Ghana Union of Teachers

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="gpe">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>gpewiki</dbname>
    <base>https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.1</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Media</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Special</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">User</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">User talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Wikipedia talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">File</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">File talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">MediaWiki talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Template</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Template talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Help</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Help talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Category</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Category talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Ghana Union of Teachers</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>97903</id>
      <parentid>39581</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T18:14:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>97903</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2535" sha1="b1xma8kz1riwzc99lom2fc9ywdpwyai" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Na de '''Ghana Union of Teachers''' (GUT) be trade union wey dey represent lower-paid school teachers for [[Ghana]].

Dem establish de union for 1956 insyd, plus de merger of de Gold Coast Teachers' Union plus de National Union of Teachers (NUT), under de presidency of Albert Hammond. Originally na dem name am de '''Gold Coast Union of Teachers''', e become &quot;Ghana Union of Teachers&quot; (GUT) for 1957, wen Ghana claim ein independence. E affiliate ein self to de Ghana Trade Union Congress (TUC).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Amoako, Samuel (2014). &quot;Teaching and Labor: Teacher Unionism in Ghana, 1931–1966&quot;. ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies''. '''47''' (1).&lt;/ref&gt;

1957 insyd, na some teachers resign for de GUT, na dem dey upset by ein secular approach, wey dem go form Federation of Gold Coast Union of Teachers (FGCUT).  Ebe some members of de Government of Ghana wey no dey like de general secretary Victor Christian wey encourage dem socof na he lead a successful strike. Dem hold new conference for 1958 insyd, wey dem bring together FGCUT plus de former NUT members, plus a newly founded association give university plus college workers.Na dis form de '''Union of Teachers and Educational Institution Workers''', a new TUC affiliate, wey na edey operate alongside GUT wey na edey supplant am largely. as dem dey from am, na eget 18,733 members.de union soon come be '''Union of Teachers and Cultural Services''' (UTCS).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

You nogo dey eligible for TUC membership if you be worker wey dey earn more than ₤680, wey dis substantial minority of teachers dey receive few benefits for de unions insyd, wey chaw teachers no join.  Na other teachers dey feel say na de unions dey too closely linked plus de Convention People's Party.  For 1962 insyd, na de teachers do referendum wey chaw of dem gree sey dem no won dey part of de TUC,wey government jey dem permission make dem form Ghana National Association of Teachers. Dem dissolve de GUT plus UTCS wey dem replace am to Teachers' and Educational Workers' Union.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[https://web.archive.org/web/20210710230549/https://docplayer.net/28544771-Trade-unions-and-industrial-relations-in-ghana.html Trade Unions and Industrial Relations in Ghana]''. Ghana Trade Union Congress. 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Education trade unions]]
[[Category:Trade unions dem establish insyd 1956]]
[[Category:Trade unions dem disestablish insyd 1962]]
[[Category:Trade unions insyd Ghana]]</text>
      <sha1>b1xma8kz1riwzc99lom2fc9ywdpwyai</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ghana National Association of Teachers</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4995</id>
    <revision>
      <id>97902</id>
      <parentid>39839</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T18:10:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>97902</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2783" sha1="pad3fti13xb7hqp842vykfngoekfvbj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Ghana National Association of Teachers''' (GNAT) be trade union wey dey represent school den college dema teachers for [[Ghana]] insyd. Dem dey promote den protect de rights plus interests give kiddis,as well as place de association ein services give individuals disposal, public bodies den organizations wey dey pursuit education. Dem found de union for 14th July 1962 insyd, for de teachers dema initiative, chaw member wey dey Ghana union of Teachers wey no wan link plus de Ghana trade Union Congress (TUC). Ghana ein government permit de information give de condition say dem go register am as voluntary association but no be trade union. As dem form am, na de union get 24,384 members for insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;amoako&quot;&gt;Amoako, Samuel (2014). &quot;Teaching and Labor: Teacher Unionism in Ghana, 1931–1966&quot;. ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies''. '''47''' (1).&lt;/ref&gt;

Na de union dey grow steadily wey by 2012 e get 194,000 members wey ecome fall slightly go 178,000 for 2018 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;industrial&quot;&gt;''[https://web.archive.org/web/20210710230549/https://docplayer.net/28544771-Trade-unions-and-industrial-relations-in-ghana.html Trade Unions and Industrial Relations in Ghana]''. Ghana Trade Union Congress. 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ghana18&quot;&gt;[https://www.ulandssekretariatet.dk/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Ghana_lmp_2020.pdf &quot;Labour Market Profile 2020: Ghana&quot;] (PDF). ''Danish Trade Union Development Agency''. Retrieved 8 July 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein Function ==
De association executive dema function dey include exercising general control over de management plus administration so sey dem go ensure implementation of approved policies, programmes den projects, wey dey approve recommendations den reports give de National officers, dey take action so sey dem go ensure effective participation.

== Ein Core Values ==
1. Tolerance 

2. Unity 

3. Resilience 

4. Solidarity 

5. Transparency

== Why say you for join GNAT ==
1.CPD training 

2. Scholarship den bursaries 

3. Legal services 

4. Handling cases

5. Employment protection 

6. Death/retirement benefits 

7. Housing Scheme 

8. Free cancer treatment 

9. Credit Unions

10. Yearly souvenirs

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* Boh, Johnson (2014). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220121201957/https://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/jspui/bitstream/10539/19698/1/Johnson%20Boh.pdf A STUDY OF THE GHANA NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TEACHERS’ PROGRAMMES AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR MEMBERSHIP COMMITMENT]'' (PDF). Johannesburg: [[University of the Witwatersrand]]. Retrieved 3 August 2021.

[[Category:Trade unions insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Trade unions dem disestablish insyd 1962]]
[[Category:Education for Ghana insyd]]
[[Category:Education trade unions]]</text>
      <sha1>pad3fti13xb7hqp842vykfngoekfvbj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hannah Cockroft</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>7679</id>
    <revision>
      <id>97905</id>
      <parentid>85019</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T19:06:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>97905</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27555" sha1="5apsiw3bvg9zha5vzqb4n2xp7anct9r" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:100m_Hannah_Cockroft_18.06_gold_medal.jpg|thumb|100 m 18.06 gold medal for de 2012 Paralympic Games]]
[[File:Hannah_Cockroft_wins_T34_100m_qualifying_heat.jpeg|right|thumb|Cockroft dey win de 100 m T34 qualifying heat for de 2012 Summer Paralympics]]

'''Hannah Lucy Cockroft'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/pages/Hannah-Lucy-Cockroft-Double-World-Champion/188751217827046 &quot;Hannah Lucy Cockroft- Double World Champion&quot;]. Facebook. Retrieved 12 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; (born 30 July 1992) be British wheelchair racer wey dey specialise insyd sprint distances insyd de T34 classification den TV presenter.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sportingheritage.org.uk/content/what-we-do/ambassadors/hannah-cockcroft-mbe &quot;Hannah Cockroft OBE&quot;]. ''Sporting Heritage''. Retrieved 15 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/sport/disability-sport/58372936 &quot;Tokyo Paralympics: Great Britain's Hannah Cockroft wins third successive 100m gold&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 29 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; She dey zuk de world records for de 100 metres, 200 metres, 400 metres, 800 metres den 1500 metres insyd ein classification den de Paralympic records for 100 metres, 200 metres, 400 metres den 800 metres.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.paralympic.org/Results/world-records/Athletics &quot;IPC Athletics Records&quot;]. www.paralympic.org. Retrieved 10 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; She compete give Great Britain for de 2012 Summer Paralympics, she win two gold medals.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/disability-sport/19437634 &quot;Paralympics 2012: Cockroft wins first GB track gold&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/disability-sport/19511011 &quot;Paralympics 2012: Hannah Cockroft wins second sprint gold&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 6 September 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; She win three further gold medals for de 2016 Summer Paralympics insyd Rio de Janeiro.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.paralympic.org/athletics/results &quot;Rio 2016 Paralympic Results&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early years ==

Na dem born Cockroft for 30 July 1992 insyd Halifax, West Yorkshire. She get two cardiac arrests after birth wich lef am plus permanent damage insyd numerous areas of ein brain, wey result in weak hips, deform feet den legs den mobility problems wey affect de fine motor skills insyd ein hands.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180126134859/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/active/10681257/Hannah-Cockroft-remembers-her-fifth-birthday-1997.html &quot;Hannah Cockroft remembers her fifth birthday, 1997&quot;]. ''Daily Telegraph''. 7 March 2014. Archived from [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/active/10681257/Hannah-Cockroft-remembers-her-fifth-birthday-1997.html the original] on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; She be able make she walk short distances buh she dey use wheelchair for long distances.&lt;ref&gt;Marsh, Jennie (29 August 2012). [https://www.standard.co.uk/olympics/paralympics/london-2012-paralympics-ten-essential-facts-about-hannah-cockroft-8091750.html &quot;London 2012 Paralympics: Ten essential facts about ... Hannah Cockroft&quot;]. ''Evening Standard''. London. Retrieved 10 March 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Introduction to wheelchair racing ===
After dem turn am away from sport thru out ein primary education, Cockroft compete for secondary school insyd swimming, seated discus den wheelchair basketball.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://archive.today/20121224034725/http://www.saferleeds.org.uk/olympics/page.aspx?id=21688 &quot;Hannah Cockroft&quot;]. Leeds Gold. Archived from [http://www.saferleeds.org.uk/olympics/page.aspx?id=21688 the original] on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Williams, Richard (31 August 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/31/hannah-cockroft-paralympics &quot;Hannah Cockroft burns up the track to relight a flame at Paralympics&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 11 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

As result of silver medal performance insyd de seated discus for de UK School Games, she attend British Paralympic Association talent day for Loughborough University insyd October 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160709065323/http://paralympics.org.uk/gb/athletes/hannah-cockroft &quot;London 2012 Athletes: Hannah Cockroft&quot;]. ParalympicsGB. Archived from [http://www.paralympics.org.uk/gb/athletes/hannah-cockroft the original] on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Here, na dem give am first opportunity make she try elite racing wheelchair by Dr Ian Thompson, husby of former wheelchair racer Tanni Grey-Thompson.&lt;ref&gt;Steinberg, Jacob (18 August 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/18/paralympics-2012-hannah-cockroft &quot;Paralympics 2012: Hannah Cockroft fears freeze on London's big stage&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 10 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Thompson go on dey coach am for de first year of ein career.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Insyd 2008 dance academy she attend give de proceeds from programme sales for ein annual show make e help am buy ein own racing chair, buh wen na e arrive, dem make am-to-measure set up na ebe incorrect, so ein poppie, welder, modify de wheelchair make e fit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; After she return to de UK School Games dat year, wey she take gold insyd ein first competitive 100 metres race, na dem subsequently invite am make she join de Great Britain Paralympic Team shortly after de Beijing Paralympics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Insyd 2009, Cockroft participate insyd ein first ever road race; de London Mini Marathon, wey she take de Champion title insyd de girls 14–19 age group category.

