White Nile

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="gpe">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>gpewiki</dbname>
    <base>https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Media</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Special</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">User</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">User talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Wikipedia talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">File</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">File talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">MediaWiki talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Template</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Template talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Help</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Help talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Category</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Category talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>White Nile</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105103</id>
      <parentid>105060</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T13:41:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105103</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15250" sha1="h9v48ahrm2pyzh5rk0pvmy6dz11wrb1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major tributaries of de Nile, de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].&lt;ref name=&quot;handle2012&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}&lt;/ref&gt; De name &quot;White&quot; dey come from de clay sediment wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=clay&amp;pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA362&amp;q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de strict meaning insyd, &quot;White Nile&quot; dey refer to de river formed at Lake No, at de confluence of de Bahr al Jabal den Bahr el Ghazal Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, &quot;White Nile&quot; dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from Lake Victoria thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de &quot;Victoria Nile&quot; from Lake Victoria via Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, then de &quot;Albert Nile&quot; to de South Sudan border, den then de &quot;Mountain Nile&quot; anaa &quot;Bahr-al-Jabal&quot; down to Lake No.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&amp;q=Kyoga&amp;pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&amp;pg=PA345&amp;q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;White Nile&quot; may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.&lt;ref name=&quot;abc-clio&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&amp;q=Luvironza&amp;pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&amp;pg=PA299&amp;q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]]

== Course ==

=== Headwaters ===
[[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|Rusumo Falls]]De Kagera River, wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of Bukoba, be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de Nile.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either deRuvyironza, wey dey emerge for de Bururi Province, Burundi insyd&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; (near Bukirasaz), anaa de Nyabarongo, wey dey flow from Nyungwe Forest for Rwanda insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near Rusumo Falls for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem waterfalls give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into Ngara, Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees bell &quot;de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd&quot;. De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria.  

==== For Uganda insyd ====
[[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for Bujagali Falls insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of &quot;Victoria Nile&quot; from Lake Victoria via Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, den then as de &quot;Albert Nile&quot; from der to de border plus South Sudan.

==== Victoria Nile ====
[[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at Jinja, Uganda, for de northern shore of de lake top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fishery&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Downstream from de Nalubaale Power Station den de Kiira Power Station at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova Bujagali Falls (de location of de Bujagali Power Station) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert.  

At Karuma Falls, de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of Murchison Falls National Park. During much of de insurgency of de Lord's Resistance Army, Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to Gulu top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; De World Bank approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at Murchison Falls, wey dey mark ein entry into de western branch of de East African Rift. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de Blue Mountains for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd.      

De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de &quot;Kyoga Nile&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Albert Nile ====
[[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de &quot;Albert Nile&quot;. E dey separate de West Nile sub-region of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for Nebbi District insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between Adjumani den Moyo, den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe.   

==== For South Sudan den Sudan ====
[[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter South Sudan from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of &quot;Mountain Nile&quot;. From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de &quot;White Nile&quot; for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into Sudan wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. 

==== Mountain Nile ====
[[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From Nimule for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de &quot;Mountain Nile&quot; anaa &quot;Baḥr al-Jabal&quot; (sanso &quot;Baḥr el-Jebel&quot;, {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally &quot;Mountain River&quot; anaa &quot;River of de Mountain&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;The [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' (بحر) can refer to either a sea or a large river&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EB&quot;&gt;[[:en:William_Edmund_Garstin|Garstin, William Edmund]]; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Nile|&quot;Nile&quot;]]&amp;#x20;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol.&amp;#x20;19 (11th&amp;#x20;ed.). pp.&amp;#x20;692–699.&lt;/ref&gt; De Southern Sudanese state of Central Equatoria thru wey de river dey flow dem know am as ''Bahr al-Jabal'' until 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 April 2006 |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De southern stretch of de river dey encounter several rapids before e reach de Sudan plain den de vast swamp of de Sudd. E dey make ein way to Lake No, wey e dey merge plus de Bahr el Ghazal den der dey form de White Nile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parsons&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Parsons |first1=Ellen C. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281 |title=Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa |date=1905 |publisher=Macmillan Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281/page/n20 7] |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=The Source of the Nile: Rwenzori Mountains National Park |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182239/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An anabranch river wey dem bell Bahr el Zeraf dey flow out of de Bahr al-Jabal at den dey flow thru de Sudd, to eventually join de White Nile. De Mountain Nile dey cascade thru narrow gorges den ova a series of rapids dat dey include de Fula (Fola) Rapids.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nile River (Mountain) {{!}} Waterbodies.org |url=http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021185241/http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=2020-08-20 |website=www.waterbodies.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|De White den Blue Niles dey merge at Khartoum, de capital of [[Sudan]].]]

==== White Nile proper ====
To sam pippoe, de White Nile dey start at de confluence of de Mountain Nile plus de Bahr el Ghazal at Lake No.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parsons&quot; /&gt;

De 120 kilometers of White Nile dat dey flow east from Lake No to de mouth of de Sobat dey very gently sloping den hold many swamps den lagoons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shahin&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Shahin |first1=Mamdouh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhRHvYmTPqQC |title=Hydrology of the Nile Basin |date=1985 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780444424334 |page=40 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152213/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FhRHvYmTPqQC |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wen for flood insyd, de Sobat River tributary dey carry a large amount of sediment, wey e add greatly to de White Nile ein pale color.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sobat River |url=http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9068426 |access-date=21 January 2008 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |edition=Online Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; From South Sudan ein second city Malakal, de river dey run slowly but swamp-free into Sudan den north to Khartoum. Downstream from Malakal dey lie Kodok, de site of de 1898 Fashoda Incident dat mark an end to de Scramble for Africa.

For Sudan insyd, de river dey lend ein name to de Sudanese state of White Nile, before e merge plus de larger Blue Nile at Khartoum den dey form de River Nile.   

== Inland waterways ==
De White Nile be navigable waterway from de Lake Albert to Khartoum thru Jebel Aulia Dam, only between Juba den Uganda dey require de river upgrade anaa channel to make am navigable.

During part of de year, de rivers dey navigable up to Gambela, Ethiopia, den Wau, South Sudan.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210124034329/http://atlas.nilebasin.org/treatise/inland-waterway-transport/ Nile inland Waterways]
* [https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.5+South+Sudan+Waterways+Assessment South Sudan Waterway Assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609034353/https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.5+South+Sudan+Waterways+Assessment |date=9 June 2022 }}
* [https://content.unops.org/publications/South-Sudan-River-Barge-System-Feasibility-Report-2018.pdf?mtime=20180309110200 Feasibility study river barge system] (Cranes on trucks/loader cranes and [[pallet]]s can increase efficiency)
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:White Nile| ]]
[[Category:Nile]]
[[Category:Nile basin]]
[[Category:Tributaries of de Nile]]
[[Category:Rivers of Sudan]]
[[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]]
[[Category:Rivers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Lake Albert (Africa)]]
[[Category:Lake Victoria]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Lowest points of countries]]</text>
      <sha1>h9v48ahrm2pyzh5rk0pvmy6dz11wrb1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Awash River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27083</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105104</id>
      <parentid>105072</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T13:45:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105104</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30421" sha1="asmt7aat1s4u31wz8prjauyrldpxvz6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; Oromo: ''Awaash'' anaa ''Hawaas'', Amharic: ዐዋሽ, Afar: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', Somali: ''Webiga Dir'', Italian: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus Lake Gargori den dey end plus Lake Abbe (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de Gulf of Tadjoura. De Awash River be de principal stream of an endorheic drainage basin wey dey cover parts of de Amhara, Oromia den Somali Regions, as well as de southern half of de Afar Region. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]&lt;/ref&gt;

De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]&lt;/ref&gt;

De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]&lt;/ref&gt; Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den urbanization within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein water resources top. De main sources of water pollution for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, agricultural runoff (pesticides, fertilizers), den sewage discharge. Industries wey dey pollute for de basin insyd dey include tanneries, paint factories, slaughterhouses, textiles, breweries, soft drink factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;    

De Awash Valley (den especially de Middle Awash) dey internationally famous give ein high density of hominin fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early evolution of humans.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem discover &quot;Lucy&quot;, one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot; /&gt; Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for UNESCO ein World Heritage List top for 1980 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot; /&gt;

== Geography ==
[[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near Asaita (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Dem partly locate am for de Main Ethiopian Rift insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.&lt;ref name=&quot;Length&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&amp;view=doc&amp;id=184&amp;format=raw&amp;Itemid=466 &quot;Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&amp;view=doc&amp;id=184&amp;format=raw&amp;Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)&lt;/ref&gt; E dey start for Ethiopia ein central highlands insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join Lake Abbe at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]&lt;/ref&gt; Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; 

De Awash dey rise south of Mount Warqe, west of Addis Ababa for de woreda of Dendi insyd, close to de town of Ginchi, West Shewa Zone, Oromia. After e enter de bottom of de Great Rift Valley, de Awash dey flow south to loop around Mount Zuqualla for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter Koka Reservoir. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of Adama den de Awash National Park. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de Germama (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori.     

Oda tributaries of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de Logiya, Mille, Borkana, Ataye, Hawadi, Kabenna den Dukem Rivers. Towns den cities along ein course dey include Metehara, Awash, Gewane den Asaita.     

Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, hot springs, den swamps for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

== Climate ==
De movement of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}&lt;/ref&gt; Semi-arid to arid conditions dey prevail for de Rift Valley insyd. In contrast, de highlands dey partly receive more dan {{convert|1600|mm}} of rainfall for ca. insyd, six months per year.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Knoche |first1=Malte |last2=Fischer |first2=Christian |last3=Pohl |first3=Eric |last4=Krause |first4=Peter |last5=Merz |first5=Ralf |year=2014 |title=Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=519 |pages=2049–2066 |bibcode=2014JHyd..519.2049K |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Climate change ===
A study for 2018 insyd investigate de effects of climate change for water resources top for de Awash basin insyd. Dem use three climate models from Coupled Models Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) den give three future periods (2006–2030, 2031–2055, den 2056–2080). Dem select de models wey dem base for demma performance to capture historical precipitation characteristics top. De baseline period wey dem use give comparison be 1981–2005. Dem estimate de future water availability as de difference between precipitation den potential evapotranspiration projections wey dem dey use de Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP8.5) emission scenarios. De projections give de future three periods dey show an increase for water deficiency insyd for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd. Dis decrease for water availability insyd go increase water stress for de basin insyd, wey e dey further threaten water security give different sectors.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology ==
[[File:Monthly rainfall by administrative zone in the Awash basin (1979–2015).jpg|thumb|Mean (left panel) den coefficient of variation (right panel) of monthly rainfall by administrative zone for de Awash basin insyd (1979–2015).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;]]

=== Rainfall, droughts den floods ===
Rainfall dey vary a lot for de basin insyd from one year to de next (dem dey bell dis ''high intra-annual variability''). Dem recognize dry season water shortage as a challenge give various activities such as irrigation de domestic water supply by de Awash Basin Authority.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Howeva, flooding sanso dey occur frequently during de main rainy season for July den August insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Taye, M.T., Haile, A.T., Dessalegn, M., Nigussie, L., Bekele, T.W., Nicol, A., Dyer, E. &amp; Tekleab, S. 2024. [https://reachwater.uk/resource/policy-and-practice-recommendations-on-flood-risk-management-in-the-awash-basin/ Policy and practice recommendations on flood risk management in the Awash basin]. REACH Discussion brief.&lt;/ref&gt; De type of flooding be different give de upper, middle den lower Awash basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Research find say &quot;de type den range of flooding for de Awash Basin insyd dey vary widely wey dey reflect de basin ein complex geography&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Taye, M.T., Haile, A.T., Dessalegn, M., Nigussie, L., Bekele, T.W., Nicol, A. and Dyer, E. (2024). [https://reachwater.uk/resource/flood-adaptation-and-mitigation-in-the-awash-basin-responding-to-new-climate-patterns/ Flood adaptation and mitigation in the Awash Basin: Responding to new climate patterns]. REACH Synthesis report, University of Oxford, UK.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|7}} For example, for urban areas insyd, dem know flash floods den river overflows to occur.    

Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den urbanization within de Awash basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein water resources top. Dem know de basin give high climate variability wey dey involve droughts den floods, den climate change go likely intensify de existing challenges.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Dem need future water management strategies to be inclusive of all sectors den consider de equity give different users.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;        

Dem investigate flood adaption measures den one of de recommendations be say to use &quot;land-use planning dat be 'flood-centric' for ein thinking den approach insyd [...]. Dis dey mean identifying (den protecting) flood zones near build-up areas den identifying zones dat fi allow to flood to absorb de impact of extreme events.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;{{rp|41}}

==== Groundwater ====
Groundwater recharge dey vary between values wey dey exceed {{convert|350|mm}} per year for de upper highlands insyd den no recharge at de bottom of de rift valley.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ayenew |first1=Tenalem |last2=Demlie |first2=Molla |last3=Wohnlich |first3=Stefan |year=2008 |title=Hydrogeological framework and occurrence of groundwater in the Ethiopian aquifers |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=97–113 |bibcode=2008JAfES..52...97A |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2008.06.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem predominantly recharge groundwater at de escarpments den highlands above 1,900 m a.s.l.,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Bretzler |first1=Anja |last2=Osenbrück |first2=Karsten |last3=Gloaguen |first3=Richard |last4=Ruprecht |first4=Janina S. |last5=Kebede |first5=Seifu |last6=Stadler |first6=Susanne |year=2011 |title=Groundwater origin and flow dynamics in active rift systems – A multi-isotope approach in the Main Ethiopian Rift |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=402 |issue=3–4 |pages=274–289 |bibcode=2011JHyd..402..274B |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.022}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey annual rainfall dey higher dan {{convert|1000|mm}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Localized small-scale recharge sanso dey suppose to occur at de flanks of de rift valley volcanoes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Artificial groundwater recharge dey take further place at irrigated plantations at de rift valley.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Recharge from river channel losses den via infiltration from lakes dey play a role for de Main Ethiopian Rift insyd den for southern Afar insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

De Awash Basin be a densely populated den industrialized area wey numerous enterprises dey rely for groundwater top give demma operation. Therefore, de majority of human development initiatives for de basin insyd go continue to depend heavily for de quantity den quality of groundwater top.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Groundwater management dey require proactive measures sekof de global challenges pose by rapid population growth, urbanization, climate change, den various human activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

== Ecology ==
[[File:Parc national d'Awash-Ethiopie-Rivière (1).JPG|thumb|Awash River for de Awash National Park insyd]]Most of de Awash basin be part of de Ethiopian montane forests ecoregion. At high altitudes de Ethiopian montane grasslands den woodlands den Ethiopian montane moorlands dey predominate. De Somali Acacia–Commiphora bushlands den thickets ecoregion dey occupy low elevations for de Rift insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The ecozones of the world. The ecological division of the geosphere |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287758543 |access-date=2017-10-21 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

De basin ein vegetation get a strong anthropogenic impact.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; All ova de upper den central Awash basin, dey remain of different savanna types be still clearly visible. Dem range from thorn savannas for de lower rift insyd, bush, grass den open savannas above 800 m den woody savannas for de escarpments top den de highlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis |author=Knoche, M. |title=Hydrological Modelling of the Upper Awash Catchment (Main Ethiopian Rift) |degree=Masters |publisher=Technische Universität Freiberg |year=2011 |location=Freiberg, Germany}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fauna ====
De lower Awash Valley be one of de last wildlife dey preserve give de African wild ass. De mammal be now extinct for Yangudi Rassa National Park insyd, but dem still find am for de adjacent Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Moehlman, P.D.; Kebede, F.; Yohannes, H. (2015). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7949/45170994 &quot;''Equus africanus''&quot;]. ''[[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2015''' e.T7949A45170994. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T7949A45170994.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T7949A45170994.en]]. Retrieved 19 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt; Oda large animals native to de area dey include Beisa Oryx, Soemmering ein gazelle, Dorcas gazelle, gerenuk den Grevy ein zebra. Crocodiles sanso dey flourish within de river.   

== Human activities den impacts ==
[[File:Awash River in the nineteenth century.jpg|thumb|Illustration of a camel convoy for de Awash River top den for de nineteenth century insyd by Guglielmo Massaia]]De Awash basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Dem know Middle Awash give dey have both large- den small-scale irrigation, as well as agroindustry den sugar factories (Wenji, Methara, den Kesem Sugar factories).&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

==== Water supply ====
De water supplies of de major urban centers like Addis Ababa, Mojo den Adama, den sanso, de irrigation waters give local den commercial agricultural lands (such as sugarcane plantation) dey depend for de Awash River den ein tributaries insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zinabu |first1=Eskinder |last2=Alamirew |first2=Tena |last3=Gebrehiwot |first3=Solomon G. |last4=Whitehead |first4=Paul |last5=Charles |first5=Katrina |last6=Zeleke |first6=Gete |date=2024 |title=Information synthesis to identify water quality issues and select applicable in-stream water quality model for the Awash River basin in Ethiopia: A perspective from developing countries |journal=Scientific African |language=en |volume=23 |bibcode=2024SciAf..2302063Z |doi=10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02063 |doi-access=free |article-number=e02063}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Economic activities ====
De agricultural den service sectors dominate Awash basin ein economy, plus de latter dey prevail for de large urban center of Addis Ababa insyd. Agriculture dey dominate water use (about 89% of total water use for de basin insyd) den dem expect to continue to be de basis give economic growth for de coming years insyd. Crop production for particular insyd be a major component of de basin ein economy den dem see rapid growth for recent years insyd, plus de value of output dey expand by 7.9% per year for real terms insyd between 2004 den 2014. As of 2012, de total irrigated area of de basin dey less dan 2% of de total area under cultivation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;   

Forestry dey hardly exist insyd de Awash River basin, plus a few exceptions of small eucalyptus plantations. Outside of Awash National Park de open den woody savannas dey almost completely cultivated plus crops. Dis especially dey account give all escarpment terraces.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Thereby de scattered tree cover remain similar to de primary state of de savannas, while crops replace de grass layer. Only highest altitudes dey still show woodlands dem connect. Dem carry out partly reforestation for no cultivable altitudes plus secondary coniferous forests. De cultivated crops be (endemic) teff, maize, sorghum, beans den vegetables.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;         

Pastures dey hardly exist wey agriculture dey possible. De cattle graze for field edges top den waysides den for steep escarpments top. Dis be one major reason give erosion, sekof dem partly destroy vegetation cover. Stubble-grazing be a common practice for de Awash basin insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Moeyersons |first3=Jan |last4=Haile |first4=Mitiku |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |date=2008-04-30 |title=Dynamics of soil erosion rates and controlling factors in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands – towards a sediment budget |journal=[[Earth Surface Processes and Landforms]] |language=en |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=695–711 |bibcode=2008ESPL...33..695N |doi=10.1002/esp.1569 |hdl=1854/LU-416185 |issn=1096-9837 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;            

Recurrent extreme wet den dry weather events challenge economic activities for de basin insyd. De large portion of rural poor engage for rainfed agriculture insyd for de drought-prone marginal lands insyd wey dem locate for de middle den lower reaches of de basin insyd dey suffer greatly from drought wey dey recur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;             

Climate variability already get a severe impact for populations den economic productivity top for de Awash basin insyd. Severe droughts for de basin lead to a significant depression of crop yields den death of livestock, wey dey result for increase for food insecurity insyd. Dem estimate a modest (5%) decrease for rainfall insyd to reduce de basin ein gross domestic product (GDP) 5%, plus a 10% decrease for agricultural productivity insyd. Humanitarian assistance requests be relatively common sekof climate shocks, such as de 2015/2016 El Niño events wey result for a severe drought insyd den a humanitarian response dey target ova 10 million people nationally, plus many priority districts locate for de Awash basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

==== Pollution ====
[[File:The Awash River.jpg|thumb|De Awash River at Sodere, Ethiopia (2014)]]Municipal den industrial wastewater treatment plants dey scant den inefficient for de Awash River basin insyd. Wey dem exist, demma effluents (often dem treat am poorly) dem channel am into nearby streams, thus polluting dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Growing industrialization den urbanization for de Awash River basin insyd severely damage de ecosystem sekof dem discharge de toxins into water bodies. De main sources of water pollution for de upper Awash River basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, agricultural runoff (pesticides, fertilizers), den sewage discharge. Both anthropogenic den geogenic activities dey contribute to de observed water quality degradation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; De term ''geogenic'' dey refer to naturally occurring contamination thru tectonic, clay, volcanic ash, den sand weathering phenomena.    

