Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1337 97347 87395 2026-04-28T10:51:10Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Botswana''' (English: ''Land of the Tswana''; /bɒtˈswɑːnə/ (listen), also <small>UK:</small> /bʊt-, bʊˈtʃw-/)<ref>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/botswana "Botswana"]. ''Collins English Dictionary''. HarperCollins. Retrieved 26 July 2019.</ref>, officially de '''Republic of Botswana''' (Setswana: ''Lefatshe la Botswana'', [lɪˈfatsʰɪ la bʊˈtswana]), be landlocked country for Southern Africa. Botswana be topographically flat, plus approximately 70 percent of ein territory being de Kalahari Desert. Edey border [[South Africa]] to de south den southeast, [[Namibia]] to de west den north, den [[Zimbabwe]] to de northeast. E be connected by de Kazungula Bridge<ref>Darwa, P. Opoku (2011). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20121114113821/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Multinational%20(Zambia-Bostwana)%20-%20AR%20-%20Kazungula%20Bridge%20Project.pdf Kazungula Bridge Project]'' (PDF). African Development Fund. p.&nbsp;Appendix IV. Archived from [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Multinational%20(Zambia-Bostwana)%20-%20AR%20-%20Kazungula%20Bridge%20Project.pdf the original] (PDF) on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2012.</ref> to Zambia, across de world ein shortest border between two countries. Country of slightly ova 2.3 million people,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230821123757/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=BW "Population, total - Botswana | Data"]. ''data.worldbank.org''. Retrieved 7 June 2021.</ref> Botswana be one of de most sparsely populated countries for de world insyd. Ebe essentially de nation state of de Tswana, wey dey make up 79% of de population.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202201/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana#people-and-society "Botswana"], ''The World Factbook'', Central Intelligence Agency, 28 March 2023, retrieved 5 April 2023</ref> About 11.6 per cent of de population dey live for de capital den largest city, [[Gaborone]] insyd. Formerly one of de world ein poorest countries—plus GDP per capita of about US$70 per year for de late 1960s insyd— e since transform ein body go upper-middle-income country, plus one of de world ein fastest-growing economies.<ref>Maundeni, Zibani; Mpabanga, Dorothy; Mfundisi, Adam (1 January 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031142/https://www.africaportal.org/publications/consolidating-democratic-governance-in-southern-africa-botswana/ "Consolidating Democratic Governance in Southern Africa : Botswana"]. ''Africa Portal''. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</ref> Botswana be member of de Southern African Customs Union, de [[Southern African Development Community]], de Commonwealth of Nations, den de United Nations. De country be adversely affected by de HIV/AIDS epidemic. Insyd 2002, Botswana cam turn de first country nake dem offer anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) help combat de epidemic.<ref>Rollnick, Roman (September 2002). [https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/september-2002/botswanas-high-stakes-assault-aids "Botswana's high-stakes assault on AIDS"]. ''Africa Renewal''. United Nations. '''16''' (10): 6–9. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12458550 12458550]. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</ref> Despite de launch of programs make e make treatment available den make e educate de populace about de epidemic,<ref>Powell, Alvin (16 April 2009). [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/04/mogae-shifts-stress-to-hiv-prevention/ "Mogae shifts stress to HIV prevention"]. ''Harvard Gazette''. Harvard University. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</ref> de number of people plus AIDS rise from 290,000 for 2005 insyd to 320,000 for 2013 insyd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160620173755/http://files.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2014/unaids_gap_report_en.pdf "The Gap Report"] (PDF). Geneva: UN AIDS. 2014. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20160620173755/http://files.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2014/unaids_gap_report_en.pdf the original] (PDF) on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.</ref> As of 2014, Botswana get de third-highest prevalence rate for HIV/AIDS, plus roughly 20% of de population infected.<ref>[http://www.avert.org/aidsbotswana.htm "HIV and Aids in Botswana"]. Avert International Aids Charity. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090228211140/http://www.avert.org/aidsbotswana.htm Archived] from the original on 28 February 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2016.</ref> Howeva, for recent years de country make strides make dem dey combat HIV/AIDS, plus efforts dem dey make make dem provide proper treatment den lower de rate of mother-to-child transmission.<ref>[https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2021/december/emtct_botswana "Botswana is first country with severe HIV epidemic to reach key milestone in the elimination of mother-to-child HIV transmission"]. Brazzaville: UN AIDS. 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/globalhivtb/who-we-are/success-stories/success-story-pages/partnership-for-success.html "Partnership for Success: CDC and Botswana Lead Progress Toward HIV Epidemic Control"]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</ref> == Etymology == De country ein name dey mean "Land of de Tswana", wey dey refer to de dominant ethnic group insyd Botswana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230221181327/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana "Botswana"]. ''The World Factbook'' (2024&nbsp;ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 15 May 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20251117191406/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2007.zip (Archived 2007 edition)]</ref> De Constitution of Botswana dey recognize homogeneous Tswana state.<ref>Monaka, Kemmonye Collete; Chebanne, Anderson Monthusi (2019). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26907070 "Setswana and the Building of a Nation State"]. ''Anthropological Linguistics''. '''61''' (1): 75–93. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:0003-5483|0003-5483]]. JSTOR&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26907070 26907070].</ref> Na de term ''Batswana'' be originally apply to de Tswana, wey still be de case.<ref>Bolaane, Maitseo; Mgadla, Part Themba (1997). ''[[iarchive:batswana00bola|Batswana]]''. The Rosen Publishing Group. p.&nbsp;1. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780823920082|9780823920082]]</bdi>.</ref> Howeva, dem sanso use as generally as demonym give all citizens of Botswana.<ref>[http://voicesofafrica.co.za/botswanan-batswana-its-complicated/ "Botswanan or Batswana? It's complicated – Voices of Africa"]. Voices of Africa. 17 August 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180106231817/http://voicesofafrica.co.za/botswanan-batswana-its-complicated/ Archived] from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2018.</ref> === Administrative divisions === Botswana ein ten districts be: * Southern District * South-East District * Kweneng District * Kgatleng District * Central District * North-East District * Ngamiland District * Kgalagadi District * Chobe District * Ghanzi District Botswana ein councils dem create from urban anaa town councils be: * Gaborone City * Francistown * Lobatse Town * Selebi-Phikwe Town * Jwaneng Town * Orapa Town den * Sowa Township. == Demographics == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="10" |Largest cities anaa towns insyd Botswana Census Botswana 2022<ref>[https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Population%20of%20Cities%20Towns%20and%20Villages%20%202022.pdf "POPULATION OF CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES"] (PDF). ''POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS 2022''. Gaborone: Statistics Botswana. June 2022. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Population%20of%20Cities%20Towns%20and%20Villages%20%202022.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.</ref> |- ! !Rank !Name !District !Pop. !Rank !Name !District !Pop. ! |- | rowspan="11" | |1 |Gaborone |South-East |246,325 |11 |Kanye |Southern |48,028 | rowspan="11" | |- |2 |Francistown |North-East |103,417 |12 |Selibe Phikwe |Central |42,488 |- |3 |Mogoditshane |Kweneng |88,006 |13 |Letlhakane |Central |36,338 |- |4 |Maun |North-West |84,993 |14 |Ramotswa |South-East |33,271 |- |5 |Molepolole |Kweneng |74,674 |15 |Lobatse |South-East |29,772 |- |6 |Serowe |Central |55,676 |16 |Mmopane |Kweneng |25,345 |- |7 |Tlokweng |South-East |55,508 |17 |Thamaga |Kweneng |25,297 |- |8 |Palapye |Central |52,636 |18 |Moshupa |Southern |23,858 |- |9 |Mochudi |Kgatleng |50,317 |19 |Tonota |Central |23,296 |- |10 |Mahalapye |Central |48,431 |20 |Bobonong |Central |21,216 |} === Languages === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" |Languages of Botswana |- | colspan="2" |Languages | | colspan="2" |Per cent |- | colspan="2" |Setswana |  | colspan="2" |77.3% |- | colspan="2" |Sekalanga |  | colspan="2" |7.4% |- | colspan="2" |Shekgalagadi |  | colspan="2" |3.4% |- | colspan="2" |English |  | colspan="2" |2.8% |- | colspan="2" |Sesarwa |  | colspan="2" |1.7% |- | colspan="2" |Sembukushu |  | colspan="2" |1.6% |- | colspan="2" |Ndebele |  | colspan="2" |1.0% |- | colspan="2" |Seherero |  | colspan="2" |1.0% |- | colspan="2" |Afrikaans |  | colspan="2" |0.4% |- | colspan="2" |Sesubiya |  | colspan="2" |0.3% |- | colspan="2" |Seyeyi |  | colspan="2" |0.2% |- | colspan="2" |Oda Asian |  | colspan="2" |0.4% |- | colspan="2" |Oda European |  | colspan="2" |0.4% |- | colspan="2" |Oda African |  | colspan="2" |0.1% |- | colspan="2" |Oda |  | colspan="2" |0.1% |} === Tourism === De Botswana Tourism Organisation<ref>[https://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/ "Home | Botswana Tourism Organisation"]. ''www.botswanatourism.co.bw''. Retrieved 24 January 2024.</ref> be de country ein official tourism group. Primarily, tourists dey visit Gaborone secof de city get chaw activities give visitors. De Lion Park Resort<ref>Lion Park Resort Lionpark.co.bw (7 February 2013). Retrieved on 19 May 2017.</ref> be Botswana ein first permanent amusement park den dey host events lyk birthday parties give families. Oda destinations insyd Botswana dey include de Gaborone Yacht Club den de Kalahari Fishing Club den natural attractions lyk de Gaborone Dam den Mokolodi Nature Reserve. Der be golf courses wey de Botswana Golf Union (BGU) dey maintain am.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090808044920/http://www.botswanagolfunion.org.bw/ (BGU)]. Botswana Golf Union. Retrieved on 19 May 2017.</ref> De Phakalane Golf Estate be multi-million-dollar clubhouse wey dey offer both hotel accommodations den access to golf courses. Museums insyd Botswana dey include: * Botswana National Museum insyd Gaborone * Kgosi Bathoen II (Segopotso) Museum insyd Kanye * Kgosi Sechele I Museum insyd Molepolole * Khama III Memorial Museum insyd Serowe * Nhabe Museum insyd Maun * Phuthadikobo Museum insyd Mochudi * Supa Ngwano Museum Centre insyd Francistown == References == <references />'''Works dem cite''' * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). ''Botswana – A Modern Economic History''. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-319-73144-5|978-3-319-73144-5]]</bdi>. * Leith, J. Clark (2005). ''Why Botswana Prospered''. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-7735-2820-2|0-7735-2820-2]]</bdi>. * Benza, Brian (25 October 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-election-idUSKBN1X40KS "Botswana's Masisi retains presidency as BDP wins election"]. ''Reuters''. * Dionne, Kim Yi (30 September 2016). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/09/30/how-democratic-is-botswana-after-50-years-of-independence/ "How democratic is Botswana after 50 years of independence?"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 18 May 2024. '''General sources''' Dis article dey incorporate text from free content work. Dem license under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text dem take from ''[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030]''​, 546–547, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing. == Read further == * Charles, Thalefang (2016). ''Botswana's Top50 Ultimate Experiences''. Mmegi Publishing House. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/9789996845413|9789996845413]]. * Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James A. (11 July 2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180718075640/http://economics.mit.edu/files/284 "An African Success Story: Botswana"]. Archived from [https://economics.mit.edu/files/284 the original] on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018 – via mit.edu. * Cohen, Dennis L (1979). "The Botswana Political Elite: Evidence from the 1974 General Election". ''Journal of Southern African Affairs''. '''4''': 347–370. * Colclough, Christopher and Stephen McCarthy. ''The Political Economy of Botswana: A Study of Growth and Income Distribution'' (Oxford University Press, 1980) * Cunningham, A.B.; Milton, S.J. (1987). "Effects of basket-weaving industry on mokola palm and dye plants in northwestern Botswana". ''Economic Botany''. '''41''' (3): 386–402. doi:[[doi:10.1007/BF02859055|10.1007/BF02859055]]. JSTOR [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4254989 4254989]. * Denbow, James & Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). ''Culture and Customs of Botswana''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|978-0-313-33178-7]]</bdi>. * Edge, Wayne A. and Mogopodi H. Lekorwe eds. ''Botswana: Politics and Society'' (Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik, 1998) * Good, Kenneth (1992). "Interpreting the Exceptionality of Botswana". ''Journal of Modern African Studies''. '''30''': 69–95. doi:[[doi:10.1017/S0022278X00007734|10.1017/S0022278X00007734]]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154542272 154542272]. * Good, Kenneth (September 1994). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180403150659/http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/gov2126/files/good.pdf "Corruption and Mismanagement in Botswana: A Best-Case Example?"] (PDF). ''Journal of Modern African Studies''. '''32''' (3): 499–521. doi:[[doi:10.1017/S0022278X00015202|10.1017/S0022278X00015202]]. eISSN [[issn:1469-7777|1469-7777]]. ISSN [[issn:0022-278X|0022-278X]]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153626418 153626418]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180403150659/http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/gov2126/files/good.pdf the original] (PDF) on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018 – via harvard.edu. * Tlou, Thomas, and Alec C. Campbell. ''History of Botswana'' (Macmillan Botswana, 1984) [[Category:Botswana]] [[Category:Southern African countries]] [[Category:Countries den territories wer English be official language]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Member states of de African Union]] [[Category:Member states of de Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States den territories dem establish insyd 1966]] [[Category:Member states of de United Nations]] [[Category:Republics insyd de Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Countries for Africa insyd]] [[Category:Former least developed countries]] j4auvix5johdsu6wrsvctaee5s6mbh6 0 12964 97346 77268 2026-04-28T06:19:32Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abena Osei-Poku''' (née: '''Abena Osei'''), na Ghanaian corporate executive wey she be de Managing Director of Ecobank Ghana den Regional Executive for de Anglophone West Africa (AWA) Region of de Ecobank Group. She be former managing director den chief executive officer of Absa Bank Ghana (before na Barclays Bank of Ghana),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210526112709/https://www.thestandpoint.com.gh/ "Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine".] Retrieved 28 May 2022.