on the A1 - geograph.org.uk - 4057371.jpg|thumb|𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰, 𐍃𐍉 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐍉𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹]] 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 4 𐌹𐌽𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃: 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺,<ref name="r338">[https://www.gov.scot/Topics/ArtsCultureSport/arts/Scots/ScotsLanguagePolicy Scots Language Policy] , Gov.scot, Retrieved 2 October 2014</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺,<ref name="r339">[https://www.gov.scot/Topics/ArtsCultureSport/arts/GaelicLanguage/languageplan Gaelic Language Plan, www.gov.scot] . Retrieved 2 October 2014</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r340">Samuel, Harriet, "British Sign Language Week", 4 January 2026, https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cdp-2025-0061/</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰<ref name="r341">Stuart-Smith J. ''Scottish English: Phonology'' in Varieties of English: The British Isles, Kortman & Upton (Eds), Mouton de Gruyter, New York 2008. p. 47</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌲 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰.<ref name="r342">Stuart-Smith J. ''Scottish English: Phonology'' in Varieties of English: The British Isles, Kortman & Upton (Eds), Mouton de Gruyter, New York 2008. p.48</ref><ref name="r343">Macafee C. ''Scots'' in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Vol. 11, Elsevier, Oxford, 2005. p. 33</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰; 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼, 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴. 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐍃 𐌹𐌽𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 19. 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2011 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 63% "𐌽𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍃".<ref name="r344">National Records of Scotland, "2022 Census population data for localities in Scotland", Scotlandscensus.gov.uk, http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-analyser/jsf/tableView/crosstabTableView.xhtml</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌸 1% 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃;<ref name="r345">Kenneth MacKinnon, "A Century on the Census—Gaelic in Twentieth Century Focus", http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/SESLL/STELLA/STARN/lang/GAELIC/focus.htm</ref> 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 250.000 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1881 𐌳𐌿 60.000 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2008.<ref name="r346">"[http://news.scotsman.com/gaelic/Can-TV39s-evolution-ignite-a.4494029.jp Can TV's evolution ignite a Gaelic revolution?] ". ''The Scotsman''. 16 September 2008.</ref> 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2011 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 25.000 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 (0,49%) 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r347">"2011: Gaelic report (part 1)", Scotland's Census, https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/cqoji4qx/report_part_1.pdf</ref> 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌰 𐍅𐍉𐌷𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 21, 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2025.<ref name="r348">"Scottish Languages Bill passed", www.gov.scot, https://www.gov.scot/news/scottish-languages-bill-passed/</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍀𐍉𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 (𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 1,1%, 54.000 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴).<ref name="r349">"Scotland's Census at a glance: Languages", Scotland's Census, https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/census-results/at-a-glance/languages/</ref> 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌰𐍃𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅, 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌴.<ref name="r350">"Scotland speaks Urdu", Urdustan.net, http://www.urdustan.net/2004/11/scotland-speaks-urdu.html</ref> 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2011 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 49.000 𐍀𐌰𐌺𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐍃𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌽𐌹 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰.<ref name="r351">Scottish Government, "Ethnic groups, Scotland, 2001 and 2011", 2013, http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2asbtable2.pdf</ref> 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2004 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌰𐍆 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌹 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹; 61.000 𐍀𐍉𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2011.<ref name="r351" /><ref name="r352">''The Pole Position'' (6 August 2005). Glasgow. ''Sunday Herald'' newspaper.</ref> 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰. 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌴 2000 𐌵𐌴𐌸𐌿𐌽 9,2 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹.<ref name="r353">The [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on US Census 2000] . The [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_DP2&-ds_name=ACS_2004_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-_sse=on] American Community Survey 2004 by the US Census Bureau estimates 5,752,571 people claiming Scottish ancestry and 5,323,888 people claiming Scotch-Irish ancestry. "Explore Census Data", http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on</ref> 𐌿𐌻𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃,<ref name="r354">"The Scotch-Irish", American Heritage Magazine, December 1970, http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1970/1/1970_1_28.shtml</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 27 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌴 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌼.<ref name="r355">Powells.com, "Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America", 12 August 2009, http://www.powells.com/biblio/1-9780767916899-1</ref><ref name="r356">Nitakeacloserlook.gov.uk, "Scots-Irish By Alister McReynolds, writer and lecturer in Ulster-Scots studies", http://www.nitakeacloserlook.gov.uk/index/american-connections/scots-irish.htm</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 4,7 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r357">"2006 Canadian Census", 12.statcan.ca, 2 April 2008, http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000</ref> 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 20% 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌾𐌴 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r358">Linguistic Archaeology: The Scottish Input to New Zealand English Phonology Trudgill et al. Journal of English Linguistics.2003; 31: 103–124</ref> === 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 === [[File:St Marys Cathedral ,Edinburgh - 20240916182847.jpg|thumb|𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉, 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲]] 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 2022 𐌵𐌴𐌸𐌿𐌽 51,12%, 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽. 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹 (38,79%) 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 (20,36%) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍀𐌰𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (13,3%).<ref name="r359">"Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion", Scotland's Census, https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-results/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion/</ref> "𐌽𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃" 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳 𐌹𐌽 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰, 𐌹𐌽𐌿𐌷 𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌹𐌰𐍂 (𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 35,3%) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌽𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌺𐌻𐍅𐌳𐌴 (𐍀𐌰𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺, 33,4%).