Heavy metal pollution for de surface water insyd becam a growing concern give de environment den people ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Polluting industries for de Awash River basin insyd dey include tanneries, paint factories, slaughterhouses, textiles, breweries, soft drink factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals. Wastewater dey enter de river from cities such as Addis Ababa, Awash 7 Kilo, Ambo, Sebeta, Bishoftu, Gelan, Adama, Modjo. Agricultural runoff fi be a cause of heavy metal pollution (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, U, den Zn) for aquatic bodies insyd, den industrial disposal sanso fi lead to high heavy metals concentrations such as As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Zn, den Pb concentrations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

==== Water quality ====
A study of river water quality for 2023 insyd show dat high levels of heavy metals, such as Al, Mn, Mo, As, V, Fe, den Ba, dem exhibit am plus values of 1257 μg/L, 626.8 μg/L, 116.7 μg/L, 61.2 μg/L, 100.5 μg/L, 1082.7 μg/L, den 211.7 μg/L, respectively. Among 20 heavy metals wey dem analyze, 20% of de parameters within de study area dey above de WHO limit give drinking water; Al (157 μg/L), V (100.5 μg/L), Fe (1082.7 μg/L), Mn (626.8 μg/L), den Mo (103.8 μg/L) dem exhibit am at sites along de river system.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Dis be a problem as water from dem use de river as a source of drinking water den irrigation. 

De presence of emerging organic contaminants for de river water insyd dey anoda concern. Dem substances dey include pharmaceuticals, personal care products, industrial byproducts, den agricultural chemicals. Dem detect high levels of emerging organic contaminants for a study insyd for 2023 insyd for de river den shallow groundwater systems insyd: &quot;Dem detect pesticides, veterinary drugs, artificial sweeteners, den personal care products for samples from all sources insyd (surface, ground, den tap water). Dem find endocrine disruptors den equine drugs for both surface den groundwater sources insyd.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Kidist |last2=Kebede |first2=Seifu |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Lapworth |first4=Dan |date=2024 |title=Tracing contaminants of emerging concern in the Awash River basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies |language=en |volume=54 |bibcode=2024JHyRS..5401869H |doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.101869 |doi-access=free |article-number=101869}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river water den shallow groundwater connect intrinsically. Contaminants for de river water insyd fi pollute de groundwater den vice versa. A study for 2024 insyd investigate de characteristics of groundwater for a region of Middle Awash insyd give multipurpose use. E find say dem find contaminants such as arsenic, vanadium, gallium, lithium, rubidium, chromium, manganese, copper, den zinc enrich for groundwater insyd near Lake Beseka, wey geogenic activities, volcanic ash, den weathering of rocks majorly influence am.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Ova half of de groundwater sources dey unsuitable give drinking, wey e pose significant health risks to local communities dat rely heavily for dem sources top sekof limited access to clean surface water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;         

For de Middle Awash Basin insyd den de country at large, de water quality of most groundwater sources dem monitor den regulate am inadequately den insufficiently. Consequently, areas within de upstream Awash Basin, particularly around Modjo, Bishoftu, Gelan, den Addis Ababa, dey highly susceptible to unregulated abstraction den pollution of groundwater.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

== Paleontology ==
Humans live for de valley of de Awash insyd almost since de beginning of de species. Dem find numerous pre-human hominid remains for de Middle Awash insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;HS&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Haile-Selassie |first=Yohannes |date=2001-07-12 |title=Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=412 |issue=6843 |pages=178–181 |bibcode=2001Natur.412..178H |doi=10.1038/35084063 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=11449272 |s2cid=4432082}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remains wey dem find for de Awash Valley insyd dey date from de late Miocene, Pliocene, de early Pleistocene (roughly 5.6–2.5 million years ago), den dey include fossils of many Australopithecines, wey dey include &quot;Lucy&quot;, de most famous individual Australopithecus.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HS&quot; /&gt; Oda extinct hominids wey dem discover at de site dey include ''Homo erectus'' den ''Ardipithecus''.   

== History ==
For de 16th century insyd, dem bell Awash River de great Dir river den dey lay for de country of de Muslims insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=ʻArabfaqīh |first=Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgIwAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=conquest+abyssinia |title=The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century |date=2003-01-01 |publisher=Tsehai Publishers &amp; Distributors |isbn=978-0-9723172-6-9 |location=Hollywood |pages=124 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Koka Dam, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|De Koka Dam before dem complete am 1960, dey creating de Koka Reservoir]]

==== 20th Century ====
De first European wey trace de course of de Awash to ein end for de Aussa oasis insyd be Wilfred Thesiger for 1933/1934 insyd, wey start at de city of Awash, wey follow de river ein course to ein final end for Lake Abhebad insyd, den continue ein expedition east to Tadjoura. (Although de explorer L. M. Nesbitt follow parts of de course of de Awash for 1928 insyd, he turn away from de river at Asaita den proceed north thru de Afar Depression to de Red Sea.&lt;ref&gt;As related in his memoirs, ''Hell-Hole of Creation: The Exploration of Abyssinian Danakil'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1935)&lt;/ref&gt;)

For 1960 insyd, dem complete de Koka Dam across de Awash River at a point around {{convert|75|km}} from Addis Ababa. Plus ein opening, e becam a major source of hydroelectric power for de area insyd. De resulting freshwater lake, Lake Gelila (wey dem sanso know am as Koka Reservoir), get an area of about {{convert|180|km2}}. Increasing sedimentation threaten both lake den dam.   

== Society den culture ==
[[File:Awash river.png|thumb|De Awash River, wey camel caravan ford am, a nineteenth century wey dey engrave (for 1852 insyd)]]De valley of de Awash from about 9° N downstream be de traditional home of de Afar pippoe den Issa Somali clan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Markakis |first=John |date=2003 |title=Anatomy of a Conflict: Afar &amp; Ise Ethiopia |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=30 |issue=97 |pages=445–453 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2003.9659777 |hdl=10.1080/03056244.2003.9659777 |issn=0305-6244 |jstor=4006987 |s2cid=153511308 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem include de valley of de Awash as part of de Fatagar, Ifat, den Shewa.&lt;ref&gt;Richard Pankhurst, ''The Ethiopian Borderlands'' (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 61&lt;/ref&gt; 

Dem name de Awash International Bank  after de Awash River.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 November 2022 |title=assessment of credit risk management policies |url=http://197.156.93.91/bitstream/123456789/4316/1/Thesis%20Meseret%20Zelalem.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Make you sanso see ==

* Adama–Awash Expressway
* Awash–Weldiya Railway
* List of rivers of Ethiopia
* List of fossil sites ''(plus link directory)''
* List of hominina (hominid) fossils ''(plus images)''
* List of most polluted rivers
* List of World Heritage Sites for Ethiopia insyd

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Awash River| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Ethiopian Highlands]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites insyd Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Afar Triangle]]</text>
      <sha1>asmt7aat1s4u31wz8prjauyrldpxvz6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rufiji River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27155</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105105</id>
      <parentid>105074</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T13:46:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105105</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8130" sha1="9405fa66wq0xxs2q9ghpe9oo76tq31p" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Rufiji River''' dey lie entirely within [[Tanzania]]. E be largest den longest river for de country insyd, wey de confluence of de Kilombero den de Luwegu river form am. E dey approximately {{convert|600|km|mi}} long, plus a source for southwestern Tanzania insyd, wey e terminate at de Indian Ocean, opposite Mafia Island, for Pwani Region insyd. Ein principal tributary be de Great Ruaha River. E dey navigable give approximately {{convert|100|km|mi}}.

De Rufiji river dey approximately {{convert|200|km|mi}} south of Dar es Salaam. De river ein delta dey contain de largest mangrove forest for eastern Africa insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Downstream and Coastal Impacts of Damming and Water Abstraction in Africa&quot;, ''Environmental Management'', authored by Maria Snoussi, Johnson Kitheka, Yohanna Shaghude, Alioune Kane, Russell Arthurton, Martin Le Tissier, and Hassan Virji, 2007, volume 39, page 589 |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576989/Snoussi_2007_Downstream_and.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821041140/http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576989/Snoussi_2007_Downstream_and.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-21 |access-date=2015-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
A branch of ancient sea routes lead down de East African coast wey dem bell &quot;Azania&quot; by de Greeks den Romans for de 1st century CE insyd as dem describe for de Periplus of de Erythraean Sea insyd (den, very probably, Chinese: 澤散 for de 3rd century insyd by de Chinese),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2004 |title=The Peoples of the West |url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html |access-date=2009-04-18 |work=from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢 |publisher=[[University of Washington]] |translator=Hill, John E.}}&lt;/ref&gt; at least as far as de port dem know to de Romans as Rhapta, wey dem probably locate for de delta of de Rufiji River insyd for modern Tanzania insyd.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Panchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea.&quot; Felix A. Chami. In: ''Society for Arabian Studies Monographs 2 Trade and Travel in the Red Sea Region''. Proceedings of Red Sea Project I held in the British Museum October 2002, pp. 93-104. Edited by Paul Lunde and Alexandra Porter. {{ISBN|1-84171-622-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

During de First World War, from October 1914 to July 1915, de river delta be de scene of a protracted naval operation. Dem be de attempts, den later achievement, by de Royal Navy to neutralize den destroy de German cruiser ''Königsberg''. 

== Basin ==
De catchment basin give de Rufiji River complex be {{Convert|177429|sqkm|sqmi|0}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Arvidson, Anders |display-authors=etal |date=May 2009 |title=Initial Assessment of Socioeconomic and Environmental Risks and Opportunities of Large-scale Biofuels Production in the Rufiji District |url=http://www.tabef.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Risk-Assessment-of-SEKABscluster-approach-in-Rufiji-District-2805091.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910175844/http://www.tabef.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Risk-Assessment-of-SEKABscluster-approach-in-Rufiji-District-2805091.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-10 |access-date=2015-10-18 |publisher=SEKAB BioEnergy (T) Ltd |page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Rufiji Basin catchment area
!River
!Area
km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
!Percentage
of area
!Percentage
of run-off
|-
!Great Ruaha
| align=&quot;right&quot; |     83,970
| align=&quot;right&quot; |47
| align=&quot;right&quot; |15
|-
!Kilombero
| align=&quot;right&quot; |39,990
| align=&quot;right&quot; |23
| align=&quot;right&quot; |62
|-
!Luwegu
| align=&quot;right&quot; |26,300
| align=&quot;right&quot; |15
| align=&quot;right&quot; |18
|-
!Rufiji (lower river)
| align=&quot;right&quot; |27,160
| align=&quot;right&quot; |15
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5
|-
!
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
| align=&quot;right&quot; |
|-
!Total
| align=&quot;right&quot; |      177,429
| align=&quot;right&quot; |100
| align=&quot;right&quot; |100
|}

== Hydroelectric Project ==
Tanzania presido John Magufuli approve de construction of a controversial&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hoag |first1=Heather J. |last2=Öhman |first2=May-Britt |year=2008 |title=Turning water into power: Debates over the Development of Tanzania's Rufiji River Basin, 1945-1985 |url=https://repository.usfca.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&amp;context=hist |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=624–651 |doi=10.1353/tech.0.0061 |pmid=18831291 |s2cid=27222691 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Siderius |first=Christian |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/46818/2021_Book_ClimateRiskInAfrica.pdf?sequence=1#page=114 |title=Climate Risk in Africa: Adaptation and Resilience |publisher=Palgrave Macmillian |year=2021 |isbn=978-3-030-61159-0 |editor1-last=Conway |editor1-first=Declan |location=[[Cham, Switzerland]] |pages=93–113 |chapter=Chapter 6: High Stakes Decisions Under Uncertainty: Dams, Development and Climate Change in the Rufiji River Basin |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-61160-6_6 |display-authors=etal |editor2-last=Vincent |editor2-first=Katharine |s2cid=234340454}}&lt;/ref&gt; new dam den power station for de river top at Stiegler ein Gorge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tanzania to Construct Hydropower Plant on National Reserve|newspaper=[[Voice of America]]|date=July 26, 2019|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_tanzania-construct-hydropower-plant-national-reserve/6172693.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem expect de power station to provide 2,100 megawatts of electricity, more dan triple Tanzania ein existing hydropower of 562 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Tairo|first=Apolinari|date=July 26, 2019|title=Tanzania launches Rufiji power plant|newspaper=[[The EastAfrican]]|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Construction-of-Tanzania-hydro-plant-begins/2560-5211880-ig941w/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Construction of de dam start for July 26, 2019 top, den dem expect am to be ready by 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;Takouleu&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Takouleu|first=Jean Marie|date=24 July 2019|title=Stiegler's Gorge dam construction begins on July 26|publisher=Afrik 21|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/tanzania-stieglers-gorge-dam-construction-begins-on-july-26/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725050527/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/tanzania-stieglers-gorge-dam-construction-begins-on-july-26/|archive-date=25 July 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Rufiji_River_Selous_Game_Reserve.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rufiji_River_Selous_Game_Reserve.jpg|Sun wey dey poke thru de clouds along de river.
File:Rufiji_River,_Selous.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rufiji_River,_Selous.jpg|Rufiji River at Selous Game Reserve.
File:ElefantenAmRufiji.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElefantenAmRufiji.jpg|Elephants along de river.
File:Along_the_Rufiji_River_in_Selous_Game_Reserve_(3)_(28420159914).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Along_the_Rufiji_River_in_Selous_Game_Reserve_(3)_(28420159914).jpg|De river bank
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==

* [[:en:Felix_A._Chami|Chami, F. A.]] 1999. &quot;The Early Iron Age on Mafia island and its relationship with the mainland.&quot; ''Azania'' Vol. XXXIV 1999, pp.&amp;#x20;1–10.
* Chami, Felix A. 2002. &quot;The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Panchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea.&quot; In: ''Society for Arabian Studies Monographs 2 Trade and Travel in the Red Sea Region''. Proceedings of Red Sea Project I held in the British Museum October 2002, pp.&amp;#x20;93–104. Edited by Paul Lunde and Alexandra Porter. {{ISBN|1-84171-622-7}}.
* Miller, J. Innes. 1969. Chapter 8: &quot;The Cinnamon Route&quot;. In: ''The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire''. Oxford: University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-814264-1}}
* Ray, Himanshu Prabha, ed. 1999. ''Archaeology of Seafaring: The Indian Ocean in the Ancient Period''. Pragati Publications, Delhi.

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Map of de Rufiji River basin at Water Resources eAtlas]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rufiji River| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tanzania]]</text>
      <sha1>9405fa66wq0xxs2q9ghpe9oo76tq31p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lake Edward</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27201</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105106</id>
      <parentid>105077</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T13:48:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105106</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14696" sha1="rjllvc2yattm8f8xi9ru6qifj5kafy0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de Albertine Rift insyd, de western branch of de East African Rift, for de border between de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC)]] den [[Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de equator.

== History ==
Welsh explorer Henry Morton Stanley first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de Emin Pasha Relief Expedition. Dem name de lake for honour of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales insyd, son of then British monarch Queen Victoria, den e later becam King Edward VII.

For 1973 insyd, Uganda den de then Zaire (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name.

For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. SOCO International enter de premises of de Virunga National Park wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of am, such plans naturally dey go against de World Heritage Convention.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==

=== Topography den drainage ===
Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de Rutshuru River, de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. Lake George to de northeast dey empty into am via de Kazinga Channel. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de Semliki River into Lake Albert, wey e dey join de [[White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[Nile]].   

De western escarpment of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat lava plains. De Ruwenzori Mountains dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. Interactive map]]

==== Volcanism ====
De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de Kazinga Channel for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de Nyamuragira volcano for de western Virunga Mountains insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;     

De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit Lake Katwe for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of sulphurous water nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.&lt;ref&gt;Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 &quot;Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda&quot;], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&amp;#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De similarly sized Bunyaruguru field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Settlements ====
[[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de Queen Elizabeth National Park (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at Ishango (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be Kasese for Uganda insyd to de northeast den Butembo for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mich&quot;&gt;Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ecology ==
Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''Bagrus docmak'', ''Oreochromis niloticus'', ''Oreochromis leucostictus'', den ova 50 species of ''Haplochromis'' den oda haplochromine species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna wey dey live for de banks of de lake top &amp;#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &amp;#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species.  

=== Decline of hippos den tilapia ===
[[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 hippos insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed tilapia, a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward.        
[[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;    

Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer.        

== 2018 Lake Edward Skirmish ==
For July 6, 2018 top, der be a naval skirmish between de two nations of Uganda den de Democratic Republic of the Congo for Lake Edward top. Dis skirmish begin as a result of Congolese naval vessels wey dem send to investigate reports of de Ugandan navy wey e apprehend several Congolese fishing vessels, den civilians. Dis clash result for de death of one person insyd, den de wounding of three odas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150504/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/07/07/one-killed-three-wounded-after-clashes-near-congo-uganda-border/ |website=africanews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Early reports by local Congolese officials dey claim say dem kill seven for de clash insyd, howeva, dis no back up by either national government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=Uganda and DR Congo clash on Lake Edward |url=http://clubofmozambique.com/news/uganda-and-dr-congo-clash-on-lake-edward/ |website=Club of Mozambique |agency=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; For July 9 top, North Kivu official Muhindo Kyakwa claim dat dem kill twelve Congolese fishermen for de clashes insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/uganda-and-congo-forces-clash-in-lake-edward-dispute/a-44594461|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|quote=&quot;The 12 bodies of our compatriots are still floating on Edward Lake,&quot; said Muhindo Kyakwa, a senior Congolese official of the province of North Kivu.|title=Uganda and Congo forces clash in Lake Edward dispute|date=July 10, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* Cana, Frank Richardson; Garstin, William Edmund (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Albert_Edward_Nyanza|&quot;Albert Edward Nyanza&quot;]] . ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). p. 502.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |date=2008-03-14 }}
* [https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake/AFR-12 World Lake Database]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Edward}}
[[Category:Lake Edward| ]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Uganda]]
[[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Uganda border]]
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:African Great Lakes]]</text>
      <sha1>rjllvc2yattm8f8xi9ru6qifj5kafy0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27202</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105179</id>
      <parentid>103853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T10:59:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinnani Hamdia</username>
        <id>3237</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added links</comment>
      <origin>105179</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29370" sha1="rr7drrw68dbpp167l3jwtkfijr3fr79" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions.

The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation.

The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Urban areas ===
[[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them.

Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], Gabon, Ghana, Mozambique, Niger and Uganda (for small towns). For Uganda and Burkina Faso, dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts.

The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like Uganda, Mozambique, Rwanda, Nigeria, and Madagascar, to 21% for Namibia and 12% for South Africa.


== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>rr7drrw68dbpp167l3jwtkfijr3fr79</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105182</id>
      <parentid>105179</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:04:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinnani Hamdia</username>
        <id>3237</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added links</comment>
      <origin>105182</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29390" sha1="ootkvf98taajpwobz8um5ehlv0r4jew" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions.

The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation.

The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Urban areas ===
[[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them.

Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For Uganda and Burkina Faso, dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts.

The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like Uganda, Mozambique, Rwanda, Nigeria, and Madagascar, to 21% for Namibia and 12% for South Africa.


== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>ootkvf98taajpwobz8um5ehlv0r4jew</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105184</id>
      <parentid>105182</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:06:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinnani Hamdia</username>
        <id>3237</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added link</comment>
      <origin>105184</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29398" sha1="bltr6z4tvzr11t8bx48c7rrtfo87a0j" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions.

The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation.

The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Urban areas ===
[[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them.

Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts.

The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like Uganda, Mozambique, Rwanda, Nigeria, and Madagascar, to 21% for Namibia and 12% for South Africa.


== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>bltr6z4tvzr11t8bx48c7rrtfo87a0j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105186</id>
      <parentid>105184</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:07:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinnani Hamdia</username>
        <id>3237</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added links</comment>
      <origin>105186</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29426" sha1="0jaigl652z2cknyxv0fgawx0qqmi02y" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions.

The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation.

The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Urban areas ===
[[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them.

Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts.

The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]].


== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>0jaigl652z2cknyxv0fgawx0qqmi02y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105189</id>
      <parentid>105186</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:19:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinnani Hamdia</username>
        <id>3237</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added content</comment>
      <origin>105189</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29521" sha1="35xbgwqmiyx5d1r7g4i7xjudz0mrxkm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions.

The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation.

The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Urban areas ===
[[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them.

Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts.

The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]].

Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.


== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>35xbgwqmiyx5d1r7g4i7xjudz0mrxkm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105192</id>
      <parentid>105189</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:22:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinnani Hamdia</username>
        <id>3237</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added content</comment>
      <origin>105192</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29616" sha1="ts7bpwrrc7za4o7fk5rnay2retbixcb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions.

The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation.

The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Urban areas ===
[[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them.

Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts.

The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]].

Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity


== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>ts7bpwrrc7za4o7fk5rnay2retbixcb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105193</id>
      <parentid>105192</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:23:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinnani Hamdia</username>
        <id>3237</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added content</comment>
      <origin>105193</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29683" sha1="shb1zb3gezw3hzg37aud8f9x2s4deei" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions.

