Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1264 97898 34829 2026-05-10T09:29:22Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q724730}} '''Ashaiman''' be bola town for [[Greater Accra Region]] for Ghana<ref>[https://www.myjoyonline.com/afienya-ashaiman-katamanso-and-other-areas-in-accra-to-have-interrupted-supply-water-company/ "Afienya, Ashaiman, Katamanso and other areas in Accra to have interrupted supply - Water Company - MyJoyOnline.com"]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''. 19 April 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2022.</ref> wey be de capital for de Ashaiman Municipal District, sum district for Greater Accra Region.<ref>[http://www.ghanadistricts.com/districts/?news&r=1&_=171 Greater Accra » Ashaiman Municipal district] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130306022842/http://www.ghanadistricts.com/districts/?news&r=1&_=171 Archived] 6 March 2013</ref> Ashaiman ein population be 208,060 according to 2021 official figures.<ref>[https://www.ghanadistricts.com/Home/District/108 "Ghana Districts: A repository of all Local Assemblies in Ghana"]. ''www.ghanadistricts.com''. Retrieved 24 November 2023.</ref> == Climate == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="14" |Climate data give Ashaiman |- !Month !Jan !Feb !Mar !Apr !May !Jun !Jul !Aug !Sep !Oct !Nov !Dec !Year |- !Average high °F |— |— |— |— |87 |86 |84 |82 |85 |86 |90 |88 |91 |- !Average low °F |75 |77 |76 |78 |75 |75 |75 |73 |75 |73 |76 |73 |73 |- !Average precipitation inches |0.3 |0.4 |1.0 |5.0 |6.0 |6.0 |3.0 |1.0 |3.0 |3.0 |1.0 |0.2 |52.0 |- !Average high °C |— |— |— |— |31 |30 |29 |28 |29 |30 |32 |31 |33 |- !Average low °C |24 |25 |24 |26 |24 |24 |24 |23 |24 |23 |24 |23 |23 |- !Average precipitation mm |7.6 |10 |25 |130 |150 |150 |76 |25 |76 |76 |25 |5.1 |1,320 |- | colspan="14" |Source: Myweather2.com<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181118023313/http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/Ghana/Achiaman/climate-profile.aspx "Ashaiman Weather Averages"]. Myweather2. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref> |} == History == Nii Ashai wey he found Ashaiman after he komot Tema. Dem name Ashaiman after am wey dey mean Ashai ein town.<ref>[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID=152649 "Spotlight on Ashaiman &#x7C; Opinions 2008-11-08"]. 30 November 2001.</ref> Squatters wey dem dey build Tema wey dem expand Ashaiman waa den odas wey move come occupy government land.<ref>Tipple, Graham; Korboe, David; Garrod, Guy; Willis, Ken (May 1999). "Housing supply in Ghana: A study of Accra, Kumasi and Berekum". ''Progress in Planning''. '''51''' (4): 255-324. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0305-9006(99)00002-1|10.1016/S0305-9006(99)00002-1]].</ref> Ashaiman grow cam turn one of de viable destinations give business secof de vast population wey dey live within de Constituency. Crime rate decline secof de influence of de current economic activities for de community insyd. == Educational institutions == De Provisional National Defence Council wey found Ashaiman Senior High School for September 1990. De skul begin plus 39 students den two teachers. Now nu de skul get population lyk 1,400 students den 104 teachers. Courses dem offer for de skul insyd dey include General Arts, General Science, Agriculture, Business den Visual Arts.<ref>[https://newsghana.com.gh/ashaiman-shs-25th-anniversary-launched/ "Ashaiman SHS 25th Anniversary launched - News Ghana"].</ref> == References == [[Category:Towns insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Populated places for Greater Accra Region insyd]] [[Category:Pages plus maps]] <references /> [[Category:Ghana]] [[Category:Towns insyd Greater Accra Region]] p36cds1jg5q5mvstu5goodllnu0bfrq 0 1375 97901 81028 2026-05-10T11:57:45Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q221283}} [[File:Mortar in Cape Coast.jpg|thumb|Mortar insyd Cape Coast]] '''Cape Coast''' be sam city, fishing port, den capital of Cape Coast Metropolitan District den Central Region of [[Ghana]]. Ebe one of de country ein most historic cities, sam World Heritage Site, home give de [[Cape Coast Castle]], plus de Gulf of Guinea wey dey ein south.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Cape-Coast "Cape Coast | Historic Town, Slave Trade, Castle | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 12 August 2023.</ref> According to de 2010 census, Cape Coast get settlement population of 169,894 people.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130925192147/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf 2010 Population and Housing Census]" (PDF). Ghana Statistical Service. Archived from [http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf the original] (PDF) on 25 September 2013.</ref> De language of de people of Cape Coast be Fante.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230812113451/https://ko-sa.com/cape-coast/ "Cape Coast – Ko-Sa Beach Resort"]. Retrieved 12 August 2023.</ref> De older traditional names of de city be '''Oguaa''' den '''Kotokuraba''' (wey edey mean "River of Crabs" anaa "Village of Crabs").<ref name=":0">Briggs, Philip (2019). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1PyhDwAAQBAJ&q=oguaa+&pg=PA203 Ghana]'' (8th ed.). [[:en:Bradt_Travel_Guides|Bradt Travel Guides]]. p. 203. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781784776282|9781784776282]]</bdi>.</ref> De Portuguese navigators João de Santarém den Pedro Escobar wey sail past Oguaa for 1471 insyd wey dem designate de place ''Cabo Corso'' (wey dey mean "short cape"), ein wey dem get de name Cape Coast from.<ref name=":0" /> From de 16th century go de country ein independence for 1957 insyd, de city change hands between de British, de Portuguese, de Swedish, de Danish den de Dutch. Ebe home give 32 festivals den celebrations.<ref>Banda, Rajaa. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20230204213859/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/11-fascinating-things-to-know-about-ghanas-cape-coast/ 11 Fascinating things to know about Ghana's Cape Coast]". ''The Culture Trip''. Retrieved 19 April 2018.</ref> == History == Oguaa people be de founders of Cape Coast wey ebe dema paramount chief wey dey rule ova de region, anaa Omanhene, wey be known today as '''Oguaa Traditional Area'''.<ref name=":0" /> Cape Coast be one of de most historical cities for [[Ghana]] insyd.<ref>"[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/geography/cape-coast.php Cape Coast]". Ghana Web. Retrieved 19 April 2018</ref> Portuguese colonists build sam trading fort for de area insyd. For 1650 insyd, de Swedes build sam lodge wey go later cam turn de better known [[Cape Coast Castle]], wey now ebe World Heritage Site. Chaw modern town expand around am. De Dutch take am ova for 1650 insyd wey dem expand am for 1652 insyd. De British den capture am for 1664 insyd. Na Trade be sam important motivator for de creation of fortresses den settlements top for Cape Coast insyd. Traders wey dey comot from various European countries build dese trading lodges, forts den castles along de coast of modern Ghana. Unfortunately, na de acquisition of gold, slaves, honey, den chaw oda goods wey compose de African leg of de Triangular Trade be increasingly detrimental give de inhabitants of Cape Coast.<ref>Rømer, Ludvig Ferdinand; Winsnes, Selena Axelrod (2000). ''A Reliable Account of the Coast of Guinea (1760)''. British Academy. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726218-4|978-0-19-726218-4]]</bdi>.</ref> For 1874 insyd, de British dominate all European presence along de coast of modern-day Ghana wey dem use Cape Coast as dema base of operations, Gold Coast. Plus de establishment of formal colonial administration, dem relocate go Accra following opposition plus de "window tax" for 1877 insyd. [[Accra]] cam turn dema state. Na [[Cape Coast Castle]] san be wer chaw slaves dey before dema journey for de Middle Passage top. === Asafo companies === Oguaa Traditional Area get seven asafo companies – traditional warrior groups, wey dey base for lineal descent top, wey na dema historical role be defence of de state<ref>DeCorse, Christopher R.; Sam Spiers (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200215081331/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/72fc/667b123a59e90491d9bb2597bdb89ee407f6.pdf "A tale of two polities: socio-political transformation on the Gold Coast in the Atlantic World"] (PDF). ''Australasian Historical Archaeology''. '''27''': 36. S2CID&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67755840 67755840]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20200215081331/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/72fc/667b123a59e90491d9bb2597bdb89ee407f6.pdf the original] (PDF) on 15 February 2020.</ref> (de word dey cam from ''sa'', wey dey mean "war", den ''fo'', wey dey mean "people") – plus sam complex social den political organization wey dey base for martial principles top,<ref>Herman du Toit (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=bfUZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118 ''Pageants and Processions: Images and Idiom as Spectacle''], Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009, pp. 117–118.</ref> den elaborate traditions of visual art.<ref name="Casely-Hayford">Casely-Hayford, Gus (4 February 2016). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXZd_oDMkeI "Gus Casely-Hayford on Fante Asafo Flags – Artist & Empire"]. Tate. [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/eXZd_oDMkeI Archived] from the original on 21 December 2021 &#x2013; via YouTube.</ref><ref>''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uh2XaqB_pl0 Asafo Flags: Stitches Through Time | HENI Talks]'', retrieved 6 February 2024</ref> De asafo companies dey feature largely for Cape Coast ein annual Fetu Afahye festival wey dey happen for first Saturday of September,<ref>David Allan Paintsil, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075050/http://thechronicle.com.gh/oguaa-to-showcase-potential-of-traditional-warriors-in-2012-fetu-afahye/ "Oguaa to showcase potential of traditional warriors…in 2012 Fetu Afahye"], ''The Chronicle'' (Ghana), 11 May 2012.</ref> wey each get historical established uniform colours: Esi Sutherland-Addy dey identify dese as: No. 1. ''Bentsir'' – red; No. 2. ''Anafo'' – blue den white; No. 3. ''Ntsin'' – green; No. 4. ''Nkum'' – yellow; No. 5. ''Amanful'' – wine den black; No. 6. ''Abrofomba'' (''Brofo Nkoa'') – white; No. 7. ''Ankrampa'' – white den black.<ref>Esi Sutherland-Addy, [http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Institue%20of%20African%20Studies%20Research%20Review/1998v14n2/asrv014002002.pdf "Women and Verbal Arts in the Oguaa-Edina Area"], ''Research Review (NS)'', Vol. 14, No. 2 (1998), p. 7.</ref> === 20th century === Dem dedicate de city ein St. Francis Cathedral for 1928 insyd.<ref>Sundkler, Bengt; Steed, Christopher (4 May 2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=y1p61xARWY4C&dq=Cape+Coast+Cathedral+1928+First&pg=PA719 A History of the Church in Africa]''. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;719. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58342-8|978-0-521-58342-8]]</bdi>.</ref> De building be de first Catholic Cathedral wey dem build for Ghana insyd.<ref>[http://www.iubilaeummisericordiae.va/content/gdm/fr/mondo/porte-della-misericordia.html "St Francis de Sales Cathedral - Archdiocese of Cape Coast"]. ''Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy''. Retrieved 17 October 2022.</ref> Dem establish one of de first Catholic schools wey dey [[Ghana]] insyd, St. Augustine College, for Cape Coast for 1936 insyd.<ref>Amoah, Francis (26 July 2022). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=m-N9EAAAQBAJ&dq=Catholicism+Cape+Coast+Ghana&pg=PT46 Leadership Styles and Spiritual Traits of Catholic Priests: A Research Exploring the Relationships between Leadership Styles and Spiritual Traits of Catholic Priests]''. Fulton Books, Inc. p.&nbsp;46. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>978-1-63985-867-5</bdi>.</ref> De cocoa marketing boom of de 1900s wey [[Ghana]] experience, de city experience sam certain period of economic prosperity. Afta de completion of harbours den railways for oda parts of de country insyd such as Sekondi den Kumasi, cocoa cultivation den trade for [[Ghana]] cam spoil wey Cape Coast too loss sam importance.<ref name=":1">Hyland, A. D. (1995). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41406616 "The Architectural History of Cape Coast"]. ''Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana'' (1 (Vol. 16, no. 2)): 172. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:0855-3246|0855-3246]]. JSTOR&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41406616 41406616].</ref> However, afta de establishment of de Roman Catholic Archdiocese den de university of de city for 1950 den 1962 insyd respectively, Cape Coast cam turn regional educational hub for dis area of [[Ghana]].<ref name=":1" /> == Transportation == Public Transports dey Cape Coast insyd wey dey go major cities such as [[Accra]]; [[Kumasi]], [[Mim, Ahafo|Mim]], [[Ahafo Region|Ahafo]]; [[Sunyani]]; [[Tamale, Ghana|Tamale]]; Tema; [[Ho, Ghana|Ho]]; Wa; [[Bolgatanga]]; [[Elubo]]; Aflao, [[Techiman]]. == Geography == === Topography === De area be dominated by batholith rock wey ebe generally undulating plus steep slopes. Valleys of various streams dey between de hills, plus Kakum wey be de largest stream. De minor streams dey end for wetlands insyd, wey de largest dey drain go de Fosu Lagoon wey dey Bakano. For de northern part of de district insyd, however, de landscape be suitable for de cultivation of various crops.<ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025110140/http://www.centralregion.gov.gh/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=43:capecoast&Itemid=135 "Cape Coast Metropolitan Assembly"]. ''centralregion.gov.gh''. Archived from [http://www.centralregion.gov.gh/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=43:capecoast&Itemid=135 the original] on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2012.</ref> === Climate === Cape Coast get sam tropical savanna climate (Köppen: ''As'') plus two long wet seasons – sam heavier one from [[March]] go [[July]] den sam lighter one from [[September]] go [[November]] – alongsyd two short dry seasons for [[January]]/[[February]] den [[August]] insyd. Cape Coast be humid area plus mean monthly relative humidity wey dey vary between 85% den 99%. De sea breeze get moderating effect for de local climate top.<ref name=":2" /> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="14" |Climate data for Cape Coast |- !Month ![[January|Jan]] ![[February|Feb]] ![[March|Mar]] ![[April|Apr]] ![[May]] ![[June|Jun]] ![[July|Jul]] ![[August|Aug]] ![[September|Sep]] ![[October|Oct]] ![[November|Nov]] ![[December|Dec]] !Year |- !Average high °C (°F) |32 (89) |31 (87) |31 (87) |31 (87) |30 (86) |29 (84) |27 (80) |27 (80) |26 (79) |28 (83) |31 (87) |30 (86) |32 (89) |- !Average low °C (°F) |24 (75) |24 (76) |24 (76) |25 (77) |24 (76) |24 (75) |23 (73) |22 (71) |21 (70) |23 (73) |24 (76) |23 (74) |23 (73) |- !Average rainfall mm (inches) |25 (1.0) |25 (1.0) |76 (3.0) |130 (5.0) |230 (9.0) |230 (9.0) |100 (4.0) |25 (1.0) |76 (3.0) |100 (4.0) |130 (5.0) |150 (6.0) |1,297 (51) |- | colspan="14" |'''Source: Myweather2.com'''<ref name=":3">[https://archive.today/20130624182437/http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/Ghana/Cape-Coast/climate-profile.aspx "Ghana Place Names - Markets"].</ref> |} == Attractions == [[File:Ghana Cape Coast 02.jpg|thumb|right|300px|View of fishing fleet from [[Cape Coast Castle]]]] [[File:Cape Coast Castle, Ghana.jpg |thumb|right|300px|Centre of Cape Coast Castle ]] [[File:UCC Palmenallee.jpg|thumb|right|300px|University of Cape Coast dema Main street]] De crab be de city ein mascot den sam statue of one stands for de city centre. Na Fort William, wey dem build for 1820 insyd, be sam active lighthouse from 1835 go de 1970s, wey dem build Fort Victoria for 1702 insyd. De main market of Cape Coast be Kotokuraba Market.<ref name=":3" /> Oda attractions dey include sam series of Asafo shrines, Cape Coast Centre for National Culture, de Oguaa Fetu Afahye festival (wey dem dey hold for de first Saturday of September), wey since 1992 insyd, de biennial Panafest theatre festival.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220118035305/https://www.panafestghana.org/page/?id=9376 "PANAFEST – The Impetus and Objectives of PANAFEST"]. ''PANAFEST''. Archived from [https://panafestghana.org/page/?id=9376 the original] on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2020.</ref> De city dey 30 km south of [[Kakum National Park]], one of de most diverse den best preserved national parks for [[West Africa]] insyd. Dem dey believe say Michelle Obama, US First Lady, dey consider Cape Coast as ein ancestral home,<ref>[https://archive.today/20120904162917/http://www.businesstimesafrica.net/btm/details.cfm?prodcatID=6&tblNewsCatID=4&tblNewsID=167 "Obamas confront history inside Ghana's slave dungeon"]. businesstimesafrica.net. Archived from [http://www.businesstimesafrica.net/btm/details.cfm?prodcatID=6&tblNewsCatID=4&tblNewsID=167 the original] on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2012.</ref> wey for 11 July 2009 insyd, she take de rest of de first family go tour [[Cape Coast Castle]] as part of ein husband ein trip for Cape Coast insyd. == Education == [[File:University_Library_complex.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University_Library_complex.JPG|right|thumb|300x300px|University of Cape Coast Library Complex]] Cape Coast be de seat of de University of Cape Coast (UCC), Ghana ein leading university for teaching den research insyd. Cape Vars, as dem popularly dey bell am, dey lie for sam hill overlooking de Atlantic Ocean insyd. Esan get one of de best Polytechnics, de Cape Coast Polytechnic (C-POLY). De city san dey boast of some of [[Ghana]] ein finest secondary den technical schools: * [[Wesley Girls' Senior High School|Wesley Girls' High School]] * St. Augustine College * Holy Child High School, Ghana * Mfantsipim School * Adisadel College * Aggrey Memorial Senior High School * Ghana National College * Edinaman Senior High School * Cape Coast Technical Institute * Asuansi Technical Institute * Academy of Christ the King Senior High School * Cape Coast International Senior High School * University Practice Senior High School * St. Nicholas Seminary Senior High School * Efutu Senior High Technical School * Sammo Senior High School * Commercial Service Institute (CSI) * Oguaa Senior High Technical School == Notable people == Notable people wey born for anaa associated plus Cape Coast dey include: * [[John Atta Mills]]: 1944-2012 former Presido of Ghana * Frederick Acheampong: (born 1978); member of Ghana Football Association's Executive Council. * Kwesi Bekoe Amissah-Arthur:1951– 2018; former vice-pee of de Republic of Ghana. * Samuel Richard Brew Attoh-Ahuma: 1863–1921; clergyman, nationalist, pioneering Pan-Africanist. * Prince James Hutton Brew: 1844–1915; solicitor. * Kwesi Brew: 1928–2007; poet den diplomat. * Joseph Peter Brown: 1843–1932; patriot, statesman. * Margaret Busby, OBE, also titled Nana Akua Ackon I: 1944–; publisher, editor, writer den broadcaster. Enstoolment for 1999 insyd.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oidoDQAAQBAJ&dq=Nana+Akua+Ackon+Cape+Coast&pg=PA230 ''Discourses of Empire and Commonwealth''], p. 230, Koninklijke Brill, NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2016, ISBN 978-90-04-32277-6</ref> * J. E. Casely Hayford: 1866–1930; author, lawyer, politician den educator. * James Cheetham: 1834–1902; merchant, member of de Legislative Council of de Gold Coast. * Ambrose Thompson Cooke: 1930–; millionaire, industrialist, textiles CEO den entrepreneur. Alumni London School of Economics den St Augustine's College Cape Coast * Sir James Henley Coussey, KBE: 1895–1958; High Court judge, chairman of de Coussey Commission, president of de West Africa Court of Appeal. * John Coleman de-Graft Johnson: 1884–1956; secretary of Native Affairs, anthropologist. * Samuel George Duker: 1905–1994; LRCP Edin, LRCS Edin, LRFPS Glasg; pioneering physician * King John Aggery Essien: 1809–1899; King of Cape Coast, pioneer Pan-Africanist. * Nana Amba Eyiaba I: 1950–; Queen mother of Effutu 16 of de Effutu Municipal District, educator den advocate for political rights of queen mothers<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140908153539/http://cwtlgh.org/nana-amba-eyiaba-I</ref> * Francis Chapman Grant: 1823–1889; founding member of de Fanti Confederation; cousin of Ulysses Grant. * Charles Emmanuel Graves: 1884–1929; musicologist, composer. * Mark Christian Hayford: 1863–1935; author, founder of Gold Coast Baptist Church den de Christian Army of de Gold Coast * Robert Hutchison: 1828–1863; statesman, soldier, philanthropist. * Prophet Jemisimiham Jehu-Appiah: 1892–1948; founder of Musama Disco Christo Church wey dey Africa insyd. * Thomas Frederic Edward Jones: 1850–1927; wey he petition Queen Victoria about Lands Bill. * John Mensah-Sarbah: 1864–1910; barrister, author, published Fanti Customary Laws. * Henry Mercer-Ricketts: 1895–1980; pioneering physician. * George Edward Moore: 1879–1950; recipient of de Ashanti Medal, executive member of de Aborigines' Rights Protection Society. * Hon. Ebo Barton Odro, First Deputy Speaker of de Sixth Parliament of de Fourth Republic * Andrew William Parker: 1840–1912; conscientious nationalist, he fight for de Ashanti expedition insyd. * Philip Quaque: 1741–1816; first African clergy of de Church of England wey dem ordain. * John Sarbah: 1834–1892; educationist, merchant, industrialist. * William Esuman Gwira Kobina Sekyi: 1892–1956; lawyer, politician, author. * Jacob Wilson Sey, alias Kwaa Bonyi: 1832–1902; millionaire, philanthropist, founding member of de Aborigines' Rights Protection Society. * Efua Sutherland: 1924–1996; writer, dramatist, educationalist den cultural activist * James Robert Thompson: 1810–1886; pioneering educationist. * Peter Turkson: 1948–; Cardinal-Archbishop of Cape Coast. * Herbert Taylor Ussher: 1836–1880; early administrator * Henry van Hien: 1858–1928; Presido for de Aboriginal Rights Protection Society. * Hon. William Ward-Brew, OBE: 1878–1943; lawyer, VP of Aborigines' Rights Protection Society. * Herbert Winful: 1952–; engineering professor. == Media house == * Kastle FM<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230405104321/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/I-don-t-entertain-men-who-want-to-sleep-with-me-Sefa-boldly-shares-1545860 "I don't entertain men who want to sleep with me - Sefa boldly shares"]. ''GhanaWeb''. 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.</ref> * Asaase Radio * Cape FM == Foods == De [[Fante people]] of [[Ghana]] be notable for dema way of cooking. Dem be known say dem dey chop rich cuisine, mostly plus chaw fish, meat, anaa any form of protein than necessary. People dey believe say ebe secof de number of rivers den lakes dey de town insyd. People know dem say dem be expert for fishing den fish preservation abilities insyd. Sam of de cuisines be fante fante, etew den pepper sauce anaa okro stew, fante kenkey, wey you go fi chop am plus soups, stews anaa shito. == Sisto cities == List of sister cities of Cape Coast, wey Sisto Cities International designate am: {| class="wikitable" !Country !City !County / District / Region / State !Date |- |Germany |[[File:Flagge_der_kreisfreien_Stadt_Bonn.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagge_der_kreisfreien_Stadt_Bonn.svg|25x25px]] '''Bonn''' |[[File:Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg|25x25px]] ''North Rhine-Westphalia'' |2012 |- |United States |[[File:Flag_of_Buffalo,_New_York.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Buffalo,_New_York.svg|25x25px]] '''Buffalo''' |[[File:Flag_of_New_York.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_New_York.svg|25x25px]] ''New York'' | |- |United States |'''Hanover Park''' |[[File:Flag_of_Illinois.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Illinois.svg|25x25px]] ''Illinois'' | |} == Make you see dis one too == * [[Cape Coast Castle]] [[Category:Regional capitals insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Towns insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Populated places for Central Region (Ghana) insyd]] [[Category:Towns insyd Central Region (Ghana)]] [[Category:1482 establishments]] [[Category:Pages plus maps]] [[Category:Ghana]] == References == telz0s6t29qomw3ad7a3gh14445wbxg 0 7807 97897 57209 2026-05-10T05:50:17Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 97897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''2016 Summer Paralympics''' (Portuguese: ''Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2016''), de 15th Summer Paralympic Games, na ebe major international multi-sport event give athletes plus disabilities govern by de International Paralympic Committee, dem hold insyd Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 7 to 18 September 2016.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-68492709 "Paralympic table tennis player 'amazed' at award win"]. 6 March 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1083388/2016-rio-de-janeiro "2016 Rio de Janeiro Paralympics"]. ''www.insidethegames.biz''. 12 August 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2024.</ref> De Games mark de first time a Latin American den South American city host de event, de second Southern Hemisphere city den nation, de first one be de [[2000 Summer Paralympics]] insyd Sydney, wey e sanso be de first time a Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) country host de event.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympic_games/8282518.stm "Rio to stage 2016 Olympic Games"]. ''BBC News''. 2 October 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2009.</ref> Dese Games see de introduction of two fresh sports to de Paralympic program: canoeing den de paratriathlon. Na de lead-up to dese Paralympics be met plus financial shortcomings dem attribute to tepid sponsor interest den ticket sales, wich result insyd cuts to volunteer staffing den transport, de re-location of events den de partial deconstruction of de Deodoro venue cluster. However, ticket sales begin dey increase as de Games draw nearer, wey na dem sell over two million tickets for total—wey overtake Beijing 2008 as de second-most-attended Paralympic Games for record top. Na dem host refugee Paralympic team for de first time, dey feature two refugees from Iran den Syria respectively. For de fourth consecutive Summer Paralympics, China top de medal table, wey win 107 gold medals, follow by Great Britain den Ukraine, while Georgia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Uzbekistan, den Vietnam win dema first ever Paralympic gold medals. For de first time insyd Paralympic history, den de first time insyd de Olympics anaa Paralympics since 1960, athlete—Iranian cyclist Bahman Golbarnezhad—die during competition. == Bidding process == As part of formal agreement between de International Paralympic Committee den de International Olympic Committee dem first establish insyd 2001, na de winner of de bid give de 2016 Summer Olympics sanso go be de host of 2016 Summer Paralympics.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/disability-sport/18143145 "Paralympics 2012: London to host 'first truly global Games'"]. BBC Sport. Retrieved 1 August 2012.</ref> Dey follow de third den final round of voting for de 121st IOC Session insyd Copenhagen for 2 October 2009, na dem award de right to host de 2016 Summer Olympics den Paralympics to Rio de Janeiro.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympic_games/8282518.stm "Rio to stage 2016 Olympic Games"]. BBC. 2 October 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2010.</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="width:auto; text-align:center;" | colspan="6" |2016 Summer Olympics bidding results |- style="background:#efefef;" |'''City''' |'''NOC/NPC''' | style="background: silver" |'''Round 1''' | style="background: silver" |'''Round 2''' | style="background: silver" |'''Round 3''' |- | style="text-align:left;" |Rio de Janeiro | style="text-align:left;" |Brazil |26 |'''46''' |'''66''' |- | style="text-align:left;" |Madrid | style="text-align:left;" |Spain |'''28''' |29 |32 |- | style="text-align:left;" |Tokyo | style="text-align:left;" |Japan |22 |20 |— |- | style="text-align:left;" |Chicago | style="text-align:left;" |USA |18 |— |— |} == Development den preparation == De 2007 Pan American Games den Parapan American Games insyd Rio de Janeiro mark de first time wey dem host de Pan Am Games den Parapan Am Games as parallel events insyd de same host city; Rio ein organization of de two events help provide de city plus experience make dem dey host multi-sport events, den Paralympic sporting events. Andrew Parsons, presido of de Brazilian Paralympic Committee, remark say na de organizing teams responsible for de Olympics den Paralympics dey maintain good relationship den "speaking the same language" for relation to dema organizational duties. Parsons praise how na well-organized de 2012 Summer Paralympics be, wey he feel say na ein team learn lessons from London wey dem fi be apply insyd Rio.<ref name=":0">Wilson, Bill (9 September 2012). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19503475 "Rio up and running for 2016 Paralympic Games"]. ''BBC News''. Retrieved 12 September 2012.</ref> === Venues === [[File:Rio_de_Janeiro_bid_venues_for_the_2016_Summer_Olympics.svg|right|thumb|Map of Rio de Janeiro dey show de competition venues give de 2016 Summer Olympics.]] [[File:Press_conference_at_the_2016_Rio_Paralympics.jpg|right|thumb|Press conference for de 2016 Rio Paralympics plus Mario Andrada, Sir Philip Craven den Craig Spence]] [[File:Ottobock_at_the_Rio_Paralympic_Games_(2).jpg|right|thumb|Wheelchair repair. During de games Ottobock technicians repair 2,745 wheelchairs, 438 prosthetics den 178 orthotics give 1,162 athletes.<ref>[http://www.ottobock.com/en/paralympics/rio-2016/ "Rio 2016 Paralympic Games — Ottobock"]. Retrieved 9 October 2016.</ref> ]] [[File:Tênis_Paralimpico.jpg|right|thumb|De Tennis Arena during de Paralympics competitions.]] As na ebe common practice since de Olympics den Paralympics begin make dem formally share host cities, na dem share de Paralympics dema venues plus those of de 2016 Summer Olympics.<ref name=":0" /> Barra da Tijuca host chaw of de venues, plus de remainder locate insyd Copacabana Beach, Maracanã den Deodoro. Barra da Tijuca sanso house de athletes' village.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809140140/https://www.rio2016.com/en/paralympics/venues "Venues"]. ''Rio 2016''. Archived from [https://www.rio2016.com/en/paralympics/venues the original] on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.