=== 2010 ===
By 2010, na Cockroft be coached by Peter Eriksson, head Paralympic coach for UK Athletics.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120911082146/http://www.london2012.com/paralympics/athlete/cockroft-hannah-5502349/ &quot;Hannah Cockroft&quot;]. London 2012. Archived from [http://www.london2012.com/paralympics/athlete/cockroft-hannah-5502349/ the original] on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; She san compete insyd de London Mini marathon, wey she retain ein title as de female champion den for de Knowsley disability athletics challenge insyd May, she break ein first World Record insyd de T34 400 metres, dey record time of 65.51 seconds. Later dat month, Cockroft sit ein A-level exams wey she break seven more world records insyd de space of eight days.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/sport/sports-personality/25199615 &quot;Sports Personality contender: wheelchair racer Hannah Cockroft&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 4 December 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Steinberg, Jacob (18 August 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/18/paralympics-2012-hannah-cockroft &quot;Paralympics 2012: Hannah Cockroft fears freeze on London's big stage&quot;]. ''The Observer''. ISSN [[issn:0029-7712|0029-7712]]. Retrieved 15 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/paralympic-sport/9513197/Paralympics-2012-Hannah-Cockroft-storms-away-from-the-field-to-win-GBs-first-athletics-gold.html &quot;Paralympics 2012: Hannah Cockroft storms away from the field to win GB's first athletics gold&quot;]. ''The Telegraph''. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; For de Aviva den UK Athletics Awards insyd December, she receive de Best British Paralympic Performance award for 2010.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240815151640/https://gaudio.co.uk/news/gaudio-designs-and-manufactures-uka-aviva-athletics-awards/ &quot;Gaudio Designs and Manufactures UKA Aviva Athletics Awards&quot;]. ''Gaudio Trophies''. Retrieved 15 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2011 ===
Cockroft make ein senior Great Britain team debut for de age of 19, for de 2011 IPC Athletics World Championships insyd Christchurch, New Zealand. Hie, she take gold insyd de T34 100 metres den de T34 200 metres.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160709065323/http://paralympics.org.uk/gb/athletes/hannah-cockroft &quot;London 2012 Athletes: Hannah Cockroft&quot;]. ParalympicsGB. Archived from [http://www.paralympics.org.uk/gb/athletes/hannah-cockroft the original] on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Later dat year she make ein junior representative debut for de IWAS World Junior Championships, wey she win both de 200 metres den 400 metres. Ein performances earn am second Best British Paralympic Performance award insyd November 2011 den honorary lifetime membership of ein athletics club, Leeds City AC.

=== 2012 ===
Insyd May 2012, Cockroft cam turn de first Paralympic athlete make she break world record insyd de London Olympic Stadium, wey she record time of 18.56 seconds make she win de T34 100 metres.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160709065323/http://paralympics.org.uk/gb/athletes/hannah-cockroft &quot;London 2012 Athletes: Hannah Cockroft&quot;]. ParalympicsGB. Archived from [http://www.paralympics.org.uk/gb/athletes/hannah-cockroft the original] on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; She san break de record for de Swiss National Championships later dat month, wey she fini insyd 17.60 seconds.

For 31 August 2012, Cockroft compete insyd ein first Paralympic Games final wey she win Great Britain ein first track gold medal since 2004, den first track den field gold medal of de 2012 Summer Paralympics, wey she win de final of de 100 metres T34 insyd 18.05 seconds, Paralympic record.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/disability-sport/19437634 &quot;Paralympics 2012: Cockroft wins first GB track gold&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; For 6 September, she win anoda gold medal insyd 200 metres T34 insyd 31.90 seconds, sanso be Paralympic record.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/disability-sport/19511011 &quot;Paralympics 2012: Hannah Cockroft wins second sprint gold&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 6 September 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; For honour of ein achievements for London 2012, Royal Mail issue two postage stamps wey dey feature Cockroft wey dem paint two post boxes gold insyd ein home town of Halifax.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130304085553/http://www.halifaxcourier.co.uk/news/local/another-stamp-for-hannah-s-second-gold-medal-win-1-4908788 &quot;Another stamp for Hannah's second gold medal win!&quot;]. ''Halifax Courier''. 10 September 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023111035/http://www.halifaxcourier.co.uk/news/local/location-of-hannah-cockroft-s-second-golden-post-box-revealed-1-4934936 &quot;Location of Hannah Cockroft's second golden post box revealed&quot;]. ''Halifax Courier''. 19 September 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem award am de freedom of Calderdale for homecoming event for de Halifax Piece Hall wey na dem name am MBE insyd de 2013 New Year Honours.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leeds-19582902 &quot;Hannah Cockroft awarded Freedom of Calderdale&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120915122240/http://www.halifaxcourier.co.uk/news/local/crowds-welcome-hannah-home-1-4925831 &quot;Crowds welcome Hannah home!&quot;]. ''Halifax Courier''. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2013 ===
For 28 July, Cockroft win de T33/T34 100 metres race for de Anniversary Games for de Olympic Stadium plus stadium record time of 17.80 seconds.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/disability-sport/23483228 &quot;Anniversary Games: Alan Oliveira world record, Jonnie Peacock PB&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. BBC. 28 July 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Later dat month, for de IPC Athletics World Championships insyd Lyon, Cockroft retain both ein T34 100 metres den T34 200 metres titles.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/disability-sport/23391611 &quot;IPC Athletics: Hannah Cockroft and Aled Davies win gold medals&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. BBC. 20 July 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/disability-sport/23406405 &quot;IPC Athletics: Hannah Cockroft secures sprint double in Lyon&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. BBC. 22 July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dem name Cockroft insyd de 2013 BBC Sports Personality of de Year shortlist, wey she cam 7th overall. Na she be de first Paralympian make dem ever nominate am for de award outsyd of Paralympic year.&lt;ref&gt;[https://evolve-agency.co.uk/speaker/hannah-cockroft/ &quot;Hannah Cockroft OBE DL | Paralympic Speakers | Evolve Agency&quot;]. ''Evolve''. Retrieved 15 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Purcell, Emma (20 August 2021). [https://disabilityhorizons.com/2021/08/from-london-2012-to-tokyo-2020-paralympics-paralympic-wheelchair-racer-hannah-cockroft-mbe-in-the-spotlight/ &quot;Tokyo 2020 Paralympics: Hannah Cockroft&quot;]. ''Disability Horizons''. Retrieved 15 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2014 ===
Insyd March, Cockroft compete insyd wey she win ''Sport Relief'' edition of ''Strictly Come Dancing'', wey she boogie plus Pasha Kovalev.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164058/http://wdsauk.co.uk/sport-relief-does-strictly/ &quot;Sport Relief does Strictly&quot;]. ''Wheelchair Dance Support Association (UK)''. Archived from [http://wdsauk.co.uk/sport-relief-does-strictly/ the original] on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; For 1 June, Cockroft record fresh world-record time of 3.53.57 over 1500 metres during de Bedford International Games.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bedfordgames.net/Results/2014-BIG-Results.pdf &quot;Bedford International Games – Results&quot;] (PDF). ''Bedford International Games''. Retrieved 12 June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd August, Cockroft take gold insyd 100 metres den for de first time she compete insyd de 800 metres, wey she win gold for ein first IPC European Championships wey na dem hold insyd Swansea. She later take ein fourth title as British Athletics Para athlete of de year wey na dem name am Athletics Weekly female para athlete of de year.

=== 2015 ===
2015 see Cockroft loose ein first race insyd seven years, wen she cam second to British compatriot Kare Adenegan over 400 metres for de Newham open meet insyd July. She win de 800 metres later de same day. Insyd Doha for de IPC World Championships for de end of de season, Cockroft retain ein world champion title over de 100 metres, wey she win ein first gold medals over de 400 metres den 800 metres, for world championship stage.

=== 2016 ===
For de 2016 Rio Summer Paralympic Games, Cockroft win three gold medals, wey she retain ein title insyd de Women's 100 metres T34 Final,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/gold-silver-paralympics-100m-coventrys-11871090 &quot;Gold and silver in Paralympics 100m for Coventry's Hannah Cockroft and Kare Adenegan&quot;]. ''Coventry Telegraph''. 11 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; wey she win de Women's 400 metres T34 Final, wey she record fresh world-record time of 58.78 seconds,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/paralympics/paralympics-2016-results-britain-surpass-beijing-2008-gold-medal-total-sarah-storey-hannah-cockroft-a7308366.html &quot;Paralympics 2016: Britain surpass Beijing 2008 gold medal total as Sarah Storey and Hannah Cockroft triumph&quot;]. ''The Independent''. 15 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; den de Women's 800 metres T34 Final.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190428093422/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/athletics/rio-paralympics-halifax-s-hannah-cockroft-leads-golden-streak-to-beat-london-2012-tally-1-8131492 &quot;Rio Paralympics: Halifax's Hannah Cockroft leads golden streak to beat London 2012 tally&quot;]. ''Yorkshire Post''. 16 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; She break de Games record insyd all three events. Upon ein return home, na dem appoint am Deputy Lieutenant of West Yorkshire.

=== 2017 ===
Insyd 2017, Cockroft race over de 1500 metres for de third time for ein career insyd, wey she break de T34 World record plus time of 3.50.22. She now hold de full set of T34 World Records for de first time. For de same meet, dem hold insyd Arbon for Switzerland insyd, she sanso demolish ein 400-metre World record set de previous year for de Rio 2016 Paralympic Games, den ein 800-metre World Record, wey she record fresh time of 1.55.73. Insyd July, she return 'home' to de QEII Olympic Stadium insyd Stratford make she compete insyd ein fourth World Championships. Although na she get food poisoning de night before de T34 100 metres final, Cockroft power home make she take gold insyd fresh world-record time of 17.18 seconds. She sanso cam turn world champion over de 800 metres den 400 metres, wey make am 10-time world champion den de most decorated British athlete insyd World Championship history. Na dem name Cockroft British Sportswoman of de year by de Sports Journalists Association for ein achievements. Na she be de first Paralympic athlete make she ever win de award for ein 57-year history insyd.

=== 2018 ===
2018 see Cockroft ein first defeat for de international stage. After she top de podium for seven years, de 26-year-old win silver insyd de T34 100 metres for de World Para Athletics European Championships insyd Berlin. She then go on make she regain ein European Champion title over de 800 metres, after she miss de event insyd 2016.