The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation.

The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Urban areas ===
[[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them.

Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts.

The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]].

Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.


== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>shb1zb3gezw3hzg37aud8f9x2s4deei</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105196</id>
      <parentid>105193</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:25:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinnani Hamdia</username>
        <id>3237</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added content</comment>
      <origin>105196</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29837" sha1="tpyycx260r7u29k41b9t6ocpkilfz9h" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions.

The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation.

The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Urban areas ===
[[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them.

Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts.

The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]].

Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.


== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>tpyycx260r7u29k41b9t6ocpkilfz9h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105197</id>
      <parentid>105196</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:26:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinnani Hamdia</username>
        <id>3237</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added content</comment>
      <origin>105197</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29946" sha1="ip7u92j3mtk82qfih81dh1907gw7l18" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions.

The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation.

The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Urban areas ===
[[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them.

Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts.

The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]].

Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.Recent data from UNICEF (2023) show say even though urban access to improved water sources don grow overall,


== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>ip7u92j3mtk82qfih81dh1907gw7l18</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105199</id>
      <parentid>105197</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:27:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinnani Hamdia</username>
        <id>3237</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added content</comment>
      <origin>105199</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30050" sha1="plm23ig1ihh7gbtz65esajlb6kf2ycm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions.

The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation.

The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Urban areas ===
[[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them.

Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts.

The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]].

Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.Recent data from UNICEF (2023) show say even though urban access to improved water sources don grow overall,the number of urban households wey dey connected to pipe water still dey reduce for sub-Saharan Africa.


== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>plm23ig1ihh7gbtz65esajlb6kf2ycm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105201</id>
      <parentid>105199</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:27:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinnani Hamdia</username>
        <id>3237</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added content</comment>
      <origin>105201</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30215" sha1="34u08dz9g02trseagncn6za0gfiby32" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions.

The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation.

The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Urban areas ===
[[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them.

Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts.

The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]].

Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.Recent data from UNICEF (2023) show say even though urban access to improved water sources don grow overall,the number of urban households wey dey connected to pipe water still dey reduce for sub-Saharan Africa.These households dey increasingly depend on alternative water sources like shared standpipes, boreholes, and water vendors, wey often no reliable and no affordable.


== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>34u08dz9g02trseagncn6za0gfiby32</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105203</id>
      <parentid>105201</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:29:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinnani Hamdia</username>
        <id>3237</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added content</comment>
      <origin>105203</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30320" sha1="pf5aiq6855xbg7bcsenitene7zpjm4a" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions.

The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation.

The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Urban areas ===
[[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them.

Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts.

The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]].

Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.Recent data from UNICEF (2023) show say even though urban access to improved water sources don grow overall,the number of urban households wey dey connected to pipe water still dey reduce for sub-Saharan Africa.These households dey increasingly depend on alternative water sources like shared standpipes, boreholes, and water vendors, wey often no reliable and no affordable. The gap between village and town water access still dey, as urban households dey better served overall 


== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>pf5aiq6855xbg7bcsenitene7zpjm4a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105204</id>
      <parentid>105203</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:30:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinnani Hamdia</username>
        <id>3237</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added content</comment>
      <origin>105204</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30397" sha1="620xiojko957g87vi7lxkzay98coyew" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions.

The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation.

The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Urban areas ===
[[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them.

Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts.

The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]].

Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.Recent data from UNICEF (2023) show say even though urban access to improved water sources don grow overall,the number of urban households wey dey connected to pipe water still dey reduce for sub-Saharan Africa.These households dey increasingly depend on alternative water sources like shared standpipes, boreholes, and water vendors, wey often no reliable and no affordable. The gap between village and town water access still dey, as urban households dey better served overall  but still dey face big barriers to get fair and sustainable water service. 


== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>620xiojko957g87vi7lxkzay98coyew</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105206</id>
      <parentid>105204</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:31:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinnani Hamdia</username>
        <id>3237</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added links</comment>
      <origin>105206</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30663" sha1="hdd208do5767bg3wf6eki5t981ksq7k" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions.

The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation.

The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Urban areas ===
[[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them.

Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts.

The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]].

Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.Recent data from UNICEF (2023) show say even though urban access to improved water sources don grow overall,the number of urban households wey dey connected to pipe water still dey reduce for sub-Saharan Africa.These households dey increasingly depend on alternative water sources like shared standpipes, boreholes, and water vendors, wey often no reliable and no affordable. The gap between village and town water access still dey, as urban households dey better served overall  but still dey face big barriers to get fair and sustainable water service.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>hdd208do5767bg3wf6eki5t981ksq7k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105209</id>
      <parentid>105206</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:33:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinnani Hamdia</username>
        <id>3237</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added citations</comment>
      <origin>105209</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30929" sha1="5s28vps4vo4ru023m3rc262lzo3zuyh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions.

The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation.

The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Urban areas ===
[[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them.

Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts.

The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]].

Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.Recent data from UNICEF (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; show say even though urban access to improved water sources don grow overall,the number of urban households wey dey connected to pipe water still dey reduce for sub-Saharan Africa.These households dey increasingly depend on alternative water sources like shared standpipes, boreholes, and water vendors, wey often no reliable and no affordable. The gap between village and town water access still dey, as urban households dey better served overall  but still dey face big barriers to get fair and sustainable water service.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

 
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>5s28vps4vo4ru023m3rc262lzo3zuyh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105211</id>
      <parentid>105209</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:34:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinnani Hamdia</username>
        <id>3237</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added subheading</comment>
      <origin>105211</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30950" sha1="hrlv01j5p25id4wp1pssppz2jhuzcb6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]

For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

=== The urban-rural disparities ===
[[File:Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015.jpg|thumb|Urban and rural piped water coverage in Africa and Asia in 2015: Access to piped water in rural areas of Africa is consistently lower than in urban areas of Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Rob |last2=Thomson |first2=Patrick |last3=Koehler |first3=Johanna |last4=Foster |first4=Tim |date=2020 |title=Rethinking the economics of rural water in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/oxrep/article/36/1/171/5696680 |journal=Oxford Review of Economic Policy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=171–190 |doi=10.1093/oxrep/grz036 |issn=0266-903X|doi-access=free|hdl=10453/142771 |hdl-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

For the whole sub-Saharan region, the number of people wey get water supply and sanitation for town is almost double the number for village, both for water (83% for town, 47% for village) and for sanitation (44% against 24%).But the villages dey improve faster, while for the towns, the water supply and sanitation infrastructure no fit keep up with how fast people dey move to town.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

=== Different interpretations of access ===
Note say the words 'access' and 'improved' no get one clear meaning for everybody.The definitions wey WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation dey use no always match with the ones wey other surveys or national policies dey use.The government of Burkina Faso for example dey also look at things like how long you wait and the quality of the water.In fact, almost half of the households for Sub-Saharan Africa wey WHO/UNICEF say dem &quot;get access to improved water supply&quot; dey spend more than 30 minutes every day just to fetch water. Even though WHO/UNICEF mention this time wey dem waste for their report, e no affect their &quot;improved&quot; versus &quot;non-improved&quot; classification.

== National stakeholders in water supply and sanitation ==
Since the 1990s, almost all African countries don start to move their political powers from the central government give local authorities:for Mali e start for 1993, for Ethiopia for 1995, for Rwanda for 2002, for Burkina Faso for 2004, ...Together with the decentralisation process, dem also reform the water supply and sanitation sector. The institutional structures for water supply and sanitation wey come out of it dey different across the continent. Dem fit make two general distinctions.

The first distinction wey dem suppose make na between water supply and sanitation responsibilities for (i) towns and (ii) villages. Most governments don create corporatised utilities to handle water supply and sanitation for the towns.For the villages, the responsibilities usually dey with the municipality, community-based groups, or local private companies.The central government work generally dey limited to setting the national goals and regulations for water supply and sanitation.

The second distinction, wey concern the towns, dey between those countries (mostly francophone) wey still keep one national utility wey dey work for all the towns for the whole country, and other countries (mostly anglophone) wey don further decentralise the utilities give local jurisdictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Urban areas ===
[[Image:Legal status and ownership of the Sub-Saharan water utilities.png|thumb|450px|Involvement of the private sector in the Sub-Saharan water utilities. AICD Background Paper 12]]For the last twenty years, the management of water supply and sanitation for towns dey increasingly go inside the hands of utilities wey dem newly create.For some cases, these water supply and sanitation utilities dey also supply electricity.Most of these utilities dey corporatized, wey mean say dem dey try act like private company in terms of how dem dey produce and how dem dey manage their own money.But still, dem dey different waa for legal status and who dey own them.

Dem had hopes say if dem create independent utilities, the business fit become commercially sustainable and attract private money.Almost half of the sub-Saharan countries don try some kind of private sector participation for the utility sector since the early 1990s, and the World Bank largely support this.. The experience with these private sector contracts dey mixed.Even though dem no succeed to attract plenty private money, some of dem still improve performance.But almost one third of them end before the time wey dem suppose end, like the one for Dar es-Salaam for [[Tanzania]]. Others no renew.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Today almost half of the utilities be public enterprises wey the central government &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;dey own majority of am.[[Senegal]] be example where private involvement work well: the affermage (leasing) of the network give private operator don increase efficiency well well and help increase access. Senegal also receive outside funding for their water treatment and distribution network, that is a €64.5 million loan from the [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|European Investment Bank]] plus a €5.55 million [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] grant give the [[:en:Senegal|Republic of Senegal]] for 2023. The funding dey aim to provide drinking water for [[:en:Saint-Louis,_Senegal|Saint-Louis]] people, reservoir units, and to make the distribution network bigger, wey important well well to prevent people from relocating because water no dey.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1359677676 |access-date=2026-06-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The €5.55 million European Union fund, wey dem mobilize as part of Team Europe through the European Investment Bank, go help Senegal water utility speed up their 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350000 consumers across the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Besides Senegal, private operators still dey play role for [[South Africa]] (four utilities), [[Cameroon]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Gabon]], [[Ghana]], [[Mozambique]], [[Niger]] and [[Uganda]] (for small towns). For [[Uganda]] and [[Burkina Faso]], dem strengthen the public national utilities through short-term public-private partnerships wey be performance-based service contracts.

The utilities never reach all households for their territory. The number of urban households wey no get connection dey range from over 80% for poor countries like [[Uganda]], [[Mozambique]], [[Rwanda]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Madagascar]], to 21% for [[Namibia]] and 12% for [[South Africa]].

Some African utilities dey handle only water supply, while others dey handle sanitation too.Some national water utilities, especially for Francophone Africa, dey also provide electricity. This be the case for Gabon, Mauritania and Rwanda, among others.Fast urbanization and population growth for Sub-Saharan Africa don make am harder to provide pipe water access, especially for peri-urban and slum areas.Recent data from UNICEF (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; show say even though urban access to improved water sources don grow overall,the number of urban households wey dey connected to pipe water still dey reduce for sub-Saharan Africa.These households dey increasingly depend on alternative water sources like shared standpipes, boreholes, and water vendors, wey often no reliable and no affordable. The gap between village and town water access still dey, as urban households dey better served overall  but still dey face big barriers to get fair and sustainable water service.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-19 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1360129555 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rural areas ===

 
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>hrlv01j5p25id4wp1pssppz2jhuzcb6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ruvu River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27262</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105107</id>
      <parentid>104070</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T13:50:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ebenezer Sasu</username>
        <id>6302</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358629034|Ruvu River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>105107</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2336" sha1="78670pxjgmdxkp076pjc6x923b8lbvh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river|name=Ruvu River|name_native=|name_native_lang=|name_other=|name_etymology=&lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;|image=Ruvu River Basin.jpg|image_size=|image_caption=Lower course and mouth of the Ruvu River, with the city of [[Bagamoyo]] to the right.|map=|map_size=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=|pushpin_map_size=|pushpin_map_caption=&lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;|subdivision_type1=Country|subdivision_name1=[[Tanzania]]|subdivision_type2=|subdivision_name2=|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=|subdivision_name5=&lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;|length=&lt;!--{{convert|0|km|mi|abbr=on}}--&gt;|width_min=|width_avg=|width_max=|depth_min=|depth_avg=|depth_max=|discharge1_location=|discharge1_min=|discharge1_avg=|discharge1_max=&lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;|source1=[[Ngerengere River]], [[Uluguru Mountains]]|source1_location=[[Tanzania]]|source1_coordinates=&lt;!--{{coord|0|0|0|S|0|0|0|E|display=inline}}--&gt;|source1_elevation=|mouth=|mouth_location=[[Indian Ocean]]|mouth_coordinates=&lt;!--{{coord|0|0|0|S|0|0|0|E|display=inline,title}}--&gt;|mouth_elevation=|progression=|river_system=|basin_size={{Convert|11789|sqkm|sqmi|0}}|tributaries_left=|tributaries_right=|custom_label=|custom_data=|extra=}}De '''Ruvu River''' ebe river wey dey eastern [[Tanzania|Tanzania.]]

De Ruvu River originates in de southern Uluguru Mountains den edey  flow go eastwards to empty into de Indian Ocean near Bagamoyo. Its chief tributary is de Ngerengere River, wey rises dey northern Ulugurus den flow go enter de city of Morogoro before joining de Ruvu. De Ruvu drains a catchment of 11,789&amp;nbsp;km², wey includes portions of Morogoro den Pwani regions. De Wami River catchment lies to de north den west, den de [[Rufiji River]] catchment lies to de south.

De Ruvu River ebe important source of water for households, irrigated farms, den industries wey dey de communities along de river. Ebe also de principal source of water for Dar es Salaam, Tanzania's largest city, wey lies on de coast east of de Ruvu catchment. It suffers increasing levels of pollution from de release of untreated households denindustrial wastewater into de river.{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with short description]]</text>
      <sha1>78670pxjgmdxkp076pjc6x923b8lbvh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105119</id>
      <parentid>105107</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T17:22:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Revert edit</comment>
      <origin>105119</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1829" sha1="pvz6l782jf85tkzvn6qq253m58wtjnx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ruvu River''' be river wey dey eastern [[Tanzania]].

De Ruvu River dey originate insyd de southern Uluguru Mountains den dey flow eastwards to empty into de Indian Ocean near Bagamoyo. Ein chief tributary be de Ngerengere River, wich dey rise insyd de northern Ulugurus den dey flow thru de city of Morogoro before joining de Ruvu. De Ruvu dey drain a catchment of 11,789&amp;nbsp;km²,&lt;ref&gt;Alphayo, Stephano M. and M. P. Sharma (2018). &quot;Water Quality Assessment of Ruvu River in Tanzania Using NSFWQI&quot;. ''Journal of Scientific Research &amp; Reports'', 20(3): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JSRR.44324 ISSN: 2320-0227. Published 08 October 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; wich dey include portions of Morogoro den Pwani regions. De Wami River catchment dey lie to de north den west, den de [[Rufiji River]] catchment dey lie to de south.

De Ruvu River be an important source of water give households, irrigated farms, den industries in communities along de river. E sanso be de principal source of water give Dar es Salaam, Tanzania ein largest city, wich dey lie on de coast east of de Ruvu catchment.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Managing water for Dar es Salaam&quot;. ''UN Habitat''. Accessed 30 September 2019. [https://mirror.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=3221&amp;catid=237&amp;typeid=13]&lt;/ref&gt; E dey suffer increasing levels of pollution from de release of untreated households den industrial wastewater into de river.&lt;ref&gt;Alphayo, Stephano M. and M. P. Sharma (2018). &quot;Water Quality Assessment of Ruvu River in Tanzania Using NSFWQI&quot;. ''Journal of Scientific Research &amp; Reports'', 20(3): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JSRR.44324 ISSN: 2320-0227. Published 08 October 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Geography of Morogoro Region]]
[[Category:Geography of Pwani Region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tanzania]]</text>
      <sha1>pvz6l782jf85tkzvn6qq253m58wtjnx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Merowe Dam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27599</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105092</id>
      <parentid>105040</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T12:04:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105092</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23656" sha1="cwxlww2a6fzp8atttwvnwc1qert9ljb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near Merowe Town for northern [[Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital Khartoum. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary hydropower project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th Cataract wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of electricity.&lt;ref&gt;[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&amp;src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory&lt;/ref&gt;

== Technical details ==
De dam get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, spillway den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).&lt;ref name=&quot;structure&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream.

== Powerhouse ==
Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} Francis turbines, dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}} synchronous generator. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese power grid as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de Bayudah Desert to Atbara, wey e continue to Omdurman/Khartoum, as well as about Atbara of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to Port Sudan den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den Dongola.

== Planning den construction ==
[[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]]
De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de Anglo-Egyptian Sudan propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing cotton den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve independence for 1956 insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de Aswan Dam den [[Lake Nasser|Nasser Lake]].

De Sudan military government under Presido Nimeiri revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing hydroelectricity give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, Merz &amp; McLellan, GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage.

Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd.

De main contractors be:

* China International Water&amp;Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works)
* Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering)
* Alstom (France - generators, turbines)
* Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension)
By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. 

River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. 

== Financing ==
Dem report de total project cost to be $2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from

* China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million
* Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million
* Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million
* Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million
* Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million
* Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million
* State of Qatar - USD 15 million
* De cost wey dey remain – $ 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Benefits ==
De electrification level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 kWh of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de OECD average.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; De capital Khartoum den a few large plantations dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de national grid. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive.

De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired thermal plants. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de Sennar (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give irrigation purposes rada dan power production. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. 

De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent blackouts den brownouts secof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online.

== Human impact ==

=== Resettlement den compensation ===
Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de Manasir, Hamadab den Amri tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give beans den millet de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de groves of date palms wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top.
[[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to Wadi Muqaddam for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hafsass&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}&lt;/ref&gt; At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den date palms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hafsass&quot; /&gt;

Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be:

* De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce.
* De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den fertilizer during de first two years after de resettlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site.
* Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses.
Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de Nubian desert insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.&lt;ref name=&quot;dlc.dlib.indiana.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Terminski |first=Bogumil |date=2013 |title=Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10535/8833 |journal=Digital Library of the Commons |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;dlc.dlib.indiana.edu&quot; /&gt;

=== Nomads ===
A significant fraction of de Manasir tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis nomadic population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda.

Dem cover only de owners of real estate purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma symbiotic partners. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. 

== Human rights concerns ==
UN Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top Miloon Kothari issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den Kajbar. Kothari state he already &quot;received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;unrights&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&amp;Cr=sudan&amp;Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kothari announce, &quot;De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses.&quot; According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, &quot;dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;unrights&quot; /&gt; Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects &quot;go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence.&quot;

== Archaeology ==
De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little archaeological work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent surveys confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de Stone Age to de Islamic period. 

Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. 

Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de Aswan High Dam, wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den dem move complete buildings to prevent dem from drowning for Lake Nasser ein floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract.

Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sudan's Merowe requests to stop excavating reservoir area |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Merowe-requests-to-stop,20457 |work=Sudan Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ancient Gold Center Discovered on the Nile |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621203736/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |work=National Geographic News}}&lt;/ref&gt; De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hafsass&quot; /&gt;

Historian Runoko Rashidi issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction.{{Blockquote|We never forget de terrible tragedy wey e result from de Aswan High Dam for Egyptian Nubia insyd. De project for Sudanese Nubia insyd, wey we bell am de &quot;damn dams&quot;, go perpetuate yet anoda tragedy, anoda atrocity, against African pippoe. Nubia be a treasure-house of artifacts dat dey attest to de ancient greatness of Africa. For dem to inundate am go cause irreparable harm to a noble heritage.

We for organize to resist dis project. One of de great figures among Africans in America, Frederick Douglass, say dat &quot;power dey concede nothing without demand. E never do, den e never go do.&quot;}}

== Political impact ==

=== International ===
Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Nile Waters Agreement |url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905010029/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |archive-date=September 5, 2005 |access-date=July 15, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem negotiate am by de British for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—[[Ethiopia]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Kenya]] den [[Tanzania]]—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). 

As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile.&lt;ref&gt;Marshall et al., {{cite web |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928124412/http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-28 |access-date=2006-10-09}}&amp;nbsp;{{small|(247&amp;nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Daniel Kendie, ''The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle''. United States of America: Signature Book Printing, Inc., 2005, pp.198.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Domestic ===
While a peace treaty dey appear to already stop de fighting for Southern Sudan insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de civil war for Darfur insyd. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at Kajbar.

During de Sudanese civil war (2023–present) for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as Shendi, Port Sudan, Atbara den Omdurman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2025-01-13|title=Drone attack on Merowe dam power station disrupts electricity supply|url=https://sudantribune.com/article295881/|work=Sudan Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental impact ==

=== Health ===
De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as bilharziasis, [[malaria]]) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat.