</ref> ==== Barra cluster ==== * Carioca Arena 1 – Wheelchair basketball, wheelchair rugby * Carioca Arena 2 – Boccia * Carioca Arena 3 – Judo, wheelchair fencing * Future Arena – Goalball * Olympic Aquatics Stadium – Swimming * Olympic Tennis Centre – 5-a-side football, wheelchair tennis * Pontal Beach – Road cycling * Riocentro – Powerlifting, Sitting volleyball, table tennis * Rio Olympic Arena – Wheelchair basketball * Rio Olympic Velodrome – Track cycling ==== Deodoro cluster ==== * National Shooting Center – shooting * National Equestrian Center – equestrian * Deodoro Stadium – 7-a-side football ==== Maracanã cluster ==== * Maracanã Stadium – opening den closing ceremonies * Estádio Olímpico João Havelange – athletics (track den field) * Sambadrome Marquês de Sapucaí – archery ==== Copacabana cluster ==== * Fort Copacabana – Athletics, Triathlon den Road Cycling * Marina da Glória – sailing * Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas – canoeing den rowing === Medals === [[File:Medalhas_paralimpicas.jpg|right|thumb|Paralympic medals den de mascot Tom.]] Na dem unveil de medal design give de 2016 Olympics den Paralympics were for 14 June 2016; na de Casa da Moeda do Brasil produce dem. De bronze den silver medals contain 30% recycled materials, while na dem produce de gold medals dem use gold wey na dem mined den dem extract using means wey meet series of sustainability criteria, such as dem extract am widout de use of mercury. De obverse of de Paralympic medals dey feature de Paralympic emblem den inscription insyd braille, while each medal dey contain differing numbers of metal balls make e allow de visually impaired make dem audibly distinguish dema color by shaking dem. Dem be accompanied by wooden carrying box, den plush toy of Paralympic mascot Tom plus hair leaves wey dey match de medal's color.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/36534678 "Rio 2016: Olympic Games and Paralympic medal designs revealed"]. ''BBC Sport''. Retrieved 12 September 2016.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160921152502/https://www.rio2016.com/en/paralympics/news/rio-2016-reveals-innovative-medals-for-paralympic-games "Rio 2016 unveils innovative medals for Paralympic Games"]. Rio 2016 Organizing Committee. Archived from [https://www.rio2016.com/en/paralympics/news/rio-2016-reveals-innovative-medals-for-paralympic-games the original] on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.olympic.org/news/innovative-medal-design-unveiled-for-rio-2016 "Innovative medal design unveiled for Rio 2016"]. IOC. Retrieved 12 August 2016.</ref><ref>Busbee, Jay (10 August 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160810212332/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/rio-mystery-solved-why-dont-olympic-medal-winners-get-flowers-195907726.html "Rio mystery solved: Why don't Olympic medal winners get flowers?"]. ''Yahoo! Sports''. Retrieved 12 August 2016.</ref> === Ticketing === Na de initial financial shortcomings of de 2016 Paralympics be primarily attributed to slow ticket sales den poor public interest, despite de cheapest tickets dey cost roughly quarter per of those give de Olympics.<ref name=":1">[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/sep/03/rio-de-janeiro-paralympics-tickets-slashed "Rio chiefs fear Paralympics could fall flat as seats remain empty"]. ''The Guardian''. 3 September 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.</ref> During de Olympics, organizers state say na 12% per of original target of 3.3 million tickets dem sell.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/disability-sport/37162868 "Rio Paralympics 2016: More sports, Russia banned and slow ticket sales"]. ''BBC Sport''. Retrieved 1 September 2016.</ref> By early September, na dem sell half per of de tickets to medal events.<ref name=":1" /> For 23 August 2016, Greg Nugent, wey he be head of marketing of de 2012 Summer Olympics den 2012 Summer Paralympics, begin campaign for Twitter top dem know as "#FillTheSeats", wey dey encourage users make dem donate money to supply local youth den people plus disabilities plus tickets to de Paralympics. Nugent begin de campaign after he notice de large number of empty seats for competition venues during de 2016 Summer Olympics. Dey follow endorsements of de campaign by prominent figures, such as British band Coldplay (wich perform de closing ceremony insyd 2012), e raise over US$15,000 by 30 August. For 31 August 2016, de IPC den de Rio 2016 Organizing Committee announce say e go officially back de #FillTheSeats campaign, den set fresh goal of $300,000—wich de IPC say dem fi use am make dem fund de distribution of 10,000 tickets, along plus chow den tranpo, give de opening ceremony to Brazilian scholars den disabled peoples.<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/olympics/coldplay-endorsement-boosts-filltheseats-paralympics-campaign/article31603174/ "Coldplay endorsement boosts #FillTheSeats Paralympics campaign"]. ''The Globe and Mail''. Retrieved 1 September 2016.</ref> As part of revised ticketing strategy, de organizers set fresh target of 2.4 million tickets,<ref name=":1" /> plus de cheapest tickets dey cost R$10 (US$3) each.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/sep/06/rio-2016-paralympics-ready-opening-ceremony "Paralympics ready for lift-off amid cautious optimism of further progress"]. ''The Guardian''. 6 September 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.</ref> Ticketing director Donovan Ferreti tell ''The Guardian'' say "last-minute" demand for tickets begin dey develop insyd de final days before de opening ceremony. He explain say na de tickets be "really affordable" den "cheaper than going to see a movie", wey go allow spectators make dem "have a great time with high-performance competition and have a great day out in the Olympic Park."<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/sep/10/rio-2016-paralympic-games-ticket-sales-rise "Rio 2016 is the second-most attended Paralympic Games in history"]. ''The Guardian''. 10 September 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.</ref> De low cost of tickets help make e attract attendees to de Paralympics—especially families, while athletes praise de large den energetic crowds wey result.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/inexpensive-tickets-make-for-family-friendly-crowds-at-rio-s-paralympics-1.3758995 "Inexpensive tickets make for family-friendly crowds at Rio's Paralympics"]. ''CBC News''. Retrieved 16 September 2016.</ref><ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/sports/rio-2016/rios-paralympics-seemingly-imperiled-before-they-began-have-shown-dazzling-signs-of-life-instead "Rio's Paralympics—seemingly imperiled before they began—have shown dazzling signs of life instead"]. ''National Post''. Retrieved 13 September 2016.</ref> For de third day of de Games, de IPC announce say at least dem sell 1.8 million tickets—dey surpass de 1.7 million of de 2008 Summer Paralympics insyd Beijing as de second-largest Paralympics in terms of ticket sales.<ref>[https://www.paralympic.org/news/rio-2016-paralympic-ticket-sales-exceed-18-million "Rio 2016 Paralympic ticket sales exceed 1.8 million"]. IPC. Retrieved 10 September 2016.</ref> De next day, Barra Olympic Park get total attendance of 167,675, wey dey mark ein largest overall attendance across single day of competition during either de Olympics anaa Paralympics (de Olympics per reach peak of around 157,000).<ref name=":2" /> For 14 September, de IPC announce say sales exceed 2 million.<ref>[https://www.paralympic.org/news/paralympics-ticket-sales-exceed-two-million "Paralympics ticket sales exceed two million"]. IPC. Retrieved 18 September 2016.</ref> == Torch relay == De Paralympic torch relay begin plus five individual flames dem relay to city insyd each of de five regions of Brazil. Dese flames, as well as sixth flame dem light insyd Stoke Mandeville, Great Britain, na dem unite an make e form single Paralympic flame, wich na dem relay thru Rio for 6 den 7 September 2016 en route to ein lighting for de Maracanã during de opening ceremony.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160809144048/https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/rio-2016-reveals-first-details-of-paralympic-torch-relay-as-part-of-500-days-to-games-celebrations "Rio 2016 reveals first details of Paralympic Torch Relay as part of 500 days to Games celebrations"]. Rio Organizing Committee. 27 April 2015. Archived from [https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/rio-2016-reveals-first-details-of-paralympic-torch-relay-as-part-of-500-days-to-games-celebrations the original] on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.</ref> === Route === == De Games == === Opening ceremony === === '''Participating nations''' === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Participating National Paralympic Committees |- | * [[Afghanistan]] (1) * [[Algeria]] (60) * [[Angola]] (4) * [[Argentina]] (84) * [[Armenia]] (2) * Aruba (1) * [[Australia]] (177) * Austria (27) * [[Azerbaijan]] (25) * Bahrain (2) * Belarus (20) * Belgium (29) * [[Benin]] (1) * Bermuda (2) * Bosnia and Herzegovina (14) * [[Botswana]] (1) * [[Brazil]] (285) * [[Bulgaria]] (7) * [[Burkina Faso]] (1) * [[Burundi]] (1) * Cambodia (1) * [[Cameroon]] (1) * [[Canada]] (153) * [[Cape Verde]] (2) * [[Central African Republic]] (1) * [[Chile]] (15) * [[China]] (308) * Colombia (39) * [[Comoros]] (1) * [[Republic of the Congo]] (1) * Costa Rica (3) * Croatia (19) * Cuba (22) * Cyprus (2) * Czech Republic (37) * Denmark (21) * [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (2) * Dominican Republic (2) * Ecuador (5) * [[Egypt]] (45) * El Salvador (1) * Estonia (6) * [[Ethiopia]] (5) * Faroe Islands (1) * Fiji (2) * [[Finland]] (26) * [[France]] (123) * [[Gabon]] (1) * [[The Gambia]] (1) * [[Georgia]] (5) * [[Germany]] (155) * [[Ghana]] (3) * Great Britain (264) * [[Greece]] (60) * Guatemala (1) * [[Guinea]] (1) * [[Guinea-Bissau]] (1) * Haiti (1) * Honduras (2) * [[Hong Kong]] (24) * Hungary (43) * Iceland (5) * [[India]] (19) * [[Indonesia]] (9) * Individual Paralympic Athletes (2) * Iran (110) * Iraq (14) * Ireland (44) * Israel (33) * Italy (101) * [[Ivory Coast]] (5) * Jamaica (3) * Japan (132) * Jordan (10) * Kazakhstan (11) * [[Kenya]] (19) * Kuwait (6) * Kyrgyzstan (3) * Laos (1) * Latvia (11) * [[Lesotho]] (2) * [[Libya]] (3) * Lithuania (13) * Luxembourg (3) * Macau (1) * Macedonia (2) * [[Madagascar]] (1) * [[Malawi]] (1) * Malaysia (19) * [[Mali]] (2) * Malta (1) * [[Mauritius]] (2) * [[Mexico]] (71) * Moldova (3) * Mongolia (8) * Montenegro (2) * [[Morocco]] (26) * [[Mozambique]] (1) * Myanmar (2) * [[Namibia]] (10) * Nepal (2) * Netherlands (120) * New Zealand (31) * Nicaragua (3) * [[Niger]] (2) * [[Nigeria]] (23) * North Korea (2) * Norway (25) * Oman (2) * Pakistan (1) * Palestine (1) * Panama (2) * Papua New Guinea (2) * Peru (6) * Philippines (5) * Poland (90) * Portugal (37) * Puerto Rico (4) * Qatar (3) * Romania (12) * [[Rwanda]] (13) * Samoa (2) * São Tomé and Príncipe (1) * [[Saudi Arabia]] (3) * [[Senegal]] (2) * Serbia (16) * [[Seychelles]] (1) * [[Sierra Leone]] (1) * [[Singapore]] (13) * Slovakia (28) * Slovenia (8) * [[Somalia]] (1) * [[South Africa]] (44) * South Korea (82) * Spain (113) * Sri Lanka (9) * Suriname (1) * Sweden (58) * Switzerland (24) * Syria (2) * Chinese Taipei (13) * Tajikistan (1) * [[Tanzania]] (1) * Thailand (45) * East Timor (2) * [[Togo]] (1) * Tonga (2) * Trinidad and Tobago (3) * [[Tunisia]] (31) * [[Turkey]] (81) * Turkmenistan (2) * [[Uganda]] (1) * Ukraine (168) * United Arab Emirates (18) * [[United States]] (279) * Uruguay (4) * Uzbekistan (32) * Venezuela (23) * Vietnam (11) * Virgin Islands (1) * [[Zimbabwe]] (6) |} ==== Number of athletes by National Paralympic Committees (by highest to lowest) ==== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !IPC !Country !Athletes |- |CHN |China |308 |- |BRA |Brazil |285 |- |USA |United States |279 |- |GBR |Great Britain |264 |- |RUS |Russia |322 |- |AUS |Australia |177 |- |UKR |Ukraine |168 |- |GER |Germany |155 |- |CAN |Canada |153 |- |JPN |Japan |132 |- |FRA |France |126 |- |NED |Netherlands |120 |- |ESP |Spain |113 |- |IRI |Iran |110 |- |ITA |Italy |101 |- |POL |Poland |90 |- |ARG |Argentina |84 |- |KOR |South Korea |82 |- |TUR |Turkey |81 |- |MEX |Mexico |71 |- |ALG |Algeria |60 |- |SWE |Sweden |58 |- |RSA |South Africa |44 |- |EGY |Egypt |45 |- |THA |Thailand |45 |- |IRL |Ireland |44 |- |HUN |Hungary |43 |- |COL |Colombia |39 |- |CZE |Czech Republic |37 |- |POR |Portugal |37 |- |ISR |Israel |33 |- |UZB |Uzbekistan |32 |- |NZL |New Zealand |31 |- |TUN |Tunisia |31 |- |BEL |Belgium |29 |- |SVK |Slovakia |28 |- |AUT |Austria |27 |- |FIN |Finland |26 |- |MAR |Morocco |26 |- |AZE |Azerbaijan |25 |- |NOR |Norway |25 |- |HKG |Hong Kong |24 |- |SUI |Switzerland |24 |- |VEN |Venezuela |23 |- |CUB |Cuba |22 |- |DEN |Denmark |21 |- |BLR |Belarus |20 |- |CRO |Croatia |19 |- |IND |India |19 |- |KEN |Kenya |19 |- |MAS |Malaysia |19 |- |UAE |United Arab Emirates |18 |- |SRB |Serbia |16 |- |CHI |Chile |15 |- |BIH |Bosnia and Herzegovina |14 |- |IRQ |Iraq |14 |- |LTU |Lithuania |13 |- |RWA |Rwanda |13 |- |SIN |Singapore |13 |- |TPE |Chinese Taipei |13 |- |ROU |Romania |12 |- |KAZ |Kazakhstan |11 |- |LAT |Latvia |11 |- |VIE |Vietnam |11 |- |JOR |Jordan |10 |- |NAM |Namibia |10 |- |SRI |Sri Lanka |9 |- |INA |Indonesia |9 |- |PUR |Puerto Rico |9 |- |MGL |Mongolia |8 |- |SLO |Slovenia |8 |- |BUL |Bulgaria |7 |- |EST |Estonia |6 |- |KUW |Kuwait |6 |- |PER |Peru |6 |- |ZIM |Zimbabwe |6 |- |ECU |Ecuador |5 |- |ETH |Ethiopia |5 |- |GEO |Georgia |5 |- |ISL |Iceland |5 |- |CIV |Ivory Coast |5 |- |PHI |Philippines |5 |- |ANG |Angola |4 |- |URU |Uruguay |4 |- |CRC |Costa Rica |3 |- |GHA |Ghana |3 |- |JAM |Jamaica |3 |- |KGZ |Kyrgyzstan |3 |- |LBA |Libya |3 |- |LUX |Luxembourg |3 |- |MDA |Moldova |3 |- |QAT |Qatar |3 |- |KSA |Saudi Arabia |3 |- |TRI |Trinidad and Tobago |3 |- |ARM |Armenia |2 |- |BRN |Bahrain |2 |- |BER |Bermuda |2 |- |CPV |Cape Verde |2 |- |CYP |Cyprus |2 |- |COD |Democratic Republic of the Congo |2 |- |DOM |Dominican Republic |2 |- |FIJ |Fiji |2 |- |HON |Honduras |2 |- |IPA |Individual Paralympic Athletes |2 |- |LES |Lesotho |2 |- |MLI |Mali |2 |- |MRI |Mauritius |2 |- |MNE |Montenegro |2 |- |MYA |Myanmar |2 |- |NEP |Nepal |2 |- |NCA |Nicaragua |2 |- |NIG |Niger |2 |- |NGE |Madagascar |2 |- |PRK |North Korea |2 |- |OMA |Oman |2 |- |PAN |Panama |2 |- |PNG |Papua New Guinea |2 |- |SAM |Samoa |2 |- |SEN |Senegal |2 |- |SYR |Syria |2 |- |TLS |East Timor |2 |- |TGA |Tonga |2 |- |TKM |Turkmenistan |2 |- |MKD |Macedonia |1 |- |AFG |Afghanistan |1 |- |ARU |Aruba |1 |- |BEN |Benin |1 |- |BOT |Botswana |1 |- |BUR |Burkina Faso |1 |- |BDI |Burundi |1 |- |CAM |Cambodia |1 |- |CMR |Cameroon |1 |- |CAF |Central African Republic |1 |- |CGO |Republic of the Congo |1 |- |ESA |El Salvador |1 |- |FRO |Faroe Islands |1 |- |GAB |Gabon |1 |- |GAM |The Gambia |1 |- |GUA |Guatemala |1 |- |GUI |Guinea |1 |- |GBS |Guinea-Bissau |1 |- |HAI |Haiti |1 |- |LAO |Laos |1 |- |MAC |Macau |1 |- |MAD |Madagascar |1 |- |MAW |Malawi |1 |- |MLT |Malta |1 |- |MOZ |Mozambique |1 |- |PAK |Pakistan |1 |- |PLE |Palestine |1 |- |STP |São Tomé and Príncipe |1 |- |SEY |Seychelles |1 |- |SLE |Sierra Leone |1 |- |SOM |Somalia |1 |- |SUR |Suriname |1 |- |TJK |Tajikistan |1 |- |TAN |Tanzania |1 |- |TOG |Togo |1 |- |UGA |Uganda |1 |- |ISV |Virgin Islands |1 |- | colspan="2;" |'''Total''' |'''4,342''' |} === Sports === Na dem contest events insyd 22 sports for de 2016 Summer Paralympics. Canoeing den paratriathlon make dema Paralympic debut insyd Rio. * Archery * Athletics * Boccia * Paracanoe * Cycling ** Road ** Track * Equestrian * Football 5-a-side * Football 7-a-side * Goalball * Judo * Paratriathlon * Powerlifting * Rowing * Sailing * Shooting * Swimming * Table tennis * Volleyball * Wheelchair basketball * Wheelchair fencing * Wheelchair rugby * Wheelchair tennis === '''Closing ceremony''' === == Calendar == ''All dates be Brasília Time (UTC–3)'' {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%;position:relative;width:75%;" |-8 | style="width:2.5em; background:#0c3; text-align:center;"|'''OC'''||Opening ceremony | style="width:2.5em; background:#39f; text-align:center;"|●||Event competitions | style="width:2.5em; background:#fc0; text-align:center;"|'''1'''||Gold medal events | style="width:2.5em; background:#e33; text-align:center;"|'''CC'''||Closing ceremony |} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; line-height:1.25em;width:75%;" |- !style=width:10%; colspan=15|[[File:IPC logo (2004-2019).svg|65px]] |- !colspan="2" style="width:20%"|September !style="width:5%"|7<br/>Wed !style="width:5%"|8<br/>Thu !style="width:5%"|9<br/>Fri !style="width:5%"|10<br/>Sat !style="width:5%"|11<br/>Sun !style="width:5%"|12<br/>Mon !style="width:5%"|13<br/>Tue !style="width:5%"|14<br/>Wed !style="width:5%"|15<br/>Thu !style="width:5%"|16<br/>Fri !style="width:5%"|17<br/>Sat !style="width:5%"|18<br/>Sun !style="width:7%"|Events |- |colspan="2"| [[File:IPC logo black (2004-2019).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Ceremonies || style="background:#0c3; text-align:center;"|'''OC'''|| || || || || || || || || || || style="background:#e33; text-align:center;"|'''CC'''||— |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Archery pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Archery <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| <!-- 10 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 11 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' <!-- 12 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' <!-- 13 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' <!-- 14 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' <!-- 15 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' <!-- 16 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''2''' <!-- 17 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''2''' <!-- 18 -->| <!-- T -->| '''9''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Athletics pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Athletics <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''10''' <!-- 9 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''20''' <!-- 10 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''16''' <!-- 11 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''19''' <!-- 12 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''14''' <!-- 13 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''19''' <!-- 14 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''14''' <!-- 15 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''19''' <!-- 16 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''16''' <!-- 17 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''25''' <!-- 18 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''5''' <!-- T -->| '''177''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Boccia pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Boccia <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| <!-- 10 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 11 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 12 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' <!-- 13 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 14 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 15 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 16 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''4''' <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- T -->| '''7''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Paracanoe pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Paracanoe <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| <!-- 10 -->| <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 15 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''6''' <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- T -->| '''6''' |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Cycling | style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Cycling (road) pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Road <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| <!-- 10 -->| <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''8''' <!-- 15 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''8''' <!-- 16 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''8''' <!-- 17 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''9''' <!-- 18 -->| |rowspan=2|'''50''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Cycling (track) pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Track <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''4''' <!-- 9 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''5''' <!-- 10 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''5''' <!-- 11 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Equestrian_Dressage_pictogram_(Paralympics).svg|class=skin-invert|20x20px]]Equestrian (dressage) <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| <!-- 10 -->| <!-- 11 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 12 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 13 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' <!-- 14 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''2''' <!-- 15 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''2''' <!-- 16 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''6''' <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- T -->| '''11''' |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Football | style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Football 5-a-side pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] 5-a-side <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 10 -->| <!-- 11 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 14 -->| <!-- 15 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' <!-- 18 -->| |rowspan=2|'''2''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Football 7-a-side pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] 7-a-side <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 9 -->| <!-- 10 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Goalball pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Goalball <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 9 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 10 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 11 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 12 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 13 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 14 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 15 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 16 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''2''' <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- T -->| '''2''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Judo pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Judo <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''4''' <!-- 9 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''4''' <!-- 10 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''5''' <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- T -->| '''13''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Powerlifting pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Powerlifting <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''2''' <!-- 9 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' <!-- 10 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' <!-- 11 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' <!-- 12 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' <!-- 13 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' <!-- 14 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- T -->| '''20''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Rowing pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Rowing <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 10 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 11 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''4''' <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- T -->| '''4''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Sailing pictogram.svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Sailing <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| <!-- 10 -->| <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 13 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 14 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 15 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 16 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 17 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' <!-- 18 -->| <!-- T -->| '''3''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Shooting pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Shooting <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''2''' <!-- 9 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''2''' <!-- 10 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''2''' <!-- 11 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' <!-- 12 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' <!-- 13 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''2''' <!-- 14 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''2''' <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- T -->| '''12''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Sitting volleyball pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Sitting volleyball <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 10 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 11 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 12 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 13 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 14 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 15 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 16 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' <!-- 17 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' <!-- 18 -->| <!-- T -->| '''2''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Swimming pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Swimming <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''16''' <!-- 9 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''16''' <!-- 10 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''14''' <!-- 11 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''15''' <!-- 12 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''16''' <!-- 13 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''15''' <!-- 14 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''15''' <!-- 15 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''14''' <!-- 16 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''16''' <!-- 17 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''15''' <!-- 18 -->| <!-- T -->| '''152''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Table tennis pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Table tennis <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 9 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 10 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 11 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''5''' <!-- 12 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''8''' <!-- 13 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''8''' <!-- 14 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 15 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 16 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''4''' <!-- 17 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''4''' <!-- 18 -->| <!-- T -->| '''29''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Triathlon pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Paratriathlon <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| <!-- 10 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' <!-- 11 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| <!-- 15 -->| <!-- 16 -->| <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- T -->| '''6''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Wheelchair basketball pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Wheelchair basketball <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 9 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 10 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 11 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 12 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 13 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 14 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 15 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 16 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' <!-- 17 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' <!-- 18 -->| <!-- T -->| '''2''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Wheelchair fencing pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Wheelchair fencing <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| <!-- 10 -->| <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''2''' <!-- 13 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''4''' <!-- 14 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''4''' <!-- 15 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''2''' <!-- 16 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''2''' <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- T -->| '''14''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Wheelchair rugby pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Wheelchair rugby <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| <!-- 10 -->| <!-- 11 -->| <!-- 12 -->| <!-- 13 -->| <!-- 14 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 15 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 16 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 17 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 18 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' <!-- T -->| '''1''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[File:Wheelchair tennis pictogram (Paralympics).svg|20px|class=skin-invert]] Wheelchair tennis <!-- 7 -->| <!-- 8 -->| <!-- 9 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 10 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 11 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 12 -->| style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● <!-- 13 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' <!-- 14 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' <!-- 15 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''2''' <!-- 16 -->| style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''2''' <!-- 17 -->| <!-- 18 -->| <!-- T -->| '''6''' |- !colspan="2"|Daily medal events !! 0 !! 38 !! 50 !! 48 !! 54 !! 48 !! 54 !! 50 !! 54 !! 65 !! 61 !! 6 !! rowspan=2|528 |- !colspan="2"|Cumulative total!! 0 !! 38 !! 88 !! 136 !! 190 !! 238 !! 292 !! 342 !! 396 !! 461 !! 522 !! 