=== 2021 ===

Insyd June 2021, na Cockroft dey mong de first dozen athletes make dem chose dem make dem represent de UK for de 2020 Paralympics dem postpone insyd Tokyo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://athleticsweekly.com/athletics-news/british-team-for-paralympics-starts-to-take-shape-1039946362/ &quot;British team for Paralympics starts to take shape&quot;]. ''AW''. 23 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; For de end of June, na she dey insyd Manchester for de British Athletic Championships wer na she be first insyd mixed classification 400 metres wheelchair race in front of Sammi Kinghorn den Mel Woods.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.scottishathletics.org.uk/muller-british-champs-sunday/ &quot;Muller British Champs (Sunday): Jemma and Beth book Tokyo tickets&quot;]. ''Scottish Athletics''. 27 June 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; She successfully retain ein women's 100 metres T34 Paralympic title after she win gold for de Tokyo Paralympics plus fresh world record timing of 16.39 seconds.&lt;ref&gt;Media, P. A. (29 August 2021). [http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/aug/29/hannah-cockroft-t34-100m-world-record-gold-paralympics-athletics-triathlon &quot;Cockroft breaks T34 100m world record to claim sixth Paralympic gold&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 29 August 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Na e sanso ne ein third consecutive Paralympic gold medal insyd women's 100 metres event den ein sixth Paralympic gold medal.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/disability-sport/58372936 &quot;Cockroft wins third successive 100m gold&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. Retrieved 29 August 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britishathletics.org.uk/news-and-features/athletics-paralympic-gold-medallists-among-those-recognised-in-the-new-year-honours-list/ &quot;ATHLETICS PARALYMPIC GOLD MEDALLISTS AMONG THOSE RECOGNISED IN THE NEW YEAR HONOURS LIST&quot;]. ''British Athletics''. Retrieved 15 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2023 ===
Insyd July 2023, she win ein sixth 100m world title for de Para Athletics World Championships insyd Paris.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/sport/disability-sport/66188467 &quot;Para Athletics World Championships: Hannah Cockroft leads 100m British clean sweep&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 13 July 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein life matter ==
Cockroft lef ein home den training base insyd Yorkshire make she study journalism den media for Coventry University insyd 2013. She move back to ein home town of Halifax insyd 2016 make she prepare for de Rio Paralympic Games. She get ambitions make she work insyd television media after ein athletics career.

Insyd October 2014 she launch ''17 Sports Management Limited (&quot;17&quot;)'', sports management company.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.paralympic.org/news/hannah-cockroft-launches-sports-management-company Hannah Cockroft launches sports management company]&lt;/ref&gt;

She dey cite Canadian wheelchair racer Chantal Petitclerc as ein sporting inspiration.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160709065323/http://paralympics.org.uk/gb/athletes/hannah-cockroft &quot;London 2012 Athletes: Hannah Cockroft&quot;]. ParalympicsGB. Archived from [http://www.paralympics.org.uk/gb/athletes/hannah-cockroft the original] on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Petitclerc, winner of 15 Paralympic gold medals wey formerly Eriksson coach am, dem involve am plus Cockroft ein development as mentor den advisor.&lt;ref&gt;Hart, Simon (6 September 2012). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/paralympic-sport/9526816/Paralympics-2012-Hannah-Cockroft-destroys-the-field-as-she-wins-T34-200m-final-to-claim-gold-for-Great-Britain.html &quot;Paralympics 2012: Hannah Cockroft destroys the field as she wins T34 200m final to claim gold for Great Britain&quot;]. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 11 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120910000901/http://paralympics.channel4.com/the-athletes/athleteid=422/qa.html &quot;Hannah Cockroft Q&amp;A&quot;]. Channel 4. Archived from [http://paralympics.channel4.com/the-athletes/athleteid=422/qa.html the original] on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd March 2019 she appear for special Stand Up To Cancer episode of ''The Great British Bake Off'' for Channel 4 top.&lt;ref&gt;Spink, Alex (19 August 2021). [https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/other-sports/hannah-cockroft-primed-paralympic-take-24791729 &quot;Hannah Cockroft primed for Paralympic take off after Celebrity Bake Off&quot;]. ''The Mirror''. Retrieved 15 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.channel4.com/press/press-pack/great-celebrity-bake-stand-cancer-press-pack &quot;The Great Celebrity Bake Off for Stand Up To Cancer press pack | Channel 4&quot;]. ''www.channel4.com''. Retrieved 15 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2020, Cockcroft den ein partner Nathan Maguire appear togeda for celebrity special top of de BBC television programme ''The Hit List''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.paralympic.org/nathan-maguire &quot;Nathan Maguire&quot;]. ''Paralympic.org''. International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 9 August 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Hannah_Cockroft's_gold_postbox_in_Mount_Tabor,_West_Yorkshire_(1).jpg|left|thumb|Hannah Cockroft ein gold postbox insyd Mount Tabor, West Yorkshire]]

== Honours ==

Na dem appoint Cockroft Member of de Order of the British Empire (MBE) insyd de 2013 New Year Honours&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170806143120/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60367/supplement/24 &quot;No. 60367&quot;]. ''The London Gazette'' (Supplement). 29 December 2012. p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/NY2013-honours-London-2012.pdf &quot;2013 New Year's Honours&quot;] (PDF). Retrieved 29 December 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; den Officer of de Order of the British Empire (OBE) insyd de 2022 New Year Honours,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20241204032726/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/63571/supplement/N11 &quot;No. 63571&quot;]. ''The London Gazette'' (Supplement). 1 January 2022. p. N11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/59828368 &quot;New Year Honours 2022: Jason Kenny receives a knighthood and Laura Kenny made a dame&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 31 December 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; both for services to athletics.

* Na dem award am de Freedom of de Borough of Calderdale for 13 September 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Insyd 2014 na dem award Cockcroft honorary degree by de University of Bradford.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/11352099.Bradford_University_awards_honorary_diplomas_to_journalists__a_top_physicist_and_a_leading_campaigner/ &quot;Hannah Cockroft receives honorary degree&quot;]. ''The Telegraph and Argus''. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Insyd 2016 na dem award Cockcroft honorary degree by York St John University&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, Haydn (15 November 2016). [http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14905520.Degree_of_success_for_York_St_John/ &quot;Degree of success for York St John&quot;]. ''York Press''. Retrieved 11 November 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Insyd October 2016, na dem appoint Cockroft Deputy Lieutenant of West Yorkshire.
* Na dem appoint Cockroft was appointed Officer of de Order of the British Empire (OBE) insyd de 2022 New Year Honours for services to athletics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/59828368 &quot;New Year Honours 2022: Jason Kenny receives a knighthood and Laura Kenny made a dame&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 31 December 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Statistics ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Personal Bests
!Event
!Time
!Competition
!Location
!Date
|-
|100m
|17.18
|World Para Athletics Championships
|London, UK
|14 July 2017
|-
|200m
|30.51
|Daniella Jutzeler Memorial Meet
|Arbon, Switzerland
|4 June 2015
|-
|400m
|57.73
|Swiss National Championships
|Arbon, Switzerland
|27 May 2017
|-
|800m
|1.55.73
|Swiss National Championships
|Arbon, Switzerland
|28 May 2017
|-
|1500m
|3.50.22
|Para Athletics Grand Prix
|Nottwil, Switzerland
|3 June 2017
|}

=== Records ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Event
!Time
!Competition
!Location
!Date
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''World records'''
|-
|200 metres T34
|30.51
|Daniella Jutzeler Memorial Meet
|Arbon, Switzerland
|4 June 2015
|-
|400 metres T34
|57.73
|Swiss National Championships
|Arbon, Switzerland
|27 May 2017
|-
|800 metres T34
|1.55.73
|Swiss National Championships
|Arbon, Switzerland
|28 May 2017
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Paralympic records'''
|-
|100 metres T34
|'''17.42'''
|2016 Summer Paralympics
|Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
|10 September 2016
|-
|200 metres T34
|'''31.90'''
|2012 Summer Paralympics
|London, United Kingdom
|6 September 2012
|-
|400 metres T34
|58.78
|2016 Summer Paralympics
|Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
|14 September 2016
|-
|800 metres T34
|2.00.62
|2016 Summer Paralympics
|Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
|16 September 2016
|}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:Hannah_Cockroft|Hannah Cockroft]]'''''.

* [https://hannahcockroft.com/ Official website]
* [http://www.leedscityac.org/ Leeds City Athletics Club]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240414055521/https://www.thepowerof10.info/athletes/profile.aspx?athleteid=91610 Hannah Cockroft] at Power of 10
* [https://www.paralympic.org/hannah-cockroft Hannah Cockroft] at de International Paralympic Committee
* [https://web.archive.org/web/1/http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/lib/TheASP.asp?pageid=8937&amp;sportid=-1&amp;personid=903986 Hannah Cockroft] at IPC.InfostradaSports.com (archived)
* [https://paralympics.org.uk/athletes/hannah-cockroft Hannah Cockroft] at de British Paralympic Association
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Coventry University]]
[[Category:Alumni of de University of Bradford]]
[[Category:Alumni of York St John University]]
[[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2012 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Deputy lieutenants of Yorkshire]]
[[Category:English female wheelchair racers]]
[[Category:British female wheelchair racers]]
[[Category:Medalists at de 2012 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at de 2016 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at de 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at de World Para Athletics Championships]]
[[Category:World record holders insyd para-athletics]]
[[Category:Officers of de Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Paralympic athletes for Great Britain]]
[[Category:Paralympic gold medalists for Great Britain]]
[[Category:Paralympic wheelchair racers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Halifax, West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Track den field athletes plus cerebral palsy]]
[[Category:World Para Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:Paralympic medalists insyd athletics (track den field)]]
[[Category:British Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:Television presenters plus disabilities]]
[[Category:21st-century English women]]
[[Category:21st-century English sportspeople]]</text>
      <sha1>5apsiw3bvg9zha5vzqb4n2xp7anct9r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pan-African Union for Social Democracy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17632</id>
    <revision>
      <id>97927</id>
      <parentid>71525</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T06:58:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>97927</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9486" sha1="p6nnr774h2wd9lte1xpypk3m8fpcr9f" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Pan-African Union for Social Democracy''' ('''UPADS''') be a political party insyd de [[Republic of the Congo]] wey be headed by [[Pascal Lissouba]], wey na he be Presido from 1992 to 1997. Na e be de country ein main opposition party since Lissouba ein ouster insyd 1997. Na Pascal Tsaty-Mabiala be Secretary-General of UPADS since 2006.