<ref name="r359" /> 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 1.400 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌴.<ref name="r360">L. Alcock, ''Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850'' (Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland), ISBN 0-903903-24-5, p. 63.</ref><ref name="r361">Lucas Quensel von Kalben, "The British Church and the Emergence of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom", in T. Dickinson and D. Griffiths, eds, ''Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, 10: Papers for the 47th Sachsensymposium, York, September 1996'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), ISBN 086054138X, p. 93.</ref> 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1560 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 (''The Kirk'') 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐍉𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰; 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1689 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍀𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌱𐍅𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹, 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰 𐌰𐍆 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌰.<ref name="r5" /> 𐌻𐌹𐌸𐌾𐌿𐍃 𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻 𐌿𐍆 300.000 (5%) 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2020;<ref name="r362">"Church of Scotland General Assembly 2021 CONGREGATIONAL STATISTICS 2020 Summary Page 75", https://churchofscotland.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/80744/Order-of-Proceedings-2021.pdf</ref><ref name="r363">"Church of Scotland 'struggling to stay alive'", scotsman.com, http://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/top-stories/church-of-scotland-struggling-to-stay-alive-1-3391152</ref><ref name="r364">"Survey indicates 1.5&nbsp;million Scots identify with Church", Churchofscotland.org.uk, http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/news_and_events/news/archive/articles/survey_indicates_1.5_million_scots_identify_with_church</ref> 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌶𐌿𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌿𐌼𐌸. 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍀𐌰𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 (13,3%) 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰.<ref name="r365">Andrew Collier, "Scotland's Confident Catholics", ''The Tablet'' 10 January 2009, 16.</ref><ref name="r359" /> 𐍀𐌰𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌿𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐍉𐌷𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 19. 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹 𐍀𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌱𐍅𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌴 𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍃; 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌰𐌹𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐌹𐍃𐍄 3 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰.<ref name="r366">"Scottish Episcopal Church could be first in UK to conduct same-sex weddings", Scottish Legal News, 20 May 2016, http://www.scottishlegal.com/2016/05/20/scottish-episcopal-church-could-be-first-in-uk-to-conduct-same-sex-weddings</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌼 (2,2%), 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌿 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (0,55%), 𐍃𐌹𐌺𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌱𐌿𐌳𐌳𐌷𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃;<ref name="r359" /><ref name="r367">National Records of Scotland, "Scotland's Census 2011", http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS209SCb.pdf</ref><ref name="r368">General Register Office for Scotland, "Analysis of Religion in the 2001 Census", http://www.gro-gov.scot/press/news2005/analysis-of-religion-in-the-2001-census.html</ref> 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2022 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 10.988 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌴 𐍃𐌹𐌺𐌷, 15.501 𐌱𐌿𐌳𐌳𐌷𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 5.847 𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r369">"Further information on the Jewish and Sikh populations", Scotland's Census, https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/census-blog/further-information-on-the-jewish-and-sikh-populations/</ref> 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌲𐌿𐍂𐌿 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌷 𐍃𐌰𐌷𐌹𐌱 𐍃𐌹𐌺𐌷 𐍃𐌰𐌱𐌷𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍀𐍉𐌻𐌻𐍉𐌺𐍃𐌷𐌹𐌴𐌻𐌳𐍃, 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅 (2013) 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌹𐌺𐌷 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐌳𐌿 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌹𐌳𐍃.<ref name="r370">"How do you prepare a Sikh temple?", BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-scotland-22314647</ref> 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐍅𐌴 𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 𐌴𐍃𐌺𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌼𐌿𐌹𐍂 (40 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌴 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2007) 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌱𐌿𐌳𐌳𐌷𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r371">"In the Scottish Lowlands, Europe's first Buddhist monastery turns 40", Buddhistchannel.tv, http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=3,4102,0,0,1,0</ref> 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌴𐍄𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌻 𐍃𐍅𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍉𐌲𐌴 (1879), 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐍉 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐌷𐌿𐌶𐌳𐌰; 𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌶𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 17, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌿𐌼𐌸𐌹𐌼 𐌹𐌽 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 19.<ref name="r372">"Scottish Jewish Heritage Centre", https://sjhc.org.uk/</ref><ref name="r373">"Exploring Jewish History in Glasgow: Glasgow City Heritage Trust", Glasgow Heritage, https://www.glasgowheritage.org.uk/exploring-jewish-history-in-glasgow/</ref> === 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 === [[File:+ 908 wurde St Andrews bereits Bischohfssitz. 13 (cropped).jpg|thumb|𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1413, 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌰𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿]] 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r374">Scottish Government, "A Guide to Education and Training in Scotland – "the broad education long regarded as characteristic of Scotland"", 17 March 2003, http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2003/03/16743/19914</ref> 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 1496 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌸, 𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌿𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌳𐌿 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 "𐍀𐌴𐍂𐍆𐍅𐌺𐍄 𐌻𐌰𐍄𐍅𐌽𐌴", 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍅𐌰 𐍅𐍉𐌷𐍃 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌼.<ref name="r375">P. J. Bawcutt and J. H. Williams, ''A Companion to Medieval Scottish Poetry'' (Woodbridge: Brewer, 2006), ISBN 1-84384-096-0, pp.&nbsp;29–30.</ref> ''Frumista Bōka Þiudisajis'' (1560) 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃, 𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍉𐌽;<ref name="r376">R. A. Houston, ''Scottish Literacy and the Scottish Identity: Illiteracy and Society in Scotland and Northern England, 1600–1800'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), ISBN 0-521-89088-8, p. 5.</ref> 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1616 𐌱𐌰𐌳 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r377">"School education prior to 1873", Scottish Archive Network, 2010, http://www.scan.org.uk/knowledgebase/topics/education_box1.htm</ref> 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂 17 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌴, 𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌽𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃.<ref name="r378">R. Anderson, "The history of Scottish Education pre-1980", in T. G. K. Bryce and W. M. Humes, eds, ''Scottish Education: Post-Devolution'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 2003), ISBN 0-7486-1625-X, pp.&nbsp;219–228.</ref> 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 (𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳) 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 1872.<ref name="r379">"Schools and schooling" in M. Lynch (ed.), ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'', (Oxford, 2001), pp. 561–563.</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌸, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍉𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (𐌲𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐍉𐍄𐌰𐌹) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽 (𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃).<ref name="r380">"Education Scotland &#124; Education Scotland", education.gov.scot, https://education.gov.scot/</ref> ''Curriculum for Excellence'' 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 3 𐌿𐌽𐌳 18.<ref name="r381">Scottish Government, "Curriculum for Excellence – Aims, Purposes and Principles", http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/curriculumforexcellence/index.asp</ref> 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰 3 𐌾𐌰𐌷 4 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸 𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰. 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌸 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 5 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌹𐌸 7 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 (P1–P7); 𐍃𐌹𐍀𐍉𐌽𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 14–18 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼. 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂 𐌹𐍃𐍄 16. 𐍆𐌰𐍅𐌰 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 GCSE 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍅𐌴𐌻 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r382">"The Scottish Exam System", http://www.scis.org.uk/genInfo/genInfo_scott_exam.html</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 15 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰, 𐍃𐌿𐌼 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌽𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿.<ref name="r383">Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, "Welcome to the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland", http://www.carnegie-trust.org/what_we_do.htm</ref><ref name="r384">Scottish Agricultural College, "Understanding Scottish Qualifications", http://www.sac.ac.uk/learning/prospective/international/ireland/IrelandScotsqual</ref> 4 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 1600, 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌰𐍃, 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅, 𐌰𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌴𐌽, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲; 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽 200 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿 𐌱𐌹 THE, 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲 𐌹𐌽 50 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼.<ref name="r385">"World University Rankings", Times Higher Education (THE), 20 August 2019, https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/world-ranking</ref> 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2012 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 𐌱𐌹 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 100 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌱𐌹 QS 𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌷𐌿𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r386">Newsnet Scotland, "Scotland tops global university rankings", 11 September 2012, http://www.newsnetscotland.com/index.php/scottish-news/5813-scotland-tops-global-university-rankings</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌿 0,1% 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌸 1% 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃; 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 9% 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r387">Scottish Government, "A Framework for Higher Education in Scotland: Higher Education Review Phase 2", 20 March 2003, http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2003/03/16786/20354</ref><ref name="r388">Universities Scotland, "What is higher education?", http://www.universities-scotland.ac.uk/Facts%20and%20Figures/HigherEducation.pdf</ref> 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌿𐌽 𐍄𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌲𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽. === 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 === [[File:View along the access road towards the new Southern General Hospital (geograph 4542089).jpg|thumb|NHS 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌴𐌺𐌹𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽, 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅; 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌻𐌴𐌺𐌹𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌹.]] 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌰𐍂𐍉𐌸𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 NHS 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃 (𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳) 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 1947 (𐌸𐌰𐌸𐍂𐍉𐌷 𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 1978) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 5 𐌹𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌰𐌿𐍃 1948 𐌼𐌹𐌸 NHS 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰. 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 1948 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 𐌻𐌴𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍆 𐌾𐌿 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌰𐍂𐍉𐌸 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌹 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r389">[http://www.60yearsofnhsscotland.co.uk/history/birth-of-nhs-scotland/highlands-and-islands-medical-service.html Highlands and Islands Medical Service (HIMS)] www.60yearsofnhsscotland.co.uk. Retrieved 28 July 2008.</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍂𐌰𐌸 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿. NHS 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 140.000 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2014.<ref name="r390">"About the NHS in Scotland", http://www.show.scot.nhs.uk/introduction.aspx</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌿𐍆 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌱𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹 2,1 (1,73 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2011).<ref name="r391">Gro-gov.scot, "Scotland's Population 2011: The Registrar General's Annual Review of Demographic Trends 157th Edition", http://www.gro-gov.scot/files2/stats/annual-review-2011/j21285204.htm</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌼 (51,3% 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2012).<ref name="r392">General Register Office for Scotland, "Table Q1: Births, stillbirths, deaths, marriages and civil partnerships, numbers and rates, Scotland, quarterly, 2002 to 2012", http://www.gro-gov.scot/files2/stats/births-marriages-deaths-quarterly/ve-2012-q4-tableq1.pdf</ref> 𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐌽 2012–2014 𐍅𐌰𐍃 77,1 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌴 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 81,1 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌼, 𐍃𐍉 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂𐌴 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r393">National Records of Scotland, "Life Expectancy for Areas within Scotland 2012–2014", 13 October 2015, p. 5, https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/life-expectancy-areas-in-scotland/12-14/life-exp-in-scotland-2012-to-2014.pdf</ref> 𐌻𐌴𐌺𐌹𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌱𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐍉𐌷𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 2.528 (2002) 𐌳𐌿 2.669 (2012); 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐌳𐍂𐍉 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 727 𐌳𐌿 489.