</ref> wer na she work as managing director for five years from September 2018 to December 2023. Before dat, she work for Absa for [[South Africa]], wer she be responsible for Corporate & Investment Banking for East den [[West Africa]] as Managing Director.<ref>Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa (October 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211026142111/https://www.genderawards.com/judge-profile/abena-osei-poku/ "Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa: Judge Profile: Abena Osei-Poku"]. ''Genderawards.com''. South Africa. Retrieved 26 October 2021.</ref><ref>[https://ghanaguardian.com/barclays-appoints-abena-osei-poku-as-new-md "Barclays appoints Abena Osei-Poku as new MD"] (Ghanaguardian.com Quoting Business & Financial Times Limited). ''Ghanaguardian.com''. Accra, Ghana. 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2021.</ref> == Ein Background den education == Dem born insyd Ghana around 1971. She attend Ghanaian elementary den secondary schools. Dem admit am to [[University of Ghana]], wer she graduate for 1994 plus [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree insyd Economics den Statistics. Later, she collect Master of Business Administration from University of Manchester for [[United Kingdom]].<ref>Abena Osei-Poku (October 2021). [https://www.linkedin.com/in/abena-osei-poku-27a2bb52/?originalSubdomain=gh "Abena Osei-Poku: Managing Director at Absa Bank Ghana Limited"]. ''LinkedIn.com''. Retrieved 25 October 2021.</ref> == Ein Career == She start ein banking career for Standard Chartered Bank for 2002, den she work der for seven years. For 2009, she move to Barclays Bank. She spend part of de next nine years as executive director for Barclays Bank Ghana, den de rest of de time for South Africa as executive of de Barclays Africa Group, wey be responsible for operations for [[Africa]], outsyd South Africa. For September 2018, dem appoint am as managing director of Barclays Bank of Ghana, to replace Patience Akyianu wey lef de bank.<ref>[https://ghanaguardian.com/barclays-appoints-abena-osei-poku-as-new-md "Barclays appoints Abena Osei-Poku as new MD"] (Ghanaguardian.com Quoting Business & Financial Times Limited). ''Ghanaguardian.com''. Accra, Ghana. 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2021.</ref><ref>Abena Osei-Poku (October 2021). [https://www.linkedin.com/in/abena-osei-poku-27a2bb52/?originalSubdomain=gh "Abena Osei-Poku: Managing Director at Absa Bank Ghana Limited"]. ''[[:en:LinkedIn.com|LinkedIn.com]]''. Retrieved 25 October 2021.</ref> For February 2020, Abena oversee de change from Barclays Bank Ghana to Absa Bank Ghana.<ref>Kingsley Asare (11 February 2020). [https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/absa-to-play-significant-role-in-banking-sector-md/ "Absa to play significant role in banking sector - MD"]. ''Ghana Times''. Accra, Ghana. Retrieved 26 October 2021.</ref> For January 2024, dem appoint am as Managing Director of Ecobank Ghana den Regional Executive for de Anglophone West Africa (AWA) Region.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240105221718/https://www.ghanaweb.com/region/manzekay/Abena-Osei-Poku-is-named-Managing-Director-of-Ecobank-Ghana-165056 "Abena Osei-Poku is named Managing Director of Ecobank Ghana"]. ''GhanaWeb''. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 5 January 2024.</ref> == Oda considerations == She dey tap for de boards of plenty enterprises before, wey dey include (a) Airtel Mobile Money Limited, (b) Barclays Africa Group, (c) United Kingdom den Ghana Chamber of Commerce, den (d) Country Kitchen Limited.<ref>Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa (October 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211026142111/https://www.genderawards.com/judge-profile/abena-osei-poku/ "Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa: Judge Profile: Abena Osei-Poku"]. ''Genderawards.com''. South Africa. Retrieved 26 October 2021.</ref> As of October 2021, she be de chairperson of de advisory board of de College of Health Sciences for de University of Ghana. She sanso dey serve as vice chairperson of de board of de Ghana Stock Exhange, wey she be member of de executive councils of de Ghana Association of Banks den de National Banking College. On top of dat, she be Honorary Fellow of de Chartered Institute of Marketing Ghana den honorary member of de Chartered Institute of Bankers.<ref>Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa (October 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211026142111/https://www.genderawards.com/judge-profile/abena-osei-poku/ "Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa: Judge Profile: Abena Osei-Poku"]. ''Genderawards.com''. South Africa. Retrieved 26 October 2021.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250221064246/https://www.theghanareport.com/it-was-necessary-barclays-bank-md-hails-banking-sector-cleanup/ ‘It Was Necessary’ – Barclays Bank MD Hails Banking Sector Cleanup] As of 22 January 2020. * [https://citinewsroom.com/2021/05/absa-bank-md-abena-osei-poku-named-one-of-africas-most-influential-female-leaders/ Absa Bank MD, Abena Osei-Poku named one of Africa’s most influential female leaders] As of 26 May 2021. * [https://www.myjoyonline.com/ecobank-ghana-appoints-abena-osei-poku-as-managing-director/ '''^''' "Ecobank Ghana appoints Abena Osei-Poku as Managing Director - MyJoyOnline"]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''. 5 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024. [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Ghanaian bankers]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian businesswomen]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian businesspeople]] [[Category:Ghanaian chief executives]] [[Category:University of Ghana alumni]] [[Category:Ghanaian women business executives]] [[Category:Ghanaian business executives]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Alumni of de University of Manchester]] [[Category:Absa people]] ckb6w3kqzisc1h9ecewv2g6ncfcd0we 0 26593 97330 97292 2026-04-27T14:03:35Z DaSupremo 9 Add category 97330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Esophageal cancer''' (American English) anaa '''oesophageal cancer''' (British English) be [[cancer]] wey dey arise from de esophagus—de food pipe wey dey run between de throat den de stomach.<ref name="WCR2014">{{Cite book |title=World Cancer Report 2014 |vauthors=Montgomery EA, Basman FT, Brennan P, Malekzadeh R |date=2014 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-832-0429-9 |veditors=Stewart BW, Wild CP |pages=528–543 |chapter=Oesophageal Cancer}}</ref> Symptoms often dey include difficulty in swallowing den weight loss.<ref name="Ferri2012">{{Cite book |title=Ferri's clinical advisor 2013 |date=2012 |publisher=Mosby (Elsevier) |isbn=978-0-323-08373-7 |veditors=Ferri FF |location=Philadelphia, PA |pages=389–391 |chapter=Tumors |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OR3VERnvzzEC&pg=PA391 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919023405/https://books.google.com/books?id=OR3VERnvzzEC&pg=PA391 |archive-date=2015-09-19 |url-status=live}}</ref> Oda symptoms fi include pain wen swallowing, a hoarse voice, enlarged lymph nodes ("glands") around de collarbone, a dry cough, den possibly coughing up anaa vomiting blood.<ref name="Ferri2012" /> De two main sub-types of de disease be esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (dem often abbreviate to ESCC),<ref>Even by those wey dey use de British English spelling "oesophagus"</ref> wich be more common insyd de developing world, den esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), wich be more common insyd de developed world.<ref name=WCR2014/> A number of less common types sanso dey occur.<ref name=WCR2014/> Squamous-cell carcinoma dey arise from de epithelial cells wey dey line de esophagus.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Kelsen D |title=Gastrointestinal oncology: principles and practices|date=2007|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=978-0-7817-7617-2|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ULRpwtyxxMC&pg=PA4|edition=2nd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925153342/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ULRpwtyxxMC&pg=PA4|archive-date=2015-09-25}}</ref> Adenocarcinoma dey arise from glandular cells present insyd de lower third of de esophagus, often wer dem already transform to intestinal cell type (a condition dem know as Barrett's esophagus).<ref name=WCR2014/><ref>{{cite book|veditors = Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni J|title=Cancer epidemiology and prevention|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-974797-9|page=697|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfN8Y1_lbDYC&pg=PA697|edition=3rd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031153057/https://books.google.com/books?id=qfN8Y1_lbDYC&pg=PA697|archive-date=2015-10-31}}</ref> Causes of de squamous-cell type dey include tobacco, alcohol, very hot drinks, poor diet, den chewing betel nut.<ref name=Zhang2012/><ref name="Akhtar-20132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Akhtar S |date=February 2013 |title=Areca nut chewing and esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma risk in Asians: a meta-analysis of case-control studies |journal=Cancer Causes & Control |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=257–265 |doi=10.1007/s10552-012-0113-9 |pmid=23224324 |s2cid=14356684}}</ref> De most common causes of de adenocarcinoma type be smoking tobacco, [[obesity]], den acid reflux.<ref name=Zhang2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang HZ, Jin GF, Shen HB | title = Epidemiologic differences in esophageal cancer between Asian and Western populations | journal = Chinese Journal of Cancer | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pages = 281–286 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22507220 | pmc = 3777490 | doi = 10.5732/cjc.011.10390 }}</ref> In addition, for patients plus achalasia, candidiasis (overgrowth of de esophagus plus de fungus candida) be de most important risk factor.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Guo X, Lam SY, Janmaat VT, de Jonge PJ, Hansen BE, Leeuwenburgh I, Peppelenbosch MP, Spaander MC, Fuhler GM| title = Esophageal Candida Infection and Esophageal Cancer Risk in Patients With Achalasia. | journal = JAMA Netw Open | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = e2454685 | date = January 2025 | pmid = 39808429 | pmc = 11733698 | doi = 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.54685 | doi-access = free}}</ref> De disease be diagnosed by biopsy dem do by an endoscope (a fiberoptic camera).<ref name=Sta2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stahl M, Mariette C, Haustermans K, Cervantes A, Arnold D | title = Oesophageal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up | journal = Annals of Oncology | volume = 24 | issue = Suppl 6 | pages = vi51–vi56 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 24078662 | doi = 10.1093/annonc/mdt342 | doi-access = }}</ref> Prevention dey include make dem shun dey smoke den make dem dey chop a healthy diet.<ref name="WCR2014" /><ref name=Ferri2012/> Treatment be based on de cancer's stage den location, togeda plus de person ein general condition den individual preferences.<ref name=Sta2013/> Small localized squamous-cell cancers fi be treated plus surgery alone plus de hope of a cure.<ref name=Sta2013/> Insyd chaw oda cases, chemotherapy plus anaa widout radiation therapy be used along plus surgery.<ref name=Sta2013/> Larger tumors fi get dema growth slowed plus chemotherapy den radiation therapy.<ref name=WCR2014/> Insyd de presence of extensive disease anaa if de affected person no be fit enough to undergo surgery, palliative care often be recommended.<ref name=Sta2013/> As of 2018, na esophageal cancer be de eighth-most common cancer globally plus 572,000 new cases during de year. E cause about 509,000 deaths dat year, up from 345,000 insyd 1990.<ref name = global2018>{{cite web |title=Esophageal Cancer Factsheet |url=http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/6-Oesophagus-fact-sheet.pdf |website=Global Cancer Observatory |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Barker-Collo S, Bartels DH, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bhalla K, Bikbov B, Bin Abdulhak A, Birbeck G, Blyth F, Bolliger I, Boufous S, Bucello C, Burch M, Burney P, Carapetis J, Chen H, Chou D, Chugh SS, Coffeng LE, Colan SD, Colquhoun S, Colson KE, Condon J, Connor MD, Cooper LT, Corriere M, Cortinovis M, de Vaccaro KC, Couser W, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Cross M, Dabhadkar KC, Dahodwala N, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Delossantos A, Denenberg J, Des Jarlais DC, Dharmaratne SD, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Duber H, Ebel B, Erwin PJ, Espindola P, Ezzati M, Feigin V, Flaxman AD, Forouzanfar MH, Fowkes FG, Franklin R, Fransen M, Freeman MK, Gabriel SE, Gakidou E, Gaspari F, Gillum RF, Gonzalez-Medina D, Halasa YA, Haring D, Harrison JE, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Hoen B, Hotez PJ, Hoy D, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jasrasaria R, Jayaraman S, Johns N, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Keren A, Khoo JP, Knowlton LM, Kobusingye O, Koranteng A, Krishnamurthi R, Lipnick M, Lipshultz SE, Ohno SL, Mabweijano J, MacIntyre MF, Mallinger L, March L, Marks GB, Marks R, Matsumori A, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, McAnulty JH, McDermott MM, McGrath J, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Michaud C, Miller M, Miller TR, Mock C, Mocumbi AO, Mokdad AA, Moran A, Mulholland K, Nair MN, Naldi L, Narayan KM, Nasseri K, Norman P, O'Donnell M, Omer SB, Ortblad K, Osborne R, Ozgediz D, Pahari B, Pandian JD, Rivero AP, Padilla RP, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Phillips D, Pierce K, Pope CA, Porrini E, Pourmalek F, Raju M, Ranganathan D, Rehm JT, Rein DB, Remuzzi G, Rivara FP, Roberts T, De León FR, Rosenfeld LC, Rushton L, Sacco RL, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Sanman E, Schwebel DC, Segui-Gomez M, Shepard DS, Singh D, Singleton J, Sliwa K, Smith E, Steer A, Taylor JA, Thomas B, Tleyjeh IM, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Undurraga EA, Venketasubramanian N, Vijayakumar L, Vos T, Wagner GR, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Wilkinson JD, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Yip P, Zabetian A, Zheng ZJ, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, AlMazroa MA, Memish ZA | display-authors = 6 | title = Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2095–2128 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23245604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 | pmc = 10790329 | hdl-access = free | s2cid = 1541253 | hdl = 10536/DRO/DU:30050819 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/2557786 }}</ref> Rates dey vary widely among countries, wey about half of all cases dey occur insyd [[China]].