=== Evaporation ===
De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100224043629/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/ Official website]
* [http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/africa/merowe-dam-sudan International Rivers' critique of project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081113154158/http://sudaninside.net/merowe-dam/ Photos of Merowe dam]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dams dem plete insyd 2009]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure dem plete insyd 2009]]
[[Category:Dams insyd Sudan]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations insyd Sudan]]
[[Category:Dams for de Nile top]]
[[Category:Northern State (Sudan)]]
[[Category:Dams insyd Africa by country]]
[[Category:Dams insyd Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>cwxlww2a6fzp8atttwvnwc1qert9ljb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Water supply and sanitation in South Africa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105093</id>
      <parentid>105051</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T12:09:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>105093</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="72994" sha1="30tmzivora512tb8qnas5dlmh08p2f9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Dem characterise '''Water supply and sanitation in South Africa''' by both achievements den challenges. After de end of Apartheid South Africa ein newly elected government struggle plus de then growing service den backlogs plus respect to access to water supply den sanitation wey dem develop. De government thus make a strong commitment to high service standards den to high levels of investment subsidies to achieve dem standards. Since then, de country make sam progress plus regard to improving access to water supply: E reach universal access to an improved water source for urban areas insyd, den for rural areas insyd de share of dem pippoe plus access increase from 66% to 79% from 1990 to 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;[[:en:WHO|WHO]]/[[:en:UNICEF|UNICEF]]:[[:en:Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation|Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ Data table South Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|date=9 February 2014}}, 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

South Africa sanso get a strong water industry plus a track record for innovation insyd. Howeva, dem achieve much less progress for sanitation top: Access increase only from 71% to 79% during de same period.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt; Significant problems dey remain wey dey concern de financial sustainability of service providers, wey e lead to a lack of attention to maintenance. De uncertainty about de government ein ability to sustain funding levels for de sector insyd sanso be a concern. Two distinctive features of de South African water sector be de policy of free basic water den de existence of water boards, wey be bulk water supply agencies dat dey operate pipelines den dey sell water from reservoirs to municipalities.      

For May 2014 insyd dem announce am say Durban ein Water den Sanitation Department win de Stockholm Industry Water Award &quot;give ein transformative den inclusive approach&quot;, wey dey bell am &quot;one of de most progressive utilities for de world insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=&quot;Most progressive water utility in Africa&quot; wins 2014 Stockholm Industry Water Award |url=http://www.siwi.org/prizes/stockholmindustrywateraward/winners/2014-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190020/http://www.siwi.org/prizes/stockholmindustrywateraward/winners/2014-2/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=8 June 2014 |publisher=Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI)}}&lt;/ref&gt; De city connect 1.3 million additional pippoe to water wey dem pipe den provide 700,000 pippoe plus access to toilets for 14 years insyd. E sanso be South Africa ein first municipality to put free basic water give de poor into practice. Furthermore, e promote [[rainwater harvesting]], mini hydropower den urine-diverting dry toilets.        

For 13 February 2018 top, de country declare a national disaster for Cape Town insyd as de city ein water supply dem predict am to run dry before de end of June. Plus ein dams only 24.9% full, water saving measures dey for effect insyd dat require each citizen to use less dan 50 litres a day. Wat de government characterize as de &quot;magnitude den severity&quot; of a three-year drought effect all nine of de country ein provinces. According to UN-endorsed projections, Cape Town be one of eleven major world cities dat dem expect am to run out of water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-02-11 |title=The 11 cities most likely to run out of drinking water |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-42982959 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2018 insyd, Cape Town reject an offer from Israel to help am build [[desalination]] plants.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226 In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water], Reuters, January 25, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/articles/cape-town-may-dry-up-because-of-an-aversion-to-israel-1519254816 Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel], Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aish.com/jw/me/The-Cape-Town-Water-Crisis-and-Hating-Israel.html The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel], aish, February 11, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/South-African-stupidity-540605 South African stupidity], Jerusalem Post, February 3, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

== Water resources den water use ==
[[File:Katse_Dam,Lesotho,Africa.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katse_Dam,Lesotho,Africa.jpg|thumb|250x250px|De [[:en:Katse_dam|Katse dam]] for Lesotho insyd be an important source of water supply give de arid Gauteng area around Johannesburg, de industrial heartland of South Africa.]]Water availability for South Africa insyd dey vary greatly for space den time insyd. While de West dey dry plus rainfall only during de summer den as low as 100&amp;#x20;mm, de East den Southeast dey receive rainfall thruout de year plus an average of up to 1,000&amp;#x20;mm. Dem estimate total annual surface runoff at 43 to 48&amp;#x20;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, wey e depend for de source top.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO Aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO Auqastat: [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/south_africa/index.stm South Africa 2005]. Retrieved 24 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Earthtrends&quot;&gt;World Resources Institute: [http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/wat_cou_710.pdf Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems – South Africa]. Retrieved 24 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt;   

Dem lose much of de runoff thru flood spillage, so dat dem estimate de available surface water resources at 14&amp;#x20;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/year only. Although groundwater dey limited sekof geologic conditions, dem extensively utilise am for de rural den more arid areas insyd. Dem estimate available groundwater at 1&amp;#x20;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/year. De main rivers of South Africa dey fairly small wen dem compare am to de large rivers of de world: For example, de discharge of de [[Nile|Nile River]] alone dey about six times higher dan de available surface water resources from all South African rivers togeda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Orange-Senqu River Commission&quot;&gt;[http://www.orasecom.org/ Orange-Senqu River Commission]. Retrieved 18 June 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Limpopo Watercourse Commission&quot;&gt;[http://www.limcom.org/ Limpopo Watercourse Commission]. Retrieved 18 June 2011&lt;/ref&gt;      

De main rivers be de [[Orange River]] wey dey drain to de [[Atlantic Ocean]], de [[Limpopo River]], de Incomati River, de [[Maputo River]], de Tugela River, de [[Olifants River (Limpopo)]], den de Breede River. De uMkhomazi, Maputo, Thukela den Limpopo all dey drain to de Indian Ocean. South Africa ein most important rivers be transboundary: Dem share de Orange River plus Botswana, Namibia den Lesotho, de &quot;water tower&quot; of Southern Africa. Dem share de Limpopo-Olifants river basin plus Botswana, Zimbabwe den Mozambique, wey dey lie de furthest downstream. Dem set up International commissions of all riparian countries to manage dem transboundary water resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;Orange-Senqu River Commission&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Limpopo Watercourse Commission&quot; /&gt; Potential future water resources be seawater desalination anaa de transfer of water from de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]].           

Dem estimate total annual water withdrawal at 12.5&amp;#x20;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; for 2000 insyd, of wey about 17% be give municipal water use.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO Aquastat&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Earthtrends&quot; /&gt; For de northern parts of de country insyd, both surface water den groundwater resources dem nearly fully develop den utilise. For de well-watered southeastern regions of de country insyd wey dem significant undevelop am den use am dey exist.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO Aquastat&quot; /&gt; De Gauteng area around Johannesburg, wey be very water scarce, dey receive water from various dams for de area insyd such as de Vaal Dam den dey import water from de Orange River system thru de Lesotho Highlands Water Project, in particular from de Katse Dam.&lt;ref&gt;Rand Water:[https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx Background] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx|date=9 February 2019}}. Retrieved 24 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Cape Town dey receive ein drinking water from an extensive system of rivers den dams, wey dey include de Berg River Dam.               

Cape Town get 26 treatment plants, sam of wey be ineffective den dey date back to de 1950s, wey e make clean water access den wastewater management major difficulties.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;               

Cape Town go receive an €80 million loan from KfW to assist de city insyd dey improve den expand different municipal wastewater treatment plants, a €1.2 million grant give training den a €4.5 million grant give city-supporting measures. De upgrades go allow de city to use water wey dem recycle give agricultural anaa industrial purposes den assist for dealing plus droughts insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:322&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wastewater reuse ===
For South Africa insyd, de main driver give wastewater reuse be drought conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meeker&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Burgess |first1=Jo |last2=Meeker |first2=Melissa |last3=Minton |first3=Julie |last4=O'Donohue |first4=Mark |date=4 September 2015 |title=International research agency perspectives on potable water reuse |url=https://zenodo.org/record/897658 |journal=Environmental Science: Water Research &amp; Technology |language=en |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=563–580 |doi=10.1039/C5EW00165J |issn=2053-1419}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, for Beaufort West insyd, dem construct South Africa ein a direct wastewater reclamation plant (WRP) give de production of drinking water for de end of 2010 insyd, as a result of acute water scarcity (production of 2,300 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Risk Assessment for South Africa's first direct wastewater reclamation system for drinking water production |url=https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/146252.pdf |access-date=29 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Beaufort West Water Reclamation Plant: First Direct (Toilet-to-Tap) Water Reclamation Plant in South Africa |url=http://www.imesa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Paper-6.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913233740/http://www.imesa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Paper-6.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2016 |access-date=29 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De process configuration wey dey base for multi-barrier concept top den dey include de following treatment processes: sand filtration, UF, two-stage RO, den permeate wey ultraviolet light (UV) disinfect am.   

De town George face water shortages den already decide for an IPR strategy (2009/2010) top, wey dem treat final effluents from ein Outeniqua WWTP to a very high quality thru UF den disinfection prior to being returned to de main storage facility, de Garden Route Dam, wer dem be combined plus current raw water supplies. Dis initiative dey augment de existing supply by 10,000&amp;#x20;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day, approximately one third of de drinking water demand. De process configuration dey include de following treatment processes: drum screen, UF, den chlorine disinfection. Dem make provision give powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition at George WTW, if dem require am as an additional operational barrier.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meeker&quot; /&gt;       

Anoda example of DPR be de reuse plant wey dem construct den operate for de town Hermanus (Overberg) insyd for South Africa insyd, wey rydee 2,500&amp;#x20;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day of effluent dem reuse, plus a future plan to increase de capacity to 5,000&amp;#x20;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. De treatment processes wey dem apply dey include UF pre-treatment, RO desalination, as well as advanced oxidation den carbon filtration. Dem feed de product from de reuse plant directly into de drinking water reticulation system.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meeker&quot; /&gt;

== Access to water by SA citizens ==
[[File:Johhanesburg_Water-Midrand_Tower-002.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johhanesburg_Water-Midrand_Tower-002.jpg|thumb|267x267px|A water tower for [[:en:Midrand|Midrand]] insyd, Johannesburg]]South Africa be one of de few countries for de world insyd dat dey enshrine de basic right to sufficient water for ein Constitution insyd, wey dey state dat &quot;Everyone get de right to have access to [...] sufficient food den water.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitution of 1996, Chapter 2, Section 27 |url=http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons2.htm#27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117002512/http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons2.htm#27 |archive-date=17 November 2013 |access-date=21 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, e remain to do much dey to fulfill dat right.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Note |date=2007 |title=What Price for the Priceless?: Implementing the Justiciability of the Right to Water |url=https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/note.pdf |journal=[[Harvard Law Review]] |volume=120 |page=1067 |access-date=25 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After de end of Apartheid South Africa ein newly elected government wey inherit highly functional services plus respect to access to water supply den sanitation.&lt;ref&gt;BUSARI, Ola and JACKSON, Barry: Reinforcing water and sanitation sector reform in South Africa, Water Policy, 2006, vol. 8, no 4, pp. 303–312.&lt;/ref&gt;

Howeva, as of 2017, wey e owe to a lack of maintenance wey dey result from corruption,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-03 |title=Controlling Corruption to Improve Water Security: Lessons from the South African Water Sector |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2020/06/03/controlling-corruption-lessons-from-southafrican-watersector/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; provision of water den sanitation largely collapse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-22 |title=&quot;Better water supply, collection management systems needed to avoid day zero water crisis&quot; |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/better-water-supply-collection-management-systems-needed-to-avoid-day-zero-water-crisis/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader. |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adam |first=Ferrial |date=2021-04-29 |title=MAVERICK CITIZEN OP-ED: Government must urgently deal with South Africa's deepening water crisis |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-04-29-government-must-urgently-deal-with-south-africas-deepening-water-crisis/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2015 insyd, de Department of Water den Sanitation say e go require R293-billion to fix den upgrade all water den sewage infrastructure for de country insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-21 |title=50 000 litres of sewage flow into SA's rivers every second |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-07-21-south-africas-shit-has-hit-the-fan/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While der already be a growth for de overall nomba of water-supplied dwellings insyd, de percentage of houses plus running water already decrease since 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-30 |title=Water services worse than in 1994 |url=https://mg.co.za/environment/2020-01-31-water-services-worse-than-in-1994/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Water ===
For 2015 insyd, de total nomba of pippoe for South Africa insyd wey dey lack access to an &quot;improved&quot; water supply be 3.64 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAJMPWash&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WASHwatch.org – South Africa |url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/south-africa/summary/statistics/ |access-date=2017-03-27 |website=washwatch.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;WHO/UNICEF (2015) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140418142528/http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/ Progress on sanitation and drinking water – 2015 update and MDG assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418142528/http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/|date=18 April 2014}}, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation&lt;/ref&gt; 93% of de population already get access to an improved water source for dat year insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAJMPWash&quot; /&gt;

For ein State of de Union address insyd for May 2004 insyd, Presido [[Thabo Mbeki]] already promise &quot;all households go get running water within five years&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3736045.stm Mbeki State of the Union 2004]&lt;/ref&gt; Despite substantial progress, dem no fully achieve dis goal. For sam rural areas, women dey spend up to one-third of demma time wey dey fetch water from streams den wells.&lt;ref&gt;Itana, Nicole:[http://www.womensenews.org/story/international-policyunited-nations/020906/many-women-clean-water-means-safety-freedom For Many Women, Clean Water Means Safety, Freedom]. WEnews 6 September 2002. Retrieved 16 March 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem sanso be responsible give dey use am to cook meals, wash laundry den bathe kiddies.   

=== Sanitation ===
Plus respect to [[sanitation]], progress already make slow. De total nomba of pippoe for South Africa insyd lacking access to &quot;improved&quot; sanitation dey 18 million for 2015 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAJMPWash&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; Dis dey mean dat only 66% of de total population already get access to improved sanitation for dat year insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAJMPWash&quot; /&gt; 

According to estimates by de WHO/UNICEF global Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation wey dey base for survey den census data top, de share of South Africans plus access to improved sanitation increase slowly from 71% for 1990 insyd to 75% for 2000 insyd den 79% for 2010 insyd. For 2010 insyd, an estimated 11 million South Africans still no get access to improved sanitation: Dem den use shared facilities (4 million), bucket toilets (3 million) anaa practice [[open defecation]] (4 million).&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

According to Statistics South Africa, access dey higher, partially sekof e dey include shared facilities for ein definition of sanitation insyd. According to de 2011 census figures, access to sanitation increase from 83% for 2001 insyd to 91% for 2011 insyd, wey dey include shared den individual pit latrines as well as chemical toilets.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=[[Statistics South Africa]] |date=October 2012 |title=Census 2011: Statistical Release |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/Publications/P03014/P030142011.pdf |access-date=3 November 2012 |pages=52–53}}&lt;/ref&gt; De share of households plus access to flush toilets increase from 53% for 2001 insyd to 60% for 2011 insyd. De health impacts of inadequate sanitation fi dey serious, as evidenced by de estimated 1.5 million cases of [[Diarrhea|diarrhoea]] for kiddies under five insyd den de 2001 outbreak of [[cholera]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/dir_ws/content/lids/PDF/summary.pdf 2001 basic household sanitation White Paper]&lt;/ref&gt; While most coliforms dey harmless to human health, de presence of E. coli, wey dey cover approximately 97% of coliform bacteria wey dem find for de intestines of animals insyd den for faeces insyd, dey underline de presence of more harmful pathogens for de water system insyd (DWAF 1996b).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Teklehaimanot |first1=Giorgis Z. |last2=Coetzee |first2=Martie A. A. |last3=Momba |first3=Maggy N. B. |date=2014-05-17 |title=Faecal pollution loads in the wastewater effluents and receiving water bodies: a potential threat to the health of Sedibeng and Soshanguve communities, South Africa |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |language=en |volume=21 |issue=16 |pages=9589–9603 |bibcode=2014ESPR...21.9589T |doi=10.1007/s11356-014-2980-y |issn=0944-1344 |pmid=24838129 |s2cid=26827412}}&lt;/ref&gt;    

South Africa ein sewage system already largely collapse. Globally, for average top, annual maintenance to plants dey amount to 15% of de plant ein value but for South Africa insyd, dem spend only 1% of de plant ein value for annual maintenance top. Of 824 water treatment plants, only around 60 dey release clean water. Every second, 50 000 litres of untreated sewage dey flow into rivers thruout de country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-21 |title=50 000 litres of sewage flow into SA's rivers every second |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-07-21-south-africas-shit-has-hit-the-fan/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Service quality ==

=== Water quality den continuity of supply ===
Service quality dey highly variable den data be sketchy. For 2003 insyd, 63% of municipalities no dey able to say if dem meet drinking water quality standards anaa dem no meet am. Dem interrupt water supply to 37% of households give at least one day for 2003 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barometer&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120225121737/http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/Infrastructure%20Barometer.pdf Infrastructure Barometer 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225121737/http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/Infrastructure%20Barometer.pdf|date=25 February 2012}}, p. 121–122&lt;/ref&gt; Customers never do den often still no dey trust dat drinking water quality be adequate. Dis be why de Department of Water Affairs wey dem introduce for 2008 insyd wey so dem bell am &quot;blue drop&quot; incentive-based water quality regulation strategy. Under de strategy municipal service providers dem certify am plus a &quot;blue drop&quot; if dem fulfill certain requirements. Dem dey include not only compliance plus water quality standards, but sanso de existence of a water safety plan, process wey dey control den de credibility of sample results, among odas.&lt;ref&gt;Talbot Laboratories:[http://www.talbot.co.za/?bluedrop Blue drop, green drop]. Retrieved 18 June 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem regard de system internationally as unique for de drinking water regulatory domain insyd den dem already receive am well by de World Health Organization. Howeva, observers from de private sector de say dat a &quot;strong spin element&quot; dey surround de programme den dat water quality dey actually deteriorate nationally, &quot;while de government dey attempt to discredit commentators wey persist for demma view insyd dat der be a problem&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Water Rhapsody:[https://www.rainharvest.co.za/2010/11/21/blue-drop-water-quality-scheme-gains-momentum-but-critics-say-more-is-needed/ ‘Blue Drop’ water quality scheme gains momentum, but critics say more is needed], 21 November 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2011. Quote from Dr Anthony Turton, TouchStone Resources&lt;/ref&gt; For 2009 insyd, 23 water supply system obtain de Blue Drop certification. For 2010 insyd, 9 lost am den 24 gain am give de first time, wey e bring de total to 38 (less dan 5 percent) out of 787 systems wey dem assess. De three top performers beJohannesburg, Cape Town den de small town of Bitou.&lt;ref&gt;Polity.org.za:[http://www.polity.org.za/article/blue-drop-report-2010-south-african-drinking-water-quality-management-performance-april-2010-2010-04-29 Blue Drop Report 2010: South African Drinking Water Quality Management Performance (April 2010)]. Retrieved 18 June 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/blueDrop.pdf Blue Drop Report 2010], p. 2 and 5 retrieved on 18 June 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

Water supply dey increasingly under pressure. Eutrophication be a growing concern,&lt;ref&gt;Oberholster, P.J. &amp; Ashton, P.J. 2008. State of the Nation Report: An Overview of the Current Status of Water Quality and [[Eutrophication]] in South African Rivers and Reservoirs. Parliamentary Grant Deliverable. Pretoria: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).&lt;/ref&gt; plus about one third of de total volume of water wey dem hold for strategic storage insyd wey dey approach de point wey e dey no longer fit give purpose without significant den costly management intervention. Return dey flow out of mining areas, particularly from gold mining activities, dey rapidly deteriorate, plus highly acidic water start to decant from abandoned den derelict mines.&lt;ref&gt;UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis:[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=76780 South Africa:Paying the Price for Mining], 15 February 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wastewater treatment ===
55% of wastewater treatment plants, especially smaller ones, no meet effluent standards den sam no even measure effluent quality. For analogy to de blue drop certification system give drinking water insyd, de government launch a green drop certification give municipal wastewater treatment. As of May 2011, dem certify 7 out of 159 water supply authorities plus de green drop, den 32 out of 1,237 wastewater treatment plants.&lt;ref&gt;Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/dir_ws/gds/ Green Drop Cerfification]. Retrieved 18 June 2011&lt;/ref&gt; For 2009 insyd, wen dem assess 449 wastewater treatment plants, according to official government data dem classify 7% as excellently managed, 38% &quot;perform within acceptable standards&quot; den 55% no perform within acceptable standards.&lt;ref&gt;Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Communications/PressReleases/2010/GreenDropstatement.pdf Statement  by the Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs, Ms Buyelwa Sonjica, release of the Green Drop Report], 29 April 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/GreenDropReport2009_ver1_web.pdf Green Drop Report 2009]. Retrieved 18 June 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

According to Bluewater Bio, an international firm wey specialise for wastewater treatment insyd, out of 1,600 wastewater treatment plants for South Africa insyd – no all of wey dem include am for de Green Drop assessment insyd – at least 60% no dey meet regulatory compliance requirements.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.globalwaterintel.com/about/ Global Water Intelligence]:Bluewater Bio's South African Safari, November 2009, p. 26&lt;/ref&gt; According to a study by de South African Water Research Commission for partnership plus de South African Local Government Association insyd wey dem publish for June 2013 insyd, 44% of wastewater treatment plants wey dem include for a representative sample insyd use inappropriate den unnecessarily expensive technologies. Der be a lack of funding give maintenance sekof low tariffs, insufficient collection den de absence of ring-fencing of revenues give de purpose of maintaining assets, so dat municipalities &quot;run assets to failure&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;South African Water Research Commission: [https://web.archive.org/web/20181104002515/http://www.wrc.org.za/News/Pages/Inappropriatewastewatertechnologychoicescompromisequalityandsustainabilityofservicedeliveryinmunicipalities.aspx Inappropriate wastewater technology choices compromise quality and sustainability of service delivery in municipalities], 13 June 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stakeholders ==
Dem organise de public water den sanitation sector for South Africa insyd for three different tiers insyd:

* De national government, wey de Department of Water den Sanitation (DWS) represent am, as a policy setter.
* Water Boards, wey dey provide primarily bulk water, but sanso sam retail services den operate sam wastewater treatment plants, in addition to playing a role for water resources management insyd;
* Municipalities, wey provide most retail services den sanso dey own sam of de bulk supply infrastructure.
Banks, de professional association WISA, de Water Research Commission den civil society sanso be important stakeholders for de sector insyd.