528 |- !colspan="2"|September !7<br/>Wed !8<br/>Thu !9<br/>Fri !10<br/>Sat !11<br/>Sun !12<br/>Mon !13<br/>Tue !14<br/>Wed !15<br/>Thu !16<br/>Fri !17<br/>Sat !18<br/>Sun !Events |} == Medal table ==  *   Host nation (Brazil) {| class="wikitable sortable" |+2016 Summer Paralympics medal table !Rank !NPC !Gold !Silver !Bronze !Total |- |1 !China (CHN) |107 |81 |51 |239 |- |2 !Great Britain (GBR) |64 |39 |44 |147 |- |3 !Ukraine (UKR) |41 |37 |39 |117 |- |4 !United States (USA) |40 |44 |31 |115 |- |5 !Australia (AUS) |22 |30 |29 |81 |- |6 !Germany (GER) |18 |25 |14 |57 |- |7 !Netherlands (NED) |17 |19 |26 |62 |- |8 !Brazil (BRA)* |14 |29 |29 |72 |- |9 !Italy (ITA) |10 |14 |15 |39 |- |10 !Poland (POL) |9 |18 |12 |39 |- |11–83 |Dey remain |187 |193 |249 |629 |- ! colspan="2" |Totals (83 entries) !529 !529 !539 !1,597 |} === Podium Sweeps === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Date !Sport !Event !NOC !Gold !Silver !Bronze |- |11 September |Swimming |Men's 200 metre individual medley SM10 |Ukraine |Denys Dubrov |Maksym Krypak |Dmytro Vanzenko |- |11 September |Paratriathlon |Women's PT2 |United States |Allysa Seely |Hailey Danisewicz |Melissa Stockwell |- |13 September |Athletics |Women's 1500 metres T54 |United States |Tatyana McFadden |Amanda McGrory |Chelsea McClammer |- |17 September |Archery |Women's individual compound W1 |Great Britain |Jessica Stretton |Jo Frith |Vicky Jenkins |} == References == <references /> == External links == Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to '''''[[commons:2016_Summer_Paralympics|2016 Summer Paralympics]]'''''. * [https://archive.today/20130705/http://www.rio2016.org/en/ Rio de Janeiro 2016 Official Homepage] * [http://www.paralympic.org/rio-2016 Rio de Janeiro 2016 from de International Paralympic Committee] * [https://www.paralympic.org/rio-2016/schedule-results/info-live-results/rio-2016/eng/zz/engzz_general-general-schedule.htm Results & Records] [[Category:2016 Summer Paralympics]] [[Category:Summer Paralympic Games by year]] [[Category:2016 insyd disability sport]] [[Category:2016 insyd multi-sport events]] [[Category:International sports competitions insyd Rio de Janeiro (city)]] [[Category:Multi-sport events insyd Brazil]] [[Category:2016 insyd Brazilian sport]] [[Category:September 2016 sports events insyd South America]] [[Category:2010s insyd Rio de Janeiro]] tmdbgrc1vgd242h6spqh1h7x4wsfjlj 3 26777 97891 97825 2026-05-09T22:03:26Z Kwasi Rex 4961 /* Translations */ Reply 97891 wikitext text/x-wiki == Translations == Hello @[[User:Kwasi Rex|Kwasi Rex]]. Thanks for translating articles to the Ghanaian Pidgin. Please kindly ensure you search for articles on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia and make sure they do not exist. I realize most articles you created already existed, hence they were over-writed. Kindly ensure you check before translating articles. Thanks [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 23:58, 8 May 2026 (GMT) :Okay Sir [[User:Kwasi Rex|Kwasi Rex]] ([[User talk:Kwasi Rex|talk]]) 22:03, 9 May 2026 (GMT) j2ujuy0dhftud2cah03mu881aduyq12 0 26781 97837 97835 2026-05-09T13:58:31Z DaSupremo 9 /* Causes */ Improve article 97837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vomiting''' (scientifically dem know as '''emesis''', den otherwise dem know as '''puking''', den '''throwing up''') be de forceful expulsion of de contents of one ein stomach thru de mouth den sam times de nose.<ref>{{cite book |author=Tintinalli, Judith E. |title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies |location=New York |year=2010 |page=830 |isbn=978-0-07-148480-0 }}</ref> De substance so produced (de erstwhile contents of de stomach, now expelled) sanso be known as '''vomit''' anaa '''vomitus.''' Vomiting fi be de result of ailments like food poisoning, gastroenteritis, [[pregnancy]], motion sickness, anaa hangover; anaa e fi be an after effect of diseases such as brain tumors, elevated intracranial pressure, anaa overexposure to ionizing radiation.<ref name="hauser">{{cite web | last1=Hauser | first1=Joshua M. | last2=Azzam | first2=Joseph S. | last3=Kasi | first3=Anup | title=Antiemetic Medications | publisher=StatPearls Publishing | date=2022-09-26 | pmid=30335336 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532303/ | access-date=2023-07-12 | archive-date=2023-03-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330192842/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532303/ | url-status=live }}</ref> De feeling wey one be about to vomit be called nausea; e often dey precede, buh no dey always lead to vomiting. Impairment secof alcohol, anesthesia, anaa oda sedatives fi cause inhalation of vomit. Insyd severe cases, wer dehydration dey develop, intravenous fluid fi be required. Antiemetics sam times be necessary to suppress nausea den vomiting. Self-induced vomiting fi be a component of an eating disorder such as [[bulimia nervosa]], wey be einself now classified as an eating disorder on ein own, purging disorder. ==Causes== Vomiting fi be secof a large number of causes, wey [[wikt:protracted|protracted]] vomiting get a long [[differential diagnosis]]. ===Digestive tract=== Causes insyd de digestive tract * Gastritis (inflammation of de gastric wall)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=K.L.|first=Koch|date=2000|title=Unexplained nausea and vomiting|journal=Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology|volume=3|issue=4|pages=303–313|doi=10.1007/s11938-000-0044-5|pmid=11096591|s2cid=12141615}}</ref> * Gastroenteritis * [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]] * Celiac disease<ref name=SymptomsCausesNIDDK>{{cite web|title=Symptoms & Causes of Celiac Disease {{!}} NIDDK|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=24 April 2017|date=June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424175500/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes|archive-date=24 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> * Non-celiac gluten sensitivity<ref name=VoltaCaio2017>{{cite journal| vauthors=Volta U, Caio G, Karunaratne TB, Alaedini A, De Giorgio R| title=Non-coeliac gluten/wheat sensitivity: advances in knowledge and relevant questions. | journal=[[Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology]] | year= 2017 | volume= 11 | issue= 1 | pages= 9–18 | pmid=27852116 | doi=10.1080/17474124.2017.1260003 | s2cid=34881689 | type=Review | quote=A lower proportion of NCG/WS patients (from 30% to 50%) complain of upper gastrointestinal tract manifestations, e.g. vomiting, nausea, gastroesophageal reflux disease, aerophagia and aphthous stomatitis. (NCG/WS: Non-coeliac gluten/wheat sensitivity) }}</ref> * Pyloric stenosis * Bowel obstruction * Overeating (stomach too full) * Acute abdomen den/anaa [[peritonitis]] * Ileus * Food allergies * Cholecystitis, [[pancreatitis]], appendicitis, [[hepatitis]] * Food poisoning * Insyd kiddies children, e fi be be caused by an allergic reaction to cow's milk proteins (milk allergy anaa lactose intolerance) ===Sensory system den brain=== Causes insyd de sensory system: * Movement wey dey lead to motion sickness (wich be caused by overstimulation of de labyrinthine canals of de ear) * [[Ménière's disease]] * Vertigo Causes insyd de brain: * Concussion * Cerebral hemorrhage * Cerebral aneurysm * [[Migraine]] * Brain tumors, wich fi cause de chemoreceptors to malfunction * Benign intracranial hypertension den [[hydrocephalus]] * Hypercalcemia (high calcium levels) * Uremia (urea accumulation, usually secof kidney failure) * Adrenal insufficiency * [[Hypoglycemia]] * Hyperglycemia * [[Endometriosis]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Velho |first1=Renata |last2=Werner |first2=Franziska |last3=Mechsner |first3=Slyvia |title=Endo Belly: What Is It and Why Does It Happen?—A Narrative Review |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |date=2023 |volume=12 |issue=22 |page=7176 |doi=10.3390/jcm12227176 |doi-access=free |pmid=38002788 |pmc=10671958 }}</ref> [[Pregnancy]]:<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1988|title=Vomiting and Nausea in the First 12 Weeks of Pregnancy|journal=Psychother Psychosom|volume=49|issue=1|pages=22–24|doi=10.1159/000288062|pmid=3237957|last1=Iatrakis |first1=George M. |last2=Sakellaropoulos |first2=Gerasimos G. |last3=Kourkoubas |first3=Anthony H. |last4=Kabounia |first4=Stavroula E. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Torgersen|first1=Leila|last2=Von Holle|first2=Ann|last3=Reichborn-Kjennerud|first3=Ted|last4=Knoph Berg|first4=Cecile|last5=Hamer|first5=Robert|last6=Sullivan|first6=Patrick|last7=Bulik|first7=Cynthia M.|date=2008 |title=Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in women with bulimia nervosa and eating disorders not otherwise specified. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20564 |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=722-727}}</ref> * Hyperemesis, morning sickness Drug reaction (vomiting fi occur as an acute somatic response to): * Alcohol.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Rostron |editor1-first=Chris |editor2-last=Barber |editor2-first=Jill |title=Pharmaceutical Chemistry |date=March 2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-877978-0 |page=8 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-AeEAAAQBAJ&dq=vomit+hangover+inpublisher:university+inpublisher:press&pg=SA1-PA7 |access-date=August 9, 2021 |archive-date=December 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228075103/https://books.google.com/books?id=f-AeEAAAQBAJ&dq=vomit+hangover+inpublisher:university+inpublisher:press&pg=SA1-PA7#v=onepage&q=vomit%20hangover%20inpublisher%3Auniversity%20inpublisher%3Apress&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> * Opioids * [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]s * Chaw chemotherapy drugs * Sam entheogens (such as peyote anaa ayahuasca) High altitude: *Altitude sickness<ref name=Fer2016>{{cite book |vauthors=Ferri FF |title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017 E-Book: 5 Books in 1 |date=2016 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-44838-3 |page=590 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA590 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228075055/https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA590#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Norovirus]] (formerly Norwalk virus anaa Norwalk agent) * Swine influenza Psychiatric/behavioral: * [[Bulimia nervosa]] * Food neophobia * Purging disorder ===Emetics=== Hydrogen peroxide be used as an emetic insyd veterinary practice.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Drugs to Control or Stimulate Vomiting|encyclopedia=Merck Veterinary manual|url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/190303.htm|publisher=[[Merck & Co.]], Inc|year=2006|access-date=2013-02-23|archive-date=2016-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324233045/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm%2Fbc%2F190303.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.petplace.com/dogs/how-to-induce-vomiting-emesis-in-dogs/page1.aspx |title=How to Induce Vomiting (Emesis) in Dogs |publisher=Petplace.com |access-date=2014-05-03 |archive-date=2015-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212010816/http://www.petplace.com/dogs/how-to-induce-vomiting-emesis-in-dogs/page1.aspx}}</ref> ===Self-induced=== * [[Eating disorder]]s ([[anorexia nervosa]] anaa [[bulimia nervosa]]) === Miscellaneous === * After surgery (postoperative nausea den vomiting) * Disagreeable sights anaa disgust, smells, tastes, sounds anaa thoughts (such as decayed matter, odas dema vomit, thinking of vomiting), etc. * Extreme pain, such as an intense headache anaa [[myocardial infarction]] (heart attack) * Extreme emotions<!-- "Violent" could be misinterpreted here. --> * Cyclic vomiting syndrome (a poorly understood condition plus attacks of vomiting) * [[Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome]] (similar to cyclic vomiting syndrome, buh e get cannabis use as ein underlying cause). * High doses of ionizing radiation sam times trigger a vomit reflex. * Violent fits of coughing, hiccups, anaa [[asthma]] * Anxiety * [[Depression (mood)|Depression]] * Overexertion ===Oda types=== * ''Projectile vomiting'' be vomiting wey dey eject de gastric contents plus great force.<ref name=med_dict>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/vomiting |title=vomiting - definition of vomiting in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia |publisher=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2014-05-03 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222155353/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/vomiting |url-status=live }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 94kwson29vzbacvcro4l0gqoz3ku2u9 97838 97837 2026-05-09T14:05:44Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vomiting''' (scientifically dem know as '''emesis''', den otherwise dem know as '''puking''', den '''throwing up''') be de forceful expulsion of de contents of one ein stomach thru de mouth den sam times de nose.<ref>{{cite book |author=Tintinalli, Judith E. |title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies |location=New York |year=2010 |page=830 |isbn=978-0-07-148480-0 }}</ref> De substance so produced (de erstwhile contents of de stomach, now expelled) sanso be known as '''vomit''' anaa '''vomitus.''' Vomiting fi be de result of ailments like food poisoning, gastroenteritis, [[pregnancy]], motion sickness, anaa hangover; anaa e fi be an after effect of diseases such as brain tumors, elevated intracranial pressure, anaa overexposure to ionizing radiation.<ref name="hauser">{{cite web | last1=Hauser | first1=Joshua M. | last2=Azzam | first2=Joseph S. | last3=Kasi | first3=Anup | title=Antiemetic Medications | publisher=StatPearls Publishing | date=2022-09-26 | pmid=30335336 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532303/ | access-date=2023-07-12 | archive-date=2023-03-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330192842/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532303/ | url-status=live }}</ref> De feeling wey one be about to vomit be called nausea; e often dey precede, buh no dey always lead to vomiting. Impairment secof alcohol, anesthesia, anaa oda sedatives fi cause inhalation of vomit. Insyd severe cases, wer dehydration dey develop, intravenous fluid fi be required. Antiemetics sam times be necessary to suppress nausea den vomiting. Self-induced vomiting fi be a component of an eating disorder such as [[bulimia nervosa]], wey be einself now classified as an eating disorder on ein own, purging disorder. ==Causes== Vomiting fi be secof a large number of causes, wey [[wikt:protracted|protracted]] vomiting get a long [[differential diagnosis]]. ===Digestive tract=== Causes insyd de digestive tract * Gastritis (inflammation of de gastric wall)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=K.L.|first=Koch|date=2000|title=Unexplained nausea and vomiting|journal=Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology|volume=3|issue=4|pages=303–313|doi=10.1007/s11938-000-0044-5|pmid=11096591|s2cid=12141615}}</ref> * Gastroenteritis * [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]] * Celiac disease<ref name=SymptomsCausesNIDDK>{{cite web|title=Symptoms & Causes of Celiac Disease {{!}} NIDDK|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes|website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=24 April 2017|date=June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424175500/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/symptoms-causes|archive-date=24 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> * Non-celiac gluten sensitivity<ref name=VoltaCaio2017>{{cite journal| vauthors=Volta U, Caio G, Karunaratne TB, Alaedini A, De Giorgio R| title=Non-coeliac gluten/wheat sensitivity: advances in knowledge and relevant questions. | journal=[[Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology]] | year= 2017 | volume= 11 | issue= 1 | pages= 9–18 | pmid=27852116 | doi=10.1080/17474124.2017.1260003 | s2cid=34881689 | type=Review | quote=A lower proportion of NCG/WS patients (from 30% to 50%) complain of upper gastrointestinal tract manifestations, e.g. vomiting, nausea, gastroesophageal reflux disease, aerophagia and aphthous stomatitis. (NCG/WS: Non-coeliac gluten/wheat sensitivity) }}</ref> * Pyloric stenosis * Bowel obstruction * Overeating (stomach too full) * Acute abdomen den/anaa [[peritonitis]] * Ileus * Food allergies * Cholecystitis, [[pancreatitis]], appendicitis, [[hepatitis]] * Food poisoning * Insyd kiddies children, e fi be be caused by an allergic reaction to cow's milk proteins (milk allergy anaa lactose intolerance) ===Sensory system den brain=== Causes insyd de sensory system: * Movement wey dey lead to motion sickness (wich be caused by overstimulation of de labyrinthine canals of de ear) * [[Ménière's disease]] * Vertigo Causes insyd de brain: * Concussion * Cerebral hemorrhage * Cerebral aneurysm * [[Migraine]] * Brain tumors, wich fi cause de chemoreceptors to malfunction * Benign intracranial hypertension den [[hydrocephalus]] * Hypercalcemia (high calcium levels) * Uremia (urea accumulation, usually secof kidney failure) * Adrenal insufficiency * [[Hypoglycemia]] * Hyperglycemia * [[Endometriosis]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Velho |first1=Renata |last2=Werner |first2=Franziska |last3=Mechsner |first3=Slyvia |title=Endo Belly: What Is It and Why Does It Happen?—A Narrative Review |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |date=2023 |volume=12 |issue=22 |page=7176 |doi=10.3390/jcm12227176 |doi-access=free |pmid=38002788 |pmc=10671958 }}</ref> [[Pregnancy]]:<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1988|title=Vomiting and Nausea in the First 12 Weeks of Pregnancy|journal=Psychother Psychosom|volume=49|issue=1|pages=22–24|doi=10.1159/000288062|pmid=3237957|last1=Iatrakis |first1=George M. |last2=Sakellaropoulos |first2=Gerasimos G. |last3=Kourkoubas |first3=Anthony H. |last4=Kabounia |first4=Stavroula E. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Torgersen|first1=Leila|last2=Von Holle|first2=Ann|last3=Reichborn-Kjennerud|first3=Ted|last4=Knoph Berg|first4=Cecile|last5=Hamer|first5=Robert|last6=Sullivan|first6=Patrick|last7=Bulik|first7=Cynthia M.|date=2008 |title=Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in women with bulimia nervosa and eating disorders not otherwise specified. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20564 |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=722-727}}</ref> * Hyperemesis, morning sickness Drug reaction (vomiting fi occur as an acute somatic response to): * Alcohol.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Rostron |editor1-first=Chris |editor2-last=Barber |editor2-first=Jill |title=Pharmaceutical Chemistry |date=March 2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-877978-0 |page=8 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-AeEAAAQBAJ&dq=vomit+hangover+inpublisher:university+inpublisher:press&pg=SA1-PA7 |access-date=August 9, 2021 |archive-date=December 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228075103/https://books.google.com/books?id=f-AeEAAAQBAJ&dq=vomit+hangover+inpublisher:university+inpublisher:press&pg=SA1-PA7#v=onepage&q=vomit%20hangover%20inpublisher%3Auniversity%20inpublisher%3Apress&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> * Opioids * [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]s * Chaw chemotherapy drugs * Sam entheogens (such as peyote anaa ayahuasca) High altitude: *Altitude sickness<ref name=Fer2016>{{cite book |vauthors=Ferri FF |title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017 E-Book: 5 Books in 1 |date=2016 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-44838-3 |page=590 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA590 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228075055/https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA590#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Norovirus]] (formerly Norwalk virus anaa Norwalk agent) * Swine influenza Psychiatric/behavioral: * [[Bulimia nervosa]] * Food neophobia * Purging disorder ===Emetics=== Hydrogen peroxide be used as an emetic insyd veterinary practice.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Drugs to Control or Stimulate Vomiting|encyclopedia=Merck Veterinary manual|url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/190303.htm|publisher=[[Merck & Co.]], Inc|year=2006|access-date=2013-02-23|archive-date=2016-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324233045/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm%2Fbc%2F190303.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.petplace.com/dogs/how-to-induce-vomiting-emesis-in-dogs/page1.aspx |title=How to Induce Vomiting (Emesis) in Dogs |publisher=Petplace.com |access-date=2014-05-03 |archive-date=2015-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212010816/http://www.petplace.com/dogs/how-to-induce-vomiting-emesis-in-dogs/page1.aspx}}</ref> ===Self-induced=== * [[Eating disorder]]s ([[anorexia nervosa]] anaa [[bulimia nervosa]]) === Miscellaneous === * After surgery (postoperative nausea den vomiting) * Disagreeable sights anaa disgust, smells, tastes, sounds anaa thoughts (such as decayed matter, odas dema vomit, thinking of vomiting), etc. * Extreme pain, such as an intense headache anaa [[myocardial infarction]] (heart attack) * Extreme emotions<!-- "Violent" could be misinterpreted here. --> * Cyclic vomiting syndrome (a poorly understood condition plus attacks of vomiting) * [[Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome]] (similar to cyclic vomiting syndrome, buh e get cannabis use as ein underlying cause). * High doses of ionizing radiation sam times trigger a vomit reflex. * Violent fits of coughing, hiccups, anaa [[asthma]] * Anxiety * [[Depression (mood)|Depression]] * Overexertion ===Oda types=== * ''Projectile vomiting'' be vomiting wey dey eject de gastric contents plus great force.<ref name=med_dict>{{cite web |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/vomiting |title=vomiting - definition of vomiting in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia |publisher=Medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2014-05-03 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222155353/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/vomiting |url-status=live }}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== {{sister project links||d=Q127076|c=Category:Vomiting|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=Vomiting|species=no}} * [http://www.cvsa.org.uk Cyclical Vomiting Syndrome] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Vomiting| ]] [[Category:Reflexes]] [[Category:Symptoms den signs: Digestive system den abdomen]] [[Category:Body fluids]] [[Category:Emetics]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 4j4kpap0dl5nrixhmb6n9r9kxm14083 0 26782 97836 2026-05-09T13:38:36Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458831|Cataract]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 97836 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 97842 97836 2026-05-09T14:21:08Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A '''cataract''' be a cloudy area insyd de lens of de eye wey dey impair vision.<ref name="NIH2009" /><ref name=":02">{{cite book |last1=Wilson Jr. |first1=M. Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLJZDD2igCMC&pg=PA20 |title=Pediatric cataract surgery techniques, complications, and management |last2=Trivedi |first2=Rupal H. |last3=Pandey |first3=Suresh K. |date=2005 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-4307-5 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |page=20 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524134557/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gLJZDD2igCMC&pg=PA20 |archive-date=2015-05-24 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cataracts often dey develop slowly wey fi affect one anaa both eyes.<ref name="NIH2009" /> Symptoms fi include faded colors, blurry anaa double vision, halos around light, trouble plus bright lights, den difficulty seeing at night.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web |date=September 2009 |title=Facts About Cataract |url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref> Dis fi result in difficulty driving, reading, den recognizing faces.<ref name="Allen-2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Allen D, Vasavada A |date=July 2006 |title=Cataract and surgery for cataract |journal=BMJ |volume=333 |issue=7559 |pages=128–132 |doi=10.1136/bmj.333.7559.128 |pmc=1502210 |pmid=16840470}}</ref> Poor vision wey be caused by cataracts sanso fi result in an increased risk of falling den [[Depression (mood)|depression]].<ref name="Gim2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gimbel HV, Dardzhikova AA |date=January 2011 |title=Consequences of waiting for cataract surgery |journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=28–30 |doi=10.1097/icu.0b013e328341425d |pmid=21076306 |s2cid=205670956}}</ref> Insyd 2020 cataracts cause 39.6% of all cases of blindness den 28.3% of visual impairment worldwide. Cataracts remain de single most common cause of global blindness.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite journal |last=Pesudovs |first=Konrad |last2=Lansingh |first2=Van Charles |last3=Kempen |first3=John H. |last4=Tapply |first4=Ian |last5=Fernandes |first5=Arthur G. |last6=Cicinelli |first6=Maria Vittoria |last7=Arrigo |first7=Alessandro |last8=Leveziel |first8=Nicolas |last9=Resnikoff |first9=Serge |last10=Taylor |first10=Hugh R. |last11=Sedighi |first11=Tabassom |last12=Flaxman |first12=Seth |last13=Bikbov |first13=Mukkharram M. |last14=Braithwaite |first14=Tasanee |last15=Bron |first15=Alain |date=August 2024 |title=Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by cataract: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-02961-1 |journal=Eye |language=en |volume=38 |issue=11 |pages=2156–2172 |doi=10.1038/s41433-024-02961-1 |issn=1476-5454 |pmc=11269584 |pmid=38461217}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 9lb0jak5pj7r1x3vopnixmnjbyel6rc 97843 97842 2026-05-09T14:29:28Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A '''cataract''' be a cloudy area insyd de lens of de eye wey dey impair vision.<ref name="NIH2009" /><ref name=":02">{{cite book |last1=Wilson Jr. |first1=M. Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLJZDD2igCMC&pg=PA20 |title=Pediatric cataract surgery techniques, complications, and management |last2=Trivedi |first2=Rupal H. |last3=Pandey |first3=Suresh K. |date=2005 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-4307-5 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |page=20 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524134557/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gLJZDD2igCMC&pg=PA20 |archive-date=2015-05-24 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cataracts often dey develop slowly wey fi affect one anaa both eyes.<ref name="NIH2009" /> Symptoms fi include faded colors, blurry anaa double vision, halos around light, trouble plus bright lights, den difficulty seeing at night.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web |date=September 2009 |title=Facts About Cataract |url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref> Dis fi result in difficulty driving, reading, den recognizing faces.<ref name="Allen-2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Allen D, Vasavada A |date=July 2006 |title=Cataract and surgery for cataract |journal=BMJ |volume=333 |issue=7559 |pages=128–132 |doi=10.1136/bmj.333.7559.128 |pmc=1502210 |pmid=16840470}}</ref> Poor vision wey be caused by cataracts sanso fi result in an increased risk of falling den [[Depression (mood)|depression]].<ref name="Gim2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gimbel HV, Dardzhikova AA |date=January 2011 |title=Consequences of waiting for cataract surgery |journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=28–30 |doi=10.1097/icu.0b013e328341425d |pmid=21076306 |s2cid=205670956}}</ref> Insyd 2020 cataracts cause 39.6% of all cases of blindness den 28.3% of visual impairment worldwide. Cataracts remain de single most common cause of global blindness.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite journal |last=Pesudovs |first=Konrad |last2=Lansingh |first2=Van Charles |last3=Kempen |first3=John H. |last4=Tapply |first4=Ian |last5=Fernandes |first5=Arthur G. |last6=Cicinelli |first6=Maria Vittoria |last7=Arrigo |first7=Alessandro |last8=Leveziel |first8=Nicolas |last9=Resnikoff |first9=Serge |last10=Taylor |first10=Hugh R. |last11=Sedighi |first11=Tabassom |last12=Flaxman |first12=Seth |last13=Bikbov |first13=Mukkharram M. |last14=Braithwaite |first14=Tasanee |last15=Bron |first15=Alain |date=August 2024 |title=Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by cataract: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-02961-1 |journal=Eye |language=en |volume=38 |issue=11 |pages=2156–2172 |doi=10.1038/s41433-024-02961-1 |issn=1476-5454 |pmc=11269584 |pmid=38461217}}</ref> Cataracts most commonly be secof aging buh sanso fi be secof trauma anaa radiation exposure, be present from birth anaa occur dey follow eye surgery for oda problems.<ref name=NIH2009/><ref name="WHOPri">{{cite web |title=Priority eye diseases |url=https://www.who.int/blindness/causes/priority/en/index1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095804/http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/priority/en/index1.html |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref> Risk factors dey include [[diabetes]], longstanding use of corticosteroid medication, smoking tobacco, prolonged exposure to sunlight den alcohol.<ref name=NIH2009/> In addition, poor nutrition, [[obesity]], chronic kidney disease den autoimmune diseases be recognized insyd various studies as contributing to de development of cataracts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ang |first1=Michael J. |last2=Afshari |first2=Natalie A. |date=2021 |title=Cataract and systemic disease: A review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ceo.13892 |journal=Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=118–127 |doi=10.1111/ceo.13892 |issn=1442-9071 |pmid=33426783 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Cataract formation primarily be driven by oxidative stress, wich dey damage lens proteins, wey dey lead to dema aggregation den de accumulation of clumps of protein anaa yellow-brown pigment insyd de lens.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ho |first=Min-Chieh |last2=Peng |first2=Yi-Jie |last3=Chen |first3=Shih-Jen |last4=Chiou |first4=Shih-Hwa |date=2010-09-01 |title=Senile cataracts and oxidative stress |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210833510000079 |journal=Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=17–21 |doi=10.1016/j.jcgg.2010.10.006 |issn=2210-8335|doi-access=free }}</ref> Dis dey reduce de transmission of light to de retina at de back of de eye, impairing vision. Additionally, alterations insyd de lens ein metabolic processes, wey dey include imbalances insyd calcium den oda ions, contribute to cataract development.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spector |first=Abraham |date=1995 |title=Oxidative stress-induced cataract: mechanism of action |journal=The FASEB Journal |language=en |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1173–1182 |doi=10.1096/fasebj.9.12.7672510 |issn=1530-6860 |pmid=7672510 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=NIH2009/> Diagnosis typically be thru an eye examination,<ref name=NIH2009/> plus ophthalmoscopy den slit-lamp examination be de most effective methods. During ophthalmoscopy, de pupil be dilated, den de red reflex be examined for any opacities insyd de lens. Slit-lamp examination dey provide further details on de characteristics, location, den extent of de cataract.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cataract - Eye Disorders |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/cataract/cataract |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=MSD Manual Professional Edition |language=en}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] th6xt7h9ls3z14k4n0zfm5lqziilc5y 97844 97843 2026-05-09T14:35:19Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A '''cataract''' be a cloudy area insyd de lens of de eye wey dey impair vision.<ref name="NIH2009" /><ref name=":02">{{cite book |last1=Wilson Jr. |first1=M. Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLJZDD2igCMC&pg=PA20 |title=Pediatric cataract surgery techniques, complications, and management |last2=Trivedi |first2=Rupal H. |last3=Pandey |first3=Suresh K. |date=2005 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-4307-5 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |page=20 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524134557/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gLJZDD2igCMC&pg=PA20 |archive-date=2015-05-24 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cataracts often dey develop slowly wey fi affect one anaa both eyes.<ref name="NIH2009" /> Symptoms fi include faded colors, blurry anaa double vision, halos around light, trouble plus bright lights, den difficulty seeing at night.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web |date=September 2009 |title=Facts About Cataract |url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref> Dis fi result in difficulty driving, reading, den recognizing faces.<ref name="Allen-2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Allen D, Vasavada A |date=July 2006 |title=Cataract and surgery for cataract |journal=BMJ |volume=333 |issue=7559 |pages=128–132 |doi=10.1136/bmj.333.7559.128 |pmc=1502210 |pmid=16840470}}</ref> Poor vision wey be caused by cataracts sanso fi result in an increased risk of falling den [[Depression (mood)|depression]].<ref name="Gim2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gimbel HV, Dardzhikova AA |date=January 2011 |title=Consequences of waiting for cataract surgery |journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=28–30 |doi=10.1097/icu.0b013e328341425d |pmid=21076306 |s2cid=205670956}}</ref> Insyd 2020 cataracts cause 39.6% of all cases of blindness den 28.3% of visual impairment worldwide. Cataracts remain de single most common cause of global blindness.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite journal |last=Pesudovs |first=Konrad |last2=Lansingh |first2=Van Charles |last3=Kempen |first3=John H. |last4=Tapply |first4=Ian |last5=Fernandes |first5=Arthur G. |last6=Cicinelli |first6=Maria Vittoria |last7=Arrigo |first7=Alessandro |last8=Leveziel |first8=Nicolas |last9=Resnikoff |first9=Serge |last10=Taylor |first10=Hugh R. |last11=Sedighi |first11=Tabassom |last12=Flaxman |first12=Seth |last13=Bikbov |first13=Mukkharram M. |last14=Braithwaite |first14=Tasanee |last15=Bron |first15=Alain |date=August 2024 |title=Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by cataract: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-02961-1 |journal=Eye |language=en |volume=38 |issue=11 |pages=2156–2172 |doi=10.1038/s41433-024-02961-1 |issn=1476-5454 |pmc=11269584 |pmid=38461217}}</ref> Cataracts most commonly be secof aging buh sanso fi be secof trauma anaa radiation exposure, be present from birth anaa occur dey follow eye surgery for oda problems.<ref name=NIH2009/><ref name="WHOPri">{{cite web |title=Priority eye diseases |url=https://www.who.int/blindness/causes/priority/en/index1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095804/http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/priority/en/index1.html |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref> Risk factors dey include [[diabetes]], longstanding use of corticosteroid medication, smoking tobacco, prolonged exposure to sunlight den alcohol.<ref name=NIH2009/> In addition, poor nutrition, [[obesity]], chronic kidney disease den autoimmune diseases be recognized insyd various studies as contributing to de development of cataracts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ang |first1=Michael J. |last2=Afshari |first2=Natalie A. |date=2021 |title=Cataract and systemic disease: A review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ceo.13892 |journal=Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=118–127 |doi=10.1111/ceo.13892 |issn=1442-9071 |pmid=33426783 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Cataract formation primarily be driven by oxidative stress, wich dey damage lens proteins, wey dey lead to dema aggregation den de accumulation of clumps of protein anaa yellow-brown pigment insyd de lens.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ho |first=Min-Chieh |last2=Peng |first2=Yi-Jie |last3=Chen |first3=Shih-Jen |last4=Chiou |first4=Shih-Hwa |date=2010-09-01 |title=Senile cataracts and oxidative stress |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210833510000079 |journal=Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=17–21 |doi=10.1016/j.jcgg.2010.10.006 |issn=2210-8335|doi-access=free }}</ref> Dis dey reduce de transmission of light to de retina at de back of de eye, impairing vision. Additionally, alterations insyd de lens ein metabolic processes, wey dey include imbalances insyd calcium den oda ions, contribute to cataract development.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spector |first=Abraham |date=1995 |title=Oxidative stress-induced cataract: mechanism of action |journal=The FASEB Journal |language=en |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1173–1182 |doi=10.1096/fasebj.9.12.7672510 |issn=1530-6860 |pmid=7672510 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=NIH2009/> Diagnosis typically be thru an eye examination,<ref name=NIH2009/> plus ophthalmoscopy den slit-lamp examination be de most effective methods. During ophthalmoscopy, de pupil be dilated, den de red reflex be examined for any opacities insyd de lens. Slit-lamp examination dey provide further details on de characteristics, location, den extent of de cataract.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cataract - Eye Disorders |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/cataract/cataract |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=MSD Manual Professional Edition |language=en}}</ref> Wearing sunglasses plus UV protection den a wide brimmed hat, eating leafy vegetables den fruits den dey avoid smoking fi reduce de risk of developing cataracts anaa slow de process.<ref name=NIH2009/><ref name="NIH News in Health 2017 on cataract">{{cite web |date=2017-05-30 |title=Recognizing Cataracts |url=https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2013/08/recognizing-cataracts |access-date=2020-02-02 |website=NIH News in Health |quote=Try wearing sunglasses or a hat with a brim. Researchers also believe that good nutrition can help reduce the risk of age-related cataract. They recommend eating plenty of green leafy vegetables, fruits, nuts, and other healthy foods.}}</ref> Early on, de symptoms fi be improved plus glasses.<ref name=NIH2009/> If dis no dey help, surgery to remove de cloudy lens den replace am plus an artificial lens be de only effective treatment.<ref name=NIH2009/> Cataract surgery no be readily available insyd chaw countries, wey surgery dey hia only if de cataracts dey cause problems den generally dey result in an improved quality of life.<ref name=NIH2009/><ref name=WHOPri/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lamoureux EL, Fenwick E, Pesudovs K, Tan D |date=January 2011 |title=The impact of cataract surgery on quality of life |journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=19–27 |doi=10.1097/icu.0b013e3283414284 |pmid=21088580 |s2cid=22760161}}</ref><ref name="Rao2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rao GN, Khanna R, Payal A |date=January 2011 |title=The global burden of cataract |journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1097/icu.0b013e3283414fc8 |pmid=21107260 |s2cid=205670997}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 3glwjuznhipkf0cqq86mmh2r6zr48ov 97845 97844 2026-05-09T14:39:31Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A '''cataract''' be a cloudy area insyd de lens of de eye wey dey impair vision.<ref name="NIH2009" /><ref name=":02">{{cite book |last1=Wilson Jr. |first1=M. Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLJZDD2igCMC&pg=PA20 |title=Pediatric cataract surgery techniques, complications, and management |last2=Trivedi |first2=Rupal H. |last3=Pandey |first3=Suresh K. |date=2005 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-4307-5 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |page=20 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524134557/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gLJZDD2igCMC&pg=PA20 |archive-date=2015-05-24 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cataracts often dey develop slowly wey fi affect one anaa both eyes.<ref name="NIH2009" /> Symptoms fi include faded colors, blurry anaa double vision, halos around light, trouble plus bright lights, den difficulty seeing at night.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web |date=September 2009 |title=Facts About Cataract |url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref> Dis fi result in difficulty driving, reading, den recognizing faces.<ref name="Allen-2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Allen D, Vasavada A |date=July 2006 |title=Cataract and surgery for cataract |journal=BMJ |volume=333 |issue=7559 |pages=128–132 |doi=10.1136/bmj.333.7559.128 |pmc=1502210 |pmid=16840470}}</ref> Poor vision wey be caused by cataracts sanso fi result in an increased risk of falling den [[Depression (mood)|depression]].<ref name="Gim2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gimbel HV, Dardzhikova AA |date=January 2011 |title=Consequences of waiting for cataract surgery |journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=28–30 |doi=10.1097/icu.0b013e328341425d |pmid=21076306 |s2cid=205670956}}</ref> Insyd 2020 cataracts cause 39.6% of all cases of blindness den 28.3% of visual impairment worldwide. Cataracts remain de single most common cause of global blindness.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite journal |last=Pesudovs |first=Konrad |last2=Lansingh |first2=Van Charles |last3=Kempen |first3=John H. |last4=Tapply |first4=Ian |last5=Fernandes |first5=Arthur G. |last6=Cicinelli |first6=Maria Vittoria |last7=Arrigo |first7=Alessandro |last8=Leveziel |first8=Nicolas |last9=Resnikoff |first9=Serge |last10=Taylor |first10=Hugh R. |last11=Sedighi |first11=Tabassom |last12=Flaxman |first12=Seth |last13=Bikbov |first13=Mukkharram M. |last14=Braithwaite |first14=Tasanee |last15=Bron |first15=Alain |date=August 2024 |title=Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by cataract: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-02961-1 |journal=Eye |language=en |volume=38 |issue=11 |pages=2156–2172 |doi=10.1038/s41433-024-02961-1 |issn=1476-5454 |pmc=11269584 |pmid=38461217}}</ref> Cataracts most commonly be secof aging buh sanso fi be secof trauma anaa radiation exposure, be present from birth anaa occur dey follow eye surgery for oda problems.<ref name=NIH2009/><ref name="WHOPri">{{cite web |title=Priority eye diseases |url=https://www.who.int/blindness/causes/priority/en/index1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095804/http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/priority/en/index1.html |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref> Risk factors dey include [[diabetes]], longstanding use of corticosteroid medication, smoking tobacco, prolonged exposure to sunlight den alcohol.<ref name=NIH2009/> In addition, poor nutrition, [[obesity]], chronic kidney disease den autoimmune diseases be recognized insyd various studies as contributing to de development of cataracts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ang |first1=Michael J. |last2=Afshari |first2=Natalie A. |date=2021 |title=Cataract and systemic disease: A review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ceo.13892 |journal=Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=118–127 |doi=10.1111/ceo.13892 |issn=1442-9071 |pmid=33426783 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Cataract formation primarily be driven by oxidative stress, wich dey damage lens proteins, wey dey lead to dema aggregation den de accumulation of clumps of protein anaa yellow-brown pigment insyd de lens.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ho |first=Min-Chieh |last2=Peng |first2=Yi-Jie |last3=Chen |first3=Shih-Jen |last4=Chiou |first4=Shih-Hwa |date=2010-09-01 |title=Senile cataracts and oxidative stress |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210833510000079 |journal=Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=17–21 |doi=10.1016/j.jcgg.2010.10.006 |issn=2210-8335|doi-access=free }}</ref> Dis dey reduce de transmission of light to de retina at de back of de eye, impairing vision. Additionally, alterations insyd de lens ein metabolic processes, wey dey include imbalances insyd calcium den oda ions, contribute to cataract development.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spector |first=Abraham |date=1995 |title=Oxidative stress-induced cataract: mechanism of action |journal=The FASEB Journal |language=en |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1173–1182 |doi=10.1096/fasebj.9.12.7672510 |issn=1530-6860 |pmid=7672510 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=NIH2009/> Diagnosis typically be thru an eye examination,<ref name=NIH2009/> plus ophthalmoscopy den slit-lamp examination be de most effective methods. During ophthalmoscopy, de pupil be dilated, den de red reflex be examined for any opacities insyd de lens. Slit-lamp examination dey provide further details on de characteristics, location, den extent of de cataract.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cataract - Eye Disorders |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/cataract/cataract |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=MSD Manual Professional Edition |language=en}}</ref> Wearing sunglasses plus UV protection den a wide brimmed hat, eating leafy vegetables den fruits den dey avoid smoking fi reduce de risk of developing cataracts anaa slow de process.<ref name=NIH2009/><ref name="NIH News in Health 2017 on cataract">{{cite web |date=2017-05-30 |title=Recognizing Cataracts |url=https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2013/08/recognizing-cataracts |access-date=2020-02-02 |website=NIH News in Health |quote=Try wearing sunglasses or a hat with a brim. Researchers also believe that good nutrition can help reduce the risk of age-related cataract. They recommend eating plenty of green leafy vegetables, fruits, nuts, and other healthy foods.}}</ref> Early on, de symptoms fi be improved plus glasses.<ref name=NIH2009/> If dis no dey help, surgery to remove de cloudy lens den replace am plus an artificial lens be de only effective treatment.<ref name=NIH2009/> Cataract surgery no be readily available insyd chaw countries, wey surgery dey hia only if de cataracts dey cause problems den generally dey result in an improved quality of life.<ref name=NIH2009/><ref name=WHOPri/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lamoureux EL, Fenwick E, Pesudovs K, Tan D |date=January 2011 |title=The impact of cataract surgery on quality of life |journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=19–27 |doi=10.1097/icu.0b013e3283414284 |pmid=21088580 |s2cid=22760161}}</ref><ref name="Rao2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rao GN, Khanna R, Payal A |date=January 2011 |title=The global burden of cataract |journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1097/icu.0b013e3283414fc8 |pmid=21107260 |s2cid=205670997}}</ref> About 20 million people worldwide be blind owing to cataracts.<ref name=WHOPri/> Dem be de cause of approximately 5% of blindness insyd de [[United States]] den nearly 60% of blindness insyd parts of [[Africa]] den South America.<ref name="Rao2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rao GN, Khanna R, Payal A |date=January 2011 |title=The global burden of cataract |journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1097/icu.0b013e3283414fc8 |pmid=21107260 |s2cid=205670997}}</ref> Blindness from cataracts dey occur insyd 10 to 40 per 100,000 kiddies insyd de developing world den 1 to 4 per 100,000 kiddies insyd de developed world.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Wilson Jr. |first1=M. Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLJZDD2igCMC&pg=PA20 |title=Pediatric cataract surgery techniques, complications, and management |last2=Trivedi |first2=Rupal H. |last3=Pandey |first3=Suresh K. |date=2005 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-4307-5 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |page=20 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524134557/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gLJZDD2igCMC&pg=PA20 |archive-date=2015-05-24 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cataracts cam be more common plus age.<ref name=NIH2009/> Insyd de United States, cataracts dey occur insyd 68% of those over de age of 80 years.<ref name="NEI2019">{{Cite web |title=Cataract Data and Statistics |url=https://www.nei.nih.gov./learn-about-eye-health/eye-health-data-and-statistics |access-date=2019-11-18 |publisher=National Eye Institute}}</ref> Dem be more common insyd women den less common insyd Hispanic den Black people.<ref name = NEI2019/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] laq2l9i59isg376zp5l7frqf3zm60ng 97846 97845 2026-05-09T14:44:30Z DaSupremo 9 /* Causes */ Improve article 97846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A '''cataract''' be a cloudy area insyd de lens of de eye wey dey impair vision.<ref name="NIH2009" /><ref name=":02">{{cite book |last1=Wilson Jr. |first1=M. Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLJZDD2igCMC&pg=PA20 |title=Pediatric cataract surgery techniques, complications, and management |last2=Trivedi |first2=Rupal H. |last3=Pandey |first3=Suresh K. |date=2005 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-4307-5 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |page=20 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524134557/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gLJZDD2igCMC&pg=PA20 |archive-date=2015-05-24 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cataracts often dey develop slowly wey fi affect one anaa both eyes.<ref name="NIH2009" /> Symptoms fi include faded colors, blurry anaa double vision, halos around light, trouble plus bright lights, den difficulty seeing at night.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web |date=September 2009 |title=Facts About Cataract |url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref> Dis fi result in difficulty driving, reading, den recognizing faces.<ref name="Allen-2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Allen D, Vasavada A |date=July 2006 |title=Cataract and surgery for cataract |journal=BMJ |volume=333 |issue=7559 |pages=128–132 |doi=10.1136/bmj.333.7559.128 |pmc=1502210 |pmid=16840470}}</ref> Poor vision wey be caused by cataracts sanso fi result in an increased risk of falling den [[Depression (mood)|depression]].<ref name="Gim2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gimbel HV, Dardzhikova AA |date=January 2011 |title=Consequences of waiting for cataract surgery |journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=28–30 |doi=10.1097/icu.0b013e328341425d |pmid=21076306 |s2cid=205670956}}</ref> Insyd 2020 cataracts cause 39.6% of all cases of blindness den 28.3% of visual impairment worldwide. Cataracts remain de single most common cause of global blindness.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite journal |last=Pesudovs |first=Konrad |last2=Lansingh |first2=Van Charles |last3=Kempen |first3=John H. |last4=Tapply |first4=Ian |last5=Fernandes |first5=Arthur G. |last6=Cicinelli |first6=Maria Vittoria |last7=Arrigo |first7=Alessandro |last8=Leveziel |first8=Nicolas |last9=Resnikoff |first9=Serge |last10=Taylor |first10=Hugh R. |last11=Sedighi |first11=Tabassom |last12=Flaxman |first12=Seth |last13=Bikbov |first13=Mukkharram M. |last14=Braithwaite |first14=Tasanee |last15=Bron |first15=Alain |date=August 2024 |title=Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by cataract: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-02961-1 |journal=Eye |language=en |volume=38 |issue=11 |pages=2156–2172 |doi=10.1038/s41433-024-02961-1 |issn=1476-5454 |pmc=11269584 |pmid=38461217}}</ref> Cataracts most commonly be secof aging buh sanso fi be secof trauma anaa radiation exposure, be present from birth anaa occur dey follow eye surgery for oda problems.<ref name=NIH2009/><ref name="WHOPri">{{cite web |title=Priority eye diseases |url=https://www.who.int/blindness/causes/priority/en/index1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095804/http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/priority/en/index1.html |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref> Risk factors dey include [[diabetes]], longstanding use of corticosteroid medication, smoking tobacco, prolonged exposure to sunlight den alcohol.<ref name=NIH2009/> In addition, poor nutrition, [[obesity]], chronic kidney disease den autoimmune diseases be recognized insyd various studies as contributing to de development of cataracts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ang |first1=Michael J. |last2=Afshari |first2=Natalie A. |date=2021 |title=Cataract and systemic disease: A review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ceo.13892 |journal=Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=118–127 |doi=10.1111/ceo.13892 |issn=1442-9071 |pmid=33426783 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Cataract formation primarily be driven by oxidative stress, wich dey damage lens proteins, wey dey lead to dema aggregation den de accumulation of clumps of protein anaa yellow-brown pigment insyd de lens.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ho |first=Min-Chieh |last2=Peng |first2=Yi-Jie |last3=Chen |first3=Shih-Jen |last4=Chiou |first4=Shih-Hwa |date=2010-09-01 |title=Senile cataracts and oxidative stress |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210833510000079 |journal=Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=17–21 |doi=10.1016/j.jcgg.2010.10.006 |issn=2210-8335|doi-access=free }}</ref> Dis dey reduce de transmission of light to de retina at de back of de eye, impairing vision. Additionally, alterations insyd de lens ein metabolic processes, wey dey include imbalances insyd calcium den oda ions, contribute to cataract development.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spector |first=Abraham |date=1995 |title=Oxidative stress-induced cataract: mechanism of action |journal=The FASEB Journal |language=en |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1173–1182 |doi=10.1096/fasebj.9.12.7672510 |issn=1530-6860 |pmid=7672510 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=NIH2009/> Diagnosis typically be thru an eye examination,<ref name=NIH2009/> plus ophthalmoscopy den slit-lamp examination be de most effective methods. During ophthalmoscopy, de pupil be dilated, den de red reflex be examined for any opacities insyd de lens. Slit-lamp examination dey provide further details on de characteristics, location, den extent of de cataract.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cataract - Eye Disorders |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/cataract/cataract |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=MSD Manual Professional Edition |language=en}}</ref> Wearing sunglasses plus UV protection den a wide brimmed hat, eating leafy vegetables den fruits den dey avoid smoking fi reduce de risk of developing cataracts anaa slow de process.<ref name=NIH2009/><ref name="NIH News in Health 2017 on cataract">{{cite web |date=2017-05-30 |title=Recognizing Cataracts |url=https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2013/08/recognizing-cataracts |access-date=2020-02-02 |website=NIH News in Health |quote=Try wearing sunglasses or a hat with a brim. Researchers also believe that good nutrition can help reduce the risk of age-related cataract. They recommend eating plenty of green leafy vegetables, fruits, nuts, and other healthy foods.}}</ref> Early on, de symptoms fi be improved plus glasses.<ref name=NIH2009/> If dis no dey help, surgery to remove de cloudy lens den replace am plus an artificial lens be de only effective treatment.<ref name=NIH2009/> Cataract surgery no be readily available insyd chaw countries, wey surgery dey hia only if de cataracts dey cause problems den generally dey result in an improved quality of life.<ref name=NIH2009/><ref name=WHOPri/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lamoureux EL, Fenwick E, Pesudovs K, Tan D |date=January 2011 |title=The impact of cataract surgery on quality of life |journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=19–27 |doi=10.1097/icu.0b013e3283414284 |pmid=21088580 |s2cid=22760161}}</ref><ref name="Rao2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rao GN, Khanna R, Payal A |date=January 2011 |title=The global burden of cataract |journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1097/icu.0b013e3283414fc8 |pmid=21107260 |s2cid=205670997}}</ref> About 20 million people worldwide be blind owing to cataracts.<ref name=WHOPri/> Dem be de cause of approximately 5% of blindness insyd de [[United States]] den nearly 60% of blindness insyd parts of [[Africa]] den South America.<ref name="Rao2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rao GN, Khanna R, Payal A |date=January 2011 |title=The global burden of cataract |journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1097/icu.0b013e3283414fc8 |pmid=21107260 |s2cid=205670997}}</ref> Blindness from cataracts dey occur insyd 10 to 40 per 100,000 kiddies insyd de developing world den 1 to 4 per 100,000 kiddies insyd de developed world.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Wilson Jr. |first1=M. Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLJZDD2igCMC&pg=PA20 |title=Pediatric cataract surgery techniques, complications, and management |last2=Trivedi |first2=Rupal H. |last3=Pandey |first3=Suresh K. |date=2005 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-4307-5 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |page=20 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524134557/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gLJZDD2igCMC&pg=PA20 |archive-date=2015-05-24 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cataracts cam be more common plus age.<ref name=NIH2009/> Insyd de United States, cataracts dey occur insyd 68% of those over de age of 80 years.<ref name="NEI2019">{{Cite web |title=Cataract Data and Statistics |url=https://www.nei.nih.gov./learn-about-eye-health/eye-health-data-and-statistics |access-date=2019-11-18 |publisher=National Eye Institute}}</ref> Dem be more common insyd women den less common insyd Hispanic den Black people.<ref name = NEI2019/> == Causes == ===Age=== ===Trauma=== ===Radiation=== ===Genetics=== ===Skin diseases=== ===Smoking den alcohol=== ===Inadequate vitamin C=== ===Medications=== ===Post-operative=== ===Hyperbaric oxygen therapy=== ===Oda diseases=== * Metabolic den nutritional diseases ** Aminoaciduria anaa Lowe's syndrome ** Cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis ** Diabetes mellitus ** Fabry's disease ** Galactosemia / galactosemic cataract ** Homocystinuria ** Hyperparathyroidism ** Hypoparathyroidism ** Hypervitaminosis D ** [[Hypothyroidism]] ** Hypocalcaemia ** Mucopolysaccharidoses ** Wilson's disease * Congenital ** Congenital syphilis ** Cytomegalic inclusion disease ** [[Rubella]] ** Cockayne syndrome * Genetic syndromes ** [[Down syndrome]] ** Patau syndrome ** Edwards syndrome * Infections: ** Cysticercosis ** [[Leprosy]] ** Onchocerciasis ** [[Toxoplasmosis]] ** Varicella * Secondary to oda eye diseases: ** Retinopathy of prematurity ** Aniridia ** Uveitis ** Retinal detachment ** Retinitis pigmentosa == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] gegs0r7bq5xov0fjlpx2dyh6dmcjasm 97847 97846 2026-05-09T14:47:15Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A '''cataract''' be a cloudy area insyd de lens of de eye wey dey impair vision.<ref name="NIH2009" /><ref name=":02">{{cite book |last1=Wilson Jr. |first1=M. Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLJZDD2igCMC&pg=PA20 |title=Pediatric cataract surgery techniques, complications, and management |last2=Trivedi |first2=Rupal H. |last3=Pandey |first3=Suresh K. |date=2005 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-4307-5 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |page=20 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524134557/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gLJZDD2igCMC&pg=PA20 |archive-date=2015-05-24 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cataracts often dey develop slowly wey fi affect one anaa both eyes.<ref name="NIH2009" /> Symptoms fi include faded colors, blurry anaa double vision, halos around light, trouble plus bright lights, den difficulty seeing at night.<ref name="NIH2009">{{cite web |date=September 2009 |title=Facts About Cataract |url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/cataracts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095805/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref> Dis fi result in difficulty driving, reading, den recognizing faces.<ref name="Allen-2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Allen D, Vasavada A |date=July 2006 |title=Cataract and surgery for cataract |journal=BMJ |volume=333 |issue=7559 |pages=128–132 |doi=10.1136/bmj.333.7559.128 |pmc=1502210 |pmid=16840470}}</ref> Poor vision wey be caused by cataracts sanso fi result in an increased risk of falling den [[Depression (mood)|depression]].<ref name="Gim2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gimbel HV, Dardzhikova AA |date=January 2011 |title=Consequences of waiting for cataract surgery |journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=28–30 |doi=10.1097/icu.0b013e328341425d |pmid=21076306 |s2cid=205670956}}</ref> Insyd 2020 cataracts cause 39.6% of all cases of blindness den 28.3% of visual impairment worldwide. Cataracts remain de single most common cause of global blindness.<ref name="WHO2014">{{Cite journal |last=Pesudovs |first=Konrad |last2=Lansingh |first2=Van Charles |last3=Kempen |first3=John H. |last4=Tapply |first4=Ian |last5=Fernandes |first5=Arthur G. |last6=Cicinelli |first6=Maria Vittoria |last7=Arrigo |first7=Alessandro |last8=Leveziel |first8=Nicolas |last9=Resnikoff |first9=Serge |last10=Taylor |first10=Hugh R. |last11=Sedighi |first11=Tabassom |last12=Flaxman |first12=Seth |last13=Bikbov |first13=Mukkharram M. |last14=Braithwaite |first14=Tasanee |last15=Bron |first15=Alain |date=August 2024 |title=Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by cataract: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-02961-1 |journal=Eye |language=en |volume=38 |issue=11 |pages=2156–2172 |doi=10.1038/s41433-024-02961-1 |issn=1476-5454 |pmc=11269584 |pmid=38461217}}</ref> Cataracts most commonly be secof aging buh sanso fi be secof trauma anaa radiation exposure, be present from birth anaa occur dey follow eye surgery for oda problems.<ref name=NIH2009/><ref name="WHOPri">{{cite web |title=Priority eye diseases |url=https://www.who.int/blindness/causes/priority/en/index1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095804/http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/priority/en/index1.html |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref> Risk factors dey include [[diabetes]], longstanding use of corticosteroid medication, smoking tobacco, prolonged exposure to sunlight den alcohol.