<ref name=WCR2014/> E be around three times more common insyd men dan insyd women.<ref name=WCR2014/> Outcomes be related to de extent of de disease den oda medical conditions, buh generally tend to be fairly poor, as diagnosis often be late.<ref name=WCR2014/><ref name=Enzinger>{{cite journal | vauthors = Enzinger PC, Mayer RJ | title = Esophageal cancer | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 349 | issue = 23 | pages = 2241–2252 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14657432 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra035010 | url = http://gastro.ucsd.edu/fellowship/materials/Documents/Esophageal%20Cancer/NEJM%202003%20Esophageal%20CA%20.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162737/http://gastro.ucsd.edu/fellowship/materials/Documents/Esophageal%20Cancer/NEJM%202003%20Esophageal%20CA%20.pdf | archive-date = 2014-07-14 }}</ref> Five-year survival rates be around 13% to 18%.<ref name=Ferri2012/><ref name=SEER2014>{{cite web|title=SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Esophageal Cancer|url=http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/esoph.html|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=18 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706140744/http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/esoph.html|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://cancer.gov/cancerinfo/types/esophageal NCI esophageal cancer] * [http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/esophageal-cancer Cancer.Net: Esophageal Cancer] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090712040424/http://www.cancernetwork.com/cancer-management-11/chapter12/article/10165/1405663 Esophageal Cancer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712040424/http://www.cancernetwork.com/cancer-management-11/chapter12/article/10165/1405663 |date=2009-07-12 }} From [https://web.archive.org/web/20090515031918/http://www.cancernetwork.com/cancer-management-11 Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515031918/http://www.cancernetwork.com/cancer-management-11 |date=2009-05-15 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060711040942/http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=4478 Oesophageal Cancer at Cancer Research UK] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190331174502/https://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/esophageal/index.html National Comprehensive Cancer Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331174502/https://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/esophageal/index.html |date=2019-03-31 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Esophageal Cancer}} [[Category:Gastrointestinal cancer]] [[Category:Esophagus disorders]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 2bdm01s3yygpuulih3vikn498c18yph 0 26595 97331 97290 2026-04-27T14:12:36Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Precordial catch syndrome''' ('''PCS''') be a non-serious condition insyd wich der be sharp stabbing pains insyd de chest. Dese typically get worse plus inhaling den dey occur within a small area. Spells of pain usually dey last less dan a few minutes. Typically e dey begin at rest den oda symptoms be absent. Concerns about de condition fi result in anxiety.<ref name="Gum2003">{{Cite journal |last=Gumbiner CH |date=January 2003 |title=Precordial catch syndrome |journal=Southern Medical Journal |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=38–41 |doi=10.1097/00007611-200301000-00011 |pmid=12602711}}</ref> Precordial catch syndrome relatively be common, den kiddies between de ages of 6 den 12 most commonly be affected. Males den females be affected equally.<ref name="Gum2003">{{cite journal |author=Gumbiner CH |title=Precordial catch syndrome |journal=Southern Medical Journal |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=38–41 |date=January 2003 |pmid=12602711 |doi=10.1097/00007611-200301000-00011}}</ref> E be less common insyd adults.<ref name="GP2018">{{cite web|last1=McMorran|first1=Jim|title=Precordial catch syndrome (PCS)|url=https://gpnotebook.com/en-us/simplepage.cfm?ID=x20070319114937295600|access-date=12 April 2021|website=General Practice Notebook|language=en}}</ref> Dem describe de condition since at least 1893.<ref name="Huchard18932">{{cite book |last=Huchard |first=Henri |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54958171/f732.item.r=Pr%C3%A9cordialgie.zoom |title=Traité clinique des maladies du coeur et des vaisseaux, par Henri Huchard,... Leçons de clinique et de thérapeutique, les cardiopathies artérielles, maladies de l'hypertension artérielle, maladies de l'hypertension artérielle, artério-sclérose généralisée, cardio-sclérose, aortites, angine de poitrine. 2e édition, entièrement remaniée |date=9 May 1893 |language=fr |via=gallica.bnf.fr}}</ref> == References == 0guntmqg8kfzpmxzvnqbfs8nfa99uof 97332 97331 2026-04-27T14:14:46Z DaSupremo 9 Add categories 97332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Precordial catch syndrome''' ('''PCS''') be a non-serious condition insyd wich der be sharp stabbing pains insyd de chest. Dese typically get worse plus inhaling den dey occur within a small area. Spells of pain usually dey last less dan a few minutes. Typically e dey begin at rest den oda symptoms be absent. Concerns about de condition fi result in anxiety.<ref name="Gum2003">{{Cite journal |last=Gumbiner CH |date=January 2003 |title=Precordial catch syndrome |journal=Southern Medical Journal |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=38–41 |doi=10.1097/00007611-200301000-00011 |pmid=12602711}}</ref> Precordial catch syndrome relatively be common, den kiddies between de ages of 6 den 12 most commonly be affected. Males den females be affected equally.<ref name="Gum2003">{{cite journal |author=Gumbiner CH |title=Precordial catch syndrome |journal=Southern Medical Journal |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=38–41 |date=January 2003 |pmid=12602711 |doi=10.1097/00007611-200301000-00011}}</ref> E be less common insyd adults.<ref name="GP2018">{{cite web|last1=McMorran|first1=Jim|title=Precordial catch syndrome (PCS)|url=https://gpnotebook.com/en-us/simplepage.cfm?ID=x20070319114937295600|access-date=12 April 2021|website=General Practice Notebook|language=en}}</ref> Dem describe de condition since at least 1893.<ref name="Huchard18932">{{cite book |last=Huchard |first=Henri |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54958171/f732.item.r=Pr%C3%A9cordialgie.zoom |title=Traité clinique des maladies du coeur et des vaisseaux, par Henri Huchard,... Leçons de clinique et de thérapeutique, les cardiopathies artérielles, maladies de l'hypertension artérielle, maladies de l'hypertension artérielle, artério-sclérose généralisée, cardio-sclérose, aortites, angine de poitrine. 2e édition, entièrement remaniée |date=9 May 1893 |language=fr |via=gallica.bnf.fr}}</ref> == References == <references />{{DEFAULTSORT:Precordial Catch Syndrome}} [[Category:Syndromes]] [[Category:Pain]] a2ewbva88t8j091lfgbxipx761c58x8 97333 97332 2026-04-27T14:15:30Z DaSupremo 9 Add category 97333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Precordial catch syndrome''' ('''PCS''') be a non-serious condition insyd wich der be sharp stabbing pains insyd de chest. Dese typically get worse plus inhaling den dey occur within a small area. Spells of pain usually dey last less dan a few minutes. Typically e dey begin at rest den oda symptoms be absent. Concerns about de condition fi result in anxiety.<ref name="Gum2003">{{Cite journal |last=Gumbiner CH |date=January 2003 |title=Precordial catch syndrome |journal=Southern Medical Journal |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=38–41 |doi=10.1097/00007611-200301000-00011 |pmid=12602711}}</ref> Precordial catch syndrome relatively be common, den kiddies between de ages of 6 den 12 most commonly be affected. Males den females be affected equally.<ref name="Gum2003">{{cite journal |author=Gumbiner CH |title=Precordial catch syndrome |journal=Southern Medical Journal |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=38–41 |date=January 2003 |pmid=12602711 |doi=10.1097/00007611-200301000-00011}}</ref> E be less common insyd adults.<ref name="GP2018">{{cite web|last1=McMorran|first1=Jim|title=Precordial catch syndrome (PCS)|url=https://gpnotebook.com/en-us/simplepage.cfm?ID=x20070319114937295600|access-date=12 April 2021|website=General Practice Notebook|language=en}}</ref> Dem describe de condition since at least 1893.<ref name="Huchard18932">{{cite book |last=Huchard |first=Henri |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54958171/f732.item.r=Pr%C3%A9cordialgie.zoom |title=Traité clinique des maladies du coeur et des vaisseaux, par Henri Huchard,... Leçons de clinique et de thérapeutique, les cardiopathies artérielles, maladies de l'hypertension artérielle, maladies de l'hypertension artérielle, artério-sclérose généralisée, cardio-sclérose, aortites, angine de poitrine. 2e édition, entièrement remaniée |date=9 May 1893 |language=fr |via=gallica.bnf.fr}}</ref> == References == <references />{{DEFAULTSORT:Precordial Catch Syndrome}} [[Category:Syndromes]] [[Category:Pain]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 998haauupzjcof4l29fehivgb15kxk7 0 26596 97324 97296 2026-04-27T13:53:28Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Methocarbamol''', dem sell under de brand name '''Robaxin''' among odas, be a medication dem use for short-term musculoskeletal pain.<ref name="AHFS20192">{{cite web |title=Methocarbamol Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methocarbamol.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref><ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 76 |date=2018 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |isbn=978-0-85711-338-2 |edition=76 |page=1093}}</ref> E fi be used togeda plus rest, physical therapy, den pain medication.<ref name="AHFS20192" /><ref name="Robaxin tablet FDA label">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2019 |title=Robaxin- methocarbamol tablet, film coated |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=0db1e8dd-b4fa-491b-a529-0fb939710759 |access-date=19 April 2020 |website=DailyMed}}</ref><ref name="Robaxin injection FDA label">{{Cite web |date=10 December 2018 |title=Robaxin- methocarbamol injection |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=090a3d3d-92c3-4c30-a648-436461f81702 |access-date=19 April 2020 |website=DailyMed}}</ref> E get limited use for [[rheumatoid arthritis]] den [[cerebral palsy]].<ref name="AHFS20192" /><ref name="Ric2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Richards BL, Whittle SL, Buchbinder R |date=January 2012 |title=Muscle relaxants for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008922.pub2 |pmc=11702505 |pmid=22258993 |s2cid=73769165 |article-number=CD008922}}</ref> Effects generally dey begin within half an hour.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Dem dey take am by mouth anaa injection into a vein.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Common side effects dey include headaches, sleepiness, den dizziness.<ref name="AHFS20192" /><ref name=Liver2017>{{cite book |chapter=Methocarbamol|date=30 January 2017|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548286/|title=LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury|publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|pmid=31643609 }}</ref> Serious side effects fi include anaphylaxis, liver problems, confusion, den seizures.<ref name=BNF76/> Ein use no be recommended insyd [[pregnancy]] den [[breastfeeding]].<ref name="AHFS20192" /><ref name=BNF76/> Secof de risk of injury, skeletal muscle relaxants generally for be avoided insyd geriatric patients.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Methocarbamol be a centrally acting muscle relaxant.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> How e dey works be unclear, buh e no dey appear to affect muscles directly.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Dem develpo methocarbamol insyd 1956 insyd de laboratories of A. H. Robins (later be acquired by Pfizer). Na dem direct studies towards de development of propanediol derivatives wich possess muscle relaxant properties superior to those of mephenesin, wich get low potency den a short duration of action.<ref>''Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients, pp. 373''</ref> Na dem approve am for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1957.<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Methocarbamol Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methocarbamol.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists }}</ref> E be available as a generic medication.<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name=BNF76/> Insyd 2023, na e be de 121st most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 5{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top300Drugs">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Methocarbamol Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Methocarbamol | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}</ref> Methocarbamol be available insyd a fixed-dose combination plus ibuprofen as methocarbamol/ibuprofen (dem sell under de brand name Summit Ultra).<ref>{{cite web | title=Summit Ultra Product information | website=[[Health Canada]] | date=2 August 2018 | url=https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info?lang=eng&code=84532 | access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == 47t3q7kwnljpn4ujvpoodp5flqav0zp 97325 97324 2026-04-27T13:56:20Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Methocarbamol''', dem sell under de brand name '''Robaxin''' among odas, be a medication dem use for short-term musculoskeletal pain.<ref name="AHFS20192">{{cite web |title=Methocarbamol Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methocarbamol.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref><ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 76 |date=2018 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |isbn=978-0-85711-338-2 |edition=76 |page=1093}}</ref> E fi be used togeda plus rest, physical therapy, den pain medication.<ref name="AHFS20192" /><ref name="Robaxin tablet FDA label">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2019 |title=Robaxin- methocarbamol tablet, film coated |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=0db1e8dd-b4fa-491b-a529-0fb939710759 |access-date=19 April 2020 |website=DailyMed}}</ref><ref name="Robaxin injection FDA label">{{Cite web |date=10 December 2018 |title=Robaxin- methocarbamol injection |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=090a3d3d-92c3-4c30-a648-436461f81702 |access-date=19 April 2020 |website=DailyMed}}</ref> E get limited use for [[rheumatoid arthritis]] den [[cerebral palsy]].<ref name="AHFS20192" /><ref name="Ric2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Richards BL, Whittle SL, Buchbinder R |date=January 2012 |title=Muscle relaxants for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008922.pub2 |pmc=11702505 |pmid=22258993 |s2cid=73769165 |article-number=CD008922}}</ref> Effects generally dey begin within half an hour.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Dem dey take am by mouth anaa injection into a vein.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Common side effects dey include headaches, sleepiness, den dizziness.