=== Policy den regulation ===
De Department of Water Affairs (DWA) for de Ministry of Water den Environmental Affairs insyd primarily dey responsible give de formulation den implementation of policy wey dey govern water resources management as well as drinking water supply. Concerning sanitation, &quot;der be a worrying absence of regulation [...] at all levels of government&quot;, according to an independent report. Around 2010 dem remove de sanitation function from DWA to de Department of Human Settlement (DHS), although sam regulatory functions apparently dey remain plus DWA, &quot;wey dey cause institutional confusion ova roles den responsibilities&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Tissington |first=Kate |date=July 2011 |title=Basic Sanitation in South Africa: A Guide to Legislation, Policy and Practice |url=http://www.nwu.ac.za/webfm_send/42156 |access-date=16 December 2012 |publisher=Socio-Economic Rights Institute of South Africa (SERI) |pages=69}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Service provision ===
Dem share responsibility give service provision among various entities: De country ein 231 municipalities dey in charge of water distribution den sanitation either directly anaa indirectly thru municipally owned enterprises anaa private companies; government-owned water boards dey in charge of operating bulk water supply infrastructure den sam wastewater systems; den de Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority finances den dey develop dams den bulk water supply infrastructure. 
[[File:Map_of_South_Africa_with_provinces_shaded_and_districts_numbered_(2011).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Africa_with_provinces_shaded_and_districts_numbered_(2011).svg|thumb|450x450px|Map wey dey show de districts (wey dem nomba) of South Africa]]'''Municipalities'''. According to de Constitution, de Municipal Structures Act den de Water Services Act of 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;WSA&quot;&gt;Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/a108-97.pdf Water Services Act of 1997]. Retrieved 27 September 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; responsibility give de provision of water den sanitation services dey lie plus water services authorities, wey de Water Services Act dey define as de municipalities. Der dey 52 district municipalities den 231 local municipalities for South Africa insyd (make you see Municipalities of South Africa).&lt;ref name=&quot;eThekwini Municipality&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=eThekwini Municipality |title=eThekwinie Water and Sanitation: Who we Are? |url=http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Services/water_sanitation/About_Us/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807075926/http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Services/water_sanitation/About_Us/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=7 August 2012 |access-date=8 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For many cases insyd, de district municipalities be de water services authorities. Howeva, de national government fi assign responsibility give service provision to local municipalities. Ovaall, der dey 169 water services authorities for South Africa insyd, wey dey include water boards, district municipalities, local municipalities den municipal companies. Usually municipalities dey provide water den sanitation services directly thru a municipal unit anaa department. For example, eThekwini (Durban) dey provide dem services thru de eThekwini Water den Sanitation Unit.&lt;ref name=&quot;eThekwini Municipality&quot; /&gt;    

Howeva, dem fi delegate dis responsibility to a water services provider give a period wey dem define. For example, for 2001 insyd de city of Johannesburg create Johannesburg Water, a legally den financially independent company wey de municipality wholly own am. Dem do dis as part of a &quot;Transformation Plan&quot; wey de Greater Johannesburg Municipal Authority embark upon at de time. Johannesburg Water commit einself to comply plus de provisions of de King Report for Corporate Governance top, wey dey include affirmative action, transparency, performance evaluation, a code of ethics, professional risk management den sustainability reporting.      

De 1996 constitution strengthen de autonomy of municipalities. As a consequence, dem transfer de responsibility give rural water supply den sanitation from de national government, wey DWAF rep am, to municipalities.       

'''Private sector participation'''. Since 1994 sam municipalities involve de private sector for service provision insyd for various forms insyd, wey dey include contracts give specific services such as wastewater treatment, short-term management contracts den long-term concessions.        

'''Water Boards'''. De 13 government-owned Water Boards dey play a key role for de South African water sector insyd. Dem dey operate dams, bulk water supply infrastructure, sam retail infrastructure den sam wastewater systems. sam sanso dey provide technical assistance to municipalities.          

'''Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority'''. De Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority (TCTA) be a state-owned entity plus de mission to finance den implement bulk raw water infrastructure. Dem create am for 1986 insyd to develop de Lesotho Highland Water Project, a joint project between Lesotho den South Africa. As of 2012, TCTA already develop anaa dey develop six oda dam den bulk water supply projects thruout de country, wey dey include de Berg River Dam. TCTA dey sell bulk water to de government, wey de Department of Water rep am as de owner of de Water Boards dat dey treat de water den dey sell am for to municipalities den mines top. TCTA dey use dem revenues mainly to repay de debt wey dem raise am to finance ein infrastructure, ein operating costs den to pay royalties to de government of Lesotho.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority |title=Home Page |url=https://www.tcta.co.za/ |access-date=5 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Odas ===                

'''Research, training''' '''den knowledge'''. South Africa get a fairly strong research den training infrastructure for de water sector insyd. De Water Research Commission (WRC) dey support water research den development as well as de building of a sustainable water research capacity for South Africa insyd. E dey serve as de country ein water-centred knowledge 'hub' wey e lead de creation, dissemination den application of water-centred knowledge, wey e focus for water resource management top, water-linked ecosystems, water use den waste management den water utilisation for agriculture insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wrc.org.za/ Water Research Commission (WRC)]&lt;/ref&gt;

De Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA), a professional association, dey keep ein members abreast of de latest developments for water technology den research insyd thru ein national den international liaison, links den affiliations.&lt;ref&gt;Water Institute of Southern Africa:[https://web.archive.org/web/20130218205642/http://www.wisa.org.za/home/Home.htm About WISA]. Retrieved 24 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Financiers''' '''den promoters'''. De Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) be an important player for de water den sanitation sector insyd, both as a financier den as an advisor den project promoter. For 2005–2006 insyd about 29% of ein approved projects be give water supply (1,881 million Rand) den sanitation (165 million Rand).&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110929194610/http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/DBSAActivitiesReport2005-2006.pdf Development Bank of Southern Africa Annual Report 2005–2006], p. 7&lt;/ref&gt; Oda financing institutions for de sector insyd dey include de Infrastructure Finance Corporation Limited, wey dey claim to be de only 100% privately owned infrastructure debt fund for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.inca.co.za/ Infrastructure Finance Corporation Limited INCA]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Civil society'''. South Africa get a vibrant civil society, wey dey comprise a large nomba of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) plus very diverse goals, membership den methods. For de one hand top, civil society dey include militant so-called &quot;new social movements&quot; dat spring up after de end of Apartheid, such as de Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign wey dem form for 2000 insyd den de shack dweller organisation Abahlali baseMjondolo wey dem form for 2005 insyd. Dem dey fight water cut-offs give non-payment den dem engage for &quot;mass popular appropriation&quot; of water services insyd. Dem groups dey claim to rep de poorest den most oppressed pippoe for South Africa insyd.          

For de oda hand top, civil society for South Africa insyd dey include de Mvula trust wey disburse ova R300 million to water services programmes den projects den dem provide services to ova a million South Africans wey previously no dey get access to either water anaa sanitation services. Dem specialise am in implementing den supporting de delivery of water services for rural den peri-urban areas insyd thru community management, de establishment of community based water services providers den supporting local authorities to create an enabling environment give sustainability.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mvula.co.za/ Mvula Trust]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human resources ==
South Africa dey experience a brain drain dat sanso dey affect de availability of qualified engineers for water den sanitation utilities insyd. De nomba of civil engineers for municipalities insyd decline from 20 per 100,000 inhabitants for 1994 insyd to 2.8 for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Marius van Aardt:A south African story:Silulumanzi's perspective, in: Transforming the World of Water, Global Water Summit 2010, Global Water Intelligence and International Desalination Association, p. 156–157&lt;/ref&gt;

One reason be de official policy of cadre deployment, wey persons wey dey loyal to de ruling party, de African National Congress, dem give dem jobs for different branches of government insyd. Dis intransparent process dey put party loyalty ahead of competence den dey demoralise public service employees, according to a 2012 study wey de Human Sciences Research Council do am. Skilled staff concentrate at de national den provincial levels, but der dey a skills deficit at de municipal level. South Africa no get a unified civil service, so dat der dey no uniform standards give hiring den promotion at de municipal level. According to de study, der sanso be a high level of turnova of middle den senior managers for de civil service insyd, sekof stressful working conditions den opportunities give qualified professionals for de private sector insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ahmed Areff, News24 |date=12 July 2012 |title=Cadre deployment: 'Loyalty ahead of competence' |url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Cadre-deployment-Loyalty-ahead-of-competence-20120712 |access-date=4 September 2012 |publisher=Modimowabarwa Kanyane, Human Sciences Research Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Mandy de Waal, allAfrica.com |title=South Africa: Cadre Deployment, Cronyism and the Paving of SA's Highway to Hell |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208030379.html |access-date=4 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History den recent developments ==
[[File:Joburg_top.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joburg_top.jpg|thumb|250x250px|De skyline of Johannesburg ein [[:en:Central_Business_District_(Johannesburg)|Central Business District]] wey dem see am from de observatory of de [[:en:Carlton_Centre|Carlton Centre]]]]During Apartheid, de national government get no role for providing public water anaa sanitation services insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=History of Water and Sanitation in South Africa |url=http://wp.wpi.edu/capetown/projects/p2009/water-sanitation/history-of-water-and-sanitation-in-south-africa/ |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=wp.wpi.edu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De history of de water supply den sanitation sector since de end of Apartheid dem already characterise am by a strong government commitment to increase access to services den a gradual reduction of de role of Water Boards den de national government for service provision insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[http://www.cbc.ca/news/features/water/southafrica.html Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Radio:Whose hand on the tap? Water privatisation in South Africa], Bob Carty, February 2003 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218201733/http://www.cbc.ca/news/features/water/southafrica.html|date=18 December 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der already be tension between de goal of increased cost recovery wey dem enshrine am for de Water Services Act insyd for de one hand top, den de constitutional rights wey dem introduce am for 1996 insyd den de policy of free basic water wey dem introduce am for 2001 insyd for de oda hand top. Der already be a nomba of controversies for policies top for de sectors insyd, wey dey include about private sector participation, wey dem introduce am for de mid-1990s insyd, de practice of cutting off water anaa installing flow restrictors give dem pippoe wey no dey pay demma bills, den de installation of pre-paid meters.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Transition ===
For 1994 insyd, de first post-Apartheid government wey dem assign de Department of Water Affairs den Forestry de task of ensuring dat all South Africans go fi get &quot;equitable access to water supply den sanitation&quot;. To dat end, dem create de Community Water Supply den Sanitation Program to target key areas give instituting water den sanitation systems, den dem establish de National Sanitation Program to increase de rate of distribution of water den sanitation services.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

De passing of de Constitution of de Republic of South Africa for 1996 insyd create a new, constitutional dispensation plus a guaranteed Bill of Rights. Among dem rights be de section 24(a) right to an environment dat no dey harmful to health anaa well-being, den de section 27(1)(b) right to sufficient water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

De government sanso create new policies such as de Water Services Act, de National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) of 1998, den de National Water Act (NWA) of 1998 in order to target water den sanitation problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Water Services Act of 1997 ===
For 1994 insyd de government publish ein first White Paper for Water den Sanitation Policy top, wey lead to de Water Services Act of 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSA&quot; /&gt;

De Act dey call give higher cost recovery, wey prove a challenge sekof widespread poverty den a culture of non-payment give water for many Townships insyd, as a remnant of protests against Apartheid. Higher water tariffs den rigorous cut-offs give non-payment, anaa flow reductions thru de installation of &quot;tricklers&quot; dat dey allow only a very limited flow of water, impose hardships for de poorest top. 

De Act sanso modify de role of Water Boards, wey e provide a clear legal definition of de functions of Water Boards den municipalities. Water Boards already historically be de only bulk water providers. Dem oblige municipalities to buy water thru dem. De Act allow municipalities to develop demma own bulk water supply infrastructure anaa to buy bulk water from providers oda dan Water Boards. Conversely e sanso allow Water Boards to provide retail water services at de request of municipalities.&lt;ref&gt;2002 White Paper&lt;/ref&gt; Since dem already pass de Act de capacity of both Water Boards den many water service providers increase significantly.

=== Municipal Systems Act of 2000 ===
De Municipal Systems Act (MSA) place de responsibility give water services for local governments top. E thus becam each city ein responsibility to provide basic water den sanitation services give all residents. De funding give improvements to water den sanitation systems go fi cam from de national government via de Municipal Infrastructure Grant MIG anaa Equitable Shares, anaa via local revenue collection. 

=== Free Basic Water Policy ===
Durban be de first South African city to introduce a policy of free basic water for 1998 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galvin&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mary Galvin |date=6 June 2012 |title=Evolving Rights: South Africa's Free Basic Water policy |url=https://www.blueplanetproject.net/index.php/evolving-rights-south-africas-free-basic-water-policy/ |access-date=26 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Thabo Mbeki becam Presido of South Africa for 1999 insyd den a cholera outbreak wey occur for 2000 insyd, de African National Congress promise free basic water during a municipal election campaign for December 2000 insyd. For July 2001 insyd free basic water becam a national policy thru a revised tariff structure dat include at least 6 &quot;kilolitres&quot; (cubic meters) of free water per month (40-litre per capita per day give a family of five or 25-litre per capita per day give a family of eight). Dem already implement de policy gradually within de means of each municipality.   

=== Management contract give Johannesburg den pre-paid meters ===
'''Johannesburg management contract.''' Building for earlier experiences top plus private sector participation since 1994, a five-year management contract give water services for Johannesburg insyd, South Africa ein largest city den de country ein economic den financial hub, dem award am for 2000 insyd to de Joint Venture Water den Sanitation Services South Africa (WSSA). Dem no renew de Johannesburg management contract wen e expire for 2005 insyd. Howeva, private operators continue to provide services for many oda South African cities insyd.   

'''Prepaid meters.''' Dem install 170,000 prepaid meters for poor townships of Johannesburg insyd, wey dey include for Soweto insyd. Dem sanso install prepaid meters for oda cities insyd as part of management contracts plus private operators. Dem meters, wey cut off water supply above de 6 cubic meter monthly limit if dem no make payment, spark substantial protests for poor neighbourhoods insyd. Residents of Phiri, a neighborhood for Soweto insyd, dem sue am against prepaid meters plus de support of South African den international anti-privatisation activists in wat dem already bell am de Mazibuko case, wey dem name am after de first plaintiff.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;[http://www.pacinst.org/about_us/ Pacific Institute]: [https://www.pacinst.org/press_center/press_releases/south_africa_water_decision.html Oakland Research Matters in Historic South African Water Rights Decision], 1 May 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2008 insyd, de South African High Court find de practice of prepaid meters for Soweto insyd unconstitutional, den write dat denying de poor access to adequate water &quot;is to deny dem de rights to health den to lead a dignified lifestyle.&quot; Further, de judge state dat &quot;25 liters per person per day be insufficient give de residents of Phiri&quot;, den order de city to provide free basic water for de amount of 50 liters per person per day insyd plus de option of an ordinary credit-metered water supply (instead of prepaid) give more use. De Court apparently assume a household size of eight.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot; /&gt;

For October 2009 insyd de Constitutional Court ovaturn de case den declare prepaid meters to be lawful.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irc.nl/page/103 IRC]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20110104181919/http://www.irc.nl/page/50630 South Africa, Johannesburg:Phiri residents lose court battle]. Retrieved 20 November 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; De court case lead to de development of a more social practice wey dey concern prepaid meters. For example, dem fi increase de minimum amount from 6&amp;#x20;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per month to 10 anaa even 15&amp;#x20;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per month wey dey depend for de level of poverty top den size of a household. Sanso, new prepaid meters dey still deliver a minimum amount of 40 liter per hour under low pressure after dem cut off service. Furthermore, dem fi use 1000 liter of &quot;emergency water&quot; four times per year, for example to extinguish fires, even if dem no suppose pay bills. Dem fi grant 2000 liter of additional water by local authorities for demand top give special needs. Howeva, not all residents dey aware of these fairly complex mechanisms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Aubriot |first=Julie |date=December 2011 |title=Focus &quot;solution&quot;: A Soweto, des citoyens portent plainte (Focus solutions: In Soweto, citizens sue) |url=http://www.pseau.org/outils/lettre/article.php?lett_article_lettre_id=1261&amp;page_originale=1 |access-date=12 April 2012 |work=La lettre du pS-Eau |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== History den developments of water infrastructure for Johannesburg insyd ===
Reliable den consistent water supply for Johannesburg insyd already be a longstanding challenge. For 1903 insyd, de Water Works Commission establish de Rand Water board to manage bulk water supply for de region insyd. Ein responsibilities include sourcing raw water, treatment den purification, distribution thru a regional network, storage for reservoirs den towers insyd, den delivery of potable water to consumers.  

For recent years insyd, water infrastructure for Johannesburg insyd require ongoing maintenance den investment. Dem announce planned maintenance programmes give December 2025 den January 2026. De city sanso procure additional water tankers to mitigate de impact of supply disruptions.    

=== Basic Sanitation White Paper ===
In response to de fact dat access to sanitation dey lag significantly behind access to water, de government publish ein White Paper for Basic Household Sanitation top for 2001 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120421040820/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/dir_ws/content/lids/sanitation.asp Sanitation White Paper]&lt;/ref&gt; E bell give universal access to basic sanitation by March 2010, plus priority accorded to communities plus de greatest needs. De policy dey outline de roles of de various stakeholders – households, municipalities, provincial governments, various branches of national government – den dey establish coordination den monitoring mechanisms.  

E dey sanso bell give Infrastructure Grants to municipalities to finance investments for sanitation insyd. De paper dey note dat e be de government ein policy to provide free basic services to the poorest, but no dey spell out how dem go implement dis policy for de case of basic sanitation insyd.    

=== Decentralisation ===
Following a second White Paper for water supply den sanitation policy wey dem publish for 2002 insyd (after de first White Paper for 1994 insyd) dem establish a national policy to further decentralise de sector, wey dey phase out de national government ein involvement for service provision insyd, wey e limit DWAF ein role to policy den regulation.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/docs/Other/WaterServices/draft%20water%20services%20white%20paper%206.1.pdf Draft 2002 White Paper of Water Supply and Sanitation]&lt;/ref&gt;

For rural areas insyd dem already support dis policy of decentralisation by de '''Masibambane program''', a sector-wide approach wey dem link am to budget-based donor support give rural water supply den sanitation. De initial investment be ZAR 2.2 billion (EUR 279 million) plus a focus for de three poorest provinces top den a target to reach about 2.5 million pippoe. A 2004 evaluation by de Water den Sanitation Program (WSP) Africa show dat de program perform well financially.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irc.nl/page/103 IRC]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20050218173456/http://www.irc.nl/page/13987 South Africa: Masibambane program for rural water supply and sanitation], 29 September 2004&lt;/ref&gt; De program rydee be for ein third phase insyd.