<ref name=NIH2009/> In addition, poor nutrition, [[obesity]], chronic kidney disease den autoimmune diseases be recognized insyd various studies as contributing to de development of cataracts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ang |first1=Michael J. |last2=Afshari |first2=Natalie A. |date=2021 |title=Cataract and systemic disease: A review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ceo.13892 |journal=Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=118–127 |doi=10.1111/ceo.13892 |issn=1442-9071 |pmid=33426783 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Cataract formation primarily be driven by oxidative stress, wich dey damage lens proteins, wey dey lead to dema aggregation den de accumulation of clumps of protein anaa yellow-brown pigment insyd de lens.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ho |first=Min-Chieh |last2=Peng |first2=Yi-Jie |last3=Chen |first3=Shih-Jen |last4=Chiou |first4=Shih-Hwa |date=2010-09-01 |title=Senile cataracts and oxidative stress |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210833510000079 |journal=Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=17–21 |doi=10.1016/j.jcgg.2010.10.006 |issn=2210-8335|doi-access=free }}</ref> Dis dey reduce de transmission of light to de retina at de back of de eye, impairing vision. Additionally, alterations insyd de lens ein metabolic processes, wey dey include imbalances insyd calcium den oda ions, contribute to cataract development.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spector |first=Abraham |date=1995 |title=Oxidative stress-induced cataract: mechanism of action |journal=The FASEB Journal |language=en |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1173–1182 |doi=10.1096/fasebj.9.12.7672510 |issn=1530-6860 |pmid=7672510 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=NIH2009/> Diagnosis typically be thru an eye examination,<ref name=NIH2009/> plus ophthalmoscopy den slit-lamp examination be de most effective methods. During ophthalmoscopy, de pupil be dilated, den de red reflex be examined for any opacities insyd de lens. Slit-lamp examination dey provide further details on de characteristics, location, den extent of de cataract.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cataract - Eye Disorders |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/cataract/cataract |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=MSD Manual Professional Edition |language=en}}</ref> Wearing sunglasses plus UV protection den a wide brimmed hat, eating leafy vegetables den fruits den dey avoid smoking fi reduce de risk of developing cataracts anaa slow de process.<ref name=NIH2009/><ref name="NIH News in Health 2017 on cataract">{{cite web |date=2017-05-30 |title=Recognizing Cataracts |url=https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2013/08/recognizing-cataracts |access-date=2020-02-02 |website=NIH News in Health |quote=Try wearing sunglasses or a hat with a brim. Researchers also believe that good nutrition can help reduce the risk of age-related cataract. They recommend eating plenty of green leafy vegetables, fruits, nuts, and other healthy foods.}}</ref> Early on, de symptoms fi be improved plus glasses.<ref name=NIH2009/> If dis no dey help, surgery to remove de cloudy lens den replace am plus an artificial lens be de only effective treatment.<ref name=NIH2009/> Cataract surgery no be readily available insyd chaw countries, wey surgery dey hia only if de cataracts dey cause problems den generally dey result in an improved quality of life.<ref name=NIH2009/><ref name=WHOPri/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lamoureux EL, Fenwick E, Pesudovs K, Tan D |date=January 2011 |title=The impact of cataract surgery on quality of life |journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=19–27 |doi=10.1097/icu.0b013e3283414284 |pmid=21088580 |s2cid=22760161}}</ref><ref name="Rao2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rao GN, Khanna R, Payal A |date=January 2011 |title=The global burden of cataract |journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1097/icu.0b013e3283414fc8 |pmid=21107260 |s2cid=205670997}}</ref> About 20 million people worldwide be blind owing to cataracts.<ref name=WHOPri/> Dem be de cause of approximately 5% of blindness insyd de [[United States]] den nearly 60% of blindness insyd parts of [[Africa]] den South America.<ref name="Rao2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rao GN, Khanna R, Payal A |date=January 2011 |title=The global burden of cataract |journal=Current Opinion in Ophthalmology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1097/icu.0b013e3283414fc8 |pmid=21107260 |s2cid=205670997}}</ref> Blindness from cataracts dey occur insyd 10 to 40 per 100,000 kiddies insyd de developing world den 1 to 4 per 100,000 kiddies insyd de developed world.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Wilson Jr. |first1=M. Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLJZDD2igCMC&pg=PA20 |title=Pediatric cataract surgery techniques, complications, and management |last2=Trivedi |first2=Rupal H. |last3=Pandey |first3=Suresh K. |date=2005 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-4307-5 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |page=20 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524134557/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gLJZDD2igCMC&pg=PA20 |archive-date=2015-05-24 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cataracts cam be more common plus age.<ref name=NIH2009/> Insyd de United States, cataracts dey occur insyd 68% of those over de age of 80 years.<ref name="NEI2019">{{Cite web |title=Cataract Data and Statistics |url=https://www.nei.nih.gov./learn-about-eye-health/eye-health-data-and-statistics |access-date=2019-11-18 |publisher=National Eye Institute}}</ref> Dem be more common insyd women den less common insyd Hispanic den Black people.<ref name = NEI2019/> == Causes == ===Age=== ===Trauma=== ===Radiation=== ===Genetics=== ===Skin diseases=== ===Smoking den alcohol=== ===Inadequate vitamin C=== ===Medications=== ===Post-operative=== ===Hyperbaric oxygen therapy=== ===Oda diseases=== * Metabolic den nutritional diseases ** Aminoaciduria anaa Lowe's syndrome ** Cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis ** Diabetes mellitus ** Fabry's disease ** Galactosemia / galactosemic cataract ** Homocystinuria ** Hyperparathyroidism ** Hypoparathyroidism ** Hypervitaminosis D ** [[Hypothyroidism]] ** Hypocalcaemia ** Mucopolysaccharidoses ** Wilson's disease * Congenital ** Congenital syphilis ** Cytomegalic inclusion disease ** [[Rubella]] ** Cockayne syndrome * Genetic syndromes ** [[Down syndrome]] ** Patau syndrome ** Edwards syndrome * Infections: ** Cysticercosis ** [[Leprosy]] ** Onchocerciasis ** [[Toxoplasmosis]] ** Varicella * Secondary to oda eye diseases: ** Retinopathy of prematurity ** Aniridia ** Uveitis ** Retinal detachment ** Retinitis pigmentosa == References == <references /> ==Read further == * {{cite journal |vauthors=Truscott RJ, Friedrich MG |date=December 2019 |title=Molecular Processes Implicated in Human Age-Related Nuclear Cataract |journal=Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science |volume=60 |issue=15 |pages=5007–5021 |doi=10.1167/iovs.19-27535 |oclc=1141250841 |pmc=7043214 |pmid=31791064}} == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://dro.hs.columbia.edu/lc1.htm Pictures of different types of cataracts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327142432/http://dro.hs.columbia.edu/lc1.htm |date=2013-03-27 }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Aging-associated diseases]] [[Category:Blindness]] [[Category:Eye diseases]] [[Category:Cataract| ]] [[Category:Eye]] [[Category:Ophthalmology]] [[Category:Vision]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] s79750bbe7iy09xhb50pyrvvvp2248q 14 26783 97839 2026-05-09T14:06:42Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97839 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26784 97840 2026-05-09T14:06:54Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97840 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26785 97841 2026-05-09T14:07:08Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97841 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26786 97848 2026-05-09T14:47:49Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97848 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26787 97849 2026-05-09T14:48:26Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97849 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26788 97850 2026-05-09T14:48:43Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97850 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26789 97851 2026-05-09T14:50:52Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458006|Lithium (medication)]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 97851 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 97852 97851 2026-05-09T14:59:42Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Certain '''lithium compounds''', dem sanso know as '''lithium salts''', be used as psychiatric medication,<ref name="AHFS2015" /> primarily for [[bipolar disorder]] den for [[major depressive disorder]].<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web | title = Lithium Salts | date = 22 May 2025 | url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lithium-salts.html | publisher = The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists | access-date = 11 January 2026 }}</ref><ref name="Chokhawala_2025">{{cite book | vauthors = Chokhawala KP, Lee S, Saadabadi A | chapter = Lithium | title = StatPearls | date = 2025 | pmid = 30085604 | chapter-url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519062/ | access-date = 2026-01-10 | place = Treasure Island (FL) | publisher = StatPearls Publishing }}</ref> Dem dey take lithium orally (by mouth).<ref name="AHFS2015" /> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == kv3yi2to1g7hoqj9dhidyubush28e92 97853 97852 2026-05-09T15:04:03Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Certain '''lithium compounds''', dem sanso know as '''lithium salts''', be used as psychiatric medication,<ref name="AHFS2015" /> primarily for [[bipolar disorder]] den for [[major depressive disorder]].<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web | title = Lithium Salts | date = 22 May 2025 | url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lithium-salts.html | publisher = The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists | access-date = 11 January 2026 }}</ref><ref name="Chokhawala_2025">{{cite book | vauthors = Chokhawala KP, Lee S, Saadabadi A | chapter = Lithium | title = StatPearls | date = 2025 | pmid = 30085604 | chapter-url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519062/ | access-date = 2026-01-10 | place = Treasure Island (FL) | publisher = StatPearls Publishing }}</ref> Dem dey take lithium orally (by mouth).<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Common side effects dey include increased urination, shakiness of de hands, den increased thirst.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Serious side effects dey include [[hypothyroidism]], diabetes insipidus, den lithium toxicity.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Blood level monitoring be recommended to decrease de risk of potential toxicity.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> If levels cam be too high, [[diarrhea]], [[vomiting]], poor coordination, sleepiness, den [[tinnitus|ringing insyd de ears]] fi occur.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] lac1nq1kqet88sr6i04pxslqn2tmaoz 97854 97853 2026-05-09T15:10:54Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Certain '''lithium compounds''', dem sanso know as '''lithium salts''', be used as psychiatric medication,<ref name="AHFS2015" /> primarily for [[bipolar disorder]] den for [[major depressive disorder]].<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web | title = Lithium Salts | date = 22 May 2025 | url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lithium-salts.html | publisher = The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists | access-date = 11 January 2026 }}</ref><ref name="Chokhawala_2025">{{cite book | vauthors = Chokhawala KP, Lee S, Saadabadi A | chapter = Lithium | title = StatPearls | date = 2025 | pmid = 30085604 | chapter-url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519062/ | access-date = 2026-01-10 | place = Treasure Island (FL) | publisher = StatPearls Publishing }}</ref> Dem dey take lithium orally (by mouth).<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Common side effects dey include increased urination, shakiness of de hands, den increased thirst.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Serious side effects dey include [[hypothyroidism]], diabetes insipidus, den lithium toxicity.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Blood level monitoring be recommended to decrease de risk of potential toxicity.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> If levels cam be too high, [[diarrhea]], [[vomiting]], poor coordination, sleepiness, den [[tinnitus|ringing insyd de ears]] fi occur.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Lithium be teratogenic wey fi cause birth defects at high doses, especially during de first trimester of pregnancy. De use of lithium while [[breastfeeding]] be controversial; however, chaw international health authorities advise against am, den de long-term outcomes of perinatal lithium exposure no be studied.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Poels EM, Bijma HH, Galbally M, Bergink V | title = Lithium during pregnancy and after delivery: a review | journal = International Journal of Bipolar Disorders | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30506447 | pmc = 6274637 | doi = 10.1186/s40345-018-0135-7 | article-number = 26 | doi-access = free }}</ref> De American Academy of Pediatrics dey list lithium as contraindicated for [[pregnancy]] den lactation.<ref name="Armstrong_2008">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Armstrong C | title = ACOG Guidelines on Psychiatric Medication Use During Pregnancy and Lactation | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 78 | issue = 6 | date = 15 September 2008 | url = https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0915/p772.html | page = 772 | issn = 0002-838X | access-date = 27 January 2022 | archive-date = 27 January 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220127183232/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0915/p772.html | url-status = live }}</ref> De United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) dey categorize lithium as having positive evidence of risk for pregnancy den possible hazardous risk for lactation.<ref name="Armstrong_2008" /><ref name="FDALithiumCarbonateHighlights">{{Cite web | title = Lithium Carbonate Medication Guide | url = https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/017812s031,018421s031,018558s026lbl.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://archive.today/20220127181022/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/017812s034,018421s033,018558s028lbl.pdf | archive-date = 27 January 2022 | access-date = 27 January 2022 | website = U.S. FDA }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 9iygtub1w2st3h90p44wlmvj8ucw7zq 97855 97854 2026-05-09T15:12:56Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Certain '''lithium compounds''', dem sanso know as '''lithium salts''', be used as psychiatric medication,<ref name="AHFS2015" /> primarily for [[bipolar disorder]] den for [[major depressive disorder]].<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web | title = Lithium Salts | date = 22 May 2025 | url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lithium-salts.html | publisher = The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists | access-date = 11 January 2026 }}</ref><ref name="Chokhawala_2025">{{cite book | vauthors = Chokhawala KP, Lee S, Saadabadi A | chapter = Lithium | title = StatPearls | date = 2025 | pmid = 30085604 | chapter-url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519062/ | access-date = 2026-01-10 | place = Treasure Island (FL) | publisher = StatPearls Publishing }}</ref> Dem dey take lithium orally (by mouth).<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Common side effects dey include increased urination, shakiness of de hands, den increased thirst.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Serious side effects dey include [[hypothyroidism]], diabetes insipidus, den lithium toxicity.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Blood level monitoring be recommended to decrease de risk of potential toxicity.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> If levels cam be too high, [[diarrhea]], [[vomiting]], poor coordination, sleepiness, den [[tinnitus|ringing insyd de ears]] fi occur.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Lithium be teratogenic wey fi cause birth defects at high doses, especially during de first trimester of pregnancy. De use of lithium while [[breastfeeding]] be controversial; however, chaw international health authorities advise against am, den de long-term outcomes of perinatal lithium exposure no be studied.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Poels EM, Bijma HH, Galbally M, Bergink V | title = Lithium during pregnancy and after delivery: a review | journal = International Journal of Bipolar Disorders | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30506447 | pmc = 6274637 | doi = 10.1186/s40345-018-0135-7 | article-number = 26 | doi-access = free }}</ref> De American Academy of Pediatrics dey list lithium as contraindicated for [[pregnancy]] den lactation.<ref name="Armstrong_2008">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Armstrong C | title = ACOG Guidelines on Psychiatric Medication Use During Pregnancy and Lactation | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 78 | issue = 6 | date = 15 September 2008 | url = https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0915/p772.html | page = 772 | issn = 0002-838X | access-date = 27 January 2022 | archive-date = 27 January 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220127183232/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0915/p772.html | url-status = live }}</ref> De United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) dey categorize lithium as having positive evidence of risk for pregnancy den possible hazardous risk for lactation.<ref name="Armstrong_2008" /><ref name="FDALithiumCarbonateHighlights">{{Cite web | title = Lithium Carbonate Medication Guide | url = https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/017812s031,018421s031,018558s026lbl.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://archive.today/20220127181022/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/017812s034,018421s033,018558s028lbl.pdf | archive-date = 27 January 2022 | access-date = 27 January 2022 | website = U.S. FDA }}</ref> Lithium salts be classified as mood stabilizers.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Lithium ein mechanism of action no be known.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 6dk7if44s8hlgyzcs5qtwhrsmbubiuo 97856 97855 2026-05-09T16:12:07Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Certain '''lithium compounds''', dem sanso know as '''lithium salts''', be used as psychiatric medication,<ref name="AHFS2015" /> primarily for [[bipolar disorder]] den for [[major depressive disorder]].<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web | title = Lithium Salts | date = 22 May 2025 | url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lithium-salts.html | publisher = The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists | access-date = 11 January 2026 }}</ref><ref name="Chokhawala_2025">{{cite book | vauthors = Chokhawala KP, Lee S, Saadabadi A | chapter = Lithium | title = StatPearls | date = 2025 | pmid = 30085604 | chapter-url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519062/ | access-date = 2026-01-10 | place = Treasure Island (FL) | publisher = StatPearls Publishing }}</ref> Dem dey take lithium orally (by mouth).<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Common side effects dey include increased urination, shakiness of de hands, den increased thirst.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Serious side effects dey include [[hypothyroidism]], diabetes insipidus, den lithium toxicity.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Blood level monitoring be recommended to decrease de risk of potential toxicity.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> If levels cam be too high, [[diarrhea]], [[vomiting]], poor coordination, sleepiness, den [[tinnitus|ringing insyd de ears]] fi occur.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Lithium be teratogenic wey fi cause birth defects at high doses, especially during de first trimester of pregnancy. De use of lithium while [[breastfeeding]] be controversial; however, chaw international health authorities advise against am, den de long-term outcomes of perinatal lithium exposure no be studied.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Poels EM, Bijma HH, Galbally M, Bergink V | title = Lithium during pregnancy and after delivery: a review | journal = International Journal of Bipolar Disorders | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30506447 | pmc = 6274637 | doi = 10.1186/s40345-018-0135-7 | article-number = 26 | doi-access = free }}</ref> De American Academy of Pediatrics dey list lithium as contraindicated for [[pregnancy]] den lactation.<ref name="Armstrong_2008">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Armstrong C | title = ACOG Guidelines on Psychiatric Medication Use During Pregnancy and Lactation | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 78 | issue = 6 | date = 15 September 2008 | url = https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0915/p772.html | page = 772 | issn = 0002-838X | access-date = 27 January 2022 | archive-date = 27 January 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220127183232/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0915/p772.html | url-status = live }}</ref> De United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) dey categorize lithium as having positive evidence of risk for pregnancy den possible hazardous risk for lactation.<ref name="Armstrong_2008" /><ref name="FDALithiumCarbonateHighlights">{{Cite web | title = Lithium Carbonate Medication Guide | url = https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/017812s031,018421s031,018558s026lbl.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://archive.today/20220127181022/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/017812s034,018421s033,018558s028lbl.pdf | archive-date = 27 January 2022 | access-date = 27 January 2022 | website = U.S. FDA }}</ref> Lithium salts be classified as mood stabilizers.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Lithium ein mechanism of action no be known.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Insyd de nineteenth century, lithium be used insyd people wey get [[gout]], [[epilepsy]], den [[cancer]].<ref name="Sneader_2005" /> Ein use insyd de treatment of [[mental disorder]]s begin plus Carl Lange insyd Denmark<ref name="Lenox_1994">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lenox RH, Watson DG | title = Lithium and the brain: a psychopharmacological strategy to a molecular basis for manic depressive illness | journal = Clinical Chemistry | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 309–314 | date = February 1994 | pmid = 8313612 | doi = 10.1093/clinchem/40.2.309 | doi-access = free }}</ref> den William Alexander Hammond insyd New York City,<ref name="Mitchell_2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell PB, Hadzi-Pavlovic D | title = Lithium treatment for bipolar disorder | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 78 | issue = 4 | pages = 515–517 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10885179 | pmc = 2560742 | url = https://www.who.int/entity/bulletin/archives/78(4)515.pdf | archive-url = http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120401000314/http%3A//who.int/entity/bulletin/archives/78%284%29515.pdf | archive-date = 1 April 2012 }}</ref> wey use lithium to treat [[mania]] from de 1870s dey go, based on now-discredited theories wey dey involve ein effect on uric acid. Use of lithium for mental disorders be re-established (on a different theoretical basis) insyd 1948 by John Cade insyd [[Australia]].<ref name="Sneader_2005">{{cite book | vauthors = Sneader W | title = Drug discovery: a history | location = Chichester | date = 2005 | publisher = Wiley | isbn = 978-0-471-89979-2 | page = 63 | edition = Rev. and updated | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb6BOkj9fK4C&pg=PA63 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170908170953/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb6BOkj9fK4C&pg=PA63 | archive-date = 8 September 2017 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 5zxbxpqfd264ix13a0yn0wtwton8a47 97857 97856 2026-05-09T16:20:08Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Certain '''lithium compounds''', dem sanso know as '''lithium salts''', be used as psychiatric medication,<ref name="AHFS2015" /> primarily for [[bipolar disorder]] den for [[major depressive disorder]].<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web | title = Lithium Salts | date = 22 May 2025 | url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lithium-salts.html | publisher = The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists | access-date = 11 January 2026 }}</ref><ref name="Chokhawala_2025">{{cite book | vauthors = Chokhawala KP, Lee S, Saadabadi A | chapter = Lithium | title = StatPearls | date = 2025 | pmid = 30085604 | chapter-url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519062/ | access-date = 2026-01-10 | place = Treasure Island (FL) | publisher = StatPearls Publishing }}</ref> Dem dey take lithium orally (by mouth).<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Common side effects dey include increased urination, shakiness of de hands, den increased thirst.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Serious side effects dey include [[hypothyroidism]], diabetes insipidus, den lithium toxicity.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Blood level monitoring be recommended to decrease de risk of potential toxicity.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> If levels cam be too high, [[diarrhea]], [[vomiting]], poor coordination, sleepiness, den [[tinnitus|ringing insyd de ears]] fi occur.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Lithium be teratogenic wey fi cause birth defects at high doses, especially during de first trimester of pregnancy. De use of lithium while [[breastfeeding]] be controversial; however, chaw international health authorities advise against am, den de long-term outcomes of perinatal lithium exposure no be studied.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Poels EM, Bijma HH, Galbally M, Bergink V | title = Lithium during pregnancy and after delivery: a review | journal = International Journal of Bipolar Disorders | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30506447 | pmc = 6274637 | doi = 10.1186/s40345-018-0135-7 | article-number = 26 | doi-access = free }}</ref> De American Academy of Pediatrics dey list lithium as contraindicated for [[pregnancy]] den lactation.<ref name="Armstrong_2008">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Armstrong C | title = ACOG Guidelines on Psychiatric Medication Use During Pregnancy and Lactation | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 78 | issue = 6 | date = 15 September 2008 | url = https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0915/p772.html | page = 772 | issn = 0002-838X | access-date = 27 January 2022 | archive-date = 27 January 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220127183232/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0915/p772.html | url-status = live }}</ref> De United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) dey categorize lithium as having positive evidence of risk for pregnancy den possible hazardous risk for lactation.<ref name="Armstrong_2008" /><ref name="FDALithiumCarbonateHighlights">{{Cite web | title = Lithium Carbonate Medication Guide | url = https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/017812s031,018421s031,018558s026lbl.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://archive.today/20220127181022/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/017812s034,018421s033,018558s028lbl.pdf | archive-date = 27 January 2022 | access-date = 27 January 2022 | website = U.S. FDA }}</ref> Lithium salts be classified as mood stabilizers.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Lithium ein mechanism of action no be known.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Insyd de nineteenth century, lithium be used insyd people wey get [[gout]], [[epilepsy]], den [[cancer]].<ref name="Sneader_2005" /> Ein use insyd de treatment of [[mental disorder]]s begin plus Carl Lange insyd Denmark<ref name="Lenox_1994">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lenox RH, Watson DG | title = Lithium and the brain: a psychopharmacological strategy to a molecular basis for manic depressive illness | journal = Clinical Chemistry | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 309–314 | date = February 1994 | pmid = 8313612 | doi = 10.1093/clinchem/40.2.309 | doi-access = free }}</ref> den William Alexander Hammond insyd New York City,<ref name="Mitchell_2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell PB, Hadzi-Pavlovic D | title = Lithium treatment for bipolar disorder | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 78 | issue = 4 | pages = 515–517 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10885179 | pmc = 2560742 | url = https://www.who.int/entity/bulletin/archives/78(4)515.pdf | archive-url = http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120401000314/http%3A//who.int/entity/bulletin/archives/78%284%29515.pdf | archive-date = 1 April 2012 }}</ref> wey use lithium to treat [[mania]] from de 1870s dey go, based on now-discredited theories wey dey involve ein effect on uric acid. Use of lithium for mental disorders be re-established (on a different theoretical basis) insyd 1948 by John Cade insyd [[Australia]].<ref name="Sneader_2005">{{cite book | vauthors = Sneader W | title = Drug discovery: a history | location = Chichester | date = 2005 | publisher = Wiley | isbn = 978-0-471-89979-2 | page = 63 | edition = Rev. and updated | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb6BOkj9fK4C&pg=PA63 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170908170953/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb6BOkj9fK4C&pg=PA63 | archive-date = 8 September 2017 }}</ref> Lithium carbonate dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines,<ref name="World_Health_Organization_2023">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | location = Geneva | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> wey e be available as a generic medication.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Insyd 2023, e be de 187th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 2{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{Cite web | title = The Top 300 of 2023 | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | archive-date = 2025-08-12 | access-date = 2025-08-13 | website = clincalc.