<ref name="r394">[https://statistics.gov.scot/slice?dataset=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fdata%2Fhospital-admissions&http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Flinked-data%2Fcube%23measureType=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fdef%2Fmeasure-properties%2Fratio&http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fdef%2Fdimension%2FadmissionType=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fdef%2Fconcept%2Fadmission-type%2Fcancer&http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fdef%2Fdimension%2Fage=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fdef%2Fconcept%2Fage%2Fall&http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fdef%2Fdimension%2Fgender=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistics.gov.scot%2Fdef%2Fconcept%2Fgender%2Fall Hospital Admissions: a data cube spreadsheet] , Scottish Government</ref> == 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌽𐍃 == === 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 === [[File:New Lanark (45324811821).jpg|thumb|𐌽𐌴𐍅 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌺, 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 UNESCO 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰]] 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 7 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌽𐍃: 𐍃𐍄 𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌰, 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍉 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐍉 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃, 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍉𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌴𐍅, 𐌽𐌴𐍅 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍂𐌺, 𐌰𐌽𐍄𐍉𐌽𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌿𐍃, 𐍆𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌷 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐍅 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳.<ref name="r395">"World Heritage Sites in Scotland", www.historicenvironment.scot, https://www.historicenvironment.scot/advice-and-support/listing-scheduling-and-designations/world-heritage-sites/world-heritage-sites-in-scotland/</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐌸𐌰 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌷𐌴𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐍃𐍄 UNESCO 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃.<ref name="r396">"The iron age sites seeking world heritage status", BBC News, 10 April 2023, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-65231943</ref> 𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍂𐌹𐌺 𐌴𐌽𐍅𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌽𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍄 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌼; 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐍉 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌼.<ref name="r397">Historic Environment Scotland, "What is A World Heritage Site?", https://www.historicenvironment.scot/advice-and-support/listing-scheduling-and-designations/world-heritage-sites/what-is-a-world-heritage-site/</ref> === 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃 === 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉. 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍄𐌹𐌺 𐌺𐍉𐌽𐌽𐌴𐌺𐍄𐌹𐍉𐌽𐍃 (𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌴𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌸 (𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍂𐌽𐍉𐍅𐌰𐍅). 𐍆𐌴𐍃𐍄𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌻 𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐍂𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍄𐌹𐌵𐌿𐌴 𐌳𐌴 𐌻𐍉𐍂𐌹𐌴𐌽𐍄 (𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌰), 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌸𐍃 (𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳), 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌸𐍃 (𐍀𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌰𐍂𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲𐍄𐍉𐌽, 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰) 𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰, 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍀𐌻𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽.<ref name="r398">Celtic Connections, "Celtic connections:Scotland's premier winter music festival", Celtic connections website, 2010, http://www.celticconnections.com</ref><ref name="r399">Festival Interceltique de Lorient, "Site Officiel du Festival Interceltique de Lorient", Festival Interceltique de Lorient website, 2009, http://www.festival-interceltique.com/le-monde-des-celtes-et-de-la-celtie.php</ref><ref name="r400">Fáilte Ireland, "Welcome to the Pan Celtic 2010 Home Page", Pan Celtic Festival 2010 website, 2010, http://www.panceltic.ie</ref><ref name="r401">National Celtic Festival, "About the Festival", National Celtic Festival website, 2009, http://www.nationalcelticfestival.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=26</ref> === 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃 === [[File:PG 1063Burns Naysmith.jpg|thumb|𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌴𐍂𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄 𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃, 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 "𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌳 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌲 𐍃𐍅𐌽𐌴" 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰]] 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐍆 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃 6, 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐌼.<ref name="r402">R. T. Lambdin and L. C. Lambdin, ''Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature'' (London: Greenwood, 2000), ISBN 0-313-30054-2, p. 508.</ref> 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌴 𐌵𐌴𐌼𐌿𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌸𐍂𐍉𐌷 𐌹𐌽 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹,<ref name="r403">I. Brown, T. Owen Clancy, M. Pittock, S. Manning, eds, ''The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), ISBN 0-7486-1615-2, p. 94.</ref> 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹,<ref name="r404">J. T. Koch, ''Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia'' (ABC-CLIO, 2006), ISBN 1-85109-440-7, p. 999.</ref> 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹<ref name="r405">E. M. Treharne, ''Old and Middle English c.890-c.1400: an Anthology'' (Wiley-Blackwell, 2004), ISBN 1-4051-1313-8, p. 108.</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r406">M. Fry, ''Edinburgh'' (London: Pan Macmillan, 2011), ISBN 0-330-53997-3.</ref> 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌹𐍉𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌱𐍉𐌿𐍂 ''Brus'' 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃 14, 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸 𐌱𐌹 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄 1,<ref name="r407">N. Jayapalan, ''History of English Literature'' (Atlantic, 2001), ISBN 81-269-0041-5, p. 23.</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌵𐌴𐌼𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰𐌹.<ref name="r408">J. Wormald, ''Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), ISBN 0-7486-0276-3, pp. 60–67.</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌰 𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 16,<ref name="r409">I. Brown, T. Owen Clancy, M. Pittock, S. Manning, eds, ''The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), ISBN 0-7486-1615-2, pp. 256–257.</ref> 𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌹𐍃 6 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌽𐌰𐌼 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r410">R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed., ''The History of Scottish Literature'' (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, ISBN 0-08-037728-9, pp. 137–138.</ref> 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 18 𐌹𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌺𐍀𐌷𐌴𐍂𐍃𐍉𐌽 𐍉𐍃𐍃𐌹𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽,<ref name="r411">J. Buchan, "Crowded with Genius", 2003, p. [https://archive.org/details/crowdedwithgeniu00buch/page/163 163], ISBN 978-0-06-055888-8, https://archive.org/details/crowdedwithgeniu00buch/page/163</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄 𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍃, 𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃,<ref name="r412">L. McIlvanney, "Hugh Blair, Robert Burns, and the Invention of Scottish Literature", Eighteenth-Century Life, Spring 2005, pp. 25–46</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍄𐌴𐍂 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐍄, 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐌶𐌴𐌹 𐍅𐌰𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌻𐌴𐍅 𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍀𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 19.