=== National Sanitation Strategy, Bucket Eradication Programme den Free Basic Sanitation Implementation Strategy ===
For February 2005 insyd de government launch a programme to eradicate de use of bucket toilets. Bucket toilets dey consist of a bucket wey dem place under a toilet seat; for formally established settlements insyd dem empty de buckets for a daily basis top by de municipality den dem bring de content to a sewage treatment plant. Howeva, dem sanso use buckets for newly established informal settlements insyd. Der dey 250,000 bucket toilets for formally established settlements insyd as of 2005. Der be was a strong political will to carry out de program. As of March 2008, dem replace 91% of de bucket toilets by flush toilets anaa Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines wey water no dey readily available.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Duncan Mara |date=30 September 2008 |title=Bucket latrines almost eradicated in South Africa |url=https://duncanmarasanitation.blogspot.de/2008/09/bucket-latrines-almost-eradicated-in.html |access-date=16 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;    

Howeva, communities resist de construction of latrines, wey e force construction to a standstill den ask give flush toilets. Der already no dey community participation for de choice of technologies insyd. Dem very much focus programme for de provision of infrastructure top, plus little emphasis for sustainability den hygiene promotion top, so dat dem limit de health impact. Dem  move de deadline to complete de program from 2007 to 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Simphiwe Nojiyeza and Baruti Amisi |year=c. 2008 |title=The Challenges of eradicating Bucket Sanitation in South Africa |url=https://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/Nojiyeza%20and%20Amisi%20Challenges%20of%20eradicating%20Bucket%20Sanitation%20in%20SA.pdf |access-date=16 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SERI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tissington |first=Kate |date=July 2011 |title=Basic Sanitation in South Africa: A Guide to Legislation, Policy and Practice |url=http://www.nwu.ac.za/webfm_send/42156 |access-date=16 December 2012 |publisher=Socio-Economic Rights Institute of South Africa (SERI) |pages=60–67}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For August 2005 insyd dem publish a National Sanitation Strategy. E dey cover, among oda things, &quot;de roles den responsibilities for sanitation delivery insyd, wey e plan give sanitation, funding sanitation, implementation approaches, regulating de sanitation sector, den monitoring den evaluation&quot;. A Free Basic Sanitation Implementation Strategy follow am for March 2009 insyd, plus de aim of reaching universal access to sanitation by 2014. According to one observer, de strategy be &quot;deliberately vague&quot; sekof de issue of free provision of sanitation services be so controversial. Der be no legal obligation to provide free basic sanitation. De implementation strategy dey include eight different options to channel subsidies. Dem pilot de policy for 17 municipalities insyd for 2010 insyd, den for a further 23 municipalities insyd for 2011 insyd, although e dey unclear wey dem dey use subsidy mechanism.&lt;ref name=&quot;SERI&quot; /&gt;

=== Partnerships ===
South Africa form partnerships den dem engage for discussions insyd plus several nations, wey dey include Denmark,&lt;ref name=&quot;sydafrika&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date= |title=The National Water Strategic Sector Cooperation |url=https://sydafrika.um.dk/en/sector-cooperation/water-sector-program |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; de Netherlands,&lt;ref name=&quot;dws&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=7 December 2024 |title=Deputy Minister David Mahlobo lauds contribution from various countries to South Africa's democracy, and the water and sanitation sector |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/communications/Articles/2024/IA%20-%20DM%20Mahlobo%20lauds%20contribution%20from%20various%20countries%20to%20South%20Africas%20democracy%20and%20the%20water%20and%20sanitation%20sector.pdf |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=[[Department of Water and Sanitation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; den Israel,&lt;ref name=&quot;sajr&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author-last=Feinberg |author-first=Tali |date=6 July 2023 |title=Israeli team brings water expertise to SA |url=https://www.sajr.co.za/israeli-team-brings-water-expertise-to-sa/ |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=South African [[Jewish Report]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; to enhance ein water supply den sanitation infrastructure. For instance, South Africa engage for a ''Strategic Sector Cooperation'' insyd plus Denmark for 2015 insyd, wey e focus for strengthening water resilience top den preparing give water sector reforms.&lt;ref name=&quot;sydafrika&quot; /&gt; E sign a ''Blue Deal'' agreement plus de Netherlands for 2020 insyd to support water management den facilitate de exchange of knowledge den experience.&lt;ref name=&quot;dws&quot; /&gt; Additionally, South Africa engage plus high-level water delegations from Israel for 2023 insyd to learn from ein success for water sustainability insyd den agricultural development for arid environments insyd&lt;ref name=&quot;sajr&quot; /&gt;

=== List of ministers for charge of water insyd ===
Ministers of Water Affairs den Forestry

* Dr. Kader Asmal (1994–1999)
* Ronnie Kasrils (1999–2004)
* Buyelwa Sonjica (2004–2006)
* Lindiwe Hendricks (2006–2009)
Ministers of Water den Environmental Affairs:

* Buyelwa Sonjica (2009–2010)
* Edna Molewa (2010-2014)
Ministers of Water den Sanitation:

* Nomvula Mokonyane (2014-2018)
* Gugile Nkwinti (2018-2019)
Ministers of Human Settlements, Water den Sanitation

* Lindiwe Sisulu (since 2019)

== Efficiency ==
One indicator to measure de technical efficiency of water utilities be de level of non-revenue water. For a well-managed utility insyd dat level suppose dey below about 25%. For Johannesburg insyd, de estimated level decline from 44% for 2003 insyd to 31% for 2006 insyd. For Durban insyd, e stand at an estimated average of 31% between 2002 den 2006. For Cape Town insyd de estimates fluctuate significantly between 10% den 37%, wey e suggest dat de estimates no go fi dey reliable. De average level of non-revenue water give South African utilities wey dey participate for de International Benchmarking Network give Water den Sanitation Utilities insyd for de 2002–2006 period insyd be 31%.&lt;ref&gt;International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNet):[https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ Database Search for South Africa and Non-Revenue Water]. Retrieved 24 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Final aspects ==

=== Tariff level ===
Tariffs dey include bulk water tariffs wey water boards charge to municipalities den retail water tariffs wey municipalities charge to users.

'''Bulk water tariffs''' dey vary greatly. For 2011 insyd de largest water board, Rand Water, charge Rand 3.97 (US$0.48) per cubic meter. De highest bulk water tariff (Rand 9.11 anaa US$1.10 per cubic meter), de financially crippled Namakwa Water Board charge am, while de lowest tariff (Rand 2.28 anaa US$0.28), de Pelladrift Water Board charge am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=allAfrica.com |date=5 May 2010 |title=South Africa: Water Tariffs Set to Rise to Reduce Need for Borrowing |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201005050084.html |access-date=4 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Retail water tariffs''' dey vary between municipalities den between user categories, plus non-residential users wey dem dey charge am higher tariffs dan residential users. Typically water tariffs sanso dey vary plus consumption, plus higher tariffs wey e apply to higher consumption. De average retail water tariff for 2006 insyd give a sample of cities den across all consumption levels, dem estimate am to be de equivalent of US$1.06 per cubic meter.    

For 2010 insyd '''Johannesburg''' water provide between 6 den 15 cubic meters of water per month insyd give free, wey e depend for de poverty level of residents top. Give dem wey dem consider am no poor, de tariff gve de tranche between 6 den 10 cubic meters be R4.93 (US$0.73), give de tranche up to 15 cubic meters e be R7.31 (US$1.08) den so on until R14.94 (US$2.21) give a consumption wey dey exceed 40 cubic meters per month. De bill give 10 cubic meters per month thus be R20.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Johannesburg Water |title=Tariffs |url=http://www.johannesburgwater.co.za/asp/content_sub.asp?id=8&amp;sid=91&amp;pageName=Tariffs |access-date=4 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Poor households get to register demselves as &quot;indigent&quot; (poor), wey – according to critics – dey lead to a situation wey only a fraction of de poor dey receive de higher free basic water allocation to wey dem be eligible.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Coalition Against Water Privatisation |date=26 March 2010 |title=City of Johannesburg's proposed water tariff increases and shifts in free basic water allowance escalates the war on the poor |url=http://apf.org.za/spip.php?article300&amp;lang=en |access-date=4 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For '''Cape Town''' insyd, water tariffs give de first block beyond free basic water be slightly lower dan for Johannesburg insyd at R4.55 until 10 cubic meters, den de next tranche at R9.7 be broader dan for Johannesburg insyd wey e cover until 20 cubic meters per month, plus R23,42 charge beyond 50 cubic meters, wey dey result for a steeper tariff structure insyd. De water bill give 10 cubic meters per month be R18. De sewer charge be 70% of de water charge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Water Rhapsody Conservation Systems |title=Cape Town Water Tariffs for 2010 |url=http://www.capewatersolutions.co.za/2010/05/01/water-tariffs-for-2010/ |access-date=8 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Durban''' dey distinguish between a lower tariff give semi-pressure service give houses for low-income settlements insyd plus roof tanks den a higher full pressure service give &quot;formal&quot; housing areas. Semi-pressure service be free until 9 cubic meters, while full-pressure service dey cost R9.50 per cubic meter until 9 cubic meters per month, den R11.25 until 25 cubic meters. De bill give 10 cubic meters per month be R7 give semi-pressure service den R97 give full-pressure service. Der sanso be a free low-pressure service give ground tanks for informal den rural areas insyd, under wey dem pump water a day to fill a 200 litres ground tank.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=eThekwini Municipality |title=Water Tariffs as of July 1, 2012 |url=http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Services/water_sanitation/Bylaws_Tariffs/Tariffs/Pages/Water_Tariffs_English.aspx |access-date=8 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Free basic water ===
South Africa introduce a policy of free basic services, wey dey include water, electricity den solid waste collection. As part of dat policy, every household be say to receive de first 6 cubic meters per month give free. Dem introduce de policy gradually since 2000 within de means of each municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Mike Muller |title=Free basic water – a sustainable instrument for a sustainable future in South Africa |url=http://eau.sagepub.com/content/20/1/67.full.pdf+html |access-date=8 September 2012 |work=Environment and Urbanization 2008, 20:67}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each municipality dey decide if dem make free basic water available to everyone anaa only to de poor. Most municipalities dey provide free basic water to all anaa almost all demma residents. For 2012 insyd de program reach 86% of all households.&lt;ref&gt;Department of Water Affairs:[https://web.archive.org/web/20081120065144/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/FreeBasicWater/ Free Basic Water Project:Implementation Status], as of 31 August 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2010. Out of 152 water services authorities, 10 provide free basic water to all their residents and 142 to most. The city of [[EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality|eThekwini]] provides free basic water to 99% of households in its service area and the municipalities in the Gauteng area to 90%.&lt;/ref&gt;

Based for an average consumption of 5 cubic meters of free water per household den month top, an estimated 8 million beneficiary households, den an estimated water supply cost of 4 Rand per cubic meter, de annual cost of dem fi estimate de policy at 2bn Rand (US$280m). Dis dey correspond to about 0.1% of GDP for 2011 insyd, anaa about 0.25% of government expenditures. Anoda estimate dey put de cost of free basic water at 5.84 Rand per capita per month, wey dey correspond to 2.2bn Rand per year.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRC Rural&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=The Water Wheel |date=September–October 2005 |title=Rural Free Basic Water Under Magnifying Glass |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:bRQjRsG97l8J:www.win-sa.org.za/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman%26task%3Ddoc_download%26gid%3D70%26Itemid%3D13+Rural+Free+Basic+Water+UnderMagnifying+Glass+south+africa&amp;hl=de&amp;gl=de&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEESjLUIbPHpfdt2Ju-N4FEsi1pIm0jUNKEb_JzjTvqYE2XsndMk03NvxnSLBc8U2I3hALFby-mkac1BrQa9KPrO7eOk7WyVlz4q4I1KHy2D4r56QQLExRof9tF74xvb8H8pbFjw6N&amp;sig=AHIEtbT67gNRHMRzv_mUzsjmhOSUW6-MNg |access-date=8 September 2012 |work=Summary of &quot;Development of Models to Facilitate the Provision of Free Basic Water in Rural Areas (Water Research Commission Report No 1379/1/05)&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Out of de 32 million pippoe dat receive free basic water for 2005 insyd, almost half, anaa 15 million, no dey poor. Furthermore, many poor for rural areas insyd, wey receive limited amounts of water give free thru standpipes, no dey benefit fully. Dem pippoe without access to publicly provided water no dey benefit at all from de program.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Mosdell, T. and A. Leatt |year=2005 |title=On Tap: A Review of the Free Basic Water Policy |journal=In: Towards a Mean to Live: Targeting Poverty Alleviation to Make Children's Rights Real |issue=Children's Institute, University of Cape Town |pages=25}}&lt;/ref&gt; De policy be more successful for wealthier municipalities insyd, wey get de ability to cross-subsidise water provision give de poor, dan for poorer insyd, often rural municipalities. Dis be one of de reasons why for 2009 insyd de government announce am e go review ein implementation strategy give free basic water, possibly thru registers of poor users.&lt;ref name=&quot;GWI&quot;&gt;The price of free water in South Africa, in:Global Water Intelligence, August 2009, p. 31&lt;/ref&gt;

As part of dis review process, Durban rydee already change ein implementation of de free basic water policy: Households wey dey live for properties insyd dat dem value above a certain threshold rydee for prove dat demma income dey below de poverty limit, in order to continue to receive free basic water. De reason give de change be dat most of dem pippoe wey dey benefit from free basic water no dey poor. Dem use less dan amount of free basic water – 9 cubic meters per month for de case of Durban insyd – give de simple reason dat der be two anaa less residents for de household insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galvin&quot; /&gt;

=== Affordability ===
Der be little information wey dey available for demma affordability yop, i.e. de share of water bills for household income insyd. If a household dey consume less dan de free basic water limit, de share be obviously zero. Give a household for Cape Town insyd dat get no sewer connection den dey consume 10 cubic meters of water, de monthly water bill be almost R20 anaa US$2.40. Plus de poverty line at R500 per capita den month,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 September 2011 |title=Poverty and inequality in South Africa |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2011-09-16-poverty-and-inequality-in-south-africa |access-date=8 September 2012 |work=Mail &amp; Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de monthly income of a four-person household at de poverty line go be R2000, den de water bill go be 1 percent of income. Howeva, according to anoda source de poverty level for South Africa insyd be only R1000 per household,&lt;ref name=&quot;WRC Rural&quot; /&gt; for wey case insyd de share of de water bill go be 2 percent of income, den higher give dem pippoe wey dey live below de poverty line.     

=== Cost recovery ===
For 2010 insyd, eleven of de 13 water boards dey financially viable. De exceptions be Namakwa den Bushbuckridge water boards. Municipalities owe de water boards more dan Rand 1.3bn (about US$200 million). Der be little information available for cost recovery top at de municipal level, partly sekof revenues den costs wey dem associate am plus water supply den sanitation no be necessarily accounted give separately for municipal budgets insyd. If Water Services Authorities dey prepare water den sanitation budgets, dem no often include asset replacement costs (depreciation) for budgets insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRC Rural&quot; /&gt; Furthermore, de policy of free basic water dey lead to deficits for de supply of dem services insyd. Municipalities cover dem deficits for large part insyd thru de &quot;equitable share&quot; transfers from national government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Paulina Calfucoy |display-authors=etal |year=2009 |title=Improving Free Basic Water Provision in South Africa |url=http://www.lafollette.wisc.edu/publications/workshops/2009/southafrica.pdf |access-date=8 September 2012 |publisher=Prepared for the Financial and Fiscal Commission, South Africa |pages=11–13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Investment ===
According to de 2008 Infrastructure Barometer wey DBSA publish am den based for figures top wey de National Treasury provide am, total municipal investments for water supply den sanitation insyd for 2007 insyd be 13.4 billion Rand (US$1.9 billion at de 2007 exchange rate), wey dem break am down as follows:

* 5.6 billion Rand give water supply by municipalities 
* 4.7 billion Rand give sanitation by municipalities
* 1.0 billion Rand give water resources development by Water Boards

* 1.0 billion Rand give water resources development by DWAF 

* 1.1 billion Rand give water resources development by de Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority (TCTA)&lt;ref name=&quot;Barometer Financing&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Development Bank of Southern Africa|title=Infrastructure Barometer 2008, Chapter 5: Water|url=http://www.dbsa.org/feature/Documents/Section%2005%20Water.pdf|access-date=18 August 2012|pages=114–116|archive-date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505203633/https://www.dbsa.org/feature/Documents/Section%2005%20Water.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Municipal investments for de sector insyd increase substantially from 2001 wen dem dey about four times less dan for 2007 insyd at 2.8 billion Rand.&lt;ref&gt;White Paper 2002, p. 2&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2010/11 insyd total spending by de Department of Water Affairs be 8.2 billion Rand, wey dey include compensation give employees (1.2 bn), consultants give de design den supervision of civil works (0.6 bn) den investments. Investments dey include direct expenditures give TCTA den indirect expenditures for de form of transfers insyd to Water Boards den Water Service Authorities (municipalities), mostly give dams, bulk water transfers den water treatment plants. De largest project under construction be de De Hoop Dam wey be part of de Olifants River Water Resources Development Programme dat dey provide water give mining den municipal uses.&lt;ref&gt;Department of Water Affairs: Strategic Plan (Annual Performance Plan) 2011/12 – 2013/14, p. 23–25&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Financing ===
Dem finance municipal water den sanitation investments from de following sources for 2003–06 insyd:

* 51% thru inter-governmental grants;
* 19% thru borrowing; den
* 30% thru internal cash generation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barometer Financing&quot; /&gt;
De larger municipalities dey rely more for loans top den for internal cash generation top, while de smaller ones dey depend more for grants top den oda sources of funding. Wealthier municipalities partially dey finance free basic water thru cross-subsidies from non-residential users den local tax revenue. All municipalities dey receive a constitutionally mandated share of national tax revenues as an unconditional recurrent grant, wey dem bell am &quot;equitable share&quot;. One of ein objectives be say to offset de cost of free basic water den free basic electricity. De formula dey provide higher grants to dem municipalities dat get a high nomba of poor among dem dat dey receive water services. If a municipality dey increase access to water, ein share for de transfers insyd thus sanso dey increase. Dem determine de nomba of poor thru census data, wey – according to sam municipalities – dey underestimate de actual extent of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRC Rural&quot; /&gt;     

For de 2012/13 budget insyd de total equitable share be Rand 37.8 billion (US$4.6bn). In addition der dey a Municipal Infrastructure Grant (MIG). Dem aim de MIG programme at providing all South Africans plus at least a basic level of service by de year 2013 thru de provision of grant finance to cover de capital cost of basic infrastructure give de poor. For de 2012/13 budget insyd, de allocation give MIGs be Rand 13.8 billion (US$1.7 billion). In addition, der be a Capacity Building Grant. Dem administer all dem grants by de Department of Cooperative Governance den Traditional Affairs (formerly de Department of Provincial den Local Government).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Department of Cooperative and Traditional Affairs |title=Minister Baloyi's 2012 Budget Vote speech |url=http://www.cogta.gov.za/index.php/component/content/article/244-minister-richard-baloyi/328-minister-baloyis-2012-budget-vote-speech.html |access-date=8 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.mvula.co.za/ Mvula Trust]
*[http://www.waterdialogues.org/south-africa/index.htm The Water Dialogues – South Africa ]

[[Category:Water supply den sanitation insyd South Africa| ]]
[[Category:Water supply infrastructure insyd South Africa|*]]
[[Category:Environment of South Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>30tmzivora512tb8qnas5dlmh08p2f9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105096</id>
      <parentid>105093</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T13:34:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105096</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="72885" sha1="irstpu1o508ipxyw77ernvwxmr1pmas" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Dem characterise '''Water supply and sanitation in South Africa''' by both achievements den challenges. After de end of Apartheid South Africa ein newly elected government struggle plus de then growing service den backlogs plus respect to access to water supply den sanitation wey dem develop. De government thus make a strong commitment to high service standards den to high levels of investment subsidies to achieve dem standards. Since then, de country make sam progress plus regard to improving access to water supply: E reach universal access to an improved water source for urban areas insyd, den for rural areas insyd de share of dem pippoe plus access increase from 66% to 79% from 1990 to 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;[[:en:WHO|WHO]]/[[:en:UNICEF|UNICEF]]:[[:en:Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation|Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ Data table South Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|date=9 February 2014}}, 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

South Africa sanso get a strong water industry plus a track record for innovation insyd. Howeva, dem achieve much less progress for sanitation top: Access increase only from 71% to 79% during de same period.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt; Significant problems dey remain wey dey concern de financial sustainability of service providers, wey e lead to a lack of attention to maintenance. De uncertainty about de government ein ability to sustain funding levels for de sector insyd sanso be a concern. Two distinctive features of de South African water sector be de policy of free basic water den de existence of water boards, wey be bulk water supply agencies dat dey operate pipelines den dey sell water from reservoirs to municipalities.      