== History ==
Insyd de 1991–1992 transition to multiparty elections, UPADS be part of de National Alliance for Democracy (AND), which sana include de Congolese Labour Party (PCT).&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark&quot;&gt;John F. Clark, &quot;Congo: Transition and the Struggle to Consolidate&quot;, in ''Political Reform in Francophone Africa'' (1997), ed. John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, pages 71&amp;#x2013;72.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de parliamentary election hold insyd June–July 1992, UPADS win 39 out of de 125 seats den, together plus ein AND allies (mainly de PCT), gain a slight majority of 64 seats insyd de National Assembly. UPADS leader Pascal Lissouba be victorious over Bernard Kolélas, de leader of de Congolese Movement for Democracy den Integral Development (MCDDI), insyd de second round of de August 1992 presidential election, winning 61.32% of de vote.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IPU&quot;&gt;[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2071_92.htm IPU PARLINE page on 1992 parliamentary election].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DB&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111007025025/http://africanelections.tripod.com/cg.html Elections in Congo-Brazzaville], African Elections Database.&lt;/ref&gt;

A UPADS-led government, plus Stéphane Maurice Bongho-Nouarra as prime minister, be appointed after Lissouba take office, but de PCT withdrew from de pro-Lissouba alliance den join de opposition after e dey receive only three positions insyd de government, causing de alliance to lose ein parliamentary majority. De Union for Democratic Renewal (URD) opposition coalition den de PCT be therefore successful insyd defeating Bongho-Nouarra ein government insyd a no-confidence vote on 31 October 1992. Lissouba consequently dissolved de National Assembly den called a new election; facing protests about dis, he accepted de formation of a national unity government dominated by de URD den PCT insyd de lead-up to de election. Insyd de 1993 parliamentary election, de Presidential Tendency, of which UPADS was de main component, win a majority of de seats decide insyd de first round, 62 out of 114; UPADS itself win 49 out of de 62. De URD den PCT opposition denounced dis election as fraudulent den refuse to participate insyd de second round, insyd which de Presidential Tendency win an additional seven seats; however, these results be cancelled den a second round revote be held insyd October 1993, insyd which de Presidential Tendency win only three of de 11 available seats.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark&quot; /&gt;

Lissouba be ousted at de end of a civil war insyd 1997 den fled into exile, while Denis Sassou Nguesso of de PCT became president. A faction of UPADS, led by Martin Mberi, recognized de legitimacy of Sassou Nguesso, den Mberi be included insyd de government from 1997 to June 2001 as Minister of Construction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-08-20|title=Afrique Express {{!}} Santé et Nature|url=https://www.afrique-express.com/|access-date=2025-07-17|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Joseph Kignoumbi Kia Mboungou]] be de UPADS presidential candidate insyd de presidential election hold on 10 March 2002; he take second place but received only 2.76% of de vote, plus Sassou Nguesso winning by an overwhelming margin according to official results. Insyd de parliamentary election hold on 26 May den 23 June 2002, UPADS win two out of 137 seats.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2071_02.htm IPU PARLINE page on the 2002 parliamentary election].&lt;/ref&gt;

De party ein first extraordinary congress be hold on 27–28 December 2006, plus 954 delegates. On dis occasion Pascal Tsaty-Mabiala be elected as de Secretary-General of de party, succeeding Christophe Moukouéké. Sana elected at de congress be a 601-member National Council, a 135-member Political Bureau, den 25 Vice-Presidents; de Vice-Presidents include major figures insyd de party such as Joseph Kignoumbi Kia Mboungou, Alphonse Poaty-Souchlaty, Ange Edouard Poungui, Clément Mouamba, Jean Itadi, den Mireille Lissouba.

Despite being insyd de opposition, UPADS choose to participate insyd de June 2007 parliamentary election, which be boycotted by many oda opposition groups. De party put forward about 50 candidates. De party receive three seats out de 46 declared insyd de first round. Tsaty-Mabiala say dat de party would only participate insyd de second round of de election insyd July if de electoral rolls be improved, voter registration cards were properly distributed, den de composition of de electoral commissions be changed. He sana say dat de second round should be delayed to allow time for these things to be done. De election be delayed by two weeks.

Insyd results announced after de second round, de party had a total of 10 seats insyd de National Assembly. Tsaty-Mabiala denounce de results as fraudulent on 11 August den say dat de election be neither transparent nor fair. He allege dat five UPADS candidates, insyd Mossendjo, Moutamba, Nkayi, Mabombo den Dolisie electoral districts, dey win but be deprived of victory insyd de results. De party dey appeal to de Constitutional Court. Ibovi subsequently announce a correction insyd de results for one of de electoral districts UPADS claim to have win, Mabombo (insyd Bouenza Region), which dey go to Marcel Kalla insyd de previous results, but which Ibovi say dey actually win by de UPADS candidate, Christophe Moukouéké. Dis raise de number of UPADS seats to 11.

Insyd early October 2007, Tsaty-Mabiala say dat UPADS will not participate insyd any national unity government because there had not been an agreement on wey resolve de country ein problems.

At a meeting on 24–25 August 2008, de UPADS Political Bureau expell nine executive members from de party; these include Christophe Moukouéké den Victor Tamba-Tamba, both founding members of UPADS. Dis decision be said to have been taken insyd order to restore harmony den discipline insyd de party.

Along plus de Union for Democracy den de Republic (UDR-Mwinda) den de Rally for Democracy den Development (RDD), UPADS dey form de Alliance for de New Republic opposition coalition on 11 May 2007. Complaining dat de 2007 parliamentary election den de 2008 local elections be &quot;masquerades&quot;, dis coalition withdrew from participation insyd national den local electoral commissions insyd August 2008. E want a new den independent electoral commission, insyd addition to an &quot;all-inclusive national dialogue&quot; prior to de 2009 presidential election.

Former Prime Minister Ange Edouard Poungui be chosen as de UPADS candidate for de 2009 presidential election by de UPADS National Council insyd a primary election on 30 November 2008. Ein sole rival for de nomination, Joseph Kignoumbi Kia Mboungou, withdraw from de vote, complaining of &quot;lack of transparency insyd de process&quot;, den Poungui, as de only candidate, receive about 85% of de vote. However ein candidacy be later rejected by de Contitutional Court on de ground dat he had failed to establish ein continuous residency insyd Congo-Brazzaville for at least two years.

Insyd de three following parliamentary elections, always under de leadership of Pascal Tsaty Mabiala, UPADS never manage to weaken PCT ein absolute majority, remaining de main opposition force (tied plus UDH-Yuki insyd 2017 den 2022) but always obtaining between 7 den 8 seats. Tsaty Mabiala sana be de party ein presidential candidate for de 2016 presidential election, finishing fourth plus 4.67% of de votes, while de party do not contest de following presidential election insyd 2021.

== Electoral history ==

==== '''Presidential elections''' ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Election
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Candidate
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''First round'''
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Second round'''
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Results
|-
!'''Votes'''
!'''%'''
!'''Votes'''
!'''%'''
|-
|1992
|Pascal Lissouba
|282,020
|35.97%
|506,395
|61.32%
|'''Elected''' 
|-
|2002
|Kignomba Kia Mbougou
|33.154
|2.76%
|
|
|'''Lost''' 
|-
|2009
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Candidate rejected
|-
|2016
|Pascal Tsaty Mabiala
|65,025
|4.67%
|
|
|'''Lost''' 
|}

==== '''National Assembly elections''' ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Election
!Party leader
!Votes
!%
!Seats
!+/–
!Position
!Result
|-
|1992
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Pascal Lissouba
|
|
|39 / 125
| 39
| 1st
|Snap elections
|-
|1993
|
|
|47 / 101
| 8
| 1st
|Coalition
|-
|2002
|Kignomba Kia Mbougou
|
|
|3 / 137
| 44
| 4th
|Opposition
|-
|2007
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Pascal Tsaty Mabiala
|
|
|11 / 137
| 8
| 3rd
|Opposition
|-
|2012
|
|
|7 / 139
| 4
| 3rd
|Opposition
|-
|2017
|
|
|8 / 151
| 1
| 2nd
|Opposition
|-
|2022
|
|
|7 / 151
| 1
| 2nd
|Opposition
|}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20200726233826/https://lecru-upads-usa.org/ Official website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071008174013/http://www.upads.org/ Old UPADS website (archived)]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1991 establishments insyd de Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Pan-Africanist political parties insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Political parties dem establish insyd 1991]]
[[Category:Political parties insyd de Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Social democratic parties insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Socialism insyd de Republic of the Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>p6nnr774h2wd9lte1xpypk3m8fpcr9f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mbulelo Magwala</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19356</id>
    <revision>
      <id>97926</id>
      <parentid>79288</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-11T02:50:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>97926</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3592" sha1="5texcb0vksxnanhgkx2vlnb0yywqhmf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Mbulelo Jonathan Magwala''' (dem born am 1984 or 1985) be South African politician wey dey serve as Permanent Delegate to de National Council of Provinces from Western Cape since 2023. As of October 2022, Magwala be de third Provincial Secretary for de Economic Freedom Fighters.

== Early life ==
Magwala be pikin wey ein single mom, Nompazamo Magwala, born for George. Ein get one small bro, Sinethemba Magwala. Wen e still small, dem move go plenty towns—start from Middelburg, den go Pretoria, before dem reach Plettenberg Bay wey e take finish ein secondary school for Murray High School.&lt;ref name=&quot;GH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Georgian appointed as new EFF provincial secretary |url=https://www.georgeherald.com/News/Article/Politics/www.georgeherald.com/News/Article/Politics/georgian-appointed-as-new-eff-provincial-secretary-202211170926 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=George Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career ==
Insyd 2005, Magwala work as security guard for Pick n Pay before dem promote am make e be supervisor for PnP Precap Centre for George. E later work for Pioneer Foods as field marketer. E still be manager for Picardi Rebel store wey dey Thembalethu Square den later work as sales rep for Boland Wines. Before e enter politics, e be representative for Colven Associates.

== Political career ==
Magwala start to dey inside politics for 2013 as field worker for Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) till 2014. That same 2014, dem elect am as branch chairperson for EFF inside Ward 11 for George Local Municipality.

Insyd 2016 municipal elections, dem make Magwala sub-regional convenor for EFF. Later, for 2018, dem appoint am as regional secretary for EFF Southern Cape region, wey e serve two terms for dat position.

Insyd October 2022, during de EFF provincial elective conference, Magwala win de post of provincial secretary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=15 October 2022|title='Revolutionaries must be willing to kill', Malema tells EFF delegates|work=IOL|url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/news/revolutionaries-must-be-willing-to-kill-malema-tells-eff-delegates-d15b971e-3893-411a-b57f-cc87496ed721|access-date=12 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de third person e be wey hold dat position.