<ref name="r413">N. Davidson, "The Origins of Scottish Nationhood", 2000, p. [https://archive.org/details/originsscottishn00davi/page/n141 136], ISBN 978-0-7453-1608-6, https://archive.org/details/originsscottishn00davi</ref> 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐌺𐍄𐍉𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹, 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄 𐌻𐍉𐌿𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍅𐌴𐌽𐍃𐍉𐌽, 𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌷𐌿𐍂 𐌺𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌽 𐌳𐍉𐍅𐌻𐌴, 𐌾. 𐌼. 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌹𐌴, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌴𐍉𐍂𐌲𐌴 𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌳, 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌿𐌽 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿.<ref name="r76" /> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 20 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r414">"The Scottish 'Renaissance' and beyond", Visiting Arts: Scotland: Cultural Profile, http://www.culturalprofiles.net/scotland/Directories/Scotland_Cultural_Profile/-5403.html</ref> 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌴𐌳𐍅𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐍉𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌽, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌰𐍂 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2004.<ref name="r415">Scottish Government, "The Scots Makar", 16 February 2004, http://www.gov.scot/News/Releases/2004/02/5075</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰𐌷𐌿𐌶𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐍉𐍂𐌻𐌴𐍅 𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌻𐌴𐌰𐌽 "𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌴 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃";<ref name="r416">Scottish Poetry Library, "Sorley MacLean", http://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poetry/poets/sorley-maclean</ref> 𐍃𐌴𐌰𐌼𐌿𐍃 𐌷𐌴𐌰𐌽𐌴𐍅 𐌵𐌰𐌸, 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r417">Edinburgh Live, "Edinburgh streets could be given Gaelic names under plans to celebrate language", 18 March 2022, https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/edinburgh-streets-could-given-gaelic-23437071</ref> 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐍉 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌺𐍅𐌹𐍅𐌴𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌼 1980–1989 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌹𐍂𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌴 𐍅𐌴𐌻𐍃𐌷.<ref name="r414" /> 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐍉𐌻 𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐌳𐌿𐍆𐍆𐍅 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌸 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌾𐌹𐍃 2009.<ref name="r418">"Duffy reacts to new Laureate post", BBC News, 1 May 2009, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8029388.stm</ref> 𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌰𐍂, 𐍃𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃, 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌹𐌸, 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰, 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰𐌼, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌹𐌸 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌴𐌷 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌾𐌰.<ref name="r419">"The story of the Makar - National Poet of Scotland", Scottish Poetry Library, https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/the-story-of-the-makar-national-poet-of-scotland/</ref> 𐌽𐌿 𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌰𐍂, 𐍀𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌲 𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌰𐍉𐌹𐌳𐌷, 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰.<ref name="r420">"Lewis-born Gaelic poet Peter Mackay appointed Scotland's Makar", BBC News, 3 December 2024, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn0x31w69d1o</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 ''Daily Record'', ''The Herald'', ''The Scotsman'', 𐌾𐌰𐌷 ''The National''; 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 ''Evening News'' (𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲), ''The Courier'' (𐌳𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌴), 𐌾𐌰𐌷 ''The Press and Journal'' (𐌰𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌴𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃).<ref name="r421">IFLA University of Stirling, "Newspapers and National Identity in Scotland", http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla68/papers/051-127e.pdf</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐍄 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌴 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1980.<ref name="r422">Celtic Media Festival, "About Us::Celtic Media Festival", Celtic Media Festival website, 2014, http://www.celticmediafestival.co.uk/about</ref> BBC 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌴 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 BBC 𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, BBC 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺 BBC 𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌴 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌽𐍃 ''BBC Radio Scotland'' 𐌾𐌰𐌷 ''BBC Radio nan Gàidheal''. 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 STV, 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 2 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 3 ITV 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌴 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌸.<ref name="r423">"ITV Media – STV", www.itvmedia.co.uk, https://www.itvmedia.co.uk/itv-regions/stv</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍂𐌴𐌴𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍉𐌸 𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌴 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅.<ref name="r424">Scotland, Screen, "About Us", Screen Scotland, 12 January 2021, https://www.screen.scot/about</ref> === 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 === [[File:Edinburgh Scottish bagpiper (49552292312).jpg|thumb|𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌻𐍉 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰, 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌾𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌹𐍃]] 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 𐌱𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍉𐍃. 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌻𐍉 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 3 𐌳𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌻𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐌻𐌹𐌾𐍉𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌻𐍉𐌽 (''chanter''), 𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿 𐌰𐍆 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌲𐌰. 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍉𐍃, 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌻𐍉𐌼, 𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌱𐍉𐌼, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌾𐍉𐌼, 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌱𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿 𐌰𐍄 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌹𐌼, 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌼, 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌼, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌸𐍆𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌼; 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰. 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌻𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌲𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌻𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌻𐍉𐌽𐍃. 