For May 2014 insyd dem announce am say Durban ein Water den Sanitation Department win de Stockholm Industry Water Award &quot;give ein transformative den inclusive approach&quot;, wey dey bell am &quot;one of de most progressive utilities for de world insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=&quot;Most progressive water utility in Africa&quot; wins 2014 Stockholm Industry Water Award |url=http://www.siwi.org/prizes/stockholmindustrywateraward/winners/2014-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190020/http://www.siwi.org/prizes/stockholmindustrywateraward/winners/2014-2/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=8 June 2014 |publisher=Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI)}}&lt;/ref&gt; De city connect 1.3 million additional pippoe to water wey dem pipe den provide 700,000 pippoe plus access to toilets for 14 years insyd. E sanso be South Africa ein first municipality to put free basic water give de poor into practice. Furthermore, e promote [[rainwater harvesting]], mini hydropower den urine-diverting dry toilets.        

For 13 February 2018 top, de country declare a national disaster for Cape Town insyd as de city ein water supply dem predict am to run dry before de end of June. Plus ein dams only 24.9% full, water saving measures dey for effect insyd dat require each citizen to use less dan 50 litres a day. Wat de government characterize as de &quot;magnitude den severity&quot; of a three-year drought effect all nine of de country ein provinces. According to UN-endorsed projections, Cape Town be one of eleven major world cities dat dem expect am to run out of water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-02-11 |title=The 11 cities most likely to run out of drinking water |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-42982959 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2018 insyd, Cape Town reject an offer from Israel to help am build [[desalination]] plants.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226 In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water], Reuters, January 25, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/articles/cape-town-may-dry-up-because-of-an-aversion-to-israel-1519254816 Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel], Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aish.com/jw/me/The-Cape-Town-Water-Crisis-and-Hating-Israel.html The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel], aish, February 11, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/South-African-stupidity-540605 South African stupidity], Jerusalem Post, February 3, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

== Water resources den water use ==
[[File:Katse_Dam,Lesotho,Africa.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katse_Dam,Lesotho,Africa.jpg|thumb|250x250px|De Katse dam for Lesotho insyd be an important source of water supply give de arid Gauteng area around Johannesburg, de industrial heartland of South Africa.]]Water availability for South Africa insyd dey vary greatly for space den time insyd. While de West dey dry plus rainfall only during de summer den as low as 100&amp;#x20;mm, de East den Southeast dey receive rainfall thruout de year plus an average of up to 1,000&amp;#x20;mm. Dem estimate total annual surface runoff at 43 to 48&amp;#x20;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, wey e depend for de source top.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO Aquastat&quot;&gt;FAO Auqastat: [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/south_africa/index.stm South Africa 2005]. Retrieved 24 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Earthtrends&quot;&gt;World Resources Institute: [http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/wat_cou_710.pdf Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems – South Africa]. Retrieved 24 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt;   

Dem lose much of de runoff thru flood spillage, so dat dem estimate de available surface water resources at 14&amp;#x20;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/year only. Although groundwater dey limited sekof geologic conditions, dem extensively utilise am for de rural den more arid areas insyd. Dem estimate available groundwater at 1&amp;#x20;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/year. De main rivers of South Africa dey fairly small wen dem compare am to de large rivers of de world: For example, de discharge of de [[Nile|Nile River]] alone dey about six times higher dan de available surface water resources from all South African rivers togeda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Orange-Senqu River Commission&quot;&gt;[http://www.orasecom.org/ Orange-Senqu River Commission]. Retrieved 18 June 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Limpopo Watercourse Commission&quot;&gt;[http://www.limcom.org/ Limpopo Watercourse Commission]. Retrieved 18 June 2011&lt;/ref&gt;      

De main rivers be de [[Orange River]] wey dey drain to de [[Atlantic Ocean]], de [[Limpopo River]], de Incomati River, de [[Maputo River]], de Tugela River, de [[Olifants River (Limpopo)]], den de Breede River. De uMkhomazi, Maputo, Thukela den Limpopo all dey drain to de Indian Ocean. South Africa ein most important rivers be transboundary: Dem share de Orange River plus Botswana, Namibia den Lesotho, de &quot;water tower&quot; of Southern Africa. Dem share de Limpopo-Olifants river basin plus Botswana, Zimbabwe den Mozambique, wey dey lie de furthest downstream. Dem set up International commissions of all riparian countries to manage dem transboundary water resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;Orange-Senqu River Commission&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Limpopo Watercourse Commission&quot; /&gt; Potential future water resources be seawater desalination anaa de transfer of water from de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]].           

Dem estimate total annual water withdrawal at 12.5&amp;#x20;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; for 2000 insyd, of wey about 17% be give municipal water use.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO Aquastat&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Earthtrends&quot; /&gt; For de northern parts of de country insyd, both surface water den groundwater resources dem nearly fully develop den utilise. For de well-watered southeastern regions of de country insyd wey dem significant undevelop am den use am dey exist.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO Aquastat&quot; /&gt; De Gauteng area around Johannesburg, wey be very water scarce, dey receive water from various dams for de area insyd such as de Vaal Dam den dey import water from de Orange River system thru de Lesotho Highlands Water Project, in particular from de Katse Dam.&lt;ref&gt;Rand Water:[https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx Background] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx|date=9 February 2019}}. Retrieved 24 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Cape Town dey receive ein drinking water from an extensive system of rivers den dams, wey dey include de Berg River Dam.               

Cape Town get 26 treatment plants, sam of wey be ineffective den dey date back to de 1950s, wey e make clean water access den wastewater management major difficulties.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;               

Cape Town go receive an €80 million loan from KfW to assist de city insyd dey improve den expand different municipal wastewater treatment plants, a €1.2 million grant give training den a €4.5 million grant give city-supporting measures. De upgrades go allow de city to use water wey dem recycle give agricultural anaa industrial purposes den assist for dealing plus droughts insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:322&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wastewater reuse ===
For South Africa insyd, de main driver give wastewater reuse be drought conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meeker&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Burgess |first1=Jo |last2=Meeker |first2=Melissa |last3=Minton |first3=Julie |last4=O'Donohue |first4=Mark |date=4 September 2015 |title=International research agency perspectives on potable water reuse |url=https://zenodo.org/record/897658 |journal=Environmental Science: Water Research &amp; Technology |language=en |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=563–580 |doi=10.1039/C5EW00165J |issn=2053-1419}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, for Beaufort West insyd, dem construct South Africa ein a direct wastewater reclamation plant (WRP) give de production of drinking water for de end of 2010 insyd, as a result of acute water scarcity (production of 2,300 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Risk Assessment for South Africa's first direct wastewater reclamation system for drinking water production |url=https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/146252.pdf |access-date=29 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Beaufort West Water Reclamation Plant: First Direct (Toilet-to-Tap) Water Reclamation Plant in South Africa |url=http://www.imesa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Paper-6.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913233740/http://www.imesa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Paper-6.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2016 |access-date=29 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; De process configuration wey dey base for multi-barrier concept top den dey include de following treatment processes: sand filtration, UF, two-stage RO, den permeate wey ultraviolet light (UV) disinfect am.   

De town George face water shortages den already decide for an IPR strategy (2009/2010) top, wey dem treat final effluents from ein Outeniqua WWTP to a very high quality thru UF den disinfection prior to being returned to de main storage facility, de Garden Route Dam, wer dem be combined plus current raw water supplies. Dis initiative dey augment de existing supply by 10,000&amp;#x20;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day, approximately one third of de drinking water demand. De process configuration dey include de following treatment processes: drum screen, UF, den chlorine disinfection. Dem make provision give powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition at George WTW, if dem require am as an additional operational barrier.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meeker&quot; /&gt;       

Anoda example of DPR be de reuse plant wey dem construct den operate for de town Hermanus (Overberg) insyd for South Africa insyd, wey rydee 2,500&amp;#x20;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day of effluent dem reuse, plus a future plan to increase de capacity to 5,000&amp;#x20;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per day. De treatment processes wey dem apply dey include UF pre-treatment, RO desalination, as well as advanced oxidation den carbon filtration. Dem feed de product from de reuse plant directly into de drinking water reticulation system.&lt;ref name=&quot;Meeker&quot; /&gt;

== Access to water by SA citizens ==
[[File:Johhanesburg_Water-Midrand_Tower-002.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johhanesburg_Water-Midrand_Tower-002.jpg|thumb|267x267px|A water tower for Midrand insyd, Johannesburg]]South Africa be one of de few countries for de world insyd dat dey enshrine de basic right to sufficient water for ein Constitution insyd, wey dey state dat &quot;Everyone get de right to have access to [...] sufficient food den water.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitution of 1996, Chapter 2, Section 27 |url=http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons2.htm#27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117002512/http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons2.htm#27 |archive-date=17 November 2013 |access-date=21 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, e remain to do much dey to fulfill dat right.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Note |date=2007 |title=What Price for the Priceless?: Implementing the Justiciability of the Right to Water |url=https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/note.pdf |journal=[[Harvard Law Review]] |volume=120 |page=1067 |access-date=25 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After de end of Apartheid South Africa ein newly elected government wey inherit highly functional services plus respect to access to water supply den sanitation.&lt;ref&gt;BUSARI, Ola and JACKSON, Barry: Reinforcing water and sanitation sector reform in South Africa, Water Policy, 2006, vol. 8, no 4, pp. 303–312.&lt;/ref&gt;

Howeva, as of 2017, wey e owe to a lack of maintenance wey dey result from corruption,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-03 |title=Controlling Corruption to Improve Water Security: Lessons from the South African Water Sector |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2020/06/03/controlling-corruption-lessons-from-southafrican-watersector/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; provision of water den sanitation largely collapse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-22 |title=&quot;Better water supply, collection management systems needed to avoid day zero water crisis&quot; |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/better-water-supply-collection-management-systems-needed-to-avoid-day-zero-water-crisis/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader. |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adam |first=Ferrial |date=2021-04-29 |title=MAVERICK CITIZEN OP-ED: Government must urgently deal with South Africa's deepening water crisis |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-04-29-government-must-urgently-deal-with-south-africas-deepening-water-crisis/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2015 insyd, de Department of Water den Sanitation say e go require R293-billion to fix den upgrade all water den sewage infrastructure for de country insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-21 |title=50 000 litres of sewage flow into SA's rivers every second |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-07-21-south-africas-shit-has-hit-the-fan/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While der already be a growth for de overall nomba of water-supplied dwellings insyd, de percentage of houses plus running water already decrease since 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-30 |title=Water services worse than in 1994 |url=https://mg.co.za/environment/2020-01-31-water-services-worse-than-in-1994/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Water ===
For 2015 insyd, de total nomba of pippoe for South Africa insyd wey dey lack access to an &quot;improved&quot; water supply be 3.64 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAJMPWash&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WASHwatch.org – South Africa |url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/south-africa/summary/statistics/ |access-date=2017-03-27 |website=washwatch.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;WHO/UNICEF (2015) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140418142528/http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/ Progress on sanitation and drinking water – 2015 update and MDG assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418142528/http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/|date=18 April 2014}}, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation&lt;/ref&gt; 93% of de population already get access to an improved water source for dat year insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAJMPWash&quot; /&gt;

For ein State of de Union address insyd for May 2004 insyd, Presido [[Thabo Mbeki]] already promise &quot;all households go get running water within five years&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3736045.stm Mbeki State of the Union 2004]&lt;/ref&gt; Despite substantial progress, dem no fully achieve dis goal. For sam rural areas, women dey spend up to one-third of demma time wey dey fetch water from streams den wells.&lt;ref&gt;Itana, Nicole:[http://www.womensenews.org/story/international-policyunited-nations/020906/many-women-clean-water-means-safety-freedom For Many Women, Clean Water Means Safety, Freedom]. WEnews 6 September 2002. Retrieved 16 March 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem sanso be responsible give dey use am to cook meals, wash laundry den bathe kiddies.   

=== Sanitation ===
Plus respect to [[sanitation]], progress already make slow. De total nomba of pippoe for South Africa insyd lacking access to &quot;improved&quot; sanitation dey 18 million for 2015 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAJMPWash&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; Dis dey mean dat only 66% of de total population already get access to improved sanitation for dat year insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAJMPWash&quot; /&gt; 

According to estimates by de WHO/UNICEF global Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation wey dey base for survey den census data top, de share of South Africans plus access to improved sanitation increase slowly from 71% for 1990 insyd to 75% for 2000 insyd den 79% for 2010 insyd. For 2010 insyd, an estimated 11 million South Africans still no get access to improved sanitation: Dem den use shared facilities (4 million), bucket toilets (3 million) anaa practice [[open defecation]] (4 million).&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

According to Statistics South Africa, access dey higher, partially sekof e dey include shared facilities for ein definition of sanitation insyd. According to de 2011 census figures, access to sanitation increase from 83% for 2001 insyd to 91% for 2011 insyd, wey dey include shared den individual pit latrines as well as chemical toilets.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=[[Statistics South Africa]] |date=October 2012 |title=Census 2011: Statistical Release |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/Publications/P03014/P030142011.pdf |access-date=3 November 2012 |pages=52–53}}&lt;/ref&gt; De share of households plus access to flush toilets increase from 53% for 2001 insyd to 60% for 2011 insyd. De health impacts of inadequate sanitation fi dey serious, as evidenced by de estimated 1.5 million cases of [[Diarrhea|diarrhoea]] for kiddies under five insyd den de 2001 outbreak of [[cholera]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/dir_ws/content/lids/PDF/summary.pdf 2001 basic household sanitation White Paper]&lt;/ref&gt; While most coliforms dey harmless to human health, de presence of E. coli, wey dey cover approximately 97% of coliform bacteria wey dem find for de intestines of animals insyd den for faeces insyd, dey underline de presence of more harmful pathogens for de water system insyd (DWAF 1996b).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Teklehaimanot |first1=Giorgis Z. |last2=Coetzee |first2=Martie A. A. |last3=Momba |first3=Maggy N. B. |date=2014-05-17 |title=Faecal pollution loads in the wastewater effluents and receiving water bodies: a potential threat to the health of Sedibeng and Soshanguve communities, South Africa |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |language=en |volume=21 |issue=16 |pages=9589–9603 |bibcode=2014ESPR...21.9589T |doi=10.1007/s11356-014-2980-y |issn=0944-1344 |pmid=24838129 |s2cid=26827412}}&lt;/ref&gt;    

South Africa ein sewage system already largely collapse. Globally, for average top, annual maintenance to plants dey amount to 15% of de plant ein value but for South Africa insyd, dem spend only 1% of de plant ein value for annual maintenance top. Of 824 water treatment plants, only around 60 dey release clean water. Every second, 50 000 litres of untreated sewage dey flow into rivers thruout de country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-21 |title=50 000 litres of sewage flow into SA's rivers every second |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-07-21-south-africas-shit-has-hit-the-fan/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Service quality ==

=== Water quality den continuity of supply ===
Service quality dey highly variable den data be sketchy. For 2003 insyd, 63% of municipalities no dey able to say if dem meet drinking water quality standards anaa dem no meet am. Dem interrupt water supply to 37% of households give at least one day for 2003 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barometer&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120225121737/http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/Infrastructure%20Barometer.pdf Infrastructure Barometer 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225121737/http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/Infrastructure%20Barometer.pdf|date=25 February 2012}}, p. 121–122&lt;/ref&gt; Customers never do den often still no dey trust dat drinking water quality be adequate. Dis be why de Department of Water Affairs wey dem introduce for 2008 insyd wey so dem bell am &quot;blue drop&quot; incentive-based water quality regulation strategy. Under de strategy municipal service providers dem certify am plus a &quot;blue drop&quot; if dem fulfill certain requirements. Dem dey include not only compliance plus water quality standards, but sanso de existence of a water safety plan, process wey dey control den de credibility of sample results, among odas.&lt;ref&gt;Talbot Laboratories:[http://www.talbot.co.za/?bluedrop Blue drop, green drop]. Retrieved 18 June 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem regard de system internationally as unique for de drinking water regulatory domain insyd den dem already receive am well by de World Health Organization. Howeva, observers from de private sector de say dat a &quot;strong spin element&quot; dey surround de programme den dat water quality dey actually deteriorate nationally, &quot;while de government dey attempt to discredit commentators wey persist for demma view insyd dat der be a problem&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Water Rhapsody:[https://www.rainharvest.co.za/2010/11/21/blue-drop-water-quality-scheme-gains-momentum-but-critics-say-more-is-needed/ ‘Blue Drop’ water quality scheme gains momentum, but critics say more is needed], 21 November 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2011. Quote from Dr Anthony Turton, TouchStone Resources&lt;/ref&gt; For 2009 insyd, 23 water supply system obtain de Blue Drop certification. For 2010 insyd, 9 lost am den 24 gain am give de first time, wey e bring de total to 38 (less dan 5 percent) out of 787 systems wey dem assess. De three top performers beJohannesburg, Cape Town den de small town of Bitou.&lt;ref&gt;Polity.org.za:[http://www.polity.org.za/article/blue-drop-report-2010-south-african-drinking-water-quality-management-performance-april-2010-2010-04-29 Blue Drop Report 2010: South African Drinking Water Quality Management Performance (April 2010)]. Retrieved 18 June 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/blueDrop.pdf Blue Drop Report 2010], p. 2 and 5 retrieved on 18 June 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

Water supply dey increasingly under pressure. Eutrophication be a growing concern,&lt;ref&gt;Oberholster, P.J. &amp; Ashton, P.J. 2008. State of the Nation Report: An Overview of the Current Status of Water Quality and [[Eutrophication]] in South African Rivers and Reservoirs. Parliamentary Grant Deliverable. Pretoria: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).&lt;/ref&gt; plus about one third of de total volume of water wey dem hold for strategic storage insyd wey dey approach de point wey e dey no longer fit give purpose without significant den costly management intervention. Return dey flow out of mining areas, particularly from gold mining activities, dey rapidly deteriorate, plus highly acidic water start to decant from abandoned den derelict mines.&lt;ref&gt;UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis:[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=76780 South Africa:Paying the Price for Mining], 15 February 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wastewater treatment ===
55% of wastewater treatment plants, especially smaller ones, no meet effluent standards den sam no even measure effluent quality. For analogy to de blue drop certification system give drinking water insyd, de government launch a green drop certification give municipal wastewater treatment. As of May 2011, dem certify 7 out of 159 water supply authorities plus de green drop, den 32 out of 1,237 wastewater treatment plants.&lt;ref&gt;Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/dir_ws/gds/ Green Drop Cerfification]. Retrieved 18 June 2011&lt;/ref&gt; For 2009 insyd, wen dem assess 449 wastewater treatment plants, according to official government data dem classify 7% as excellently managed, 38% &quot;perform within acceptable standards&quot; den 55% no perform within acceptable standards.&lt;ref&gt;Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Communications/PressReleases/2010/GreenDropstatement.pdf Statement  by the Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs, Ms Buyelwa Sonjica, release of the Green Drop Report], 29 April 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/GreenDropReport2009_ver1_web.pdf Green Drop Report 2009]. Retrieved 18 June 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

According to Bluewater Bio, an international firm wey specialise for wastewater treatment insyd, out of 1,600 wastewater treatment plants for South Africa insyd – no all of wey dem include am for de Green Drop assessment insyd – at least 60% no dey meet regulatory compliance requirements.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.globalwaterintel.com/about/ Global Water Intelligence]:Bluewater Bio's South African Safari, November 2009, p. 26&lt;/ref&gt; According to a study by de South African Water Research Commission for partnership plus de South African Local Government Association insyd wey dem publish for June 2013 insyd, 44% of wastewater treatment plants wey dem include for a representative sample insyd use inappropriate den unnecessarily expensive technologies. Der be a lack of funding give maintenance sekof low tariffs, insufficient collection den de absence of ring-fencing of revenues give de purpose of maintaining assets, so dat municipalities &quot;run assets to failure&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;South African Water Research Commission: [https://web.archive.org/web/20181104002515/http://www.wrc.org.za/News/Pages/Inappropriatewastewatertechnologychoicescompromisequalityandsustainabilityofservicedeliveryinmunicipalities.aspx Inappropriate wastewater technology choices compromise quality and sustainability of service delivery in municipalities], 13 June 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stakeholders ==
Dem organise de public water den sanitation sector for South Africa insyd for three different tiers insyd:

* De national government, wey de Department of Water den Sanitation (DWS) represent am, as a policy setter.
* Water Boards, wey dey provide primarily bulk water, but sanso sam retail services den operate sam wastewater treatment plants, in addition to playing a role for water resources management insyd;
* Municipalities, wey provide most retail services den sanso dey own sam of de bulk supply infrastructure.
Banks, de professional association WISA, de Water Research Commission den civil society sanso be important stakeholders for de sector insyd.