== Parliamentary career ==
Dem swear Magwala insyd as Permanent Delegate to de National Council of Provinces from Western Cape on 7 March 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mbulelelo Jonathan Magwala |url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/mbulelelo-jonathan-magwala/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=People's Assembly |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Committee assignments ===
On 7 March 2023, Magwala be assigned to de following committees:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Announcements, Tablings and Committee Reports |url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/storage/app/media/Docs/atc/33f0154f-454b-44cb-bc10-06644a4086b7.pdf |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=Parliament of South Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Select Committee on Land Reform, Environment, Mineral Resources and Energy
* Select Committee on Public Enterprises and Communication

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20240422103918/https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/4811 Profile] at Parliament of South Africa
{{DEFAULTSORT:Magwala, Mbulelo}}
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:South African people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Economic Freedom Fighters politicians]]
[[Category:Members of de National Council of Provinces]]
[[Category:People wey komot George, South Africa]]
[[Category:21st-century South African politicians]]</text>
      <sha1>5texcb0vksxnanhgkx2vlnb0yywqhmf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carbon monoxide poisoning</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>26806</id>
    <revision>
      <id>97904</id>
      <parentid>97900</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T18:54:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>97904</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3606" sha1="99esaldhcge54giycvditnvssvf37nc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Carbon monoxide poisoning''' typically dey occur from breathing in carbon monoxide (CO) at excessive levels.&lt;ref name=Sc2016&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Schottke D |title=Emergency Medical Responder: Your First Response in Emergency Care|date=2016|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1-284-10727-2|page=224|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGCHDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA224|access-date=2 July 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910171934/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGCHDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA224|archive-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms often be described as &quot;flu-like&quot; den commonly dey include headache, dizziness, weakness, vomiting, chest pain, den confusion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=National Center for Environmental Health |date=30 December 2015 |title=Carbon Monoxide Poisoning – Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705012403/https://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=2 July 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Large exposures fi result in loss of consciousness, arrhythmias, seizures, anaa death.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gu2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Guzman JA | title = Carbon monoxide poisoning | journal = Critical Care Clinics | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 537–48 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22998990 | doi = 10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; De classically described &quot;cherry red skin&quot; rarely dey occur.&lt;ref name=Gu2012/&gt; Long-term complications fi include chronic fatigue, trouble plus memory, den movement problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Occupational Neurology |vauthors=Bleecker ML |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-444-62627-1 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=131 |pages=191–203 |chapter=Carbon monoxide intoxication |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-62627-1.00024-X |pmid=26563790}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to de Threshold Limit Value – Time Weighted Average, humans dey tolerate 25 mL of CO/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; for 8 hours/day for 40 hour work week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bierhals |first1=Jürgen |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |chapter=Carbon Monoxide |date=2001 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a05_203 |isbn=978-3-527-30385-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

CO be a colorless den odorless gas wich be initially non-irritating.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot; /&gt; E be produced during incomplete burning of organic matter.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot; /&gt; Dis fi occur in cooking equipment, motor vehicles, anaa heaters wich use carbon-based fuels.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot; /&gt; Carbon monoxide primarily dey cause adverse effects by combining plus hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin (symbol COHb anaa HbCO), wich dey prevent de blood from carrying oxygen den expelling carbon dioxide as carbaminohemoglobin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot; /&gt; Additionally, chaw oda hemoproteins such as myoglobin, Cytochrome P450, den mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase be affected, along plus oda metallic den non-metallic cellular targets.&lt;ref name=Gu2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Hopper CP, De La Cruz LK, Lyles KV, Wareham LK, Gilbert JA, Eichenbaum Z, Magierowski M, Poole RK, Wollborn J, Wang B |date=December 2020 |title=Role of Carbon Monoxide in Host-Gut Microbiome Communication |url=https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/264519 |journal=Chemical Reviews |volume=120 |issue=24 |pages=13273–13311 |doi=10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00586 |pmid=33089988 |s2cid=224824871}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>99esaldhcge54giycvditnvssvf37nc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>97906</id>
      <parentid>97904</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T19:09:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>97906</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5176" sha1="pdwiymrwu2qrnqjip8mj97r2gekj3ai" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Carbon monoxide poisoning''' typically dey occur from breathing in carbon monoxide (CO) at excessive levels.&lt;ref name=Sc2016&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Schottke D |title=Emergency Medical Responder: Your First Response in Emergency Care|date=2016|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1-284-10727-2|page=224|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGCHDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA224|access-date=2 July 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910171934/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGCHDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA224|archive-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms often be described as &quot;flu-like&quot; den commonly dey include headache, dizziness, weakness, vomiting, chest pain, den confusion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=National Center for Environmental Health |date=30 December 2015 |title=Carbon Monoxide Poisoning – Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705012403/https://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=2 July 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Large exposures fi result in loss of consciousness, arrhythmias, seizures, anaa death.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gu2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Guzman JA | title = Carbon monoxide poisoning | journal = Critical Care Clinics | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 537–48 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22998990 | doi = 10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; De classically described &quot;cherry red skin&quot; rarely dey occur.&lt;ref name=Gu2012/&gt; Long-term complications fi include chronic fatigue, trouble plus memory, den movement problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Occupational Neurology |vauthors=Bleecker ML |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-444-62627-1 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=131 |pages=191–203 |chapter=Carbon monoxide intoxication |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-62627-1.00024-X |pmid=26563790}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to de Threshold Limit Value – Time Weighted Average, humans dey tolerate 25 mL of CO/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; for 8 hours/day for 40 hour work week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bierhals |first1=Jürgen |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |chapter=Carbon Monoxide |date=2001 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a05_203 |isbn=978-3-527-30385-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

CO be a colorless den odorless gas wich be initially non-irritating.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot; /&gt; E be produced during incomplete burning of organic matter.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot; /&gt; Dis fi occur in cooking equipment, motor vehicles, anaa heaters wich use carbon-based fuels.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot; /&gt; Carbon monoxide primarily dey cause adverse effects by combining plus hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin (symbol COHb anaa HbCO), wich dey prevent de blood from carrying oxygen den expelling carbon dioxide as carbaminohemoglobin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot; /&gt; Additionally, chaw oda hemoproteins such as myoglobin, Cytochrome P450, den mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase be affected, along plus oda metallic den non-metallic cellular targets.&lt;ref name=Gu2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Hopper CP, De La Cruz LK, Lyles KV, Wareham LK, Gilbert JA, Eichenbaum Z, Magierowski M, Poole RK, Wollborn J, Wang B |date=December 2020 |title=Role of Carbon Monoxide in Host-Gut Microbiome Communication |url=https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/264519 |journal=Chemical Reviews |volume=120 |issue=24 |pages=13273–13311 |doi=10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00586 |pmid=33089988 |s2cid=224824871}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Diagnosis typically be based on a HbCO level of more dan 3% among nonsmokers den more dan 10% among smokers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gu2012&quot; /&gt; De biological threshold give carboxyhemoglobin tolerance typically be accepted to be 15% COHb, wey dey mean toxicity consistently be observed at levels in excess of dis concentration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Motterlini R, Foresti R | title = Biological signaling by carbon monoxide and carbon monoxide-releasing molecules | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology | volume = 312 | issue = 3 | pages = C302–C313 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28077358 | doi = 10.1152/ajpcell.00360.2016 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; De FDA previously set a threshold of 14% COHb insyd certain clinical trials wey dey evaluate de therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Yang X, de Caestecker M, Otterbein LE, Wang B | title = Carbon monoxide: An emerging therapy for acute kidney injury | journal = Medicinal Research Reviews | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 1147–1177 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 31820474 | pmc = 7280078 | doi = 10.1002/med.21650 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In general, 30% COHb be considered severe carbon monoxide poisoning.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hopper CP, Zambrana PN, Goebel U, Wollborn J |date=June 2021 |title=A brief history of carbon monoxide and its therapeutic origins |journal=Nitric Oxide |volume=111-112 |pages=45–63 |doi=10.1016/j.niox.2021.04.001 |pmid=33838343}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de highest reported non-fatal carboxyhemoglobin level be 73% COHb.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>pdwiymrwu2qrnqjip8mj97r2gekj3ai</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>97907</id>
      <parentid>97906</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T19:18:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>97907</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6016" sha1="6kaifvuq3fe2d77ylp62ymsyvx7r98t" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Carbon monoxide poisoning''' typically dey occur from breathing in carbon monoxide (CO) at excessive levels.&lt;ref name=Sc2016&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Schottke D |title=Emergency Medical Responder: Your First Response in Emergency Care|date=2016|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1-284-10727-2|page=224|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGCHDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA224|access-date=2 July 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910171934/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGCHDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA224|archive-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms often be described as &quot;flu-like&quot; den commonly dey include headache, dizziness, weakness, vomiting, chest pain, den confusion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=National Center for Environmental Health |date=30 December 2015 |title=Carbon Monoxide Poisoning – Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705012403/https://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=2 July 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Large exposures fi result in loss of consciousness, arrhythmias, seizures, anaa death.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gu2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Guzman JA | title = Carbon monoxide poisoning | journal = Critical Care Clinics | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 537–48 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22998990 | doi = 10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; De classically described &quot;cherry red skin&quot; rarely dey occur.&lt;ref name=Gu2012/&gt; Long-term complications fi include chronic fatigue, trouble plus memory, den movement problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Occupational Neurology |vauthors=Bleecker ML |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-444-62627-1 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=131 |pages=191–203 |chapter=Carbon monoxide intoxication |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-62627-1.00024-X |pmid=26563790}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to de Threshold Limit Value – Time Weighted Average, humans dey tolerate 25 mL of CO/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; for 8 hours/day for 40 hour work week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bierhals |first1=Jürgen |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |chapter=Carbon Monoxide |date=2001 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a05_203 |isbn=978-3-527-30385-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

CO be a colorless den odorless gas wich be initially non-irritating.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot; /&gt; E be produced during incomplete burning of organic matter.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot; /&gt; Dis fi occur in cooking equipment, motor vehicles, anaa heaters wich use carbon-based fuels.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot; /&gt; Carbon monoxide primarily dey cause adverse effects by combining plus hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin (symbol COHb anaa HbCO), wich dey prevent de blood from carrying oxygen den expelling carbon dioxide as carbaminohemoglobin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot; /&gt; Additionally, chaw oda hemoproteins such as myoglobin, Cytochrome P450, den mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase be affected, along plus oda metallic den non-metallic cellular targets.&lt;ref name=Gu2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Hopper CP, De La Cruz LK, Lyles KV, Wareham LK, Gilbert JA, Eichenbaum Z, Magierowski M, Poole RK, Wollborn J, Wang B |date=December 2020 |title=Role of Carbon Monoxide in Host-Gut Microbiome Communication |url=https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/264519 |journal=Chemical Reviews |volume=120 |issue=24 |pages=13273–13311 |doi=10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00586 |pmid=33089988 |s2cid=224824871}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Diagnosis typically be based on a HbCO level of more dan 3% among nonsmokers den more dan 10% among smokers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gu2012&quot; /&gt; De biological threshold give carboxyhemoglobin tolerance typically be accepted to be 15% COHb, wey dey mean toxicity consistently be observed at levels in excess of dis concentration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Motterlini R, Foresti R | title = Biological signaling by carbon monoxide and carbon monoxide-releasing molecules | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology | volume = 312 | issue = 3 | pages = C302–C313 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28077358 | doi = 10.1152/ajpcell.00360.2016 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; De FDA previously set a threshold of 14% COHb insyd certain clinical trials wey dey evaluate de therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Yang X, de Caestecker M, Otterbein LE, Wang B | title = Carbon monoxide: An emerging therapy for acute kidney injury | journal = Medicinal Research Reviews | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 1147–1177 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 31820474 | pmc = 7280078 | doi = 10.1002/med.21650 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In general, 30% COHb be considered severe carbon monoxide poisoning.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hopper CP, Zambrana PN, Goebel U, Wollborn J |date=June 2021 |title=A brief history of carbon monoxide and its therapeutic origins |journal=Nitric Oxide |volume=111-112 |pages=45–63 |doi=10.1016/j.niox.2021.04.001 |pmid=33838343}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de highest reported non-fatal carboxyhemoglobin level be 73% COHb.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