<ref name="AHFS20192" /><ref name=Liver2017>{{cite book |chapter=Methocarbamol|date=30 January 2017|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548286/|title=LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury|publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|pmid=31643609 }}</ref> Serious side effects fi include anaphylaxis, liver problems, confusion, den seizures.<ref name=BNF76/> Ein use no be recommended insyd [[pregnancy]] den [[breastfeeding]].<ref name="AHFS20192" /><ref name=BNF76/> Secof de risk of injury, skeletal muscle relaxants generally for be avoided insyd geriatric patients.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Methocarbamol be a centrally acting muscle relaxant.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> How e dey works be unclear, buh e no dey appear to affect muscles directly.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Dem develpo methocarbamol insyd 1956 insyd de laboratories of A. H. Robins (later be acquired by Pfizer). Na dem direct studies towards de development of propanediol derivatives wich possess muscle relaxant properties superior to those of mephenesin, wich get low potency den a short duration of action.<ref>''Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients, pp. 373''</ref> Na dem approve am for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1957.<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Methocarbamol Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methocarbamol.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists }}</ref> E be available as a generic medication.<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name=BNF76/> Insyd 2023, na e be de 121st most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 5{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top300Drugs">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Methocarbamol Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Methocarbamol | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}</ref> Methocarbamol be available insyd a fixed-dose combination plus ibuprofen as methocarbamol/ibuprofen (dem sell under de brand name Summit Ultra).<ref>{{cite web | title=Summit Ultra Product information | website=[[Health Canada]] | date=2 August 2018 | url=https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info?lang=eng&code=84532 | access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Carbamates]] [[Category:Catechol ethers]] [[Category:Drugs plus unknown mechanisms of action]] [[Category:Muscle relaxants]] [[Category:Secondary alcohols]] [[Category:Veterinary drugs]] [[Category:Glycerols]] [[Category:2-Methoxyphenyl compounds]] kj8fq8nq2klxua3d5r63ocg2zpugnv5 97329 97325 2026-04-27T14:01:12Z DaSupremo 9 Add category 97329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Methocarbamol''', dem sell under de brand name '''Robaxin''' among odas, be a medication dem use for short-term musculoskeletal pain.<ref name="AHFS20192">{{cite web |title=Methocarbamol Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methocarbamol.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}</ref><ref name="BNF76">{{Cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 76 |date=2018 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |isbn=978-0-85711-338-2 |edition=76 |page=1093}}</ref> E fi be used togeda plus rest, physical therapy, den pain medication.<ref name="AHFS20192" /><ref name="Robaxin tablet FDA label">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2019 |title=Robaxin- methocarbamol tablet, film coated |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=0db1e8dd-b4fa-491b-a529-0fb939710759 |access-date=19 April 2020 |website=DailyMed}}</ref><ref name="Robaxin injection FDA label">{{Cite web |date=10 December 2018 |title=Robaxin- methocarbamol injection |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=090a3d3d-92c3-4c30-a648-436461f81702 |access-date=19 April 2020 |website=DailyMed}}</ref> E get limited use for [[rheumatoid arthritis]] den [[cerebral palsy]].<ref name="AHFS20192" /><ref name="Ric2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Richards BL, Whittle SL, Buchbinder R |date=January 2012 |title=Muscle relaxants for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008922.pub2 |pmc=11702505 |pmid=22258993 |s2cid=73769165 |article-number=CD008922}}</ref> Effects generally dey begin within half an hour.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Dem dey take am by mouth anaa injection into a vein.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Common side effects dey include headaches, sleepiness, den dizziness.<ref name="AHFS20192" /><ref name=Liver2017>{{cite book |chapter=Methocarbamol|date=30 January 2017|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548286/|title=LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury|publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|pmid=31643609 }}</ref> Serious side effects fi include anaphylaxis, liver problems, confusion, den seizures.<ref name=BNF76/> Ein use no be recommended insyd [[pregnancy]] den [[breastfeeding]].<ref name="AHFS20192" /><ref name=BNF76/> Secof de risk of injury, skeletal muscle relaxants generally for be avoided insyd geriatric patients.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Methocarbamol be a centrally acting muscle relaxant.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> How e dey works be unclear, buh e no dey appear to affect muscles directly.<ref name="AHFS20192" /> Dem develpo methocarbamol insyd 1956 insyd de laboratories of A. H. Robins (later be acquired by Pfizer). Na dem direct studies towards de development of propanediol derivatives wich possess muscle relaxant properties superior to those of mephenesin, wich get low potency den a short duration of action.<ref>''Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients, pp. 373''</ref> Na dem approve am for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1957.<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Methocarbamol Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methocarbamol.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists }}</ref> E be available as a generic medication.<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name=BNF76/> Insyd 2023, na e be de 121st most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 5{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top300Drugs">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Methocarbamol Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Methocarbamol | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}</ref> Methocarbamol be available insyd a fixed-dose combination plus ibuprofen as methocarbamol/ibuprofen (dem sell under de brand name Summit Ultra).<ref>{{cite web | title=Summit Ultra Product information | website=[[Health Canada]] | date=2 August 2018 | url=https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info?lang=eng&code=84532 | access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Carbamates]] [[Category:Catechol ethers]] [[Category:Drugs plus unknown mechanisms of action]] [[Category:Muscle relaxants]] [[Category:Secondary alcohols]] [[Category:Veterinary drugs]] [[Category:Glycerols]] [[Category:2-Methoxyphenyl compounds]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] q5d4l1k8qpsmdy5wyhq8pr6g1oyiw1i 0 26607 97343 97319 2026-04-27T19:08:54Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Management of autism''' dey encompass educational den psychosocial interventions as well as medical management, all dem design to improve communication, learning, adaptive skills of [[Autism|autistic]] people. Such methods of therapy dey seek to aid autistic people in dealing plus difficulties den increase dema functional independence. Treatment typically be catered to de person ein needs. Training den support sanso be given to families of those dem diagnose plus autism.<ref name="CCD">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Myers SM, Johnson CP |date=November 2007 |title=Management of children with autism spectrum disorders |journal=Pediatrics |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=1162–82 |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2362 |pmid=17967921 |s2cid=1656920 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Available approaches dey include applied behavior analysis (ABA), developmental models, structured teaching, speech and language therapy, social skills therapy, den occupational therapy.<ref name="CCD">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Myers SM, Johnson CP |date=November 2007 |title=Management of children with autism spectrum disorders |journal=Pediatrics |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=1162–82 |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2362 |pmid=17967921 |s2cid=1656920 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMyersJohnson2007">Myers SM, Johnson CP (November 2007). </cite></ref> ABA be a behavioral therapy wey dey aim to teach autistic kiddies certain social den oda behaviors by prompting using rewards den reinforcement learning thru play, expressive labeling, den requesting as well as reduce aggressive den self-injurious behavior by assessing ein environmental causes den reinforcing replacement behaviors. Occupational therapists work plus autistic kiddies by creating interventions wey promote social interaction like sharing den cooperation.<ref name="Case-Smith_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Case-Smith J, Arbesman M |date=2008-07-01 |title=Evidence-based review of interventions for autism used in or of relevance to occupational therapy |journal=The American Journal of Occupational Therapy |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=416–29 |doi=10.5014/ajot.62.4.416 |pmid=18712004}}</ref> Dem sanso support de autistic kiddie by helping dem work thru a dilemma as de OT dey imitate de kiddie den dey wait for a response from de kiddie.<ref name="Case-Smith_2008" /> For autistic adults, key treatment issues dey include residential care, job training den placement, sexuality, social skills, den estate planning.<ref name="Aman">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aman MG |date=2005 |title=Treatment planning for patients with autism spectrum disorders |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=66 |issue=Suppl 10 |pages=38–45 |pmid=16401149}}</ref> Studies of interventions get sam methodological problems wey prevent definitive conclusions about efficacy.<ref name="Ospina2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Ospina MB, Krebs Seida J, Clark B, Karkhaneh M, Hartling L, Tjosvold L, Vandermeer B, Smith V |year=2008 |title=Behavioural and developmental interventions for autism spectrum disorder: a clinical systematic review |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=11 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.3755O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0003755 |pmc=2582449 |pmid=19015734 |doi-access=free |article-number=e3755}}</ref> Although chaw psychosocial interventions get sam positive evidence, wey dey suggest say sam form of treatment be preferable to no treatment, de systematic reviews report say de quality of dese studies generally be poor, dema clinical results mostly be tentative, wey der be little evidence for de relative effectiveness of treatment options.<ref name="Seida2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Seida JK, Ospina MB, Karkhaneh M, Hartling L, Smith V, Clark B |date=February 2009 |title=Systematic reviews of psychosocial interventions for autism: an umbrella review |journal=Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=95–104 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03211.x |pmid=19191842 |s2cid=39383638 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Intensive, sustained special education programs den behavior therapy early insyd life fi help kiddies plus ASD acquire self-care, social, den job skills,<ref name="CCD" /> wey often fi improve functioning, den decrease severity of de signs den observed behaviors dem think of as maladaptive;<ref name="Rogers2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rogers SJ, Vismara LA |date=January 2008 |title=Evidence-based comprehensive treatments for early autism |journal=Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=8–38 |doi=10.1080/15374410701817808 |pmc=2943764 |pmid=18444052}}</ref> Early, intensive ABA demonstrate effectiveness, buh chaw randomized clinical studies lack adverse event monitoring, although such adverse effects fi be common.<ref name="SandbankM2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sandbank M, Bottema-Beutel K, Crowley LaPoint S, Feldman JI, Barrett DJ, Caldwell N, Dunham K, Crank J, Albarran S, Woynaroski T |title=Autism intervention meta-analysis of early childhood studies (Project AIM): updated systematic review and secondary analysis |journal=BMJ |volume=383 |issue= |article-number=e076733 |date=November 2023 |pmid=37963634 |pmc=10644209 |doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-076733 |url=}}</ref> De limited research on de effectiveness of adult residential programs dey show mixed results.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Van Bourgondien ME, Reichle NC, Schopler E | title = Effects of a model treatment approach on adults with autism | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–40 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12757352 | doi = 10.1023/A:1022931224934 | s2cid = 30125359 }}</ref> == References == jbtnqkkjao0p2fpanyzgno9wn72afrq 97344 97343 2026-04-27T19:20:01Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Management of autism''' dey encompass educational den psychosocial interventions as well as medical management, all dem design to improve communication, learning, adaptive skills of [[Autism|autistic]] people. Such methods of therapy dey seek to aid autistic people in dealing plus difficulties den increase dema functional independence. Treatment typically be catered to de person ein needs. Training den support sanso be given to families of those dem diagnose plus autism.<ref name="CCD2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Myers SM, Johnson CP |date=November 2007 |title=Management of children with autism spectrum disorders |journal=Pediatrics |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=1162–82 |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2362 |pmid=17967921 |s2cid=1656920 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Available approaches dey include applied behavior analysis (ABA), developmental models, structured teaching, speech and language therapy, social skills therapy, den occupational therapy.<ref name="CCD2" /> ABA be a behavioral therapy wey dey aim to teach autistic kiddies certain social den oda behaviors by prompting using rewards den reinforcement learning thru play, expressive labeling, den requesting as well as reduce aggressive den self-injurious behavior by assessing ein environmental causes den reinforcing replacement behaviors. Occupational therapists work plus autistic kiddies by creating interventions wey promote social interaction like sharing den cooperation.<ref name="Case-Smith_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Case-Smith J, Arbesman M |date=2008-07-01 |title=Evidence-based review of interventions for autism used in or of relevance to occupational therapy |journal=The American Journal of Occupational Therapy |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=416–29 |doi=10.5014/ajot.62.4.416 |pmid=18712004}}</ref> Dem sanso support de autistic kiddie by helping dem work thru a dilemma as de OT dey imitate de kiddie den dey wait for a response from de kiddie.