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Lithium - Drug Usage Statistics, ClinCalc DrugStats Database | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lithium | access-date = 2025-08-13 | website = clincalc.com }}</ref> E dey appear to be underused insyd older people,<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Almeida OP, Etherton-Beer C, Kelty E, Sanfilippo F, Preen DB, Page A | title = Lithium dispensed for adults aged ≥ 50 years between 2012 and 2021: Analyses of a 10% sample of the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme | journal = The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = 716–725 | date = 27 March 2023 | pmid = 37080815 | doi = 10.1016/j.jagp.2023.03.012 | s2cid = 257824414 }}</ref> den insyd certain countries, for reasons wey dey include patients dema negative beliefs about lithium.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Bipolar disorder: how lithium as a treatment fell out of favour | date = 9 November 2024 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/society/2024/nov/09/bipolar-disorder-how-lithium-as-a-treatment-fell-out-of-favour | access-date = 9 November 2024 | website = [[The Guardian]] }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] e9w35z88h1n92hy06dwd0jjizjp9w1v 97858 97857 2026-05-09T16:23:21Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Certain '''lithium compounds''', dem sanso know as '''lithium salts''', be used as psychiatric medication,<ref name="AHFS2015" /> primarily for [[bipolar disorder]] den for [[major depressive disorder]].<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web | title = Lithium Salts | date = 22 May 2025 | url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/lithium-salts.html | publisher = The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists | access-date = 11 January 2026 }}</ref><ref name="Chokhawala_2025">{{cite book | vauthors = Chokhawala KP, Lee S, Saadabadi A | chapter = Lithium | title = StatPearls | date = 2025 | pmid = 30085604 | chapter-url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519062/ | access-date = 2026-01-10 | place = Treasure Island (FL) | publisher = StatPearls Publishing }}</ref> Dem dey take lithium orally (by mouth).<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Common side effects dey include increased urination, shakiness of de hands, den increased thirst.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Serious side effects dey include [[hypothyroidism]], diabetes insipidus, den lithium toxicity.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Blood level monitoring be recommended to decrease de risk of potential toxicity.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> If levels cam be too high, [[diarrhea]], [[vomiting]], poor coordination, sleepiness, den [[tinnitus|ringing insyd de ears]] fi occur.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Lithium be teratogenic wey fi cause birth defects at high doses, especially during de first trimester of pregnancy. De use of lithium while [[breastfeeding]] be controversial; however, chaw international health authorities advise against am, den de long-term outcomes of perinatal lithium exposure no be studied.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Poels EM, Bijma HH, Galbally M, Bergink V | title = Lithium during pregnancy and after delivery: a review | journal = International Journal of Bipolar Disorders | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30506447 | pmc = 6274637 | doi = 10.1186/s40345-018-0135-7 | article-number = 26 | doi-access = free }}</ref> De American Academy of Pediatrics dey list lithium as contraindicated for [[pregnancy]] den lactation.<ref name="Armstrong_2008">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Armstrong C | title = ACOG Guidelines on Psychiatric Medication Use During Pregnancy and Lactation | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 78 | issue = 6 | date = 15 September 2008 | url = https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0915/p772.html | page = 772 | issn = 0002-838X | access-date = 27 January 2022 | archive-date = 27 January 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220127183232/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0915/p772.html | url-status = live }}</ref> De United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) dey categorize lithium as having positive evidence of risk for pregnancy den possible hazardous risk for lactation.<ref name="Armstrong_2008" /><ref name="FDALithiumCarbonateHighlights">{{Cite web | title = Lithium Carbonate Medication Guide | url = https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/017812s031,018421s031,018558s026lbl.pdf | url-status = live | archive-url = https://archive.today/20220127181022/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/017812s034,018421s033,018558s028lbl.pdf | archive-date = 27 January 2022 | access-date = 27 January 2022 | website = U.S. FDA }}</ref> Lithium salts be classified as mood stabilizers.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Lithium ein mechanism of action no be known.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Insyd de nineteenth century, lithium be used insyd people wey get [[gout]], [[epilepsy]], den [[cancer]].<ref name="Sneader_2005" /> Ein use insyd de treatment of [[mental disorder]]s begin plus Carl Lange insyd Denmark<ref name="Lenox_1994">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lenox RH, Watson DG | title = Lithium and the brain: a psychopharmacological strategy to a molecular basis for manic depressive illness | journal = Clinical Chemistry | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 309–314 | date = February 1994 | pmid = 8313612 | doi = 10.1093/clinchem/40.2.309 | doi-access = free }}</ref> den William Alexander Hammond insyd New York City,<ref name="Mitchell_2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mitchell PB, Hadzi-Pavlovic D | title = Lithium treatment for bipolar disorder | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 78 | issue = 4 | pages = 515–517 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10885179 | pmc = 2560742 | url = https://www.who.int/entity/bulletin/archives/78(4)515.pdf | archive-url = http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120401000314/http%3A//who.int/entity/bulletin/archives/78%284%29515.pdf | archive-date = 1 April 2012 }}</ref> wey use lithium to treat [[mania]] from de 1870s dey go, based on now-discredited theories wey dey involve ein effect on uric acid. Use of lithium for mental disorders be re-established (on a different theoretical basis) insyd 1948 by John Cade insyd [[Australia]].<ref name="Sneader_2005">{{cite book | vauthors = Sneader W | title = Drug discovery: a history | location = Chichester | date = 2005 | publisher = Wiley | isbn = 978-0-471-89979-2 | page = 63 | edition = Rev. and updated | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb6BOkj9fK4C&pg=PA63 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170908170953/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb6BOkj9fK4C&pg=PA63 | archive-date = 8 September 2017 }}</ref> Lithium carbonate dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines,<ref name="World_Health_Organization_2023">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | location = Geneva | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> wey e be available as a generic medication.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> Insyd 2023, e be de 187th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 2{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{Cite web | title = The Top 300 of 2023 | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | archive-date = 2025-08-12 | access-date = 2025-08-13 | website = clincalc.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Lithium - Drug Usage Statistics, ClinCalc DrugStats Database | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Lithium | access-date = 2025-08-13 | website = clincalc.com }}</ref> E dey appear to be underused insyd older people,<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Almeida OP, Etherton-Beer C, Kelty E, Sanfilippo F, Preen DB, Page A | title = Lithium dispensed for adults aged ≥ 50 years between 2012 and 2021: Analyses of a 10% sample of the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme | journal = The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = 716–725 | date = 27 March 2023 | pmid = 37080815 | doi = 10.1016/j.jagp.2023.03.012 | s2cid = 257824414 }}</ref> den insyd certain countries, for reasons wey dey include patients dema negative beliefs about lithium.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Bipolar disorder: how lithium as a treatment fell out of favour | date = 9 November 2024 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/society/2024/nov/09/bipolar-disorder-how-lithium-as-a-treatment-fell-out-of-favour | access-date = 9 November 2024 | website = [[The Guardian]] }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lithium Pharmacology}} [[Category:Biology den pharmacology of chemical elements]] [[Category:Drugs plus unknown mechanisms of action]] [[Category:Lithium]] [[Category:Lithium insyd biology]] [[Category:Metal-containing drugs]] [[Category:Mood stabilizers]] [[Category:Treatment of depression]] [[Category:Nephrotoxins]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 81x432y4n2kddldomv6u663d0rdh6uw 14 26790 97859 2026-05-09T16:24:00Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97859 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26791 97860 2026-05-09T16:24:10Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97860 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26792 97861 2026-05-09T16:24:22Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97861 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26793 97862 2026-05-09T16:24:33Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97862 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26794 97863 2026-05-09T16:27:21Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1479577|Polydactyly]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 97863 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 97864 97863 2026-05-09T16:41:51Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Polydactyly''' (dem commonly know as '''sixth finger''' den '''extra finger''') be a birth defect wey dey result in extra fingers anaa toes.<ref name="Stat2024">{{cite journal |last1=Al Amin |first1=ASM |last2=Carter |first2=KR |title=Polydactyly. |journal=StatPearls |date=January 2024 |pmid=32965966 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562295/ |access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref> De hands be more commonly involved dan de feet.<ref name="Stat2024" /> Extra fingers fi be painful, affect self-esteem, anaa result in clumsiness.<ref name="HSS20242">{{cite web |title=Polydactyly (Extra Fingers or Toes) and Corrective Surgery {{!}} HSS |url=https://www.hss.edu/conditions_polydactyly-extra-fingers-toes-and-corrective-surgery.asp |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Hospital for Special Surgery |language=en}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == l9wngjlag0adfyxexxzjm9tyass49gi 97865 97864 2026-05-09T17:02:50Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Polydactyly''' (dem commonly know as '''sixth finger''' den '''extra finger''') be a birth defect wey dey result in extra fingers anaa toes.<ref name="Stat2024">{{cite journal |last1=Al Amin |first1=ASM |last2=Carter |first2=KR |title=Polydactyly. |journal=StatPearls |date=January 2024 |pmid=32965966 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562295/ |access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref> De hands be more commonly involved dan de feet.<ref name="Stat2024" /> Extra fingers fi be painful, affect self-esteem, anaa result in clumsiness.<ref name="HSS20242">{{cite web |title=Polydactyly (Extra Fingers or Toes) and Corrective Surgery {{!}} HSS |url=https://www.hss.edu/conditions_polydactyly-extra-fingers-toes-and-corrective-surgery.asp |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Hospital for Special Surgery |language=en}}</ref> Polydactyly be associated plus at least 39 genetic mutations.<ref name="Biesecker">{{cite journal |author=Biesecker LG |title=Polydactyly: how many disorders and how many genes |journal=Am J Med Genet |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=279–83 |year=2002|doi=10.1002/ajmg.10779 |pmid=12357471 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1229103 }}</ref> E either fi be present alone anaa plus oda defects.<ref name="Stat2024" /> Cases fi run insyd families.<ref name="Stat2024" /> De underlying mechanism dey involve an error insyd limb bud formation during early development.<ref name="Bub20222">{{cite journal |last1=Bubshait |first1=DK |date=16 December 2022 |title=A review of polydactyly and its inheritance: Connecting the dots. |journal=Medicine |volume=101 |issue=50 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000032060 |pmc=9771235 |pmid=36550802 |article-number=e32060}}</ref> Diagnosis fi occur before birth via prenatal ultrasound as early as nine weeks.<ref name="Stat2024" /> X-rays fi be useful after a kiddie be a year old.<ref name="HSS2024">{{cite web |title=Polydactyly (Extra Fingers or Toes) and Corrective Surgery {{!}} HSS |url=https://www.hss.edu/conditions_polydactyly-extra-fingers-toes-and-corrective-surgery.asp |website=Hospital for Special Surgery |access-date=17 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> De opposite be oligodactyly (fewer fingers anaa toes). == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] m9jmnu36fx91svm3iemo0rbsgr0z7fw 97866 97865 2026-05-09T17:06:18Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Polydactyly''' (dem commonly know as '''sixth finger''' den '''extra finger''') be a birth defect wey dey result in extra fingers anaa toes.<ref name="Stat2024">{{cite journal |last1=Al Amin |first1=ASM |last2=Carter |first2=KR |title=Polydactyly. |journal=StatPearls |date=January 2024 |pmid=32965966 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562295/ |access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref> De hands be more commonly involved dan de feet.<ref name="Stat2024" /> Extra fingers fi be painful, affect self-esteem, anaa result in clumsiness.<ref name="HSS20242">{{cite web |title=Polydactyly (Extra Fingers or Toes) and Corrective Surgery {{!}} HSS |url=https://www.hss.edu/conditions_polydactyly-extra-fingers-toes-and-corrective-surgery.asp |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Hospital for Special Surgery |language=en}}</ref> Polydactyly be associated plus at least 39 genetic mutations.<ref name="Biesecker">{{cite journal |author=Biesecker LG |title=Polydactyly: how many disorders and how many genes |journal=Am J Med Genet |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=279–83 |year=2002|doi=10.1002/ajmg.10779 |pmid=12357471 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1229103 }}</ref> E either fi be present alone anaa plus oda defects.<ref name="Stat2024" /> Cases fi run insyd families.<ref name="Stat2024" /> De underlying mechanism dey involve an error insyd limb bud formation during early development.<ref name="Bub20222">{{cite journal |last1=Bubshait |first1=DK |date=16 December 2022 |title=A review of polydactyly and its inheritance: Connecting the dots. |journal=Medicine |volume=101 |issue=50 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000032060 |pmc=9771235 |pmid=36550802 |article-number=e32060}}</ref> Diagnosis fi occur before birth via prenatal ultrasound as early as nine weeks.<ref name="Stat2024" /> X-rays fi be useful after a kiddie be a year old.<ref name="HSS20242" /> De opposite be oligodactyly (fewer fingers anaa toes). Treatment dey vary from removal by cautery to more involved surgery.<ref name="HSS20242" /> While putting a tight band around de base be carried out, dis no be typically recommended.<ref name="HSS20242" /> If surgery be required, dem often fi do dis around two years of age.<ref name="HSS20242" /> Occasionally multiple surgeries be required.<ref name="HSS20242" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] rww3w9245g6c6tjqsyrlp0fg8da4t4b 97867 97866 2026-05-09T17:10:15Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Polydactyly''' (dem commonly know as '''sixth finger''' den '''extra finger''') be a birth defect wey dey result in extra fingers anaa toes.<ref name="Stat2024">{{cite journal |last1=Al Amin |first1=ASM |last2=Carter |first2=KR |title=Polydactyly. |journal=StatPearls |date=January 2024 |pmid=32965966 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562295/ |access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref> De hands be more commonly involved dan de feet.<ref name="Stat2024" /> Extra fingers fi be painful, affect self-esteem, anaa result in clumsiness.<ref name="HSS20242">{{cite web |title=Polydactyly (Extra Fingers or Toes) and Corrective Surgery {{!}} HSS |url=https://www.hss.edu/conditions_polydactyly-extra-fingers-toes-and-corrective-surgery.asp |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Hospital for Special Surgery |language=en}}</ref> Polydactyly be associated plus at least 39 genetic mutations.<ref name="Biesecker">{{cite journal |author=Biesecker LG |title=Polydactyly: how many disorders and how many genes |journal=Am J Med Genet |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=279–83 |year=2002|doi=10.1002/ajmg.10779 |pmid=12357471 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1229103 }}</ref> E either fi be present alone anaa plus oda defects.<ref name="Stat2024" /> Cases fi run insyd families.<ref name="Stat2024" /> De underlying mechanism dey involve an error insyd limb bud formation during early development.<ref name="Bub20222">{{cite journal |last1=Bubshait |first1=DK |date=16 December 2022 |title=A review of polydactyly and its inheritance: Connecting the dots. |journal=Medicine |volume=101 |issue=50 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000032060 |pmc=9771235 |pmid=36550802 |article-number=e32060}}</ref> Diagnosis fi occur before birth via prenatal ultrasound as early as nine weeks.<ref name="Stat2024" /> X-rays fi be useful after a kiddie be a year old.<ref name="HSS20242" /> De opposite be oligodactyly (fewer fingers anaa toes). Treatment dey vary from removal by cautery to more involved surgery.<ref name="HSS20242" /> While putting a tight band around de base be carried out, dis no be typically recommended.<ref name="HSS20242" /> If surgery be required, dem often fi do dis around two years of age.<ref name="HSS20242" /> Occasionally multiple surgeries be required.<ref name="HSS20242" /> Polydactyly be present insyd about 4 to 12 per 10,000 newborns.<ref name="Bub20222" /> E be de most common defect of de hands den feet.<ref name=Stat2024/> Insyd de [[United States]], [[Black people]] be more commonly affected dan white people.<ref name=Stat2024/> De term be Greek πολύς ''(polys)'' 'many' den δάκτυλος ''(daktylos)'' 'finger'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=polydactyl&allowed_in_frame=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009151702/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=polydactyl&allowed_in_frame=0 |archive-date=2016-10-09 |access-date=2026-05-09 |website=etymonline.com |language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] hg1yl9xj2b5nf8naw4ewgbkc1zwcgeq 97868 97867 2026-05-09T17:13:50Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Polydactyly''' (dem commonly know as '''sixth finger''' den '''extra finger''') be a birth defect wey dey result in extra fingers anaa toes.<ref name="Stat2024">{{cite journal |last1=Al Amin |first1=ASM |last2=Carter |first2=KR |title=Polydactyly. |journal=StatPearls |date=January 2024 |pmid=32965966 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562295/ |access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref> De hands be more commonly involved dan de feet.<ref name="Stat2024" /> Extra fingers fi be painful, affect self-esteem, anaa result in clumsiness.<ref name="HSS20242">{{cite web |title=Polydactyly (Extra Fingers or Toes) and Corrective Surgery {{!}} HSS |url=https://www.hss.edu/conditions_polydactyly-extra-fingers-toes-and-corrective-surgery.asp |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Hospital for Special Surgery |language=en}}</ref> Polydactyly be associated plus at least 39 genetic mutations.<ref name="Biesecker">{{cite journal |author=Biesecker LG |title=Polydactyly: how many disorders and how many genes |journal=Am J Med Genet |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=279–83 |year=2002|doi=10.1002/ajmg.10779 |pmid=12357471 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1229103 }}</ref> E either fi be present alone anaa plus oda defects.<ref name="Stat2024" /> Cases fi run insyd families.<ref name="Stat2024" /> De underlying mechanism dey involve an error insyd limb bud formation during early development.<ref name="Bub20222">{{cite journal |last1=Bubshait |first1=DK |date=16 December 2022 |title=A review of polydactyly and its inheritance: Connecting the dots. |journal=Medicine |volume=101 |issue=50 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000032060 |pmc=9771235 |pmid=36550802 |article-number=e32060}}</ref> Diagnosis fi occur before birth via prenatal ultrasound as early as nine weeks.<ref name="Stat2024" /> X-rays fi be useful after a kiddie be a year old.<ref name="HSS20242" /> De opposite be oligodactyly (fewer fingers anaa toes). Treatment dey vary from removal by cautery to more involved surgery.<ref name="HSS20242" /> While putting a tight band around de base be carried out, dis no be typically recommended.<ref name="HSS20242" /> If surgery be required, dem often fi do dis around two years of age.<ref name="HSS20242" /> Occasionally multiple surgeries be required.<ref name="HSS20242" /> Polydactyly be present insyd about 4 to 12 per 10,000 newborns.<ref name="Bub20222" /> E be de most common defect of de hands den feet.<ref name=Stat2024/> Insyd de [[United States]], [[Black people]] be more commonly affected dan white people.<ref name=Stat2024/> De term be Greek πολύς ''(polys)'' 'many' den δάκτυλος ''(daktylos)'' 'finger'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=polydactyl&allowed_in_frame=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009151702/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=polydactyl&allowed_in_frame=0 |archive-date=2016-10-09 |access-date=2026-05-09 |website=etymonline.com |language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{commons}} [[Category:Autosomal dominant disorders]] [[Category:Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system]] [[Category:Fingers]] [[Category:Supernumerary body parts]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] rtu63q9y117030freg1hcm2efa8v56z 14 26795 97869 2026-05-09T17:14:47Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97869 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26796 97870 2026-05-09T17:14:59Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97870 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26797 97871 2026-05-09T17:15:37Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1466141|Vertigo]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 97871 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 97873 97871 2026-05-09T17:32:42Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vertigo''' be a condition insyd wich a person get de sensation wey dem dey move, anaa say objects around dem dey move, wen dat no be de case.<ref name="AFP2010">{{cite journal|last1=Post|first1=RE|last2=Dickerson|first2=LM|title=Dizziness: a diagnostic approach|journal=American Family Physician|year=2010|volume=82|issue=4|pages=361–369|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0815/p361.html|pmid=20704166|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606214343/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0815/p361.html|archive-date=2013-06-06}}</ref> Often e dey feel like a spinning anaa swaying movement.<ref name="AFP2010" /><ref name="Hog20152">{{cite journal |last1=Hogue |first1=JD |date=June 2015 |title=Office Evaluation of Dizziness. |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=249–258 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.01.004 |pmid=25979586}}</ref> E fi be associated plus nausea, [[vomiting]], perspiration, anaa difficulties walking.<ref name="Hog20152" /> E typically be worse wen de head be moved.<ref name="Hog20152" /> Vertigo be de most common type of dizziness.<ref name="Hog20152" /> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 1d3qm8db2wwnkqzt93wxq1saszipeqv 97874 97873 2026-05-09T17:37:36Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vertigo''' be a condition insyd wich a person get de sensation wey dem dey move, anaa say objects around dem dey move, wen dat no be de case.<ref name="AFP2010">{{cite journal|last1=Post|first1=RE|last2=Dickerson|first2=LM|title=Dizziness: a diagnostic approach|journal=American Family Physician|year=2010|volume=82|issue=4|pages=361–369|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0815/p361.html|pmid=20704166|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606214343/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0815/p361.html|archive-date=2013-06-06}}</ref> Often e dey feel like a spinning anaa swaying movement.<ref name="AFP2010" /><ref name="Hog20152">{{cite journal |last1=Hogue |first1=JD |date=June 2015 |title=Office Evaluation of Dizziness. |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=249–258 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.01.004 |pmid=25979586}}</ref> E fi be associated plus nausea, [[vomiting]], perspiration, anaa difficulties walking.<ref name="Hog20152" /> E typically be worse wen de head be moved.<ref name="Hog20152" /> Vertigo be de most common type of dizziness.<ref name="Hog20152" /> De most common disorders wey result in vertigo be benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), [[Ménière's disease]], den vestibular neuritis.<ref name=AFP2010/><ref name=Hog2015/> Less common causes dey include [[stroke]], brain tumors, brain injury, [[multiple sclerosis]], migraines, trauma, den uneven pressures between de middle ears.<ref name=Hog2015/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wicks|first1=RE|title=Alternobaric vertigo: an aeromedical review.|journal=Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine|date=January 1989|volume=60|issue=1|pages=67–72|pmid=2647073}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Buttaro|first1=Terry Mahan|last2=Trybulski|first2=JoAnn|last3=Polgar-Bailey|first3=Patricia|last4=Sandberg-Cook|first4=Joanne|title=Primary Care – E-Book: A Collaborative Practice|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0323075855|page=354|edition=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBcHR-wQOWQC&pg=PA354|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908182413/https://books.google.ca/books?id=YBcHR-wQOWQC&pg=PA354|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Physiologic vertigo fi occur following being exposed to motion for a prolonged period such as wen on a ship anaa simply following spinning plus de eyes closed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Falvo|first1=Donna R.|title=Medical and psychosocial aspects of chronic illness and disability|date=2014|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=9781449694425|page=273|edition=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdM6FsykfWAC&pg=PA273|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702173443/https://books.google.ca/books?id=SdM6FsykfWAC&pg=PA273|archive-date=2015-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wardlaw|first1=Joanna M.|author-link=Joanna Wardlaw|title=Clinical neurology|date=2008|publisher=Manson|location=London|isbn=9781840765182|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8q7E6EJr7IC&pg=PA107|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702174323/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Q8q7E6EJr7IC&pg=PA107|archive-date=2015-07-02}}</ref> Oda causes fi include toxin exposures such as to carbon monoxide, alcohol, anaa [[aspirin]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Goebel|first1=Joel A.|title=Practical management of the dizzy patient|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781765626|page=97|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecrwrKCRr7YC&pg=PA97|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702150101/https://books.google.ca/books?id=ecrwrKCRr7YC&pg=PA97|archive-date=2015-07-02}}</ref> Vertigo typically indicates a problem in a part of the vestibular system.<ref name=Hog2015/> Oda causes of dizziness dey include presyncope, disequilibrium, den non-specific dizziness.<ref name=Hog2015>{{cite journal|last1=Hogue|first1=JD|title=Office Evaluation of Dizziness.|journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice|date=June 2015|volume=42|issue=2|pages=249–258|pmid=25979586|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.01.004}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 8i8mbq8s1w4ssuhllnzpb4dacr4ueq7 97875 97874 2026-05-09T17:41:45Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vertigo''' be a condition insyd wich a person get de sensation wey dem dey move, anaa say objects around dem dey move, wen dat no be de case.<ref name="AFP2010">{{cite journal|last1=Post|first1=RE|last2=Dickerson|first2=LM|title=Dizziness: a diagnostic approach|journal=American Family Physician|year=2010|volume=82|issue=4|pages=361–369|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0815/p361.html|pmid=20704166|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606214343/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0815/p361.html|archive-date=2013-06-06}}</ref> Often e dey feel like a spinning anaa swaying movement.<ref name="AFP2010" /><ref name="Hog20152">{{cite journal |last1=Hogue |first1=JD |date=June 2015 |title=Office Evaluation of Dizziness. |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=249–258 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.01.004 |pmid=25979586}}</ref> E fi be associated plus nausea, [[vomiting]], perspiration, anaa difficulties walking.<ref name="Hog20152" /> E typically be worse wen de head be moved.<ref name="Hog20152" /> Vertigo be de most common type of dizziness.<ref name="Hog20152" /> De most common disorders wey result in vertigo be benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), [[Ménière's disease]], den vestibular neuritis.<ref name=AFP2010/><ref name=Hog2015/> Less common causes dey include [[stroke]], brain tumors, brain injury, [[multiple sclerosis]], migraines, trauma, den uneven pressures between de middle ears.<ref name=Hog2015/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wicks|first1=RE|title=Alternobaric vertigo: an aeromedical review.|journal=Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine|date=January 1989|volume=60|issue=1|pages=67–72|pmid=2647073}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Buttaro|first1=Terry Mahan|last2=Trybulski|first2=JoAnn|last3=Polgar-Bailey|first3=Patricia|last4=Sandberg-Cook|first4=Joanne|title=Primary Care – E-Book: A Collaborative Practice|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0323075855|page=354|edition=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBcHR-wQOWQC&pg=PA354|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908182413/https://books.google.ca/books?id=YBcHR-wQOWQC&pg=PA354|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Physiologic vertigo fi occur following being exposed to motion for a prolonged period such as wen on a ship anaa simply following spinning plus de eyes closed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Falvo|first1=Donna R.