Efforts to prevent poisoning dey include carbon monoxide detectors, proper venting of gas appliances, keeping chimneys clean, den keeping exhaust systems of vehicles in good repair.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author = National Center for Environmental Health |title=Carbon Monoxide Poisoning – Frequently Asked Questions|url=https://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=2 July 2017|language=en-us|date=30 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705012403/https://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm|archive-date=5 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Treatment of poisoning generally dey consist of giving 100% oxygen along plus supportive care.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gu2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot; /&gt; Dis procedure often be carried out til symptoms be absent wey de HbCO level be less dan 3%/10%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gu2012&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>6kaifvuq3fe2d77ylp62ymsyvx7r98t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>97908</id>
      <parentid>97907</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T19:46:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>97908</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7890" sha1="88v3hxxnuln0j6lmsxceqn6jv3ncmsb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Carbon monoxide poisoning''' typically dey occur from breathing in carbon monoxide (CO) at excessive levels.&lt;ref name=Sc2016&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Schottke D |title=Emergency Medical Responder: Your First Response in Emergency Care|date=2016|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1-284-10727-2|page=224|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGCHDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA224|access-date=2 July 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910171934/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGCHDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA224|archive-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms often be described as &quot;flu-like&quot; den commonly dey include headache, dizziness, weakness, vomiting, chest pain, den confusion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=National Center for Environmental Health |date=30 December 2015 |title=Carbon Monoxide Poisoning – Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705012403/https://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=2 July 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Large exposures fi result in loss of consciousness, arrhythmias, seizures, anaa death.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gu2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Guzman JA | title = Carbon monoxide poisoning | journal = Critical Care Clinics | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 537–48 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22998990 | doi = 10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; De classically described &quot;cherry red skin&quot; rarely dey occur.&lt;ref name=Gu2012/&gt; Long-term complications fi include chronic fatigue, trouble plus memory, den movement problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Occupational Neurology |vauthors=Bleecker ML |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-444-62627-1 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=131 |pages=191–203 |chapter=Carbon monoxide intoxication |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-62627-1.00024-X |pmid=26563790}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to de Threshold Limit Value – Time Weighted Average, humans dey tolerate 25 mL of CO/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; for 8 hours/day for 40 hour work week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bierhals |first1=Jürgen |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |chapter=Carbon Monoxide |date=2001 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a05_203 |isbn=978-3-527-30385-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

CO be a colorless den odorless gas wich be initially non-irritating.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot; /&gt; E be produced during incomplete burning of organic matter.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot; /&gt; Dis fi occur in cooking equipment, motor vehicles, anaa heaters wich use carbon-based fuels.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot; /&gt; Carbon monoxide primarily dey cause adverse effects by combining plus hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin (symbol COHb anaa HbCO), wich dey prevent de blood from carrying oxygen den expelling carbon dioxide as carbaminohemoglobin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot; /&gt; Additionally, chaw oda hemoproteins such as myoglobin, Cytochrome P450, den mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase be affected, along plus oda metallic den non-metallic cellular targets.&lt;ref name=Gu2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Hopper CP, De La Cruz LK, Lyles KV, Wareham LK, Gilbert JA, Eichenbaum Z, Magierowski M, Poole RK, Wollborn J, Wang B |date=December 2020 |title=Role of Carbon Monoxide in Host-Gut Microbiome Communication |url=https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/264519 |journal=Chemical Reviews |volume=120 |issue=24 |pages=13273–13311 |doi=10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00586 |pmid=33089988 |s2cid=224824871}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Diagnosis typically be based on a HbCO level of more dan 3% among nonsmokers den more dan 10% among smokers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gu2012&quot; /&gt; De biological threshold give carboxyhemoglobin tolerance typically be accepted to be 15% COHb, wey dey mean toxicity consistently be observed at levels in excess of dis concentration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Motterlini R, Foresti R | title = Biological signaling by carbon monoxide and carbon monoxide-releasing molecules | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology | volume = 312 | issue = 3 | pages = C302–C313 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28077358 | doi = 10.1152/ajpcell.00360.2016 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; De FDA previously set a threshold of 14% COHb insyd certain clinical trials wey dey evaluate de therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Yang X, de Caestecker M, Otterbein LE, Wang B | title = Carbon monoxide: An emerging therapy for acute kidney injury | journal = Medicinal Research Reviews | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 1147–1177 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 31820474 | pmc = 7280078 | doi = 10.1002/med.21650 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In general, 30% COHb be considered severe carbon monoxide poisoning.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hopper CP, Zambrana PN, Goebel U, Wollborn J |date=June 2021 |title=A brief history of carbon monoxide and its therapeutic origins |journal=Nitric Oxide |volume=111-112 |pages=45–63 |doi=10.1016/j.niox.2021.04.001 |pmid=33838343}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de highest reported non-fatal carboxyhemoglobin level be 73% COHb.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

Efforts to prevent poisoning dey include carbon monoxide detectors, proper venting of gas appliances, keeping chimneys clean, den keeping exhaust systems of vehicles in good repair.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot; /&gt; Treatment of poisoning generally dey consist of giving 100% oxygen along plus supportive care.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gu2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot; /&gt; Dis procedure often be carried out til symptoms be absent wey de HbCO level be less dan 3%/10%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gu2012&quot; /&gt;

Carbon monoxide poisoning be relatively common, wey dey result in more dan 20,000 emergency room visits a year insyd de [[United States]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=793KBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA569 |title=Carbon Monoxide Poisoning |vauthors=Penney DG |date=2007 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-8418-9 |page=569 |language=en |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910171934/https://books.google.com/books?id=793KBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA569 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de most common type of fatal poisoning insyd chaw countries.&lt;ref name=Toxicology2002&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Omaye ST | title = Metabolic modulation of carbon monoxide toxicity | journal = Toxicology | volume = 180 | issue = 2 | pages = 139–50 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12324190 | doi = 10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00387-6 | bibcode = 2002Toxgy.180..139O }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de United States, non-fire related cases result in more dan 400 deaths a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot; /&gt; Poisonings dey occur more often insyd de winter, particularly from de use of portable generators during power outages.&lt;ref name=Gu2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=Fer2017&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Ferri FF |title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-44838-3|pages=227–28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA227|access-date=2 July 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910171934/https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA227|archive-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; De toxic effects of CO be known since ancient history.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JRSocMed2001-blumenthal&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Blumenthal I |date=June 2001 |title=Carbon monoxide poisoning |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=270–2 |doi=10.1177/014107680109400604 |pmc=1281520 |pmid=11387414}}&lt;/ref&gt; De discovery say hemoglobin be affected by CO emerge plus an investigation by James Watt den Thomas Beddoes into de therapeutic potential of hydrocarbonate insyd 1793, wey later confirmed by Claude Bernard between 1846 den 1857.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>88v3hxxnuln0j6lmsxceqn6jv3ncmsb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>97909</id>
      <parentid>97908</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T19:54:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>97909</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8632" sha1="iaq4wn7uj47tamzmca5xyu8w8b2ibzp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Carbon monoxide poisoning''' typically dey occur from breathing in carbon monoxide (CO) at excessive levels.&lt;ref name=Sc2016&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Schottke D |title=Emergency Medical Responder: Your First Response in Emergency Care|date=2016|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-1-284-10727-2|page=224|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGCHDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA224|access-date=2 July 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910171934/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGCHDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA224|archive-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms often be described as &quot;flu-like&quot; den commonly dey include headache, dizziness, weakness, vomiting, chest pain, den confusion.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=National Center for Environmental Health |date=30 December 2015 |title=Carbon Monoxide Poisoning – Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705012403/https://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=2 July 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Large exposures fi result in loss of consciousness, arrhythmias, seizures, anaa death.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gu2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Guzman JA | title = Carbon monoxide poisoning | journal = Critical Care Clinics | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 537–48 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22998990 | doi = 10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; De classically described &quot;cherry red skin&quot; rarely dey occur.&lt;ref name=Gu2012/&gt; Long-term complications fi include chronic fatigue, trouble plus memory, den movement problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Occupational Neurology |vauthors=Bleecker ML |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-444-62627-1 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=131 |pages=191–203 |chapter=Carbon monoxide intoxication |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-62627-1.00024-X |pmid=26563790}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to de Threshold Limit Value – Time Weighted Average, humans dey tolerate 25 mL of CO/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; for 8 hours/day for 40 hour work week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bierhals |first1=Jürgen |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |chapter=Carbon Monoxide |date=2001 |doi=10.1002/14356007.a05_203 |isbn=978-3-527-30385-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

CO be a colorless den odorless gas wich be initially non-irritating.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot; /&gt; E be produced during incomplete burning of organic matter.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot; /&gt; Dis fi occur in cooking equipment, motor vehicles, anaa heaters wich use carbon-based fuels.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot; /&gt; Carbon monoxide primarily dey cause adverse effects by combining plus hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin (symbol COHb anaa HbCO), wich dey prevent de blood from carrying oxygen den expelling carbon dioxide as carbaminohemoglobin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot; /&gt; Additionally, chaw oda hemoproteins such as myoglobin, Cytochrome P450, den mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase be affected, along plus oda metallic den non-metallic cellular targets.&lt;ref name=Gu2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Hopper CP, De La Cruz LK, Lyles KV, Wareham LK, Gilbert JA, Eichenbaum Z, Magierowski M, Poole RK, Wollborn J, Wang B |date=December 2020 |title=Role of Carbon Monoxide in Host-Gut Microbiome Communication |url=https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/264519 |journal=Chemical Reviews |volume=120 |issue=24 |pages=13273–13311 |doi=10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00586 |pmid=33089988 |s2cid=224824871}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Diagnosis typically be based on a HbCO level of more dan 3% among nonsmokers den more dan 10% among smokers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gu2012&quot; /&gt; De biological threshold give carboxyhemoglobin tolerance typically be accepted to be 15% COHb, wey dey mean toxicity consistently be observed at levels in excess of dis concentration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Motterlini R, Foresti R | title = Biological signaling by carbon monoxide and carbon monoxide-releasing molecules | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology | volume = 312 | issue = 3 | pages = C302–C313 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28077358 | doi = 10.1152/ajpcell.00360.2016 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; De FDA previously set a threshold of 14% COHb insyd certain clinical trials wey dey evaluate de therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Yang X, de Caestecker M, Otterbein LE, Wang B | title = Carbon monoxide: An emerging therapy for acute kidney injury | journal = Medicinal Research Reviews | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 1147–1177 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 31820474 | pmc = 7280078 | doi = 10.1002/med.21650 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In general, 30% COHb be considered severe carbon monoxide poisoning.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hopper CP, Zambrana PN, Goebel U, Wollborn J |date=June 2021 |title=A brief history of carbon monoxide and its therapeutic origins |journal=Nitric Oxide |volume=111-112 |pages=45–63 |doi=10.1016/j.niox.2021.04.001 |pmid=33838343}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de highest reported non-fatal carboxyhemoglobin level be 73% COHb.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

Efforts to prevent poisoning dey include carbon monoxide detectors, proper venting of gas appliances, keeping chimneys clean, den keeping exhaust systems of vehicles in good repair.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot; /&gt; Treatment of poisoning generally dey consist of giving 100% oxygen along plus supportive care.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gu2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bl20152&quot; /&gt; Dis procedure often be carried out til symptoms be absent wey de HbCO level be less dan 3%/10%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gu2012&quot; /&gt;