<ref name="Case-Smith_2008" /> For autistic adults, key treatment issues dey include residential care, job training den placement, sexuality, social skills, den estate planning.<ref name="Aman">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aman MG |date=2005 |title=Treatment planning for patients with autism spectrum disorders |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=66 |issue=Suppl 10 |pages=38–45 |pmid=16401149}}</ref> Studies of interventions get sam methodological problems wey prevent definitive conclusions about efficacy.<ref name="Ospina2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Ospina MB, Krebs Seida J, Clark B, Karkhaneh M, Hartling L, Tjosvold L, Vandermeer B, Smith V |year=2008 |title=Behavioural and developmental interventions for autism spectrum disorder: a clinical systematic review |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=11 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.3755O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0003755 |pmc=2582449 |pmid=19015734 |doi-access=free |article-number=e3755}}</ref> Although chaw psychosocial interventions get sam positive evidence, wey dey suggest say sam form of treatment be preferable to no treatment, de systematic reviews report say de quality of dese studies generally be poor, dema clinical results mostly be tentative, wey der be little evidence for de relative effectiveness of treatment options.<ref name="Seida2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Seida JK, Ospina MB, Karkhaneh M, Hartling L, Smith V, Clark B |date=February 2009 |title=Systematic reviews of psychosocial interventions for autism: an umbrella review |journal=Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=95–104 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03211.x |pmid=19191842 |s2cid=39383638 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Intensive, sustained special education programs den behavior therapy early insyd life fi help kiddies plus ASD acquire self-care, social, den job skills,<ref name="CCD2" /> wey often fi improve functioning, den decrease severity of de signs den observed behaviors dem think of as maladaptive;<ref name="Rogers2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rogers SJ, Vismara LA |date=January 2008 |title=Evidence-based comprehensive treatments for early autism |journal=Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=8–38 |doi=10.1080/15374410701817808 |pmc=2943764 |pmid=18444052}}</ref> Early, intensive ABA demonstrate effectiveness, buh chaw randomized clinical studies lack adverse event monitoring, although such adverse effects fi be common.<ref name="SandbankM2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sandbank M, Bottema-Beutel K, Crowley LaPoint S, Feldman JI, Barrett DJ, Caldwell N, Dunham K, Crank J, Albarran S, Woynaroski T |title=Autism intervention meta-analysis of early childhood studies (Project AIM): updated systematic review and secondary analysis |journal=BMJ |volume=383 |issue= |article-number=e076733 |date=November 2023 |pmid=37963634 |pmc=10644209 |doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-076733 |url=}}</ref> De limited research on de effectiveness of adult residential programs dey show mixed results.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Van Bourgondien ME, Reichle NC, Schopler E | title = Effects of a model treatment approach on adults with autism | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–40 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12757352 | doi = 10.1023/A:1022931224934 | s2cid = 30125359 }}</ref> Medical management dey address co-occurring challenges such as irritability, hyperactivity, anxiety, den sleep disturbances rather dan core social den communication traits. Chaw such treatments be prescribed off-label in order to target specific symptoms.<ref name = "Popow_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Popow C, Ohmann S, Plener P | title = Practitioner's review: medication for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and comorbid conditions | language = English | journal = Neuropsychiatrie | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 113–134 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 34160787 | pmc = 8429404 | doi = 10.1007/s40211-021-00395-9 }}</ref> Antipsychotic medications such as [[risperidone]] den [[aripiprazole]] fi reduce severe behavioral issues, while stimulants fi help plus attention den activity levels.<ref name="McCrackenJT2002">{{cite journal |vauthors=McCracken JT, McGough J, Shah B, Cronin P, Hong D, Aman MG, Arnold LE, Lindsay R, Nash P, Hollway J, McDougle CJ, Posey D, Swiezy N, Kohn A, Scahill L, Martin A, Koenig K, Volkmar F, Carroll D, Lancor A, Tierney E, Ghuman J, Gonzalez NM, Grados M, Vitiello B, Ritz L, Davies M, Robinson J, McMahon D |title=Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=347 |issue=5 |pages=314–21 |date=August 2002 |pmid=12151468 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa013171 |url=}}</ref><ref name="OwenR2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Owen R, Sikich L, Marcus RN, Corey-Lisle P, Manos G, McQuade RD, Carson WH, Findling RL |title=Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder |journal=Pediatrics |volume=124 |issue=6 |pages=1533–40 |date=December 2009 |pmid=19948625 |doi=10.1542/peds.2008-3782 |url=}}</ref> Pharmacological treatments, wey dey include antidepressants den antipsychotics, fi be prescribed to manage co-occurring conditions such as anxiety, depression, anaa irritability, buh dem no dey treat de underlying characteristics of autism.<ref name=wp-leucovorin/><ref name="NIH2023">{{cite web |title=Autism Spectrum Disorder: Medication and Therapy Options |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd |website=National Institute of Mental Health |publisher=NIMH |date=2023 |access-date=2025-11-02}}</ref> Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, [[oxytocin]], den oda agents show inconsistent results.<ref name="KingBH2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=King BH, Hollander E, Sikich L, McCracken JT, Scahill L, Bregman JD, Donnelly CL, Anagnostou E, Dukes K, Sullivan L, Hirtz D, Wagner A, Ritz L |title=Lack of efficacy of citalopram in children with autism spectrum disorders and high levels of repetitive behavior: citalopram ineffective in children with autism |journal=Arch Gen Psychiatry |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=583–90 |date=June 2009 |pmid=19487623 |pmc=4112556 |doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.30 |url=}}</ref><ref name="OoiYP2017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ooi YP, Weng SJ, Kossowsky J, Gerger H, Sung M |title=Oxytocin and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials |journal=Pharmacopsychiatry |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=5–13 |date=January 2017 |pmid=27574858 |doi=10.1055/s-0042-109400 |url=}}</ref> Parents of autistic kiddies often dey encounter conflicting advice, unproven "miracle" treatments, den misleading claims in efforts to improve symptoms of a largely genetic disorder wey currently get no cure.<ref name="APA2024">{{cite web |title=Autism Spectrum Disorder |url=https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/autism/what-is-autism-spectrum-disorder |website=American Psychiatric Association |publisher=APA |date=2024 |access-date=2025-11-02}}</ref><ref name="wp-leucovorin">{{cite news |last=Abutaleb |first=Yasmeen |title=Parents of children with autism face conflicting advice and false hope from alternative treatments |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2025/11/02/autism-alternative-treatments-leucovorin/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 2, 2025 |access-date=November 2, 2025 }}</ref> While chaw alternative anaa complementary treatments, wey dey include dietary restrictions, chelation, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, sensory integration, den acupuncture, lack scientific support wey fi pose health anaa financial risks,<ref name="JamesS2015">{{cite journal |vauthors=James S, Stevenson SW, Silove N, Williams K |editor-first1=Stephen |editor-last1=James |title=Chelation for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=5 |article-number=CD010766 |date=May 2015 |pmid=26106752 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010766 |url=}}</ref><ref name="LangeKW2015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lange KW, Hauser J, Reissmann A |title=Gluten-free and casein-free diets in the therapy of autism |journal=Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=572–5 |date=November 2015 |pmid=26418822 |doi=10.1097/MCO.0000000000000228 |url=}}</ref> sam evidence dey exist say limited mindfulness-based interventions fi improve mental health insyd adults plus autism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Benevides |first1=Teal W |last2=Shore |first2=Stephen M |last3=Andresen |first3=May-Lynn |last4=Caplan |first4=Reid |last5=Cook |first5=Barb |last6=Gassner |first6=Dena L |last7=Erves |first7=Jasmine M |last8=Hazlewood |first8=Taylor M |last9=King |first9=M Caroline |last10=Morgan |first10=Lisa |last11=Murphy |first11=Lauren E |last12=Purkis |first12=Yenn |last13=Rankowski |first13=Brigid |last14=Rutledge |first14=Sarah M |last15=Welch |first15=Savannah P |date=2020 |title=Interventions to address health outcomes among autistic adults: A systematic review |journal=Autism |language=en |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=1345–1359 |doi=10.1177/1362361320913664 |issn=1362-3613 |pmc=7787674 |pmid=32390461}}</ref> == References == p5fn5o5ks6x0hunewmizfb5ncjehlgb 97345 97344 2026-04-27T20:01:44Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Management of autism''' dey encompass educational den psychosocial interventions as well as medical management, all dem design to improve communication, learning, adaptive skills of [[Autism|autistic]] people. Such methods of therapy dey seek to aid autistic people in dealing plus difficulties den increase dema functional independence. Treatment typically be catered to de person ein needs. Training den support sanso be given to families of those dem diagnose plus autism.<ref name="CCD2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Myers SM, Johnson CP |date=November 2007 |title=Management of children with autism spectrum disorders |journal=Pediatrics |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=1162–82 |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2362 |pmid=17967921 |s2cid=1656920 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Available approaches dey include applied behavior analysis (ABA), developmental models, structured teaching, speech and language therapy, social skills therapy, den occupational therapy.<ref name="CCD2" /> ABA be a behavioral therapy wey dey aim to teach autistic kiddies certain social den oda behaviors by prompting using rewards den reinforcement learning thru play, expressive labeling, den requesting as well as reduce aggressive den self-injurious behavior by assessing ein environmental causes den reinforcing replacement behaviors. Occupational therapists work plus autistic kiddies by creating interventions wey promote social interaction like sharing den cooperation.<ref name="Case-Smith_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Case-Smith J, Arbesman M |date=2008-07-01 |title=Evidence-based review of interventions for autism used in or of relevance to occupational therapy |journal=The American Journal of Occupational Therapy |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=416–29 |doi=10.5014/ajot.62.4.416 |pmid=18712004}}</ref> Dem sanso support de autistic kiddie by helping dem work thru a dilemma as de OT dey imitate de kiddie den dey wait for a response from de kiddie.<ref name="Case-Smith_2008" /> For autistic adults, key treatment issues dey include residential care, job training den placement, sexuality, social skills, den estate planning.<ref name="Aman">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aman MG |date=2005 |title=Treatment planning for patients with autism spectrum disorders |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=66 |issue=Suppl 10 |pages=38–45 |pmid=16401149}}</ref> Studies of interventions get sam methodological problems wey prevent definitive conclusions about efficacy.<ref name="Ospina2">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Ospina MB, Krebs Seida J, Clark B, Karkhaneh M, Hartling L, Tjosvold L, Vandermeer B, Smith V |year=2008 |title=Behavioural and developmental interventions for autism spectrum disorder: a clinical systematic review |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=11 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.3755O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0003755 |pmc=2582449 |pmid=19015734 |doi-access=free |article-number=e3755}}</ref> Although chaw psychosocial interventions get sam positive evidence, wey dey suggest say sam form of treatment be preferable to no treatment, de systematic reviews report say de quality of dese studies generally be poor, dema clinical results mostly be tentative, wey der be little evidence for de relative effectiveness of treatment options.<ref name="Seida2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Seida JK, Ospina MB, Karkhaneh M, Hartling L, Smith V, Clark B |date=February 2009 |title=Systematic reviews of psychosocial interventions for autism: an umbrella review |journal=Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=95–104 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03211.x |pmid=19191842 |s2cid=39383638 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Intensive, sustained special education programs den behavior therapy early insyd life fi help kiddies plus ASD acquire self-care, social, den job skills,<ref name="CCD2" /> wey often fi improve functioning, den decrease severity of de signs den observed behaviors dem think of as maladaptive;<ref name="Rogers2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rogers SJ, Vismara LA |date=January 2008 |title=Evidence-based comprehensive treatments for early autism |journal=Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=8–38 |doi=10.1080/15374410701817808 |pmc=2943764 |pmid=18444052}}</ref> Early, intensive ABA demonstrate effectiveness, buh chaw randomized clinical studies lack adverse event monitoring, although such adverse effects fi be common.<ref name="SandbankM2023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sandbank M, Bottema-Beutel K, Crowley LaPoint S, Feldman JI, Barrett DJ, Caldwell N, Dunham K, Crank J, Albarran S, Woynaroski T |title=Autism intervention meta-analysis of early childhood studies (Project AIM): updated systematic review and secondary analysis |journal=BMJ |volume=383 |issue= |article-number=e076733 |date=November 2023 |pmid=37963634 |pmc=10644209 |doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-076733 |url=}}</ref> De limited research on de effectiveness of adult residential programs dey show mixed results.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Van Bourgondien ME, Reichle NC, Schopler E | title = Effects of a model treatment approach on adults with autism | journal = Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–40 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12757352 | doi = 10.1023/A:1022931224934 | s2cid = 30125359 }}</ref> Medical management dey address co-occurring challenges such as irritability, hyperactivity, anxiety, den sleep disturbances rather dan core social den communication traits. Chaw such treatments be prescribed off-label in order to target specific symptoms.