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌻𐌴𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹, 𐌰𐌼𐍅 𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌳, KT 𐍄𐌿𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌻, 𐌽𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌽𐌴𐍃𐌱𐌹𐍄𐍄, 𐌺𐌷𐍅𐍂𐌺𐌷𐌴𐍃, 𐌲𐌴𐍂𐍂𐍅 𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉𐌽, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍀𐌰𐍉𐌻𐍉 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌹. DJ 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍀𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍆𐍅 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2023;<ref name="r425">Bracknell News, "Spotify Wrapped 2023 top song predictions ahead of release", www.bracknellnews.co.uk, 25 October 2023, https://www.bracknellnews.co.uk/news/national/uk-today/23875288.spotify-wrapped-2023-top-song-predictions-ahead-release/</ref><ref name="r426">Lydia, "Top 25 Most Popular Scottish Singers", discoverwalks.com, 4 February 2023, https://www.discoverwalks.com/blog/united-kingdom/top-25-most-popular-scottish-singers/#:~:text=1.,help%20of%20his%20eldest%20brother.</ref> 𐍃𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 𐌱𐍉𐍅𐌻𐌴 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2009.<ref name="r427">Kisiel, Ryan, "Tragedies, feuds and public tantrums: Is the dream finally over for Susan Boyle?", news.com.au, 2 May 2016, https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/tragedies-feuds-and-public-tantrums-is-the-dream-finally-over-for-susan-boyle/news-story/bdfa00d9c14b9ccf1ec22d59ebdc80fa</ref> 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍂𐌹𐌲 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌺𐌴𐌻𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹; 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 𐌹𐌶𐌴 "𐌰𐌽 𐌿𐌱𐌷𐌰𐌻 𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌴" (1995) 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌴𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 𐌹𐌽 20 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r428">"RUNRIG – The Story (Ridge RR078)", Folking.com, 22 January 2016, https://folking.com/runrig-the-story-ridge-rr078/</ref> 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌰, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 BBC 𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌹𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌿𐌲𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽. === 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃 === [[File:Haggis neeps and tatties.jpg|thumb|𐌷𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌹𐍃, 𐌽𐌴𐍀𐍉𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌴𐍀𐌻𐌰]] 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌹; 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐍄. 𐌰𐌻𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍅𐌹𐌸𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌰, 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌰, 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼, 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌼, 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌰𐌱𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌼, 𐌸𐍉𐌴𐌹 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 𐍃𐌴𐌻𐌳𐍉 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰𐌼.<ref name="r429">National Trust for Scotland, "Edinburgh's Pantry: Tatties, neeps, oranges and lemons", www.nts.org.uk, https://www.nts.org.uk/stories/edinburghs-pantry-tatties-neeps-oranges-and-lemons</ref> 𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌱𐍂𐌿, 𐍃𐌰 𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐍃𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺, 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳 "𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺" 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰.<ref name="r430">Brooks, Libby, "Scotland's other national drink", The Guardian, 30 May 2007, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/may/30/scotlandsothernationaldrink</ref> 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌾𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍅𐌹𐌸𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰,<ref name="r431">Gail Kilgore, "The Auld Alliance and its Influence on Scottish Cuisine", http://www.historichighlanders.com/auldfood.htm</ref> 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐍆 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌽, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌴 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐌶𐌴𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍅𐌹𐌸𐌰 𐌹𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌰 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽.<ref name="r432">"Traditional Scottish Food – Brief History of Food in Scotland", Taste of Scotland, https://www.taste-of-scotland.com/traditional-scottish-food-scotlands-cuisine</ref> === 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃 === [[File:Scotland Starting XI Scotland v Bolivia 6 June 2026-15.jpg|thumb|𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌸 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐌱𐍉𐌻𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌰, 𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍃 2026]] 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍉𐍃 𐌰𐍄 FIFA 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌺𐌰, UEFA 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌹, UEFA 𐌹𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽, 𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌱𐍅 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌺𐌰, 𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌱𐍅 𐌻𐌴𐌰𐌲𐌿𐌴 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌺𐌰, 𐌺𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌴𐍄 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌺𐌰, 𐌽𐌴𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌻 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌺𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌼. 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 (𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿)<ref name="r433">''Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora'' by James Mills, Paul Dimeo: Page 18 – Oldest Football Association is England's FA, then Scotland and third oldest is the Indian FA.</ref> 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌱𐍅 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃. 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1424.<ref name="r434">Gerhardt, W., "The colourful history of a fascinating game. More than 2000 Years of Football", https://www.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,1283,1,00.html</ref> 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍃, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳, 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 30 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌴 1872 (0–0).<ref name="r435">"First ever international football match recreated in Glasgow", UEFA, 1 December 2022, https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/027c-16b892bcfd7e-1d75251aa5cc-1000--first-ever-international-football-match-recreated-in-glasgow/</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌺, 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1873, 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r436">"Scottish Cup History | Scottish Cup | Scottish FA", scottishfa.co.uk, https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish-cup/archive/scottish-cup-history/</ref> SFA, 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌹𐍃 (IFAB), 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌹𐌸, 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 4 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌻𐌹𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌴; FIFA 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃 4.<ref name="r437">"IFAB Meetings 1914-2008", FIFA, http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/organisation/ip-100_04e_ifab_9481.pdf</ref><ref name="r438">Moore, Kevin, "What you think you know about football is wrong", 2019, ISBN 9781472955678</ref> SFA 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰. [[File:Old 18th tee lr.jpg|thumb|𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐍉 𐌰𐍄 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌰𐍃, 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌲𐍉𐌻𐍆𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐍉 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿]] 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌲𐍉𐌻𐍆 𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 15, "𐌲𐍉𐌻𐍆𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍉𐌸𐌻𐌹".