Carbon monoxide poisoning be relatively common, wey dey result in more dan 20,000 emergency room visits a year insyd de [[United States]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=793KBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA569 |title=Carbon Monoxide Poisoning |vauthors=Penney DG |date=2007 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-8418-9 |page=569 |language=en |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910171934/https://books.google.com/books?id=793KBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA569 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de most common type of fatal poisoning insyd chaw countries.&lt;ref name=Toxicology2002&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Omaye ST | title = Metabolic modulation of carbon monoxide toxicity | journal = Toxicology | volume = 180 | issue = 2 | pages = 139–50 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12324190 | doi = 10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00387-6 | bibcode = 2002Toxgy.180..139O }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de United States, non-fire related cases result in more dan 400 deaths a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015FAQ2&quot; /&gt; Poisonings dey occur more often insyd de winter, particularly from de use of portable generators during power outages.&lt;ref name=Gu2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=Fer2017&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Ferri FF |title=Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017 E-Book: 5 Books in 1|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-44838-3|pages=227–28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA227|access-date=2 July 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910171934/https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA227|archive-date=10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; De toxic effects of CO be known since ancient history.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JRSocMed2001-blumenthal&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Blumenthal I |date=June 2001 |title=Carbon monoxide poisoning |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=270–2 |doi=10.1177/014107680109400604 |pmc=1281520 |pmid=11387414}}&lt;/ref&gt; De discovery say hemoglobin be affected by CO emerge plus an investigation by James Watt den Thomas Beddoes into de therapeutic potential of hydrocarbonate insyd 1793, wey later confirmed by Claude Bernard between 1846 den 1857.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/co-comp/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Carbon Monoxide – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic]
* International Programme on Chemical Safety (1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20041226045841/http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/ehc/ehc_213/en/ Carbon Monoxide], Environmental Health Criteria 213, Geneva: WHO

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carbon Monoxide Poisoning}}
[[Category:Carbon monoxide|Poisoning]]

[[Category:Industrial hygiene]]
[[Category:Medical emergencies]]
[[Category:Natural gas safety]]
[[Category:Suicide by poison]]
[[Category:Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source]]
[[Category:Underwater diving disorders]]
[[Category:Causes of death]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>iaq4wn7uj47tamzmca5xyu8w8b2ibzp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Carbon monoxide</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>26807</id>
    <revision>
      <id>97910</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T19:59:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>97910</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Natural gas safety</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>26808</id>
    <revision>
      <id>97911</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T20:02:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>97911</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>26809</id>
    <revision>
      <id>97912</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T20:02:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>97912</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Underwater diving disorders</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>26810</id>
    <revision>
      <id>97913</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T20:03:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>97913</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Non-Hodgkin lymphoma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>26811</id>
    <revision>
      <id>97914</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T20:06:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1468608|Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]] to:gpe #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>97914</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36" sha1="r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u" xml:space="preserve">
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>97915</id>
      <parentid>97914</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T20:19:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>97915</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1596" sha1="aappapj6y2j26xbij205cb2yhjl70tf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Non-Hodgkin lymphoma''' ('''NHL'''), dem sanso know as '''non-Hodgkin's lymphoma''', be a group of blood cancers wey dey include all types of [[lymphoma]]s except [[Hodgkin lymphoma]]s.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt/&gt; Symptoms dey include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, den tiredness.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt/&gt; Oda symptoms fi include bone pain, chest pain, anaa itchiness.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt/&gt; Sam forms be slow-growing while odas be fast-growing.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt&gt;{{cite web|title=Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version|url=http://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-nhl-treatment-pdq#section/all|website=NCI|access-date=13 August 2016|date=3 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816021510/http://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-nhl-treatment-pdq#section/all|archive-date=16 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike Hodgkin lymphoma, wich often dey spread in an orderly pattern between nearby lymph nodes, NHL fi involve multiple parts of de body wey no fi follow a predictable spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Kyriakidis I, Pelagiadis I, Stratigaki M, Katzilakis N, Stiakaki E | title = B–NHL Cases in a Tertiary Pediatric Hematology—Oncology Department: A 20-Year Retrospective Cohort Study | journal = Life | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | page = 633 | date = May 2024 | doi = 10.3390/life14050633 | doi-access = free | pmid = 38792653 | pmc = 11122206 | bibcode = 2024Life...14..633K }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
      <sha1>aappapj6y2j26xbij205cb2yhjl70tf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>97916</id>
      <parentid>97915</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T20:27:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Diagnosis */ Improve article</comment>
      <origin>97916</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2620" sha1="3n8y3eb8lymm7aleue2s7dfj3p2fr0m" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Non-Hodgkin lymphoma''' ('''NHL'''), dem sanso know as '''non-Hodgkin's lymphoma''', be a group of blood cancers wey dey include all types of [[lymphoma]]s except [[Hodgkin lymphoma]]s.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt/&gt; Symptoms dey include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, den tiredness.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt/&gt; Oda symptoms fi include bone pain, chest pain, anaa itchiness.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt/&gt; Sam forms be slow-growing while odas be fast-growing.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt&gt;{{cite web|title=Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version|url=http://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-nhl-treatment-pdq#section/all|website=NCI|access-date=13 August 2016|date=3 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816021510/http://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-nhl-treatment-pdq#section/all|archive-date=16 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike Hodgkin lymphoma, wich often dey spread in an orderly pattern between nearby lymph nodes, NHL fi involve multiple parts of de body wey no fi follow a predictable spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Kyriakidis I, Pelagiadis I, Stratigaki M, Katzilakis N, Stiakaki E | title = B–NHL Cases in a Tertiary Pediatric Hematology—Oncology Department: A 20-Year Retrospective Cohort Study | journal = Life | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | page = 633 | date = May 2024 | doi = 10.3390/life14050633 | doi-access = free | pmid = 38792653 | pmc = 11122206 | bibcode = 2024Life...14..633K }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Diagnosis==
Tests give non-Hodgkin lymphoma dey include;
* Complete blood count (CBC).
* Blood chemistry studies.
* Hepatitis B den hepatitis C test.
* HIV test.
* CT scan (CAT scan).
* PET scan (positron emission tomography scan).
* Bone marrow aspiration den biopsy.

If dem find cancer, de following tests fi be done to study de cancer cells:
* Immunohistochemistry.
* Cytogenetic analysis.
* Immunophenotyping.

Oda tests den procedures fi be done wey dey depend on de signs den symptoms dem see den wer de cancer dey form insyd de body.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-nhl-treatment-pdq#:~:text=and%20treatment%20options.-,Non%2DHodgkin%20lymphoma%20is%20a%20disease%20in%20which%20malignant%20(cancer,body%20from%20infection%20and%20disease | title=Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment - NCI | date=24 November 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis/ | title=Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Diagnosis | date=23 October 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

== External links ==</text>
      <sha1>3n8y3eb8lymm7aleue2s7dfj3p2fr0m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>97917</id>
      <parentid>97916</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T20:32:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>97917</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3045" sha1="ba6dleijsiw9h4srn9dbjkwtf24u22y" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Non-Hodgkin lymphoma''' ('''NHL'''), dem sanso know as '''non-Hodgkin's lymphoma''', be a group of blood cancers wey dey include all types of [[lymphoma]]s except [[Hodgkin lymphoma]]s.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt/&gt; Symptoms dey include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, den tiredness.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt/&gt; Oda symptoms fi include bone pain, chest pain, anaa itchiness.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt/&gt; Sam forms be slow-growing while odas be fast-growing.&lt;ref name=NCI2016AdPt&gt;{{cite web|title=Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version|url=http://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-nhl-treatment-pdq#section/all|website=NCI|access-date=13 August 2016|date=3 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816021510/http://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-nhl-treatment-pdq#section/all|archive-date=16 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike Hodgkin lymphoma, wich often dey spread in an orderly pattern between nearby lymph nodes, NHL fi involve multiple parts of de body wey no fi follow a predictable spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Kyriakidis I, Pelagiadis I, Stratigaki M, Katzilakis N, Stiakaki E | title = B–NHL Cases in a Tertiary Pediatric Hematology—Oncology Department: A 20-Year Retrospective Cohort Study | journal = Life | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | page = 633 | date = May 2024 | doi = 10.3390/life14050633 | doi-access = free | pmid = 38792653 | pmc = 11122206 | bibcode = 2024Life...14..633K }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Diagnosis==
Tests give non-Hodgkin lymphoma dey include;
* Complete blood count (CBC).
* Blood chemistry studies.
* Hepatitis B den hepatitis C test.
* HIV test.
* CT scan (CAT scan).
* PET scan (positron emission tomography scan).
* Bone marrow aspiration den biopsy.

If dem find cancer, de following tests fi be done to study de cancer cells:
* Immunohistochemistry.
* Cytogenetic analysis.
* Immunophenotyping.