<ref name = "Popow_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Popow C, Ohmann S, Plener P | title = Practitioner's review: medication for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and comorbid conditions | language = English | journal = Neuropsychiatrie | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 113–134 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 34160787 | pmc = 8429404 | doi = 10.1007/s40211-021-00395-9 }}</ref> Antipsychotic medications such as [[risperidone]] den [[aripiprazole]] fi reduce severe behavioral issues, while stimulants fi help plus attention den activity levels.<ref name="McCrackenJT2002">{{cite journal |vauthors=McCracken JT, McGough J, Shah B, Cronin P, Hong D, Aman MG, Arnold LE, Lindsay R, Nash P, Hollway J, McDougle CJ, Posey D, Swiezy N, Kohn A, Scahill L, Martin A, Koenig K, Volkmar F, Carroll D, Lancor A, Tierney E, Ghuman J, Gonzalez NM, Grados M, Vitiello B, Ritz L, Davies M, Robinson J, McMahon D |title=Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=347 |issue=5 |pages=314–21 |date=August 2002 |pmid=12151468 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa013171 |url=}}</ref><ref name="OwenR2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Owen R, Sikich L, Marcus RN, Corey-Lisle P, Manos G, McQuade RD, Carson WH, Findling RL |title=Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder |journal=Pediatrics |volume=124 |issue=6 |pages=1533–40 |date=December 2009 |pmid=19948625 |doi=10.1542/peds.2008-3782 |url=}}</ref> Pharmacological treatments, wey dey include antidepressants den antipsychotics, fi be prescribed to manage co-occurring conditions such as anxiety, depression, anaa irritability, buh dem no dey treat de underlying characteristics of autism.<ref name=wp-leucovorin/><ref name="NIH2023">{{cite web |title=Autism Spectrum Disorder: Medication and Therapy Options |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd |website=National Institute of Mental Health |publisher=NIMH |date=2023 |access-date=2025-11-02}}</ref> Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, [[oxytocin]], den oda agents show inconsistent results.<ref name="KingBH2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=King BH, Hollander E, Sikich L, McCracken JT, Scahill L, Bregman JD, Donnelly CL, Anagnostou E, Dukes K, Sullivan L, Hirtz D, Wagner A, Ritz L |title=Lack of efficacy of citalopram in children with autism spectrum disorders and high levels of repetitive behavior: citalopram ineffective in children with autism |journal=Arch Gen Psychiatry |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=583–90 |date=June 2009 |pmid=19487623 |pmc=4112556 |doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.30 |url=}}</ref><ref name="OoiYP2017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ooi YP, Weng SJ, Kossowsky J, Gerger H, Sung M |title=Oxytocin and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials |journal=Pharmacopsychiatry |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=5–13 |date=January 2017 |pmid=27574858 |doi=10.1055/s-0042-109400 |url=}}</ref> Parents of autistic kiddies often dey encounter conflicting advice, unproven "miracle" treatments, den misleading claims in efforts to improve symptoms of a largely genetic disorder wey currently get no cure.<ref name="APA2024">{{cite web |title=Autism Spectrum Disorder |url=https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/autism/what-is-autism-spectrum-disorder |website=American Psychiatric Association |publisher=APA |date=2024 |access-date=2025-11-02}}</ref><ref name="wp-leucovorin">{{cite news |last=Abutaleb |first=Yasmeen |title=Parents of children with autism face conflicting advice and false hope from alternative treatments |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2025/11/02/autism-alternative-treatments-leucovorin/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 2, 2025 |access-date=November 2, 2025 }}</ref> While chaw alternative anaa complementary treatments, wey dey include dietary restrictions, chelation, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, sensory integration, den acupuncture, lack scientific support wey fi pose health anaa financial risks,<ref name="JamesS2015">{{cite journal |vauthors=James S, Stevenson SW, Silove N, Williams K |editor-first1=Stephen |editor-last1=James |title=Chelation for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=5 |article-number=CD010766 |date=May 2015 |pmid=26106752 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010766 |url=}}</ref><ref name="LangeKW2015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lange KW, Hauser J, Reissmann A |title=Gluten-free and casein-free diets in the therapy of autism |journal=Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=572–5 |date=November 2015 |pmid=26418822 |doi=10.1097/MCO.0000000000000228 |url=}}</ref> sam evidence dey exist say limited mindfulness-based interventions fi improve mental health insyd adults plus autism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Benevides |first1=Teal W |last2=Shore |first2=Stephen M |last3=Andresen |first3=May-Lynn |last4=Caplan |first4=Reid |last5=Cook |first5=Barb |last6=Gassner |first6=Dena L |last7=Erves |first7=Jasmine M |last8=Hazlewood |first8=Taylor M |last9=King |first9=M Caroline |last10=Morgan |first10=Lisa |last11=Murphy |first11=Lauren E |last12=Purkis |first12=Yenn |last13=Rankowski |first13=Brigid |last14=Rutledge |first14=Sarah M |last15=Welch |first15=Savannah P |date=2020 |title=Interventions to address health outcomes among autistic adults: A systematic review |journal=Autism |language=en |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=1345–1359 |doi=10.1177/1362361320913664 |issn=1362-3613 |pmc=7787674 |pmid=32390461}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Pervasive developmental disorders}} {{Autism resources}} [[Category:Treatment of autism]] [[Category:Special education]] [[Category:Psychotherapy]] eob3l64lifgicpyvsan2o2lwy74nckq 0 26608 97334 97323 2026-04-27T14:30:26Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abena Amoakoaa Sintim-Aboagye''' wey pipo know as '''Chef Abbys''' (dem born am for Kumasi for 6 July 1999) be Ghanaian chef, food content creator, den philanthropist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Francis |date=2025-07-20 |title=Meet… |url=https://thebftonline.com/2025/07/20/meet-9/ |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=2026-02-26 |newspaper=[[Business and Financial Times]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==How she take start den ein education== Dem born Chef Abbys for Kumasi wey dey [[Ashanti Region]] for [[Ghana]] for 6 July 1999. She go [[Wesley Girls' Senior High School]] for ein senior high school, wer she study General Arts, wey she fini for 2017. After dat, she go [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]] (KNUST) go study Construction Technology and Management.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-07 |title=Chef Abbys reveals her real profession, declares that her cooking content online is passion-driven. |url=https://atinkaonline.com/chef-abbys-reveals-her-real-profession-declares-that-her-cooking-content-online-is-passion-driven/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Atinka Online |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Ein cooking work== Chef Abbys ein cooking career start wen she begin take Snapchat dey record ein cooking. Later, she move ein cooking videos go oda social media platforms like Instagram, Facebook, TikTok den YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2025 |title='I love to teach people how to cook so I made it a profession' – Chef Abbys |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/I-love-to-teach-people-how-to-cook-so-I-made-it-a-profession-Chef-Abbys-2003843 |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=Ghanaweb.com}}</ref> ===Big things wey she do wey pipo notice=== For 2025, Chef Abbys be de official culinary partner for King Charles III ein birthday party wey dem hold for British High Commissioner ein house for [[Accra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-28 |title=Chefabbys Serves As Culinary Partner For King Charles' Birthday Celebration |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/chefabbys-serves-as-culinary-partner-for-king-charles-birthday-celebration/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=DailyGuide Network |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem invite am join de TikTok Delegation go Cannes Lions '25, wey dem host am for private dining experience plus TikTok CEO Shou Zi Chew.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2025 |title=Chef Abbys to represent Ghana at Cannes Lions 2025 in France |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Chef-Abbys-to-represent-Ghana-at-Cannes-Lions-2025-in-France-1987940 |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=Ghanaweb.com}}</ref> She host Mayor of London Sadiq Khan for private dining experience wen he cam Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2025 |title=Chef Abbys cooks with London Mayor Sadiq Khan during Ghana visit |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Chef-Abbys-cooks-with-London-Mayor-Sadiq-Khan-during-Ghana-visit-1992157 |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=Ghanaweb.com}}</ref> For de end of 2025, dem feature am for Time 100 top creators list.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCluskey |first=Megan |date=9 July 2025 |title=Abena Amoakoaa Sintim-Aboagye |url=https://time.com/collections/time100-creators-2025/7299088/abena-amoakoaa-sintim-aboagye/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=Time.com}}</ref> For January 2026, she join American streamer IShowSpeed for ein Ghana stream for ein Africa Tour, wey she show am Ghana street snack ''Kosua Ne Meko'' (wey be boiled eggs den pepper).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okine |first=Godwin Nii Armah |date=2026-01-28 |title=Abeiku Santana Breaks Silence on IShowSpeed's Ghana Jollof Incident: “Chef Abbys Was Sabotaged” - YEN.COM.GH |url=https://yen.com.gh/entertainment/celebrities/298661-abeiku-santana-breaks-silence-ishowspeeds-ghana-jollof-incident-chef-abby-sabotaged/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=yen.com.gh |language=en}}</ref> ==De charity work wey she do== For October 16, 2025, Chef Abbys hold de first edition of ''Big Street Feast'' for Accra, Ghana to mark World Food Day. Dis event feed over 20,000 people plus three square meals for de whole day. E be part of ein "Zero Hunger" project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chef Abbys makes history with 'The Big Street Feast,' feeds Over 20,000 people in Accra - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/chef-abbys-makes-history-with-the-big-street-feast-feeds-over-20000-people-in-accra/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Awards den nominations == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Award !Category !Result |- |2024 |Creator Awards |Food Creator of the Year |Dem nominate am<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chef Abbys, Adjoa Tee, Endurance and Headless nominated for 2025 Creators Awards & Festival - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/chef-abbys-adjoa-tee-endurance-and-headless-nominated-for-2025-creators-awards-festival/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2025 |Pulse Influencer Awards |Most Innovative Influencer of the Year, Africa |She win<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-01 |title=Chef Abbys beats competition from Nigeria and Uganda to win Africa’s Most Innovative Influencer at the 2025 PIA awards |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/story/chef-abbys-beats-competition-from-nigeria-and-uganda-to-win-africas-most-innovative-influencer-at-the-2025-pia-awards-2025120116493848049 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref> |- |2025 |Pulse Awards Ghana |Food Influencer of the Year |She win |- |2025 |Pulse Awards Ghana |TikTok Creator of the Year |She win<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-02 |title=Chef Abbys Celebrates 7 Major Award Wins in 2025 - 3Music.tv |url=https://www.3music.tv/section/news/article/chef-abbys-celebrates-7-major-award-wins-in-2025-2025-12-02 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=3MusicTV |language=en}}</ref> |- |2025 |TikTok Awards |Creator of the Year |She win<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chef Abbys scores double honours at TikTok Awards 2025 - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/chef-abbys-scores-double-honours-at-tiktok-awards-2025/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2025 |TikTok Awards |Food Creator of the Year |Dem nominate am |- |2025 |Women's Choice Awards Ghana |Young Star of the Year |She win<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-02 |title=Chef Abbys Celebrates 7 Major Award Wins in 2025 - 3Music.tv |url=https://www.3music.tv/section/news/article/chef-abbys-celebrates-7-major-award-wins-in-2025-2025-12-02 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=3MusicTV |language=en}}</ref> |- |2025 |Yen Awards |Social Media Star of the Year |She win<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekyi |first=Ruth |date=2025-11-26 |title=“I Am Honoured”: Chef Abbys Reacts to Winning the 2025 YEN Entertainment Awards Social Media Star - YEN.COM.GH |url=https://yen.com.gh/people/295388-i-honored-chefabby-reacts-winning-2025-yen-entertainment-awards-social-media-star-tiktok/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=yen.com.gh |language=en}}</ref> |- |} ==References== {{DEFAULTSORT:Abbys Chef}} [[Category:1999 births]] it5fwwclptodskuqokng2kb5c7kcyw6 97335 97334 2026-04-27T14:48:01Z DaSupremo 9 Add categories 97335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abena Amoakoaa Sintim-Aboagye''' wey pipo know as '''Chef Abbys''' (dem born am for Kumasi for 6 July 1999) be Ghanaian chef, food content creator, den philanthropist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Francis |date=2025-07-20 |title=Meet… |url=https://thebftonline.com/2025/07/20/meet-9/ |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=2026-02-26 |newspaper=[[Business and Financial Times]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==How she take start den ein education== Dem born Chef Abbys for Kumasi wey dey [[Ashanti Region]] for [[Ghana]] for 6 July 1999. She go [[Wesley Girls' Senior High School]] for ein senior high school, wer she study General Arts, wey she fini for 2017. After dat, she go [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]] (KNUST) go study Construction Technology and Management.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-07 |title=Chef Abbys reveals her real profession, declares that her cooking content online is passion-driven. |url=https://atinkaonline.com/chef-abbys-reveals-her-real-profession-declares-that-her-cooking-content-online-is-passion-driven/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Atinka Online |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Ein cooking work== Chef Abbys ein cooking career start wen she begin take Snapchat dey record ein cooking. Later, she move ein cooking videos go oda social media platforms like Instagram, Facebook, TikTok den YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2025 |title='I love to teach people how to cook so I made it a profession' – Chef Abbys |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/I-love-to-teach-people-how-to-cook-so-I-made-it-a-profession-Chef-Abbys-2003843 |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=Ghanaweb.com}}</ref> ===Big things wey she do wey pipo notice=== For 2025, Chef Abbys be de official culinary partner for King Charles III ein birthday party wey dem hold for British High Commissioner ein house for [[Accra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-28 |title=Chefabbys Serves As Culinary Partner For King Charles' Birthday Celebration |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/chefabbys-serves-as-culinary-partner-for-king-charles-birthday-celebration/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=DailyGuide Network |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem invite am join de TikTok Delegation go Cannes Lions '25, wey dem host am for private dining experience plus TikTok CEO Shou Zi Chew.