<ref name="r439">PGA Tour official website, "Scotland is the home of golf", http://www.pgatour.com/2008/tourlife/travel/04/08/trans_atlantic/index.html</ref><ref name="r440">Scottish Government, "The Home of Golf", 6 March 2007, http://www.gov.scot/News/Releases/2007/03/06090032</ref><ref name="r441">Keay (1994) ''op cit'' page 839. "In 1834 the Royal and Ancient Golf Club declared St. Andrews 'the Alma Mater of golf'".</ref> 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐍉 𐌰𐍄 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌰𐍃, 𐍆𐌹𐍆𐌴, 𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌼𐌰𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐍉 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌿 1552,<ref name="r442">Scottish Golf History, "1574 St Andrews – The Student Golfer", http://www.scottishgolfhistory.org/oldest-golf-sites/1574-st-andrews</ref> 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐍉𐌻𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍃 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃.<ref name="r443">Cochrane, Alistair (ed) ''Science and Golf IV: proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf''. Page 849. Routledge.</ref> 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1764 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 22 𐌳𐌿 18 𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌾𐍉𐌼, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍅𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌸 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃 𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐍉.<ref name="r444">Forrest L. Richardson (2002). "Routing the Golf Course: The Art & Science That Forms the Golf Journey". p. 46. John Wiley & Sons</ref> 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍉, 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍉 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰, 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 17 𐍉𐌺𐍄𐍉𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍃 1860 𐌰𐍄 𐍀𐍂𐌴𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌹𐌺, 𐌰𐍅𐍂𐍃𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌴; 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r445">[http://www.pgatour.com/2007/travel/07/16/trans_071607/index.html The Open Championship – More Scottish than British] PGA Tour. Retrieved 23 September 2011</ref> 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹 𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐍉𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌽𐍉𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌴, 𐌲𐌻𐌴𐌽𐌴𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌴𐍃, 𐌼𐌿𐌹𐍂𐍆𐌹𐌴𐌻𐌳, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍂𐍉𐍅𐌰𐌻 𐍄𐍂𐍉𐍉𐌽. 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌱𐍅 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿. 𐌼𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌰𐍅𐍆𐌹𐌴𐌻𐌳 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃. 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐍄 𐍂𐌰𐌴𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌽 𐍀𐌻𐌰𐌺𐌴 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1871. 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐌼 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1883, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌽 14 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌼 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐌼 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1999) 𐌾𐌰𐌷 8 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌼 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌼. 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌼 9 𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌱𐍅 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌼 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1987, 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2023. 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌱𐌹 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺𐌿𐍄𐍄𐌰 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌺 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌴𐌷 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐌼; 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2026.<ref name="r446">Calvert, Lee, "Scotland 30-21 England: Six Nations 2024 – as it happened", the Guardian, 24 February 2024, https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2024/feb/24/scotland-v-england-six-nations-2024-live</ref> [[File:Murrayfield Autumn 2017.jpg|thumb|𐌼𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌰𐍅𐍆𐌹𐌴𐌻𐌳 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃, 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌱𐍅 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍉𐍃]] 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃, ''curling'', 𐌾𐌰𐌷 ''shinty''. 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 13 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌿𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽, 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌺𐌴𐌽 𐌱𐌿𐌺𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽, 𐌱𐌴𐌽𐌽𐍅 𐌻𐍅𐌽𐌺𐌷, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌾𐌹𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍄. 𐍆𐍉𐍂𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌰 𐍉𐌽𐌴 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌳 𐌺𐍉𐌿𐌻𐍄𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳, 𐌾𐌹𐌼 𐌺𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌺, 𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻 𐌳𐌹 𐍂𐌴𐍃𐍄𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌾𐌰𐌺𐌹𐌴 𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄;<ref name="r447">"10 Scottish motor racing great", heraldscotland.com, 30 January 2015, https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/other_sports/13199539.10-scottish-motor-racing-great</ref> 𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍉 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌺𐌷𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌽 4 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌺𐌰𐍂 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍉𐍃.<ref name="r448">Oreovicz, John, "Dario Franchitti seals his place as the greatest Indy car driver of the modern era", ESPN.com, 4 October 2010, https://www.espn.com/racing/racing/indycar/columns/story?columnist=oreovicz_john&id=5649822</ref> 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐍄 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌴𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌼 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1930 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌽 508 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌴 (134 𐌲𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹, 146 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹, 228 𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹).<ref name="r449">Scotland, Team, "Medal History", Team Scotland, https://www.teamscotland.scot/games/medal-history/</ref> 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌽𐍃 4 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌼: 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲 𐌹𐌽 1970 𐌾𐌰𐌷 1986, 𐌲𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌲𐍉𐍅 𐌹𐌽 2014 𐌾𐌰𐌷 2026<ref name="r450">"Overview and History", Cgcs.org.uk, http://www.cgcs.org.uk/past-games/overview-and-history</ref> (𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌴𐍀𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌴 2024).<ref name="r451">"Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games - What do we know so far?", BBC News, 18 September 2024, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/czj978gnmgpo</ref> 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2000.<ref name="r452">"Edinburgh 2000 Commonwealth Youth Games", Commonwealth Sport, https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-youth-games/edinburgh-2000</ref> === 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌽𐍃 === [[File:Royal Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland.svg|thumb|𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃]] 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌰𐍃, 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐍅𐍄𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌲𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌹𐍅𐌾𐌹𐍃 𐍇, 𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐌿𐍆 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌷𐌴𐌻𐌼 1.