Oda tests den procedures fi be done wey dey depend on de signs den symptoms dem see den wer de cancer dey form insyd de body.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-nhl-treatment-pdq#:~:text=and%20treatment%20options.-,Non%2DHodgkin%20lymphoma%20is%20a%20disease%20in%20which%20malignant%20(cancer,body%20from%20infection%20and%20disease | title=Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment - NCI | date=24 November 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis/ | title=Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Diagnosis | date=23 October 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-hodgkin-lymphoma.html Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma] at American Cancer Society
* [https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/lymphoma-non-hodgkin/introduction?sectionTitle=Overview Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma] from Cancer.net (American Society of Clinical Oncology)
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Non-Hodgkin lymphoma| ]]
[[Category:Hepatitis C virus-associated diseases]]
[[Category:Lymphoma]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>ba6dleijsiw9h4srn9dbjkwtf24u22y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Non-Hodgkin lymphoma</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>26812</id>
    <revision>
      <id>97918</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T20:32:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>97918</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hydromorphone</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>26813</id>
    <revision>
      <id>97919</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T20:37:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458206|Hydromorphone]] to:gpe #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>97919</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36" sha1="r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u" xml:space="preserve">
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>97920</id>
      <parentid>97919</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T20:58:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>97920</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1471" sha1="hwpdmtpb6oradedgxfo8aaegg0evcno" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Hydromorphone''', dem sanso know as '''dihydromorphinone''', wey dem sell under de brand name '''Dilaudid''' among odas, be a [[morphinan]] [[opioid]] dem use to treat moderate to severe [[pain]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2019&gt;{{cite web |title=Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydromorphone-hydrochloride.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=15 April 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Typically, long-term use only be recommended for pain secof [[cancer]].&lt;ref name=BNF76&gt;{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|pages=24, 456|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fi be used by mouth anaa by injection into a vein, muscle, anaa under de skin.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Effects generally dey begin within half an hour den last for up to five hours.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; A 2016 Cochrane review (dem update insyd 2021) find little difference in benefit between hydromorphone den oda opioids for cancer pain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Li Y, Ma J, Lu G, Dou Z, Knaggs R, Xia J, Zhao S, Dong S, Yang L |date=August 2021 |title=Hydromorphone for cancer pain |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=8 |article-number=CD011108 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011108.pub3 |pmc=8406835 |pmid=34350974}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
      <sha1>hwpdmtpb6oradedgxfo8aaegg0evcno</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>97921</id>
      <parentid>97920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T21:08:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>97921</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2298" sha1="0s19cdvyxrlfwiuh19hq9ie9x8of0il" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Hydromorphone''', dem sanso know as '''dihydromorphinone''', wey dem sell under de brand name '''Dilaudid''' among odas, be a morphinan opioid dem use to treat moderate to severe pain.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019&gt;{{cite web |title=Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydromorphone-hydrochloride.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=15 April 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Typically, long-term use only be recommended for pain secof [[cancer]].&lt;ref name=BNF76&gt;{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|pages=24, 456|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fi be used by mouth anaa by injection into a vein, muscle, anaa under de skin.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Effects generally dey begin within half an hour den last for up to five hours.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; A 2016 Cochrane review (dem update insyd 2021) find little difference in benefit between hydromorphone den oda opioids for cancer pain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Li Y, Ma J, Lu G, Dou Z, Knaggs R, Xia J, Zhao S, Dong S, Yang L |date=August 2021 |title=Hydromorphone for cancer pain |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=8 |article-number=CD011108 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011108.pub3 |pmc=8406835 |pmid=34350974}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects dey include dizziness, euphoria, sleepiness, nausea,  itchiness, den constipation.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Serious side effects fi include abuse, low blood pressure, seizures, respiratory depression, den [[serotonin syndrome]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Rapidly dey decrease de dose fi result in opioid withdrawal.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Generally, ein use during [[pregnancy]] anaa [[breastfeeding]] no be recommended.&lt;ref name=Preg2019&gt;{{cite web |title=Hydromorphone Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydromorphone.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=15 April 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hydromorphone dey exert ein effects by activating opioid receptors, mainly insyd de brain den spinal cord.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Hydromorphone 2&amp;nbsp;mg IV be equivalent to approximately 10&amp;nbsp;mg [[morphine]] IV.&lt;ref name=BNF76/&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>0s19cdvyxrlfwiuh19hq9ie9x8of0il</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>97922</id>
      <parentid>97921</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T21:14:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>97922</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4011" sha1="bwdtskz4rtfqck2kuf6z1jcpj66xamm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Hydromorphone''', dem sanso know as '''dihydromorphinone''', wey dem sell under de brand name '''Dilaudid''' among odas, be a morphinan opioid dem use to treat moderate to severe pain.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019&gt;{{cite web |title=Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydromorphone-hydrochloride.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=15 April 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Typically, long-term use only be recommended for pain secof [[cancer]].&lt;ref name=BNF76&gt;{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|pages=24, 456|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fi be used by mouth anaa by injection into a vein, muscle, anaa under de skin.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Effects generally dey begin within half an hour den last for up to five hours.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; A 2016 Cochrane review (dem update insyd 2021) find little difference in benefit between hydromorphone den oda opioids for cancer pain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Li Y, Ma J, Lu G, Dou Z, Knaggs R, Xia J, Zhao S, Dong S, Yang L |date=August 2021 |title=Hydromorphone for cancer pain |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=8 |article-number=CD011108 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011108.pub3 |pmc=8406835 |pmid=34350974}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects dey include dizziness, euphoria, sleepiness, nausea,  itchiness, den constipation.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Serious side effects fi include abuse, low blood pressure, seizures, respiratory depression, den [[serotonin syndrome]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Rapidly dey decrease de dose fi result in opioid withdrawal.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Generally, ein use during [[pregnancy]] anaa [[breastfeeding]] no be recommended.&lt;ref name=Preg2019&gt;{{cite web |title=Hydromorphone Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydromorphone.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=15 April 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hydromorphone dey exert ein effects by activating opioid receptors, mainly insyd de brain den spinal cord.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Hydromorphone 2&amp;nbsp;mg IV be equivalent to approximately 10&amp;nbsp;mg [[morphine]] IV.&lt;ref name=BNF76/&gt;

Dem patent hydromorphone insyd 1923.&lt;ref name=Fis2006&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 |page=526 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA526 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Den nake hydromorphone from [[morphine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Vardanyan R, Hruby V |title=Synthesis of Essential Drugs |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-046212-7 |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jjc7KYWZdOYC&amp;pg=PA25 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hydromorphone be a therapeutic alternative on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO24th&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list | year = 2025 | hdl = 10665/382243 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; E be available as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Insyd 2022, na e be de 233rd most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 1{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2022 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=30 August 2024 | archive-date=30 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830202410/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Hydromorphone Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 – 2022 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Hydromorphone | access-date = 30 August 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>bwdtskz4rtfqck2kuf6z1jcpj66xamm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>97923</id>
      <parentid>97922</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T21:21:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>97923</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4554" sha1="f8bbgdunsesanri9v2ryhezrp82zqwi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Hydromorphone''', dem sanso know as '''dihydromorphinone''', wey dem sell under de brand name '''Dilaudid''' among odas, be a morphinan opioid dem use to treat moderate to severe pain.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019&gt;{{cite web |title=Hydromorphone Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydromorphone-hydrochloride.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=15 April 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Typically, long-term use only be recommended for pain secof [[cancer]].&lt;ref name=BNF76&gt;{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 76|date=2018|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|isbn=978-0-85711-338-2|pages=24, 456|edition=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; E fi be used by mouth anaa by injection into a vein, muscle, anaa under de skin.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Effects generally dey begin within half an hour den last for up to five hours.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; A 2016 Cochrane review (dem update insyd 2021) find little difference in benefit between hydromorphone den oda opioids for cancer pain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Li Y, Ma J, Lu G, Dou Z, Knaggs R, Xia J, Zhao S, Dong S, Yang L |date=August 2021 |title=Hydromorphone for cancer pain |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=8 |article-number=CD011108 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011108.pub3 |pmc=8406835 |pmid=34350974}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects dey include dizziness, euphoria, sleepiness, nausea,  itchiness, den constipation.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Serious side effects fi include abuse, low blood pressure, seizures, respiratory depression, den [[serotonin syndrome]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Rapidly dey decrease de dose fi result in opioid withdrawal.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Generally, ein use during [[pregnancy]] anaa [[breastfeeding]] no be recommended.&lt;ref name=Preg2019&gt;{{cite web |title=Hydromorphone Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hydromorphone.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=15 April 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hydromorphone dey exert ein effects by activating opioid receptors, mainly insyd de brain den spinal cord.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Hydromorphone 2&amp;nbsp;mg IV be equivalent to approximately 10&amp;nbsp;mg [[morphine]] IV.&lt;ref name=BNF76/&gt;

Dem patent hydromorphone insyd 1923.&lt;ref name=Fis2006&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-3-527-60749-5 |page=526 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA526 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Den nake hydromorphone from [[morphine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Vardanyan R, Hruby V |title=Synthesis of Essential Drugs |date=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-046212-7 |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jjc7KYWZdOYC&amp;pg=PA25 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hydromorphone be a therapeutic alternative on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO24th&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list | year = 2025 | hdl = 10665/382243 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; E be available as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=AHFS2019/&gt; Insyd 2022, na e be de 233rd most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 1{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2022 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=30 August 2024 | archive-date=30 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830202410/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Hydromorphone Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 – 2022 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Hydromorphone | access-date = 30 August 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/17/magazine/17pain-t.html When is a pain doctor a drug pusher?], ''[[The New York Times]]'', June 2007

[[Category:4,5-Epoxymorphinans]]
[[Category:Euphoriants]]
[[Category:German inventions]]
[[Category:Ketones]]
[[Category:Mu-opioid receptor agonists]]
[[Category:Hydroxyarenes]]
[[Category:Semisynthetic opioids]]
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Category:Lethal injection components]]
[[Category:Recreational drug metabolites]]
[[Category:Human drug metabolites]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>f8bbgdunsesanri9v2ryhezrp82zqwi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Menopause</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>26814</id>
    <revision>
      <id>97924</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T21:28:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457912|Menopause]] to:gpe #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>97924</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36" sha1="r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u" xml:space="preserve">
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>97925</id>
      <parentid>97924</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-10T22:40:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>97925</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3699" sha1="a54mmxrluvifz46vv1gmdh8k5kgacl0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Menopause''' be de time wen [[Menstruation|menstrual periods]] permanently stop, wey dey mark de end of de reproductive stage for de female human.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Menopause basics {{!}} Office on Women's Health |url=https://womenshealth.gov/menopause/menopause-basics |access-date=2026-05-10 |website=womenshealth.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PubMed2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book|date=July 2, 2020 |title=Menopause: Overview |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279311/ |access-date=October 20, 2022 |via=National Library of Medicine - Bookshelf |publisher=Institute for Quality &amp; Efficiency in Health Care}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Angelou |first1=Kyveli |last2=Grigoriadis |first2=Themos |last3=Diakosavvas |first3=Michail |last4=Zacharakis |first4=Dimitris |last5=Athanasiou |first5=Stavros |date=2020-04-08 |title=The Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: An Overview of the Recent Data |journal=Cureus |volume=12 |issue=4 |article-number=e7586 |language=en |doi=10.7759/cureus.7586 |doi-access=free |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=7212735 |pmid=32399320}}&lt;/ref&gt; E typically dey occur between de ages of 45 den 55, although de exact timing fi vary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tak2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Takahashi TA, Johnson KM | title = Menopause | journal = The Medical Clinics of North America | volume = 99 | issue = 3 | pages = 521–534 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25841598 | doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.006 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Menopause be usually a natural change wey relate to a decrease in circulating blood estrogen levels.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E fi occur earlier in those wey smoke tobacco.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The menopausal transition: interface between gynecology and psychiatry |date=2009 |publisher=Karger |isbn=978-3-8055-9101-0 |veditors=Warren M, Soares CN |edition=[Online-Ausg.] |location=Basel |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda causes include surgery dey remove both ovaries, sam types of chemotherapy, anaa anything wey dey lead to a decrease in hormone levels.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Menopause &amp; Chemotherapy - Managing Side Effects - Chemocare |url=https://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/side-effects/menopause-chemotherapy.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121080929/http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/side-effects/menopause-chemotherapy.aspx |archive-date=21 November 2012 |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=chemocare.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; At de physiological level, menopause dey happen secof a decrease insyd de ovaries dema production of de hormones estrogen den progesterone.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; While typically no dey hia, wey dey measure hormone levels insyd de blood anaa urine fi confirm a diagnosis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=6 May 2013 |title=How do health care providers diagnose menopause? |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/diagnosed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143650/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=8 March 2015 |publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development}}&lt;/ref&gt; Menopause be de opposite of menarche, de time wen periods start.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Dynamics of Human Reproduction: Biology, Biometry, Demography |vauthors=Wood J |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-0-202-36570-1 |page=401 |chapter=9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0_SrDBNy24C&amp;pg=PA401 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181403/https://books.google.com/books?id=I0_SrDBNy24C&amp;pg=PA401 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>a54mmxrluvifz46vv1gmdh8k5kgacl0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>