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2025 |title=Chef Abbys to represent Ghana at Cannes Lions 2025 in France |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Chef-Abbys-to-represent-Ghana-at-Cannes-Lions-2025-in-France-1987940 |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=Ghanaweb.com}}</ref> She host Mayor of London Sadiq Khan for private dining experience wen he cam Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2025 |title=Chef Abbys cooks with London Mayor Sadiq Khan during Ghana visit |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Chef-Abbys-cooks-with-London-Mayor-Sadiq-Khan-during-Ghana-visit-1992157 |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=Ghanaweb.com}}</ref> For de end of 2025, dem feature am for Time 100 top creators list.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCluskey |first=Megan |date=9 July 2025 |title=Abena Amoakoaa Sintim-Aboagye |url=https://time.com/collections/time100-creators-2025/7299088/abena-amoakoaa-sintim-aboagye/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=Time.com}}</ref> For January 2026, she join American streamer IShowSpeed for ein Ghana stream for ein Africa Tour, wey she show am Ghana street snack ''Kosua Ne Meko'' (wey be boiled eggs den pepper).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okine |first=Godwin Nii Armah |date=2026-01-28 |title=Abeiku Santana Breaks Silence on IShowSpeed's Ghana Jollof Incident: “Chef Abbys Was Sabotaged” - YEN.COM.GH |url=https://yen.com.gh/entertainment/celebrities/298661-abeiku-santana-breaks-silence-ishowspeeds-ghana-jollof-incident-chef-abby-sabotaged/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=yen.com.gh |language=en}}</ref> ==De charity work wey she do== For October 16, 2025, Chef Abbys hold de first edition of ''Big Street Feast'' for Accra, Ghana to mark World Food Day. Dis event feed over 20,000 people plus three square meals for de whole day. E be part of ein "Zero Hunger" project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chef Abbys makes history with 'The Big Street Feast,' feeds Over 20,000 people in Accra - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/chef-abbys-makes-history-with-the-big-street-feast-feeds-over-20000-people-in-accra/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Awards den nominations == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Award !Category !Result |- |2024 |Creator Awards |Food Creator of the Year |Dem nominate am<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chef Abbys, Adjoa Tee, Endurance and Headless nominated for 2025 Creators Awards & Festival - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/chef-abbys-adjoa-tee-endurance-and-headless-nominated-for-2025-creators-awards-festival/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2025 |Pulse Influencer Awards |Most Innovative Influencer of the Year, Africa |She win<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-01 |title=Chef Abbys beats competition from Nigeria and Uganda to win Africa’s Most Innovative Influencer at the 2025 PIA awards |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/story/chef-abbys-beats-competition-from-nigeria-and-uganda-to-win-africas-most-innovative-influencer-at-the-2025-pia-awards-2025120116493848049 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref> |- |2025 |Pulse Awards Ghana |Food Influencer of the Year |She win |- |2025 |Pulse Awards Ghana |TikTok Creator of the Year |She win<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-02 |title=Chef Abbys Celebrates 7 Major Award Wins in 2025 - 3Music.tv |url=https://www.3music.tv/section/news/article/chef-abbys-celebrates-7-major-award-wins-in-2025-2025-12-02 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=3MusicTV |language=en}}</ref> |- |2025 |TikTok Awards |Creator of the Year |She win<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chef Abbys scores double honours at TikTok Awards 2025 - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/chef-abbys-scores-double-honours-at-tiktok-awards-2025/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2025 |TikTok Awards |Food Creator of the Year |Dem nominate am |- |2025 |Women's Choice Awards Ghana |Young Star of the Year |She win<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-02 |title=Chef Abbys Celebrates 7 Major Award Wins in 2025 - 3Music.tv |url=https://www.3music.tv/section/news/article/chef-abbys-celebrates-7-major-award-wins-in-2025-2025-12-02 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=3MusicTV |language=en}}</ref> |- |2025 |Yen Awards |Social Media Star of the Year |She win<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekyi |first=Ruth |date=2025-11-26 |title=“I Am Honoured”: Chef Abbys Reacts to Winning the 2025 YEN Entertainment Awards Social Media Star - YEN.COM.GH |url=https://yen.com.gh/people/295388-i-honored-chefabby-reacts-winning-2025-yen-entertainment-awards-social-media-star-tiktok/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=yen.com.gh |language=en}}</ref> |- |} ==References== <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Abbys Chef}} [[Category:1999 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Ghanaian chefs]] [[Category:Ghanaian internet celebrities]] [[Category:Ghanaian TikTokers]] [[Category:People wey komot Kumasi]] [[Category:Wesley Girls' Senior High School alumni]] [[Category:Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology alumni]] [[Category:Ghanaian YouTubers]] t0s1wqsjiben162hslmap2yit41mwnn 14 26609 97326 2026-04-27T13:56:48Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97326 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26610 97327 2026-04-27T13:57:00Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97327 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26611 97328 2026-04-27T13:57:13Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97328 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26612 97336 2026-04-27T14:48:35Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97336 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26613 97337 2026-04-27T14:48:46Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97337 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26614 97338 2026-04-27T14:49:02Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97338 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26615 97339 2026-04-27T16:21:57Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347627632|Melatonin]]" 97339 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Melatonin''', an indoleamine, be a natural compound wey various organisms produce, wey dey include bacteria den eukaryotes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amaral |first=Fernanda Gaspar do |last2=Cipolla-Neto |first2=José |year=2018 |title=A brief review about melatonin, a pineal hormone |journal=Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=472–479 |doi=10.20945/2359-3997000000066 |pmc=10118741 |pmid=30304113 |s2cid=52954755}}</ref> Ein discovery insyd 1958 by Aaron B. Lerner den colleagues stem from de isolation of a substance from de pineal gland of cows wey fi induce skin lightening insyd common frogs. Dem later identify dis compound as a hormone dem secrete insyd de brain during de night, wey dey play a crucial role in regulating de sleep-wake cycle, dem sanso know as de circadian rhythm, insyd vertebrates.<ref name="Auld2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Auld F, Maschauer EL, Morrison I, [[Debra J. Skene|Skene DJ]], Riha RL |date=August 2017 |title=Evidence for the efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of primary adult sleep disorders |url=http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/813219/1/Riha%20accepted%20MS%202016.pdf |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=34 |pages=10–22 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2016.06.005 |hdl=20.500.11820/0e890bda-4b1d-4786-a907-a03b1580fd07 |pmid=28648359 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNSlBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA888 |title=ADHD: Non-Pharmacologic Interventions, An Issue of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, E-Book |vauthors=Faraone SV |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-32602-5 |page=888}}</ref> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] f47ebkqh4l9f40gnuvrcvg0kolkxmll 97340 97339 2026-04-27T16:42:31Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Melatonin''', an indoleamine, be a natural compound wey various organisms produce, wey dey include bacteria den eukaryotes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amaral |first=Fernanda Gaspar do |last2=Cipolla-Neto |first2=José |year=2018 |title=A brief review about melatonin, a pineal hormone |journal=Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=472–479 |doi=10.20945/2359-3997000000066 |pmc=10118741 |pmid=30304113 |s2cid=52954755}}</ref> Ein discovery insyd 1958 by Aaron B. Lerner den colleagues stem from de isolation of a substance from de pineal gland of cows wey fi induce skin lightening insyd common frogs. Dem later identify dis compound as a hormone dem secrete insyd de brain during de night, wey dey play a crucial role in regulating de sleep-wake cycle, dem sanso know as de circadian rhythm, insyd vertebrates.<ref name="Auld2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Auld F, Maschauer EL, Morrison I, [[Debra J. Skene|Skene DJ]], Riha RL |date=August 2017 |title=Evidence for the efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of primary adult sleep disorders |url=http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/813219/1/Riha%20accepted%20MS%202016.pdf |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=34 |pages=10–22 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2016.06.005 |hdl=20.500.11820/0e890bda-4b1d-4786-a907-a03b1580fd07 |pmid=28648359 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNSlBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA888 |title=ADHD: Non-Pharmacologic Interventions, An Issue of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, E-Book |vauthors=Faraone SV |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-32602-5 |page=888}}</ref> Insyd vertebrates, melatonin ein functions extend to synchronizing sleep-wake cycles, wey dey encompass sleep-wake timing den blood pressure regulation, as well as controlling seasonal rhythmicity (circannual cycle), wich dey include reproduction, fattening, molting, den hibernation.<ref name="Altun2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Altun A, Ugur-Altun B | title = Melatonin: therapeutic and clinical utilization | journal = International Journal of Clinical Practice | volume = 61 | issue = 5 | pages = 835–45 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17298593 | doi = 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.01191.x | s2cid = 18050554 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Ein effects be mediated thru de activation of melatonin receptors den ein role as an antioxidant.<ref name="Boutin2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boutin JA, Audinot V, Ferry G, Delagrange P |date=August 2005 |title=Molecular tools to study melatonin pathways and actions |journal=Trends in Pharmacological Sciences |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=412–9 |doi=10.1016/j.tips.2005.06.006 |pmid=15992934}}</ref><ref name="Hardeland2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hardeland R |date=July 2005 |title=Antioxidative protection by melatonin: multiplicity of mechanisms from radical detoxification to radical avoidance |journal=Endocrine |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=119–30 |doi=10.1385/ENDO:27:2:119 |pmid=16217125 |s2cid=46984486}}</ref><ref name="Reiter2001">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reiter RJ, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Tan DX, Burkhardt S |date=June 2001 |title=Free radical-mediated molecular damage. Mechanisms for the protective actions of melatonin in the central nervous system |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=939 |issue=1 |pages=200–15 |bibcode=2001NYASA.939..200R |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03627.x |pmid=11462772 |s2cid=20404509}}</ref> Insyd plants den bacteria, e dey serve as a defense mechanism against oxidative stress, wey dey indicate ein evolutionary significance.<ref name="Tan_2012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tan DX, Hardeland R, Manchester LC, Korkmaz A, Ma S, Rosales-Corral S, Reiter RJ |date=January 2012 |title=Functional roles of melatonin in plants, and perspectives in nutritional and agricultural science |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=577–97 |doi=10.1093/jxb/err256 |pmid=22016420 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mitochondria, key organelles, are the main producers of melatonin,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reiter |first1=Russel J. |last2=Tan |first2=Dun Xian |last3=Rosales-Corral |first3=Sergio |last4=Galano |first4=Annia |last5=Zhou |first5=Xin Jia |last6=Xu |first6=Bing |date=2018 |title=Mitochondria: Central Organelles for Melatonin's Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Actions |journal=Molecules |volume=23 |issue=2 |page=509 |doi=10.3390/molecules23020509 |pmc=6017324 |pmid=29495303 |doi-access=free }}</ref> wey dey underscore ein "ancient origins" den ein fundamental role in protecting de earliest cells from reactive oxygen species.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Manchester |first1=Lucien C. |last2=Coto-Montes |first2=Ana |last3=Boga |first3=Jose Antonio |last4=Andersen |first4=Lars Peter H. |last5=Zhou |first5=Zhou |last6=Galano |first6=Annia |last7=Vriend |first7=Jerry |last8=Tan |first8=Dun-Xian |last9=Reiter |first9=Russel J. |date=2015 |title=Melatonin: an ancient molecule that makes oxygen metabolically tolerable |journal=Journal of Pineal Research |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=403–419 |doi=10.1111/jpi.12267 |pmid=26272235|s2cid=24373303 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Dake |last2=Yu |first2=Yang |last3=Shen |first3=Yong |last4=Liu |first4=Qin |last5=Zhao |first5=Zhiwei |last6=Sharma |first6=Ramaswamy |last7=Reiter |first7=Russel J. |date=2019 |title=Melatonin Synthesis and Function: Evolutionary History in Animals and Plants |journal=Frontiers in Endocrinology |volume=10 |article-number=249 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2019.00249 |pmc=6481276 |pmid=31057485 |doi-access=free }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 3ns48lyrb5hx64z82ffrvjar789snuw 97341 97340 2026-04-27T16:48:25Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Melatonin''', an indoleamine, be a natural compound wey various organisms produce, wey dey include bacteria den eukaryotes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amaral |first=Fernanda Gaspar do |last2=Cipolla-Neto |first2=José |year=2018 |title=A brief review about melatonin, a pineal hormone |journal=Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=472–479 |doi=10.20945/2359-3997000000066 |pmc=10118741 |pmid=30304113 |s2cid=52954755}}</ref> Ein discovery insyd 1958 by Aaron B. Lerner den colleagues stem from de isolation of a substance from de pineal gland of cows wey fi induce skin lightening insyd common frogs. Dem later identify dis compound as a hormone dem secrete insyd de brain during de night, wey dey play a crucial role in regulating de sleep-wake cycle, dem sanso know as de circadian rhythm, insyd vertebrates.