<ref name="r453">The National Archives of Scotland, "Feature: Saint Andrew seals Scotland's independence", 28 November 2007, http://www.nas.gov.uk/about/051124.asp</ref> 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍇𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌿𐍃 3 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌰𐌿 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1286 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰.<ref name="r453" /> 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍄𐌹𐍂𐌴 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌶𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 14: 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1385 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌼 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌲𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌾𐍉𐌼 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽.<ref name="r454">Dickinson, Donaldson, Milne (eds.), A Source Book Of Scottish History, Nelson and Sons Ltd, Edinburgh 1952, p. 205</ref> 𐌱𐌻𐌴𐍅𐌰 𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 15.<ref name="r455">G. Bartram, [http://www.flaginstitute.org/images/page10_large.gif www.flaginstitute.org ''British Flags & Emblems''] (Edinburgh: Tuckwell Press, 2004), ISBN 1-86232-297-X, p. 10.</ref> 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 1606 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍄𐌹𐍂𐌴 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍃. 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐍉𐍃 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃, 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃 (𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰 ''𐍄𐌷𐌴 𐍄𐌷𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌻𐌴 𐍉' 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳''); Gawitōþ at Arbroath dagis 6 Apreilis 1320; ''𐍄𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌰𐌽'' fēhō, ufta gabundana miþ kunja; jah þiudanleiks bandwa miþ Urrinnandin Liwan.<ref name="r456">"National identity" in M. Lynch (ed.), ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'', (Oxford, 2001), pp. 437–444.</ref><ref name="r457">Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) ''Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland''. London. HarperCollins. Page 936.</ref><ref name="r458">"Symbols of Scotland—Index", Rampantscotland.com, http://www.rampantscotland.com/symbols/blsymbols_index.htm</ref> Wastjōs Witōþ 1746 faúrbauþ ''𐍄𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌰𐌽''; 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 1782 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌹𐌰𐌺𐍉𐌱𐌹𐍃 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌼, 𐌸𐌹𐍃 3 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐍉𐌽𐍄𐍂𐍉𐍃𐌴.<ref name="r459">Bain, Robert, "Clans & Tartans of Scotland (revised)", 1959, p. 108</ref> 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍉𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃 (𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍀𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌿𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌰) 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍀𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃, 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃. 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍉𐍃 𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌿𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍀 𐌰𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍉𐌽𐌰𐌹; 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍀𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌴𐌸𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐍄 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌴𐌷 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌹𐍃.<ref name="r460">"Scottish Parliament opening: Crown returns to seat of parliament", BBC News, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/06/99/scottish_parliament_opening/378157.stm</ref> 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌳𐌹𐌶𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 15 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 16 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐌷𐌿𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌰𐌷𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼.<ref name="r461">"The Honours of Scotland", www.royal.uk, https://www.royal.uk/honours-scotland</ref> [[File:The Queen at the Scottish Parliament - crop.jpg|thumb|𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍀𐍃 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐍃]] 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌽𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅,<ref name="r462">"Action call over national anthem", BBC News, 21 March 2006, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4828454.stm</ref> 𐌹𐌸 ''Flower of Scotland'' 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐍄 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐍄 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌱𐍅 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌼, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 2010 𐌰𐍄 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌼, 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌿𐌽.<ref name="r463">BBC, "Games team picks new Scots anthem", 9 January 2010, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/8449939.stm</ref> 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 ''Scotland the Brave'', ''Highland Cathedral'', ''Scots Wha Hae'', 𐌾𐌰𐌷 ''𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌽'𐍃 𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌽 𐍆𐍉𐍂 𐌰' 𐍄𐌷𐌰𐍄''.<ref name="r464">"Background Info", www.parliament.scot, 11 May 2014, http://www.parliament.scot/gettinginvolved/petitions/PE01500-PE01599/PE01541_BackgroundInfo.aspx</ref> 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌰𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃, 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 30 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌴, 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃, 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌷 𐌱𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍃𐌹𐍃 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰, 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼. 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌰𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌹𐍃 (𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳) 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 2007, 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 2006, 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰 𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌸𐍃.<ref name="r465">[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/en2007/2007en02.htm "Explanatory Notes to St. Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007"] Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 22 September 2007.</ref> 𐍄𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌰 𐍆𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰 𐌰𐍆 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r466">"Tartan Day in Canada | Scotland.org", Scotland, https://www.scotland.org/events/scotland-week/tartan-day-in-canada</ref> 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐌶 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍃, 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌾𐌴𐍂𐌰 12.<ref name="r467">"Scottish fact of the week: Scotland's official animal, the Unicorn", Scotsman.com, http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/heritage/scottish-fact-of-the-week-scotland-s-official-animal-the-unicorn-1-2564399</ref> 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌻𐍅𐍉𐌽 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌹𐌸 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌸 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐍉 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌹𐍅𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰.<ref name="r468">"About us", The Court of the Lord Lyon, https://www.courtofthelordlyon.scot/about%20us.htm</ref> == 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 == {{Reflist}} [[𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰:𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰]] 6zp96tjl0e0ks74rihvmb6jmgxqaghh