|title=Medical and psychosocial aspects of chronic illness and disability|date=2014|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=9781449694425|page=273|edition=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdM6FsykfWAC&pg=PA273|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702173443/https://books.google.ca/books?id=SdM6FsykfWAC&pg=PA273|archive-date=2015-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wardlaw|first1=Joanna M.|author-link=Joanna Wardlaw|title=Clinical neurology|date=2008|publisher=Manson|location=London|isbn=9781840765182|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8q7E6EJr7IC&pg=PA107|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702174323/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Q8q7E6EJr7IC&pg=PA107|archive-date=2015-07-02}}</ref> Oda causes fi include toxin exposures such as to carbon monoxide, alcohol, anaa [[aspirin]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Goebel|first1=Joel A.|title=Practical management of the dizzy patient|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781765626|page=97|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecrwrKCRr7YC&pg=PA97|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702150101/https://books.google.ca/books?id=ecrwrKCRr7YC&pg=PA97|archive-date=2015-07-02}}</ref> Vertigo typically indicates a problem in a part of the vestibular system.<ref name=Hog2015/> Oda causes of dizziness dey include presyncope, disequilibrium, den non-specific dizziness.<ref name=Hog2015>{{cite journal|last1=Hogue|first1=JD|title=Office Evaluation of Dizziness.|journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice|date=June 2015|volume=42|issue=2|pages=249–258|pmid=25979586|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.01.004}}</ref> Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo be more likely insyd sam bro wey get repeated episodes of vertigo plus movement wey e be otherwise normal between episodes.<ref name=Emerg2009/> Benign vertigo episodes generally dey last less dan one minute.<ref name=Hog2015/> De Dix-Hallpike test typically dey produce a period of rapid eye movements dem know as nystagmus insyd dis condition.<ref name=AFP2010/> Insyd Ménière's disease, der often be [[tinnitus|ringing insyd de ears]], hearing loss, den de attacks of vertigo last more dan twenty minutes.<ref name=Emerg2009/> Insyd vestibular neuritis, de onset of vertigo be sudden, wey de nystagmus dey occur even wen de person no dey move.<ref name=Emerg2009/> Insyd dis condition, vertigo fi last for days.<ref name=Hog2015/> More severe causes sanso for be considered,<ref name=Emerg2009>{{cite journal|last1=Kerber|first1=KA|title=Vertigo and dizziness in the emergency department|journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America|year=2009|volume=27|issue=1|pages=39–50|pmid=19218018|doi=10.1016/j.emc.2008.09.002|pmc=2676794}}</ref> especially if oda problems such as weakness, headache, double vision, anaa numbness occur.<ref name=Hog2015/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] k8u44ln03e2rafghjwd4v71hhocynwv 97876 97875 2026-05-09T17:43:44Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vertigo''' be a condition insyd wich a person get de sensation wey dem dey move, anaa say objects around dem dey move, wen dat no be de case.<ref name="AFP2010">{{cite journal|last1=Post|first1=RE|last2=Dickerson|first2=LM|title=Dizziness: a diagnostic approach|journal=American Family Physician|year=2010|volume=82|issue=4|pages=361–369|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0815/p361.html|pmid=20704166|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606214343/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0815/p361.html|archive-date=2013-06-06}}</ref> Often e dey feel like a spinning anaa swaying movement.<ref name="AFP2010" /><ref name="Hog20152">{{cite journal |last1=Hogue |first1=JD |date=June 2015 |title=Office Evaluation of Dizziness. |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=249–258 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.01.004 |pmid=25979586}}</ref> E fi be associated plus nausea, [[vomiting]], perspiration, anaa difficulties walking.<ref name="Hog20152" /> E typically be worse wen de head be moved.<ref name="Hog20152" /> Vertigo be de most common type of dizziness.<ref name="Hog20152" /> De most common disorders wey result in vertigo be benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), [[Ménière's disease]], den vestibular neuritis.<ref name=AFP2010/><ref name=Hog2015/> Less common causes dey include [[stroke]], brain tumors, brain injury, [[multiple sclerosis]], migraines, trauma, den uneven pressures between de middle ears.<ref name=Hog2015/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wicks|first1=RE|title=Alternobaric vertigo: an aeromedical review.|journal=Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine|date=January 1989|volume=60|issue=1|pages=67–72|pmid=2647073}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Buttaro|first1=Terry Mahan|last2=Trybulski|first2=JoAnn|last3=Polgar-Bailey|first3=Patricia|last4=Sandberg-Cook|first4=Joanne|title=Primary Care – E-Book: A Collaborative Practice|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0323075855|page=354|edition=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBcHR-wQOWQC&pg=PA354|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908182413/https://books.google.ca/books?id=YBcHR-wQOWQC&pg=PA354|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Physiologic vertigo fi occur following being exposed to motion for a prolonged period such as wen on a ship anaa simply following spinning plus de eyes closed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Falvo|first1=Donna R.|title=Medical and psychosocial aspects of chronic illness and disability|date=2014|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=9781449694425|page=273|edition=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdM6FsykfWAC&pg=PA273|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702173443/https://books.google.ca/books?id=SdM6FsykfWAC&pg=PA273|archive-date=2015-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wardlaw|first1=Joanna M.|author-link=Joanna Wardlaw|title=Clinical neurology|date=2008|publisher=Manson|location=London|isbn=9781840765182|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8q7E6EJr7IC&pg=PA107|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702174323/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Q8q7E6EJr7IC&pg=PA107|archive-date=2015-07-02}}</ref> Oda causes fi include toxin exposures such as to carbon monoxide, alcohol, anaa [[aspirin]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Goebel|first1=Joel A.|title=Practical management of the dizzy patient|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781765626|page=97|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecrwrKCRr7YC&pg=PA97|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702150101/https://books.google.ca/books?id=ecrwrKCRr7YC&pg=PA97|archive-date=2015-07-02}}</ref> Vertigo typically indicates a problem in a part of the vestibular system.<ref name=Hog2015/> Oda causes of dizziness dey include presyncope, disequilibrium, den non-specific dizziness.<ref name=Hog2015>{{cite journal|last1=Hogue|first1=JD|title=Office Evaluation of Dizziness.|journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice|date=June 2015|volume=42|issue=2|pages=249–258|pmid=25979586|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.01.004}}</ref> Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo be more likely insyd sam bro wey get repeated episodes of vertigo plus movement wey e be otherwise normal between episodes.<ref name=Emerg2009/> Benign vertigo episodes generally dey last less dan one minute.<ref name=Hog2015/> De Dix-Hallpike test typically dey produce a period of rapid eye movements dem know as nystagmus insyd dis condition.<ref name=AFP2010/> Insyd Ménière's disease, der often be [[tinnitus|ringing insyd de ears]], hearing loss, den de attacks of vertigo last more dan twenty minutes.<ref name=Emerg2009/> Insyd vestibular neuritis, de onset of vertigo be sudden, wey de nystagmus dey occur even wen de person no dey move.<ref name=Emerg2009/> Insyd dis condition, vertigo fi last for days.<ref name=Hog2015/> More severe causes sanso for be considered,<ref name=Emerg2009>{{cite journal|last1=Kerber|first1=KA|title=Vertigo and dizziness in the emergency department|journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America|year=2009|volume=27|issue=1|pages=39–50|pmid=19218018|doi=10.1016/j.emc.2008.09.002|pmc=2676794}}</ref> especially if oda problems such as weakness, headache, double vision, anaa numbness occur.<ref name=Hog2015/> Dizziness dey affect approximately 20–40% of people at sam point, while about 7.5–10% get vertigo.<ref name=Bre2011>{{cite journal| last1=von Brevern|first1=M|last2=Neuhauser|first2=H| title=Epidemiological evidence for a link between vertigo & migraine| journal= Journal of Vestibular Research |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=299–304|year= 2011 |pmid=22348934|doi=10.3233/VES-2011-0423}}</ref> About 5% get vertigo insyd a given year.<ref name=Epi09/> E cam be more common plus age den dey affect women two to three times more often dan men.<ref name=Epi09/> Vertigo dey account for about 2–3% of emergency department visits insyd de developed world.<ref name=Epi09>{{cite journal |vauthors=Neuhauser HK, Lempert T |title=Vertigo: epidemiologic aspects |journal=Seminars in Neurology |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=473–81 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19834858 |doi=10.1055/s-0029-1241043 |s2cid=260318174 |url=http://edoc.rki.de/oa/articles/redMw1x2qc1PA/PDF/28bPty5WOzjUE.pdf}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 7y0799xdxh0nhieq8pbzt5lm7y6sfrk 97877 97876 2026-05-09T17:47:46Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vertigo''' be a condition insyd wich a person get de sensation wey dem dey move, anaa say objects around dem dey move, wen dat no be de case.<ref name="AFP2010">{{cite journal|last1=Post|first1=RE|last2=Dickerson|first2=LM|title=Dizziness: a diagnostic approach|journal=American Family Physician|year=2010|volume=82|issue=4|pages=361–369|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0815/p361.html|pmid=20704166|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606214343/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0815/p361.html|archive-date=2013-06-06}}</ref> Often e dey feel like a spinning anaa swaying movement.<ref name="AFP2010" /><ref name="Hog20152">{{cite journal |last1=Hogue |first1=JD |date=June 2015 |title=Office Evaluation of Dizziness. |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=249–258 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.01.004 |pmid=25979586}}</ref> E fi be associated plus nausea, [[vomiting]], perspiration, anaa difficulties walking.<ref name="Hog20152" /> E typically be worse wen de head be moved.<ref name="Hog20152" /> Vertigo be de most common type of dizziness.<ref name="Hog20152" /> De most common disorders wey result in vertigo be benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), [[Ménière's disease]], den vestibular neuritis.<ref name=AFP2010/><ref name=Hog2015/> Less common causes dey include [[stroke]], brain tumors, brain injury, [[multiple sclerosis]], migraines, trauma, den uneven pressures between de middle ears.<ref name=Hog2015/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wicks|first1=RE|title=Alternobaric vertigo: an aeromedical review.|journal=Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine|date=January 1989|volume=60|issue=1|pages=67–72|pmid=2647073}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Buttaro|first1=Terry Mahan|last2=Trybulski|first2=JoAnn|last3=Polgar-Bailey|first3=Patricia|last4=Sandberg-Cook|first4=Joanne|title=Primary Care – E-Book: A Collaborative Practice|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0323075855|page=354|edition=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBcHR-wQOWQC&pg=PA354|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908182413/https://books.google.ca/books?id=YBcHR-wQOWQC&pg=PA354|archive-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> Physiologic vertigo fi occur following being exposed to motion for a prolonged period such as wen on a ship anaa simply following spinning plus de eyes closed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Falvo|first1=Donna R.|title=Medical and psychosocial aspects of chronic illness and disability|date=2014|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=9781449694425|page=273|edition=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdM6FsykfWAC&pg=PA273|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702173443/https://books.google.ca/books?id=SdM6FsykfWAC&pg=PA273|archive-date=2015-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wardlaw|first1=Joanna M.|author-link=Joanna Wardlaw|title=Clinical neurology|date=2008|publisher=Manson|location=London|isbn=9781840765182|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8q7E6EJr7IC&pg=PA107|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702174323/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Q8q7E6EJr7IC&pg=PA107|archive-date=2015-07-02}}</ref> Oda causes fi include toxin exposures such as to carbon monoxide, alcohol, anaa [[aspirin]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Goebel|first1=Joel A.|title=Practical management of the dizzy patient|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781765626|page=97|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecrwrKCRr7YC&pg=PA97|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702150101/https://books.google.ca/books?id=ecrwrKCRr7YC&pg=PA97|archive-date=2015-07-02}}</ref> Vertigo typically indicates a problem in a part of the vestibular system.<ref name=Hog2015/> Oda causes of dizziness dey include presyncope, disequilibrium, den non-specific dizziness.<ref name=Hog2015>{{cite journal|last1=Hogue|first1=JD|title=Office Evaluation of Dizziness.|journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice|date=June 2015|volume=42|issue=2|pages=249–258|pmid=25979586|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2015.01.004}}</ref> Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo be more likely insyd sam bro wey get repeated episodes of vertigo plus movement wey e be otherwise normal between episodes.<ref name=Emerg2009/> Benign vertigo episodes generally dey last less dan one minute.<ref name=Hog2015/> De Dix-Hallpike test typically dey produce a period of rapid eye movements dem know as nystagmus insyd dis condition.<ref name=AFP2010/> Insyd Ménière's disease, der often be [[tinnitus|ringing insyd de ears]], hearing loss, den de attacks of vertigo last more dan twenty minutes.<ref name=Emerg2009/> Insyd vestibular neuritis, de onset of vertigo be sudden, wey de nystagmus dey occur even wen de person no dey move.<ref name=Emerg2009/> Insyd dis condition, vertigo fi last for days.<ref name=Hog2015/> More severe causes sanso for be considered,<ref name=Emerg2009>{{cite journal|last1=Kerber|first1=KA|title=Vertigo and dizziness in the emergency department|journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America|year=2009|volume=27|issue=1|pages=39–50|pmid=19218018|doi=10.1016/j.emc.2008.09.002|pmc=2676794}}</ref> especially if oda problems such as weakness, headache, double vision, anaa numbness occur.<ref name=Hog2015/> Dizziness dey affect approximately 20–40% of people at sam point, while about 7.5–10% get vertigo.<ref name=Bre2011>{{cite journal| last1=von Brevern|first1=M|last2=Neuhauser|first2=H| title=Epidemiological evidence for a link between vertigo & migraine| journal= Journal of Vestibular Research |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=299–304|year= 2011 |pmid=22348934|doi=10.3233/VES-2011-0423}}</ref> About 5% get vertigo insyd a given year.<ref name=Epi09/> E cam be more common plus age den dey affect women two to three times more often dan men.<ref name=Epi09/> Vertigo dey account for about 2–3% of emergency department visits insyd de developed world.<ref name=Epi09>{{cite journal |vauthors=Neuhauser HK, Lempert T |title=Vertigo: epidemiologic aspects |journal=Seminars in Neurology |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=473–81 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19834858 |doi=10.1055/s-0029-1241043 |s2cid=260318174 |url=http://edoc.rki.de/oa/articles/redMw1x2qc1PA/PDF/28bPty5WOzjUE.pdf}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q10686316|c=Category:Vertigo|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=vertigo|species=no}} * {{cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/dizzinessandvertigo.html | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | work = MedlinePlus | title = Dizziness and Vertigo }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vertigo (Medical)}} [[Category:Symptoms den signs of mental disorders]] [[Category:Neurological disorders]] [[Category:Diseases of inner ear]] [[Category:Illusions]] [[Category:Phenomena]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] lqzk5kqz0yyylv31py81iwqujtdqazl 0 26798 97872 2026-05-09T17:25:12Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1459148|Warfarin]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 97872 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 97880 97872 2026-05-09T17:55:30Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Warfarin''', dem sell under de brand name '''Coumadin''' among odas, be used as an anticoagulant medication.<ref name="AHFS2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=These highlights do not include all the information needed to use COUMADIN safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for COUMADIN. COUMADIN (warfarin sodium) tablets, for oral useInitial U.S. Approval: 1954 |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3ebcb71e-9a7e-4969-abb9-7c7d3e3aae3c |access-date=2026-05-09 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> E be commonly used to prevent deep vein thrombosis den [[pulmonary embolism]], den to protect against [[stroke]] insyd people wey get [[atrial fibrillation]], valvular heart disease, anaa artificial heart valves.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Warfarin sam times be prescribed dey follow a ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction den orthopedic surgery.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Dem usually dey take am by mouth, buh e sanso fi be administered intravenously.<ref name="AHFS2017">{{cite web |title = Warfarin sodium |url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/warfarin-sodium.html |publisher = The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |date = 13 October 2022 |access-date = 16 February 2023 |archive-date = 12 June 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143838/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/warfarin-sodium.html |url-status = live }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 7ycvvr2cxommquwx19jdk2079mage87 97881 97880 2026-05-09T17:59:56Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Warfarin''', dem sell under de brand name '''Coumadin''' among odas, be used as an anticoagulant medication.<ref name="AHFS2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=These highlights do not include all the information needed to use COUMADIN safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for COUMADIN. COUMADIN (warfarin sodium) tablets, for oral useInitial U.S. Approval: 1954 |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3ebcb71e-9a7e-4969-abb9-7c7d3e3aae3c |access-date=2026-05-09 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> E be commonly used to prevent deep vein thrombosis den [[pulmonary embolism]], den to protect against [[stroke]] insyd people wey get [[atrial fibrillation]], valvular heart disease, anaa artificial heart valves.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Warfarin sam times be prescribed dey follow a ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction den orthopedic surgery.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Dem usually dey take am by mouth, buh e sanso fi be administered intravenously.<ref name="AHFS2017">{{cite web |title = Warfarin sodium |url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/warfarin-sodium.html |publisher = The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |date = 13 October 2022 |access-date = 16 February 2023 |archive-date = 12 June 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143838/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/warfarin-sodium.html |url-status = live }}</ref> De common side effect, a natural consequence of reduced clotting, be [[bleeding]].<ref name=AHFS2017 /> Less common side effects fi include areas of [[tissue necrosis|tissue damage]], den purple toes syndrome.<ref name=AHFS2017 /> Ein use no be recommended during [[pregnancy]].<ref name=AHFS2017 /> De effects of warfarin be typically monitored by checking prothrombin time (INR) every one to four weeks.<ref name=AHFS2017 /> Chaw oda medications den dietary factors fi interact plus warfarin, either increasing anaa decreasing ein effectiveness.<ref name=AHFS2017 /><ref name=Ag2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ageno W, Gallus AS, Wittkowsky A, Crowther M, Hylek EM, Palareti G | title = Oral anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines | journal = Chest | volume = 141 | issue = 2 Suppl | pages = e44S–e88S | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22315269 | pmc = 3278051 | doi = 10.1378/chest.11-2292 }}</ref> De effects of warfarin fi be reversed plus phytomenadione (vitamin K₁), fresh frozen plasma, anaa prothrombin complex concentrate.<ref name=Ag2012 /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] okldp1w17d2tf7syqdrs7wkqdqqo9zq 97882 97881 2026-05-09T18:06:02Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Warfarin''', dem sell under de brand name '''Coumadin''' among odas, be used as an anticoagulant medication.<ref name="AHFS2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=These highlights do not include all the information needed to use COUMADIN safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for COUMADIN. COUMADIN (warfarin sodium) tablets, for oral useInitial U.S. Approval: 1954 |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3ebcb71e-9a7e-4969-abb9-7c7d3e3aae3c |access-date=2026-05-09 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> E be commonly used to prevent deep vein thrombosis den [[pulmonary embolism]], den to protect against [[stroke]] insyd people wey get [[atrial fibrillation]], valvular heart disease, anaa artificial heart valves.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Warfarin sam times be prescribed dey follow a ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction den orthopedic surgery.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Dem usually dey take am by mouth, buh e sanso fi be administered intravenously.<ref name="AHFS2017">{{cite web |title = Warfarin sodium |url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/warfarin-sodium.html |publisher = The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |date = 13 October 2022 |access-date = 16 February 2023 |archive-date = 12 June 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143838/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/warfarin-sodium.html |url-status = live }}</ref> De common side effect, a natural consequence of reduced clotting, be bleeding.<ref name=AHFS2017 /> Less common side effects fi include areas of tissue damage, den purple toes syndrome.<ref name=AHFS2017 /> Ein use no be recommended during [[pregnancy]].<ref name=AHFS2017 /> De effects of warfarin be typically monitored by checking prothrombin time (INR) every one to four weeks.<ref name=AHFS2017 /> Chaw oda medications den dietary factors fi interact plus warfarin, either increasing anaa decreasing ein effectiveness.<ref name=AHFS2017 /><ref name=Ag2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ageno W, Gallus AS, Wittkowsky A, Crowther M, Hylek EM, Palareti G | title = Oral anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines | journal = Chest | volume = 141 | issue = 2 Suppl | pages = e44S–e88S | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22315269 | pmc = 3278051 | doi = 10.1378/chest.11-2292 }}</ref> De effects of warfarin fi be reversed plus phytomenadione (vitamin K₁), fresh frozen plasma, anaa prothrombin complex concentrate.<ref name=Ag2012 /> Warfarin dey decrease blood clotting by blocking vitamin K epoxide reductase, an enzyme wey dey reactivate vitamin K₁.<ref name=Ag2012 /> Widout sufficient active vitamin K₁, de plasma concentrations of clotting factors II, VII, IX, den X be reduced den thus e get decreased clotting ability.<ref name=Ag2012 /> De anticlotting protein C den protein S sanso be inhibited, buh to a lesser degree.<ref name=Ag2012 /> E be wrongly described as a "vitamin K antagonist". Dis term be incorrect. Warfarin no dey antagonize de action of vitamin K1, buh rather dey antagonize vitamin K1 recycling, depleting active vitamin K1. A few days be required for full effect to occur, wey dese effects fi last for up to five days.<ref name=AHFS2017 /><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Arcangelo VP, Peterson AM |title = Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice: A Practical Approach |date = 2006 |publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn = 978-0-7817-5784-3 |page = 774 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EaP1yJz4fkEC&pg=PA774 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170918185711/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaP1yJz4fkEC&pg=PA774 |archive-date = 18 September 2017 }}</ref> Secof de mechanism dey involve enzymes such as ''VKORC1'', patients on warfarin plus polymorphisms of de enzymes fi require adjustments insyd therapy if de genetic variant wey dem get be more readily inhibited by warfarin, thus dey require lower doses.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Dasgupta A, Wahed A | chapter = Pharmacogenomics | title = Clinical Chemistry, Immunology and Laboratory Quality Control |date=2014 |pages=353–362 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-407821-5.00020-6| isbn = 978-0-12-407821-5 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] p7yabd147cxvd618dxbpt83b7lry15u 97892 97882 2026-05-09T23:18:02Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Warfarin''', dem sell under de brand name '''Coumadin''' among odas, be used as an anticoagulant medication.<ref name="AHFS2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=These highlights do not include all the information needed to use COUMADIN safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for COUMADIN. COUMADIN (warfarin sodium) tablets, for oral useInitial U.S. Approval: 1954 |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3ebcb71e-9a7e-4969-abb9-7c7d3e3aae3c |access-date=2026-05-09 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> E be commonly used to prevent deep vein thrombosis den [[pulmonary embolism]], den to protect against [[stroke]] insyd people wey get [[atrial fibrillation]], valvular heart disease, anaa artificial heart valves.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Warfarin sam times be prescribed dey follow a ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction den orthopedic surgery.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Dem usually dey take am by mouth, buh e sanso fi be administered intravenously.<ref name="AHFS2017">{{cite web |title = Warfarin sodium |url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/warfarin-sodium.html |publisher = The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |date = 13 October 2022 |access-date = 16 February 2023 |archive-date = 12 June 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143838/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/warfarin-sodium.html |url-status = live }}</ref> De common side effect, a natural consequence of reduced clotting, be bleeding.<ref name=AHFS2017 /> Less common side effects fi include areas of tissue damage, den purple toes syndrome.<ref name=AHFS2017 /> Ein use no be recommended during [[pregnancy]].<ref name=AHFS2017 /> De effects of warfarin be typically monitored by checking prothrombin time (INR) every one to four weeks.<ref name=AHFS2017 /> Chaw oda medications den dietary factors fi interact plus warfarin, either increasing anaa decreasing ein effectiveness.<ref name=AHFS2017 /><ref name=Ag2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ageno W, Gallus AS, Wittkowsky A, Crowther M, Hylek EM, Palareti G | title = Oral anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines | journal = Chest | volume = 141 | issue = 2 Suppl | pages = e44S–e88S | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22315269 | pmc = 3278051 | doi = 10.1378/chest.11-2292 }}</ref> De effects of warfarin fi be reversed plus phytomenadione (vitamin K₁), fresh frozen plasma, anaa prothrombin complex concentrate.<ref name=Ag2012 /> Warfarin dey decrease blood clotting by blocking vitamin K epoxide reductase, an enzyme wey dey reactivate vitamin K₁.<ref name=Ag2012 /> Widout sufficient active vitamin K₁, de plasma concentrations of clotting factors II, VII, IX, den X be reduced den thus e get decreased clotting ability.<ref name=Ag2012 /> De anticlotting protein C den protein S sanso be inhibited, buh to a lesser degree.<ref name=Ag2012 /> E be wrongly described as a "vitamin K antagonist". Dis term be incorrect. Warfarin no dey antagonize de action of vitamin K1, buh rather dey antagonize vitamin K1 recycling, depleting active vitamin K1. A few days be required for full effect to occur, wey dese effects fi last for up to five days.<ref name=AHFS2017 /><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Arcangelo VP, Peterson AM |title = Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice: A Practical Approach |date = 2006 |publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn = 978-0-7817-5784-3 |page = 774 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EaP1yJz4fkEC&pg=PA774 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170918185711/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaP1yJz4fkEC&pg=PA774 |archive-date = 18 September 2017 }}</ref> Secof de mechanism dey involve enzymes such as ''VKORC1'', patients on warfarin plus polymorphisms of de enzymes fi require adjustments insyd therapy if de genetic variant wey dem get be more readily inhibited by warfarin, thus dey require lower doses.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Dasgupta A, Wahed A | chapter = Pharmacogenomics | title = Clinical Chemistry, Immunology and Laboratory Quality Control |date=2014 |pages=353–362 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-407821-5.00020-6| isbn = 978-0-12-407821-5 }}</ref> Warfarin first cam into large-scale commercial use insyd 1948 as a rat poison.