<ref name="Auld2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Auld F, Maschauer EL, Morrison I, [[Debra J. Skene|Skene DJ]], Riha RL |date=August 2017 |title=Evidence for the efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of primary adult sleep disorders |url=http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/813219/1/Riha%20accepted%20MS%202016.pdf |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=34 |pages=10–22 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2016.06.005 |hdl=20.500.11820/0e890bda-4b1d-4786-a907-a03b1580fd07 |pmid=28648359 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNSlBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA888 |title=ADHD: Non-Pharmacologic Interventions, An Issue of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, E-Book |vauthors=Faraone SV |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-32602-5 |page=888}}</ref> Insyd vertebrates, melatonin ein functions extend to synchronizing sleep-wake cycles, wey dey encompass sleep-wake timing den blood pressure regulation, as well as controlling seasonal rhythmicity (circannual cycle), wich dey include reproduction, fattening, molting, den hibernation.<ref name="Altun2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Altun A, Ugur-Altun B | title = Melatonin: therapeutic and clinical utilization | journal = International Journal of Clinical Practice | volume = 61 | issue = 5 | pages = 835–45 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17298593 | doi = 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.01191.x | s2cid = 18050554 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Ein effects be mediated thru de activation of melatonin receptors den ein role as an antioxidant.<ref name="Boutin2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boutin JA, Audinot V, Ferry G, Delagrange P |date=August 2005 |title=Molecular tools to study melatonin pathways and actions |journal=Trends in Pharmacological Sciences |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=412–9 |doi=10.1016/j.tips.2005.06.006 |pmid=15992934}}</ref><ref name="Hardeland2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hardeland R |date=July 2005 |title=Antioxidative protection by melatonin: multiplicity of mechanisms from radical detoxification to radical avoidance |journal=Endocrine |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=119–30 |doi=10.1385/ENDO:27:2:119 |pmid=16217125 |s2cid=46984486}}</ref><ref name="Reiter2001">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reiter RJ, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Tan DX, Burkhardt S |date=June 2001 |title=Free radical-mediated molecular damage. Mechanisms for the protective actions of melatonin in the central nervous system |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=939 |issue=1 |pages=200–15 |bibcode=2001NYASA.939..200R |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03627.x |pmid=11462772 |s2cid=20404509}}</ref> Insyd plants den bacteria, e dey serve as a defense mechanism against oxidative stress, wey dey indicate ein evolutionary significance.<ref name="Tan_2012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tan DX, Hardeland R, Manchester LC, Korkmaz A, Ma S, Rosales-Corral S, Reiter RJ |date=January 2012 |title=Functional roles of melatonin in plants, and perspectives in nutritional and agricultural science |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=577–97 |doi=10.1093/jxb/err256 |pmid=22016420 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mitochondria, key organelles, be de main producers of melatonin,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reiter |first1=Russel J. |last2=Tan |first2=Dun Xian |last3=Rosales-Corral |first3=Sergio |last4=Galano |first4=Annia |last5=Zhou |first5=Xin Jia |last6=Xu |first6=Bing |date=2018 |title=Mitochondria: Central Organelles for Melatonin's Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Actions |journal=Molecules |volume=23 |issue=2 |page=509 |doi=10.3390/molecules23020509 |pmc=6017324 |pmid=29495303 |doi-access=free }}</ref> wey dey underscore ein "ancient origins" den ein fundamental role in protecting de earliest cells from reactive oxygen species.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Manchester |first1=Lucien C. |last2=Coto-Montes |first2=Ana |last3=Boga |first3=Jose Antonio |last4=Andersen |first4=Lars Peter H. |last5=Zhou |first5=Zhou |last6=Galano |first6=Annia |last7=Vriend |first7=Jerry |last8=Tan |first8=Dun-Xian |last9=Reiter |first9=Russel J. |date=2015 |title=Melatonin: an ancient molecule that makes oxygen metabolically tolerable |journal=Journal of Pineal Research |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=403–419 |doi=10.1111/jpi.12267 |pmid=26272235|s2cid=24373303 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Dake |last2=Yu |first2=Yang |last3=Shen |first3=Yong |last4=Liu |first4=Qin |last5=Zhao |first5=Zhiwei |last6=Sharma |first6=Ramaswamy |last7=Reiter |first7=Russel J. |date=2019 |title=Melatonin Synthesis and Function: Evolutionary History in Animals and Plants |journal=Frontiers in Endocrinology |volume=10 |article-number=249 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2019.00249 |pmc=6481276 |pmid=31057485 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In addition to ein endogenous functions as a hormone den antioxidant, melatonin sanso be administered exogenously as a dietary supplement den medication. Dem dey use melatonin medically primarily for sleep-related problems: for example, prolonged-release melatonin (Circadin) be approved insyd several countries for short-term treatment of insomnia insyd people aged 55 years of age anaa older.<ref name="RiemannEspieAltena20232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Riemann D, Espie CA, Altena E, Arnardottir ES, Baglioni C, Bassetti CL, Bastien C, Berzina N, Bjorvatn B, Dikeos D, Dolenc Groselj L, Ellis JG, Garcia-Borreguero D, Geoffroy PA, Gjerstad M, Gonçalves M, Hertenstein E, Hoedlmoser K, Hion T, Holzinger B, Janku K, Jansson-Fröjmark M, Järnefelt H, Jernelöv S, Jennum PJ, Khachatryan S, Krone L, Kyle SD, Lancee J, Leger D, Lupusor A, Marques DR, Nissen C, Palagini L, Paunio T, Perogamvros L, Pevernagie D, Schabus M, Shochat T, Szentkiralyi A, Van Someren E, van Straten A, Wichniak A, Verbraecken J, Spiegelhalder K |date=December 2023 |title=The European Insomnia Guideline: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023 |url= |journal=J Sleep Res |volume=32 |issue=6 |doi=10.1111/jsr.14035 |hdl=11250/3121742 |pmid=38016484 |hdl-access=free |article-number=e14035}}</ref> Dem dey use am insyd de treatment of [[sleep disorder]]s, wey dey include [[insomnia]] den various circadian rhythm sleep disorders. == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == a4qwxr9pw4oturla0sd3cn81n61ijdd 97342 97341 2026-04-27T16:57:43Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Melatonin''', an indoleamine, be a natural compound wey various organisms produce, wey dey include bacteria den eukaryotes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amaral |first=Fernanda Gaspar do |last2=Cipolla-Neto |first2=José |year=2018 |title=A brief review about melatonin, a pineal hormone |journal=Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=472–479 |doi=10.20945/2359-3997000000066 |pmc=10118741 |pmid=30304113 |s2cid=52954755}}</ref> Ein discovery insyd 1958 by Aaron B. Lerner den colleagues stem from de isolation of a substance from de pineal gland of cows wey fi induce skin lightening insyd common frogs. Dem later identify dis compound as a hormone dem secrete insyd de brain during de night, wey dey play a crucial role in regulating de sleep-wake cycle, dem sanso know as de circadian rhythm, insyd vertebrates.<ref name="Auld2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Auld F, Maschauer EL, Morrison I, [[Debra J. Skene|Skene DJ]], Riha RL |date=August 2017 |title=Evidence for the efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of primary adult sleep disorders |url=http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/813219/1/Riha%20accepted%20MS%202016.pdf |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=34 |pages=10–22 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2016.06.005 |hdl=20.500.11820/0e890bda-4b1d-4786-a907-a03b1580fd07 |pmid=28648359 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNSlBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA888 |title=ADHD: Non-Pharmacologic Interventions, An Issue of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, E-Book |vauthors=Faraone SV |date=2014 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-32602-5 |page=888}}</ref> Insyd vertebrates, melatonin ein functions extend to synchronizing sleep-wake cycles, wey dey encompass sleep-wake timing den blood pressure regulation, as well as controlling seasonal rhythmicity (circannual cycle), wich dey include reproduction, fattening, molting, den hibernation.<ref name="Altun2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Altun A, Ugur-Altun B | title = Melatonin: therapeutic and clinical utilization | journal = International Journal of Clinical Practice | volume = 61 | issue = 5 | pages = 835–45 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17298593 | doi = 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.01191.x | s2cid = 18050554 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Ein effects be mediated thru de activation of melatonin receptors den ein role as an antioxidant.<ref name="Boutin2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boutin JA, Audinot V, Ferry G, Delagrange P |date=August 2005 |title=Molecular tools to study melatonin pathways and actions |journal=Trends in Pharmacological Sciences |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=412–9 |doi=10.1016/j.tips.2005.06.006 |pmid=15992934}}</ref><ref name="Hardeland2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hardeland R |date=July 2005 |title=Antioxidative protection by melatonin: multiplicity of mechanisms from radical detoxification to radical avoidance |journal=Endocrine |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=119–30 |doi=10.1385/ENDO:27:2:119 |pmid=16217125 |s2cid=46984486}}</ref><ref name="Reiter2001">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reiter RJ, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Tan DX, Burkhardt S |date=June 2001 |title=Free radical-mediated molecular damage. Mechanisms for the protective actions of melatonin in the central nervous system |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=939 |issue=1 |pages=200–15 |bibcode=2001NYASA.939..200R |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03627.x |pmid=11462772 |s2cid=20404509}}</ref> Insyd plants den bacteria, e dey serve as a defense mechanism against oxidative stress, wey dey indicate ein evolutionary significance.<ref name="Tan_2012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tan DX, Hardeland R, Manchester LC, Korkmaz A, Ma S, Rosales-Corral S, Reiter RJ |date=January 2012 |title=Functional roles of melatonin in plants, and perspectives in nutritional and agricultural science |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=577–97 |doi=10.1093/jxb/err256 |pmid=22016420 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mitochondria, key organelles, be de main producers of melatonin,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reiter |first1=Russel J. |last2=Tan |first2=Dun Xian |last3=Rosales-Corral |first3=Sergio |last4=Galano |first4=Annia |last5=Zhou |first5=Xin Jia |last6=Xu |first6=Bing |date=2018 |title=Mitochondria: Central Organelles for Melatonin's Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Actions |journal=Molecules |volume=23 |issue=2 |page=509 |doi=10.3390/molecules23020509 |pmc=6017324 |pmid=29495303 |doi-access=free }}</ref> wey dey underscore ein "ancient origins" den ein fundamental role in protecting de earliest cells from reactive oxygen species.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Manchester |first1=Lucien C. |last2=Coto-Montes |first2=Ana |last3=Boga |first3=Jose Antonio |last4=Andersen |first4=Lars Peter H. |last5=Zhou |first5=Zhou |last6=Galano |first6=Annia |last7=Vriend |first7=Jerry |last8=Tan |first8=Dun-Xian |last9=Reiter |first9=Russel J. |date=2015 |title=Melatonin: an ancient molecule that makes oxygen metabolically tolerable |journal=Journal of Pineal Research |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=403–419 |doi=10.1111/jpi.12267 |pmid=26272235|s2cid=24373303 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Dake |last2=Yu |first2=Yang |last3=Shen |first3=Yong |last4=Liu |first4=Qin |last5=Zhao |first5=Zhiwei |last6=Sharma |first6=Ramaswamy |last7=Reiter |first7=Russel J. |date=2019 |title=Melatonin Synthesis and Function: Evolutionary History in Animals and Plants |journal=Frontiers in Endocrinology |volume=10 |article-number=249 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2019.00249 |pmc=6481276 |pmid=31057485 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In addition to ein endogenous functions as a hormone den antioxidant, melatonin sanso be administered exogenously as a dietary supplement den medication. Dem dey use melatonin medically primarily for sleep-related problems: for example, prolonged-release melatonin (Circadin) be approved insyd several countries for short-term treatment of insomnia insyd people aged 55 years of age anaa older.<ref name="RiemannEspieAltena20232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Riemann D, Espie CA, Altena E, Arnardottir ES, Baglioni C, Bassetti CL, Bastien C, Berzina N, Bjorvatn B, Dikeos D, Dolenc Groselj L, Ellis JG, Garcia-Borreguero D, Geoffroy PA, Gjerstad M, Gonçalves M, Hertenstein E, Hoedlmoser K, Hion T, Holzinger B, Janku K, Jansson-Fröjmark M, Järnefelt H, Jernelöv S, Jennum PJ, Khachatryan S, Krone L, Kyle SD, Lancee J, Leger D, Lupusor A, Marques DR, Nissen C, Palagini L, Paunio T, Perogamvros L, Pevernagie D, Schabus M, Shochat T, Szentkiralyi A, Van Someren E, van Straten A, Wichniak A, Verbraecken J, Spiegelhalder K |date=December 2023 |title=The European Insomnia Guideline: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023 |url= |journal=J Sleep Res |volume=32 |issue=6 |doi=10.1111/jsr.14035 |hdl=11250/3121742 |pmid=38016484 |hdl-access=free |article-number=e14035}}</ref> Dem dey use am insyd de treatment of [[sleep disorder]]s, wey dey include [[insomnia]] den various circadian rhythm sleep disorders. == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q180912|c=Category:Melatonin|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=Melatonin|species=no}} * [https://isomerdesign.com/pihkal/explore/5035 Melatonin - Isomer Design] * {{cite web | url = https://www.chemwatch.net/resource-center/melatonin/ | publisher = Chemwatch | title = Melatonin }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:N-Acyltryptamines]] [[Category:Melatonin| ]] [[Category:Melatonin receptor agonists]] [[Category:5-Methoxytryptamines]] [[Category:Over-the-counter drugs insyd de United States]] [[Category:TiHKAL]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0rjl5kivps88qqiyakf5b3ukwzbleu9