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Ravina E |title = The Evolution of Drug Discovery: From Traditional Medicines to Modern Drugs |date = 2011 |publisher = John Wiley & Sons |isbn = 978-3-527-32669-3 |page = 148 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA148 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170918185711/https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA148 |archive-date = 18 September 2017 }}</ref><ref name="poison2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lim GB |date=December 2017 |title=Milestone 2: Warfarin: from rat poison to clinical use |journal=Nature Reviews. Cardiology |doi=10.1038/nrcardio.2017.172 |pmid=29238065 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Na e be formally approved as a medication to treat blood clots insyd humans by de U.S. Food and Drug Administration insyd 1954.<ref name=AHFS2017 /> Insyd 1955, warfarin ein reputation as a safe den acceptable treatment give [[coronary artery disease]], arterial plaques, den ischemic strokes be bolstered wen na dem treat Presido Dwight D. Eisenhower plus warfarin dey follow a highly publicized heart attack.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lim GB | title = Milestone 2: Warfarin: from rat poison to clinical use | journal = Nature Reviews. Cardiology | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29238065 | doi = 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.172 | doi-access = free | title-link=doi }}</ref> E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Warfarin be available as a generic medication<ref name=BNF69>{{cite book |title = British national formulary |date = 2015 |publisher = British Medical Association |isbn = 978-0-85711-156-2 |pages = 154–155 |edition = 69 }}</ref> wey dem dey sell am under chaw brand names.<ref name="brands2">{{cite web |date=12 February 2023 |title=Warfarin international brands |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/warfarin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405172058/https://www.drugs.com/international/warfarin.html |archive-date=5 April 2017 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de 116th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 5{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top300Drugs">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Warfarin Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Warfarin | access-date = 18 August 2025}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 5r3tvyui05r8h1qazl5a8f5j3yppgvm 97893 97892 2026-05-09T23:37:35Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Warfarin''', dem sell under de brand name '''Coumadin''' among odas, be used as an anticoagulant medication.<ref name="AHFS2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=These highlights do not include all the information needed to use COUMADIN safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for COUMADIN. COUMADIN (warfarin sodium) tablets, for oral useInitial U.S. Approval: 1954 |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3ebcb71e-9a7e-4969-abb9-7c7d3e3aae3c |access-date=2026-05-09 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> E be commonly used to prevent deep vein thrombosis den [[pulmonary embolism]], den to protect against [[stroke]] insyd people wey get [[atrial fibrillation]], valvular heart disease, anaa artificial heart valves.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Warfarin sam times be prescribed dey follow a ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction den orthopedic surgery.<ref name="AHFS2017" /> Dem usually dey take am by mouth, buh e sanso fi be administered intravenously.<ref name="AHFS2017">{{cite web |title = Warfarin sodium |url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/warfarin-sodium.html |publisher = The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |date = 13 October 2022 |access-date = 16 February 2023 |archive-date = 12 June 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143838/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/warfarin-sodium.html |url-status = live }}</ref> De common side effect, a natural consequence of reduced clotting, be bleeding.<ref name=AHFS2017 /> Less common side effects fi include areas of tissue damage, den purple toes syndrome.<ref name=AHFS2017 /> Ein use no be recommended during [[pregnancy]].<ref name=AHFS2017 /> De effects of warfarin be typically monitored by checking prothrombin time (INR) every one to four weeks.<ref name=AHFS2017 /> Chaw oda medications den dietary factors fi interact plus warfarin, either increasing anaa decreasing ein effectiveness.<ref name=AHFS2017 /><ref name=Ag2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ageno W, Gallus AS, Wittkowsky A, Crowther M, Hylek EM, Palareti G | title = Oral anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines | journal = Chest | volume = 141 | issue = 2 Suppl | pages = e44S–e88S | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22315269 | pmc = 3278051 | doi = 10.1378/chest.11-2292 }}</ref> De effects of warfarin fi be reversed plus phytomenadione (vitamin K₁), fresh frozen plasma, anaa prothrombin complex concentrate.<ref name=Ag2012 /> Warfarin dey decrease blood clotting by blocking vitamin K epoxide reductase, an enzyme wey dey reactivate vitamin K₁.<ref name=Ag2012 /> Widout sufficient active vitamin K₁, de plasma concentrations of clotting factors II, VII, IX, den X be reduced den thus e get decreased clotting ability.<ref name=Ag2012 /> De anticlotting protein C den protein S sanso be inhibited, buh to a lesser degree.<ref name=Ag2012 /> E be wrongly described as a "vitamin K antagonist". Dis term be incorrect. Warfarin no dey antagonize de action of vitamin K1, buh rather dey antagonize vitamin K1 recycling, depleting active vitamin K1. A few days be required for full effect to occur, wey dese effects fi last for up to five days.<ref name=AHFS2017 /><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Arcangelo VP, Peterson AM |title = Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice: A Practical Approach |date = 2006 |publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn = 978-0-7817-5784-3 |page = 774 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EaP1yJz4fkEC&pg=PA774 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170918185711/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaP1yJz4fkEC&pg=PA774 |archive-date = 18 September 2017 }}</ref> Secof de mechanism dey involve enzymes such as ''VKORC1'', patients on warfarin plus polymorphisms of de enzymes fi require adjustments insyd therapy if de genetic variant wey dem get be more readily inhibited by warfarin, thus dey require lower doses.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Dasgupta A, Wahed A | chapter = Pharmacogenomics | title = Clinical Chemistry, Immunology and Laboratory Quality Control |date=2014 |pages=353–362 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-407821-5.00020-6| isbn = 978-0-12-407821-5 }}</ref> Warfarin first cam into large-scale commercial use insyd 1948 as a rat poison.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Ravina E |title = The Evolution of Drug Discovery: From Traditional Medicines to Modern Drugs |date = 2011 |publisher = John Wiley & Sons |isbn = 978-3-527-32669-3 |page = 148 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA148 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170918185711/https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA148 |archive-date = 18 September 2017 }}</ref><ref name="poison2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lim GB |date=December 2017 |title=Milestone 2: Warfarin: from rat poison to clinical use |journal=Nature Reviews. Cardiology |doi=10.1038/nrcardio.2017.172 |pmid=29238065 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Na e be formally approved as a medication to treat blood clots insyd humans by de U.S. Food and Drug Administration insyd 1954.<ref name=AHFS2017 /> Insyd 1955, warfarin ein reputation as a safe den acceptable treatment give [[coronary artery disease]], arterial plaques, den ischemic strokes be bolstered wen na dem treat Presido Dwight D. Eisenhower plus warfarin dey follow a highly publicized heart attack.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lim GB | title = Milestone 2: Warfarin: from rat poison to clinical use | journal = Nature Reviews. Cardiology | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29238065 | doi = 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.172 | doi-access = free | title-link=doi }}</ref> E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Warfarin be available as a generic medication<ref name=BNF69>{{cite book |title = British national formulary |date = 2015 |publisher = British Medical Association |isbn = 978-0-85711-156-2 |pages = 154–155 |edition = 69 }}</ref> wey dem dey sell am under chaw brand names.<ref name="brands2">{{cite web |date=12 February 2023 |title=Warfarin international brands |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/warfarin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405172058/https://www.drugs.com/international/warfarin.html |archive-date=5 April 2017 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de 116th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 5{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref name="Top300Drugs">{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Warfarin Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Warfarin | access-date = 18 August 2025}}</ref> == References == <references /> == Read further == * {{cite book | title=Medical Genetics Summaries | chapter=Warfarin Therapy and VKORC1 and CYP Genotype | chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK84174/ | veditors=Pratt VM, McLeod HL, Rubinstein WS, Scott SA, Dean LC, Kattman BL, Malheiro AJ | display-editors=6 | publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) | year=2012 | pmid=28520347 | id=Bookshelf ID: NBK84174 | vauthors=Dean L | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK61999/ }} == External links == {{Commons}} * ''[http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/681.htm Warfarin]'' in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB) {{Authority control}} [[Category:4-Hydroxycoumarins]] [[Category:Anticoagulant rodenticides]] [[Category:Coumarin drugs]] [[Category:Teratogens]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 5qiy3cotguvscrvuova8e1q2wnkq2my 14 26799 97878 2026-05-09T17:48:10Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97878 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26800 97879 2026-05-09T17:48:22Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97879 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26801 97883 2026-05-09T19:08:04Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1479266|Mumps]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 97883 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 97884 97883 2026-05-09T19:12:30Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mumps''' be a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable viral disease wey de mumps virus cause.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumps |url=https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/mumps |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Initial symptoms of mumps be non-specific den dey include fever, headache, malaise, muscle pain, den loss of appetite. Dese symptoms usually be followed by painful [[Edema|swelling]] around de side of de face (de parotid glands, dem call parotitis), wich be de most common symptom of a mumps infection. Symptoms typically dey occur 16 to 18 days after exposure to de virus. About one-third of people plus a mumps infection no get any symptoms (asymptomatic). == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 7ndrtugt5701maawbcxzn700nsikra3 97885 97884 2026-05-09T19:14:36Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mumps''' be a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable viral disease wey de mumps virus cause.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumps |url=https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/mumps |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Initial symptoms of mumps be non-specific den dey include fever, headache, malaise, muscle pain, den loss of appetite. Dese symptoms usually be followed by painful [[Edema|swelling]] around de side of de face (de parotid glands, dem call parotitis), wich be de most common symptom of a mumps infection. Symptoms typically dey occur 16 to 18 days after exposure to de virus. About one-third of people plus a mumps infection no get any symptoms (asymptomatic). Complications be rare buh dey include deafness den a wide range of inflammatory conditions, of wich inflammation of de testes, breasts, ovaries, pancreas, meninges, den brain be de most common. Viral meningitis fi occur insyd 1/4 of people plus mumps.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-06 |title=Mumps - Complications |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mumps/complications/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> Testicular inflammation fi result in reduced fertility den, rarely, sterility. == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] abe7jakif36y11gpcy8rt2wiznkakwk 97886 97885 2026-05-09T19:18:27Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mumps''' be a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable viral disease wey de mumps virus cause.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumps |url=https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/mumps |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Initial symptoms of mumps be non-specific den dey include fever, headache, malaise, muscle pain, den loss of appetite. Dese symptoms usually be followed by painful [[Edema|swelling]] around de side of de face (de parotid glands, dem call parotitis), wich be de most common symptom of a mumps infection. Symptoms typically dey occur 16 to 18 days after exposure to de virus. About one-third of people plus a mumps infection no get any symptoms (asymptomatic). Complications be rare buh dey include deafness den a wide range of inflammatory conditions, of wich inflammation of de testes, breasts, ovaries, pancreas, meninges, den brain be de most common. Viral meningitis fi occur insyd 1/4 of people plus mumps.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-06 |title=Mumps - Complications |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mumps/complications/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> Testicular inflammation fi result in reduced fertility den, rarely, sterility. Humans be de only natural hosts of de mumps virus. De mumps virus be an RNA virus insyd de family ''Paramyxoviridae''. De virus primarily be transmitted by respiratory secretions such as droplets den saliva, as well as via direct contact plus an infected person. Mumps be highly contagious den dey spread easily insyd densely populated environments. Transmission fi occur from one week before de onset of symptoms to eight days after. During infection, de virus first dey infect de upper respiratory tract. From der, e dey spread to de salivary glands den lymph nodes. Infection of de lymph nodes dey lead to de presence of de virus insyd de blood, wich dey spread de virus thru out de body. Insyd places wer mumps be common, e fi be diagnosed based on clinical presentation. Insyd places wer mumps be less common, however, laboratory diagnosis wey dey use antibody testing, viral cultures, anaa real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction fi dey hia. == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] omxsid4n83nysudwtdnfakeuwv0o10w 97887 97886 2026-05-09T19:21:03Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mumps''' be a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable viral disease wey de mumps virus cause.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumps |url=https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/mumps |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Initial symptoms of mumps be non-specific den dey include fever, headache, malaise, muscle pain, den loss of appetite. Dese symptoms usually be followed by painful [[Edema|swelling]] around de side of de face (de parotid glands, dem call parotitis), wich be de most common symptom of a mumps infection. Symptoms typically dey occur 16 to 18 days after exposure to de virus. About one-third of people plus a mumps infection no get any symptoms (asymptomatic). Complications be rare buh dey include deafness den a wide range of inflammatory conditions, of wich inflammation of de testes, breasts, ovaries, pancreas, meninges, den brain be de most common. Viral meningitis fi occur insyd 1/4 of people plus mumps.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-06 |title=Mumps - Complications |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mumps/complications/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> Testicular inflammation fi result in reduced fertility den, rarely, sterility. Humans be de only natural hosts of de mumps virus. De mumps virus be an RNA virus insyd de family ''Paramyxoviridae''. De virus primarily be transmitted by respiratory secretions such as droplets den saliva, as well as via direct contact plus an infected person. Mumps be highly contagious den dey spread easily insyd densely populated environments. Transmission fi occur from one week before de onset of symptoms to eight days after. During infection, de virus first dey infect de upper respiratory tract. From der, e dey spread to de salivary glands den lymph nodes. Infection of de lymph nodes dey lead to de presence of de virus insyd de blood, wich dey spread de virus thru out de body. Insyd places wer mumps be common, e fi be diagnosed based on clinical presentation. Insyd places wer mumps be less common, however, laboratory diagnosis wey dey use antibody testing, viral cultures, anaa real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction fi dey hia. Der be no specific treatment give mumps, so treatment be supportive den dey include rest den pain relief. Mumps infection usually be self-limiting, wey dey cam to an end as de immune system clear de infection. Infection fi be prevented plus vaccination. De MMR vaccine be a safe den effective vaccine to prevent mumps infections wey e be used widely around de world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2021-03-08 |title=Mumps {{!}} Vaccination {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/vaccination.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> De MMR vaccine sanso dey protect against [[measles]] den [[rubella]]. De spread of de disease sanso fi be prevented by isolating infected individuals. == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] jq7drh7mubgz3ctxd0tsl32ky59vmp5 97888 97887 2026-05-09T19:53:22Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mumps''' be a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable viral disease wey de mumps virus cause.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumps |url=https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/mumps |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Initial symptoms of mumps be non-specific den dey include fever, headache, malaise, muscle pain, den loss of appetite. Dese symptoms usually be followed by painful [[Edema|swelling]] around de side of de face (de parotid glands, dem call parotitis), wich be de most common symptom of a mumps infection. Symptoms typically dey occur 16 to 18 days after exposure to de virus. About one-third of people plus a mumps infection no get any symptoms (asymptomatic). Complications be rare buh dey include deafness den a wide range of inflammatory conditions, of wich inflammation of de testes, breasts, ovaries, pancreas, meninges, den brain be de most common. Viral meningitis fi occur insyd 1/4 of people plus mumps.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-06 |title=Mumps - Complications |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mumps/complications/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> Testicular inflammation fi result in reduced fertility den, rarely, sterility. Humans be de only natural hosts of de mumps virus. De mumps virus be an RNA virus insyd de family ''Paramyxoviridae''. De virus primarily be transmitted by respiratory secretions such as droplets den saliva, as well as via direct contact plus an infected person. Mumps be highly contagious den dey spread easily insyd densely populated environments. Transmission fi occur from one week before de onset of symptoms to eight days after. During infection, de virus first dey infect de upper respiratory tract. From der, e dey spread to de salivary glands den lymph nodes. Infection of de lymph nodes dey lead to de presence of de virus insyd de blood, wich dey spread de virus thru out de body. Insyd places wer mumps be common, e fi be diagnosed based on clinical presentation. Insyd places wer mumps be less common, however, laboratory diagnosis wey dey use antibody testing, viral cultures, anaa real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction fi dey hia. Der be no specific treatment give mumps, so treatment be supportive den dey include rest den pain relief. Mumps infection usually be self-limiting, wey dey cam to an end as de immune system clear de infection. Infection fi be prevented plus vaccination. De MMR vaccine be a safe den effective vaccine to prevent mumps infections wey e be used widely around de world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2021-03-08 |title=Mumps {{!}} Vaccination {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/vaccination.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> De MMR vaccine sanso dey protect against [[measles]] den [[rubella]]. De spread of de disease sanso fi be prevented by isolating infected individuals. Mumps historically be a highly prevalent disease, wey commonly dey occur in outbreaks insyd densely crowded spaces. Insyd de absence of vaccination, infection normally dey occur insyd kiddie time, chaw frequently at de ages of 5–9. Symptoms den complications be more common insyd males den more severe insyd adolescents den adults. Infection be most common insyd winter den spring insyd temperate climates, whereas no seasonality be observed insyd tropical regions. Written accounts of mumps exist since ancient times, den de cause of mumps, de mumps virus, na dem discover insyd 1934. By de 1970s, dem create vaccines to protect against infection, den countries wey adopt mumps vaccination see a near-elimination of de disease. Insyd de 21st century, however, der be a resurgence insyd de number of cases insyd chaw countries wey vaccinate, primarily among adolescents den young adults, secof multiple factors such as waning vaccine immunity den opposition to vaccination.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Barskey | first1=Albert E. | last2=Glasser | first2=John W. | last3=LeBaron | first3=Charles W. | title=Mumps resurgences in the United States: A historical perspective on unexpected elements | journal=Vaccine | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=27 | issue=44 | date=2009-10-19 | issn=0264-410X | pmid=19815120 | doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.109 | pages=6186–6195}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] jej8cgmj8iun90ezdo7rd0m16mw86tg 97889 97888 2026-05-09T20:02:55Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mumps''' be a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable viral disease wey de mumps virus cause.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumps |url=https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/mumps |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Initial symptoms of mumps be non-specific den dey include fever, headache, malaise, muscle pain, den loss of appetite. Dese symptoms usually be followed by painful [[Edema|swelling]] around de side of de face (de parotid glands, dem call parotitis), wich be de most common symptom of a mumps infection. Symptoms typically dey occur 16 to 18 days after exposure to de virus. About one-third of people plus a mumps infection no get any symptoms (asymptomatic). Complications be rare buh dey include deafness den a wide range of inflammatory conditions, of wich inflammation of de testes, breasts, ovaries, pancreas, meninges, den brain be de most common. Viral meningitis fi occur insyd 1/4 of people plus mumps.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-06 |title=Mumps - Complications |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mumps/complications/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> Testicular inflammation fi result in reduced fertility den, rarely, sterility. Humans be de only natural hosts of de mumps virus. De mumps virus be an RNA virus insyd de family ''Paramyxoviridae''. De virus primarily be transmitted by respiratory secretions such as droplets den saliva, as well as via direct contact plus an infected person. Mumps be highly contagious den dey spread easily insyd densely populated environments. Transmission fi occur from one week before de onset of symptoms to eight days after. During infection, de virus first dey infect de upper respiratory tract. From der, e dey spread to de salivary glands den lymph nodes. Infection of de lymph nodes dey lead to de presence of de virus insyd de blood, wich dey spread de virus thru out de body. Insyd places wer mumps be common, e fi be diagnosed based on clinical presentation. Insyd places wer mumps be less common, however, laboratory diagnosis wey dey use antibody testing, viral cultures, anaa real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction fi dey hia. Der be no specific treatment give mumps, so treatment be supportive den dey include rest den pain relief. Mumps infection usually be self-limiting, wey dey cam to an end as de immune system clear de infection. Infection fi be prevented plus vaccination. De MMR vaccine be a safe den effective vaccine to prevent mumps infections wey e be used widely around de world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2021-03-08 |title=Mumps {{!}} Vaccination {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/vaccination.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> De MMR vaccine sanso dey protect against [[measles]] den [[rubella]]. De spread of de disease sanso fi be prevented by isolating infected individuals. Mumps historically be a highly prevalent disease, wey commonly dey occur in outbreaks insyd densely crowded spaces. Insyd de absence of vaccination, infection normally dey occur insyd kiddie time, chaw frequently at de ages of 5–9. Symptoms den complications be more common insyd males den more severe insyd adolescents den adults. Infection be most common insyd winter den spring insyd temperate climates, whereas no seasonality be observed insyd tropical regions. Written accounts of mumps exist since ancient times, den de cause of mumps, de mumps virus, na dem discover insyd 1934. By de 1970s, dem create vaccines to protect against infection, den countries wey adopt mumps vaccination see a near-elimination of de disease. Insyd de 21st century, however, der be a resurgence insyd de number of cases insyd chaw countries wey vaccinate, primarily among adolescents den young adults, secof multiple factors such as waning vaccine immunity den opposition to vaccination.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Barskey | first1=Albert E. | last2=Glasser | first2=John W. | last3=LeBaron | first3=Charles W. | title=Mumps resurgences in the United States: A historical perspective on unexpected elements | journal=Vaccine | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=27 | issue=44 | date=2009-10-19 | issn=0264-410X | pmid=19815120 | doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.109 | pages=6186–6195}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q176741|c=Category:Mumps|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Mumps| ]] [[Category:Pediatrics]] [[Category:Salivary gland pathology]] [[Category:Vaccine-preventable diseases]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] awl5kibp1rlba49grwew2rq8nx9n7vy 14 26802 97890 2026-05-09T20:03:56Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97890 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26803 97894 2026-05-09T23:39:53Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97894 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26804 97895 2026-05-09T23:44:30Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97895 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26805 97896 2026-05-09T23:44:44Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 97896 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26806 97899 2026-05-10T11:24:59Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1467002|Carbon monoxide poisoning]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 97899 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 97900 97899 2026-05-10T11:35:45Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 97900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carbon monoxide poisoning''' typically dey occur from breathing in carbon monoxide (CO) at excessive levels.<ref name=Sc2016>{{cite book| vauthors = Schottke D |title=Emergency Medical Responder: Your First Response in Emergency Care|date=2016|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1-284-10727-2|page=224|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGCHDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA224|access-date=2 July 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910171934/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGCHDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA224|archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref> Symptoms often be described as "flu-like" den commonly dey include headache, dizziness, weakness, vomiting, chest pain, den confusion.<ref name="CDC2015FAQ2">{{cite web |author=National Center for Environmental Health |date=30 December 2015 |title=Carbon Monoxide Poisoning – Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705012403/https://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=2 July 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Large exposures fi result in loss of consciousness, arrhythmias, seizures, anaa death.<ref name="CDC2015FAQ2" /><ref name="Gu2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Guzman JA | title = Carbon monoxide poisoning | journal = Critical Care Clinics | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 537–48 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22998990 | doi = 10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.007 }}</ref> De classically described "cherry red skin" rarely dey occur.<ref name=Gu2012/> Long-term complications fi include chronic fatigue, trouble plus memory, den movement problems.<ref name="Bl20152">{{cite book |title=Occupational Neurology |vauthors=Bleecker ML |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-444-62627-1 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=131 |pages=191–203 |chapter=Carbon monoxide intoxication |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-62627-1.00024-X |pmid=26563790}}</ref> According to de Threshold Limit Value – Time Weighted Average, humans dey tolerate 25 mL of CO/m³ for 8 hours/day for 40 hour work week.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bierhals |first1=Jürgen |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |chapter=Carbon Monoxide |date=2001 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a05_203 |isbn=978-3-527-30385-4 }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 9wav978zs6le0u8x1uxdr2oo3wem4y0