=== Policy den regulation ===
De Department of Water Affairs (DWA) for de Ministry of Water den Environmental Affairs insyd primarily dey responsible give de formulation den implementation of policy wey dey govern water resources management as well as drinking water supply. Concerning sanitation, &quot;der be a worrying absence of regulation [...] at all levels of government&quot;, according to an independent report. Around 2010 dem remove de sanitation function from DWA to de Department of Human Settlement (DHS), although sam regulatory functions apparently dey remain plus DWA, &quot;wey dey cause institutional confusion ova roles den responsibilities&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Tissington |first=Kate |date=July 2011 |title=Basic Sanitation in South Africa: A Guide to Legislation, Policy and Practice |url=http://www.nwu.ac.za/webfm_send/42156 |access-date=16 December 2012 |publisher=Socio-Economic Rights Institute of South Africa (SERI) |pages=69}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Service provision ===
Dem share responsibility give service provision among various entities: De country ein 231 municipalities dey in charge of water distribution den sanitation either directly anaa indirectly thru municipally owned enterprises anaa private companies; government-owned water boards dey in charge of operating bulk water supply infrastructure den sam wastewater systems; den de Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority finances den dey develop dams den bulk water supply infrastructure. 
[[File:Map_of_South_Africa_with_provinces_shaded_and_districts_numbered_(2011).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Africa_with_provinces_shaded_and_districts_numbered_(2011).svg|thumb|450x450px|Map wey dey show de districts (wey dem nomba) of South Africa]]'''Municipalities'''. According to de Constitution, de Municipal Structures Act den de Water Services Act of 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;WSA&quot;&gt;Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/a108-97.pdf Water Services Act of 1997]. Retrieved 27 September 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; responsibility give de provision of water den sanitation services dey lie plus water services authorities, wey de Water Services Act dey define as de municipalities. Der dey 52 district municipalities den 231 local municipalities for South Africa insyd (make you see Municipalities of South Africa).&lt;ref name=&quot;eThekwini Municipality&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=eThekwini Municipality |title=eThekwinie Water and Sanitation: Who we Are? |url=http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Services/water_sanitation/About_Us/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807075926/http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Services/water_sanitation/About_Us/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=7 August 2012 |access-date=8 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For many cases insyd, de district municipalities be de water services authorities. Howeva, de national government fi assign responsibility give service provision to local municipalities. Ovaall, der dey 169 water services authorities for South Africa insyd, wey dey include water boards, district municipalities, local municipalities den municipal companies. Usually municipalities dey provide water den sanitation services directly thru a municipal unit anaa department. For example, eThekwini (Durban) dey provide dem services thru de eThekwini Water den Sanitation Unit.&lt;ref name=&quot;eThekwini Municipality&quot; /&gt;    

Howeva, dem fi delegate dis responsibility to a water services provider give a period wey dem define. For example, for 2001 insyd de city of Johannesburg create Johannesburg Water, a legally den financially independent company wey de municipality wholly own am. Dem do dis as part of a &quot;Transformation Plan&quot; wey de Greater Johannesburg Municipal Authority embark upon at de time. Johannesburg Water commit einself to comply plus de provisions of de King Report for Corporate Governance top, wey dey include affirmative action, transparency, performance evaluation, a code of ethics, professional risk management den sustainability reporting.      

De 1996 constitution strengthen de autonomy of municipalities. As a consequence, dem transfer de responsibility give rural water supply den sanitation from de national government, wey DWAF rep am, to municipalities.       

'''Private sector participation'''. Since 1994 sam municipalities involve de private sector for service provision insyd for various forms insyd, wey dey include contracts give specific services such as wastewater treatment, short-term management contracts den long-term concessions.        

'''Water Boards'''. De 13 government-owned Water Boards dey play a key role for de South African water sector insyd. Dem dey operate dams, bulk water supply infrastructure, sam retail infrastructure den sam wastewater systems. sam sanso dey provide technical assistance to municipalities.          

'''Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority'''. De Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority (TCTA) be a state-owned entity plus de mission to finance den implement bulk raw water infrastructure. Dem create am for 1986 insyd to develop de Lesotho Highland Water Project, a joint project between Lesotho den South Africa. As of 2012, TCTA already develop anaa dey develop six oda dam den bulk water supply projects thruout de country, wey dey include de Berg River Dam. TCTA dey sell bulk water to de government, wey de Department of Water rep am as de owner of de Water Boards dat dey treat de water den dey sell am for to municipalities den mines top. TCTA dey use dem revenues mainly to repay de debt wey dem raise am to finance ein infrastructure, ein operating costs den to pay royalties to de government of Lesotho.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority |title=Home Page |url=https://www.tcta.co.za/ |access-date=5 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Odas ===                

'''Research, training''' '''den knowledge'''. South Africa get a fairly strong research den training infrastructure for de water sector insyd. De Water Research Commission (WRC) dey support water research den development as well as de building of a sustainable water research capacity for South Africa insyd. E dey serve as de country ein water-centred knowledge 'hub' wey e lead de creation, dissemination den application of water-centred knowledge, wey e focus for water resource management top, water-linked ecosystems, water use den waste management den water utilisation for agriculture insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wrc.org.za/ Water Research Commission (WRC)]&lt;/ref&gt;

De Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA), a professional association, dey keep ein members abreast of de latest developments for water technology den research insyd thru ein national den international liaison, links den affiliations.&lt;ref&gt;Water Institute of Southern Africa:[https://web.archive.org/web/20130218205642/http://www.wisa.org.za/home/Home.htm About WISA]. Retrieved 24 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Financiers''' '''den promoters'''. De Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) be an important player for de water den sanitation sector insyd, both as a financier den as an advisor den project promoter. For 2005–2006 insyd about 29% of ein approved projects be give water supply (1,881 million Rand) den sanitation (165 million Rand).&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110929194610/http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/DBSAActivitiesReport2005-2006.pdf Development Bank of Southern Africa Annual Report 2005–2006], p. 7&lt;/ref&gt; Oda financing institutions for de sector insyd dey include de Infrastructure Finance Corporation Limited, wey dey claim to be de only 100% privately owned infrastructure debt fund for de world insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.inca.co.za/ Infrastructure Finance Corporation Limited INCA]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Civil society'''. South Africa get a vibrant civil society, wey dey comprise a large nomba of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) plus very diverse goals, membership den methods. For de one hand top, civil society dey include militant so-called &quot;new social movements&quot; dat spring up after de end of Apartheid, such as de Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign wey dem form for 2000 insyd den de shack dweller organisation Abahlali baseMjondolo wey dem form for 2005 insyd. Dem dey fight water cut-offs give non-payment den dem engage for &quot;mass popular appropriation&quot; of water services insyd. Dem groups dey claim to rep de poorest den most oppressed pippoe for South Africa insyd.          

For de oda hand top, civil society for South Africa insyd dey include de Mvula trust wey disburse ova R300 million to water services programmes den projects den dem provide services to ova a million South Africans wey previously no dey get access to either water anaa sanitation services. Dem specialise am in implementing den supporting de delivery of water services for rural den peri-urban areas insyd thru community management, de establishment of community based water services providers den supporting local authorities to create an enabling environment give sustainability.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mvula.co.za/ Mvula Trust]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human resources ==
South Africa dey experience a brain drain dat sanso dey affect de availability of qualified engineers for water den sanitation utilities insyd. De nomba of civil engineers for municipalities insyd decline from 20 per 100,000 inhabitants for 1994 insyd to 2.8 for 2009 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Marius van Aardt:A south African story:Silulumanzi's perspective, in: Transforming the World of Water, Global Water Summit 2010, Global Water Intelligence and International Desalination Association, p. 156–157&lt;/ref&gt;

One reason be de official policy of cadre deployment, wey persons wey dey loyal to de ruling party, de African National Congress, dem give dem jobs for different branches of government insyd. Dis intransparent process dey put party loyalty ahead of competence den dey demoralise public service employees, according to a 2012 study wey de Human Sciences Research Council do am. Skilled staff concentrate at de national den provincial levels, but der dey a skills deficit at de municipal level. South Africa no get a unified civil service, so dat der dey no uniform standards give hiring den promotion at de municipal level. According to de study, der sanso be a high level of turnova of middle den senior managers for de civil service insyd, sekof stressful working conditions den opportunities give qualified professionals for de private sector insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ahmed Areff, News24 |date=12 July 2012 |title=Cadre deployment: 'Loyalty ahead of competence' |url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Cadre-deployment-Loyalty-ahead-of-competence-20120712 |access-date=4 September 2012 |publisher=Modimowabarwa Kanyane, Human Sciences Research Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Mandy de Waal, allAfrica.com |title=South Africa: Cadre Deployment, Cronyism and the Paving of SA's Highway to Hell |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208030379.html |access-date=4 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History den recent developments ==
[[File:Joburg_top.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joburg_top.jpg|thumb|250x250px|De skyline of Johannesburg ein Central Business District wey dem see am from de observatory of de Carlton Centre]]During Apartheid, de national government get no role for providing public water anaa sanitation services insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=History of Water and Sanitation in South Africa |url=http://wp.wpi.edu/capetown/projects/p2009/water-sanitation/history-of-water-and-sanitation-in-south-africa/ |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=wp.wpi.edu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De history of de water supply den sanitation sector since de end of Apartheid dem already characterise am by a strong government commitment to increase access to services den a gradual reduction of de role of Water Boards den de national government for service provision insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[http://www.cbc.ca/news/features/water/southafrica.html Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Radio:Whose hand on the tap? Water privatisation in South Africa], Bob Carty, February 2003 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218201733/http://www.cbc.ca/news/features/water/southafrica.html|date=18 December 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Der already be tension between de goal of increased cost recovery wey dem enshrine am for de Water Services Act insyd for de one hand top, den de constitutional rights wey dem introduce am for 1996 insyd den de policy of free basic water wey dem introduce am for 2001 insyd for de oda hand top. Der already be a nomba of controversies for policies top for de sectors insyd, wey dey include about private sector participation, wey dem introduce am for de mid-1990s insyd, de practice of cutting off water anaa installing flow restrictors give dem pippoe wey no dey pay demma bills, den de installation of pre-paid meters.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Transition ===
For 1994 insyd, de first post-Apartheid government wey dem assign de Department of Water Affairs den Forestry de task of ensuring dat all South Africans go fi get &quot;equitable access to water supply den sanitation&quot;. To dat end, dem create de Community Water Supply den Sanitation Program to target key areas give instituting water den sanitation systems, den dem establish de National Sanitation Program to increase de rate of distribution of water den sanitation services.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

De passing of de Constitution of de Republic of South Africa for 1996 insyd create a new, constitutional dispensation plus a guaranteed Bill of Rights. Among dem rights be de section 24(a) right to an environment dat no dey harmful to health anaa well-being, den de section 27(1)(b) right to sufficient water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

De government sanso create new policies such as de Water Services Act, de National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) of 1998, den de National Water Act (NWA) of 1998 in order to target water den sanitation problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Water Services Act of 1997 ===
For 1994 insyd de government publish ein first White Paper for Water den Sanitation Policy top, wey lead to de Water Services Act of 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSA&quot; /&gt;

De Act dey call give higher cost recovery, wey prove a challenge sekof widespread poverty den a culture of non-payment give water for many Townships insyd, as a remnant of protests against Apartheid. Higher water tariffs den rigorous cut-offs give non-payment, anaa flow reductions thru de installation of &quot;tricklers&quot; dat dey allow only a very limited flow of water, impose hardships for de poorest top. 

De Act sanso modify de role of Water Boards, wey e provide a clear legal definition of de functions of Water Boards den municipalities. Water Boards already historically be de only bulk water providers. Dem oblige municipalities to buy water thru dem. De Act allow municipalities to develop demma own bulk water supply infrastructure anaa to buy bulk water from providers oda dan Water Boards. Conversely e sanso allow Water Boards to provide retail water services at de request of municipalities.&lt;ref&gt;2002 White Paper&lt;/ref&gt; Since dem already pass de Act de capacity of both Water Boards den many water service providers increase significantly.

=== Municipal Systems Act of 2000 ===
De Municipal Systems Act (MSA) place de responsibility give water services for local governments top. E thus becam each city ein responsibility to provide basic water den sanitation services give all residents. De funding give improvements to water den sanitation systems go fi cam from de national government via de Municipal Infrastructure Grant MIG anaa Equitable Shares, anaa via local revenue collection. 

=== Free Basic Water Policy ===
Durban be de first South African city to introduce a policy of free basic water for 1998 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galvin&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mary Galvin |date=6 June 2012 |title=Evolving Rights: South Africa's Free Basic Water policy |url=https://www.blueplanetproject.net/index.php/evolving-rights-south-africas-free-basic-water-policy/ |access-date=26 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Thabo Mbeki becam Presido of South Africa for 1999 insyd den a cholera outbreak wey occur for 2000 insyd, de African National Congress promise free basic water during a municipal election campaign for December 2000 insyd. For July 2001 insyd free basic water becam a national policy thru a revised tariff structure dat include at least 6 &quot;kilolitres&quot; (cubic meters) of free water per month (40-litre per capita per day give a family of five or 25-litre per capita per day give a family of eight). Dem already implement de policy gradually within de means of each municipality.   

=== Management contract give Johannesburg den pre-paid meters ===
'''Johannesburg management contract.''' Building for earlier experiences top plus private sector participation since 1994, a five-year management contract give water services for Johannesburg insyd, South Africa ein largest city den de country ein economic den financial hub, dem award am for 2000 insyd to de Joint Venture Water den Sanitation Services South Africa (WSSA). Dem no renew de Johannesburg management contract wen e expire for 2005 insyd. Howeva, private operators continue to provide services for many oda South African cities insyd.   

'''Prepaid meters.''' Dem install 170,000 prepaid meters for poor townships of Johannesburg insyd, wey dey include for Soweto insyd. Dem sanso install prepaid meters for oda cities insyd as part of management contracts plus private operators. Dem meters, wey cut off water supply above de 6 cubic meter monthly limit if dem no make payment, spark substantial protests for poor neighbourhoods insyd. Residents of Phiri, a neighborhood for Soweto insyd, dem sue am against prepaid meters plus de support of South African den international anti-privatisation activists in wat dem already bell am de Mazibuko case, wey dem name am after de first plaintiff.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;[http://www.pacinst.org/about_us/ Pacific Institute]: [https://www.pacinst.org/press_center/press_releases/south_africa_water_decision.html Oakland Research Matters in Historic South African Water Rights Decision], 1 May 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2008 insyd, de South African High Court find de practice of prepaid meters for Soweto insyd unconstitutional, den write dat denying de poor access to adequate water &quot;is to deny dem de rights to health den to lead a dignified lifestyle.&quot; Further, de judge state dat &quot;25 liters per person per day be insufficient give de residents of Phiri&quot;, den order de city to provide free basic water for de amount of 50 liters per person per day insyd plus de option of an ordinary credit-metered water supply (instead of prepaid) give more use. De Court apparently assume a household size of eight.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot; /&gt;

For October 2009 insyd de Constitutional Court ovaturn de case den declare prepaid meters to be lawful.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irc.nl/page/103 IRC]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20110104181919/http://www.irc.nl/page/50630 South Africa, Johannesburg:Phiri residents lose court battle]. Retrieved 20 November 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; De court case lead to de development of a more social practice wey dey concern prepaid meters. For example, dem fi increase de minimum amount from 6&amp;#x20;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per month to 10 anaa even 15&amp;#x20;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; per month wey dey depend for de level of poverty top den size of a household. Sanso, new prepaid meters dey still deliver a minimum amount of 40 liter per hour under low pressure after dem cut off service. Furthermore, dem fi use 1000 liter of &quot;emergency water&quot; four times per year, for example to extinguish fires, even if dem no suppose pay bills. Dem fi grant 2000 liter of additional water by local authorities for demand top give special needs. Howeva, not all residents dey aware of these fairly complex mechanisms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Aubriot |first=Julie |date=December 2011 |title=Focus &quot;solution&quot;: A Soweto, des citoyens portent plainte (Focus solutions: In Soweto, citizens sue) |url=http://www.pseau.org/outils/lettre/article.php?lett_article_lettre_id=1261&amp;page_originale=1 |access-date=12 April 2012 |work=La lettre du pS-Eau |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== History den developments of water infrastructure for Johannesburg insyd ===
Reliable den consistent water supply for Johannesburg insyd already be a longstanding challenge. For 1903 insyd, de Water Works Commission establish de Rand Water board to manage bulk water supply for de region insyd. Ein responsibilities include sourcing raw water, treatment den purification, distribution thru a regional network, storage for reservoirs den towers insyd, den delivery of potable water to consumers.  

For recent years insyd, water infrastructure for Johannesburg insyd require ongoing maintenance den investment. Dem announce planned maintenance programmes give December 2025 den January 2026. De city sanso procure additional water tankers to mitigate de impact of supply disruptions.    

=== Basic Sanitation White Paper ===
In response to de fact dat access to sanitation dey lag significantly behind access to water, de government publish ein White Paper for Basic Household Sanitation top for 2001 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120421040820/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/dir_ws/content/lids/sanitation.asp Sanitation White Paper]&lt;/ref&gt; E bell give universal access to basic sanitation by March 2010, plus priority accorded to communities plus de greatest needs. De policy dey outline de roles of de various stakeholders – households, municipalities, provincial governments, various branches of national government – den dey establish coordination den monitoring mechanisms.  

E dey sanso bell give Infrastructure Grants to municipalities to finance investments for sanitation insyd. De paper dey note dat e be de government ein policy to provide free basic services to the poorest, but no dey spell out how dem go implement dis policy for de case of basic sanitation insyd.    

=== Decentralisation ===
Following a second White Paper for water supply den sanitation policy wey dem publish for 2002 insyd (after de first White Paper for 1994 insyd) dem establish a national policy to further decentralise de sector, wey dey phase out de national government ein involvement for service provision insyd, wey e limit DWAF ein role to policy den regulation.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/docs/Other/WaterServices/draft%20water%20services%20white%20paper%206.1.pdf Draft 2002 White Paper of Water Supply and Sanitation]&lt;/ref&gt;

For rural areas insyd dem already support dis policy of decentralisation by de '''Masibambane program''', a sector-wide approach wey dem link am to budget-based donor support give rural water supply den sanitation. De initial investment be ZAR 2.2 billion (EUR 279 million) plus a focus for de three poorest provinces top den a target to reach about 2.5 million pippoe. A 2004 evaluation by de Water den Sanitation Program (WSP) Africa show dat de program perform well financially.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irc.nl/page/103 IRC]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20050218173456/http://www.irc.nl/page/13987 South Africa: Masibambane program for rural water supply and sanitation], 29 September 2004&lt;/ref&gt; De program rydee be for ein third phase insyd.

=== National Sanitation Strategy, Bucket Eradication Programme den Free Basic Sanitation Implementation Strategy ===
For February 2005 insyd de government launch a programme to eradicate de use of bucket toilets. Bucket toilets dey consist of a bucket wey dem place under a toilet seat; for formally established settlements insyd dem empty de buckets for a daily basis top by de municipality den dem bring de content to a sewage treatment plant. Howeva, dem sanso use buckets for newly established informal settlements insyd. Der dey 250,000 bucket toilets for formally established settlements insyd as of 2005. Der be was a strong political will to carry out de program. As of March 2008, dem replace 91% of de bucket toilets by flush toilets anaa Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines wey water no dey readily available.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Duncan Mara |date=30 September 2008 |title=Bucket latrines almost eradicated in South Africa |url=https://duncanmarasanitation.blogspot.de/2008/09/bucket-latrines-almost-eradicated-in.html |access-date=16 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;    

Howeva, communities resist de construction of latrines, wey e force construction to a standstill den ask give flush toilets. Der already no dey community participation for de choice of technologies insyd. Dem very much focus programme for de provision of infrastructure top, plus little emphasis for sustainability den hygiene promotion top, so dat dem limit de health impact. Dem move de deadline to complete de program from 2007 to 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Simphiwe Nojiyeza and Baruti Amisi |year=c. 2008 |title=The Challenges of eradicating Bucket Sanitation in South Africa |url=https://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/Nojiyeza%20and%20Amisi%20Challenges%20of%20eradicating%20Bucket%20Sanitation%20in%20SA.pdf |access-date=16 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SERI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tissington |first=Kate |date=July 2011 |title=Basic Sanitation in South Africa: A Guide to Legislation, Policy and Practice |url=http://www.nwu.ac.za/webfm_send/42156 |access-date=16 December 2012 |publisher=Socio-Economic Rights Institute of South Africa (SERI) |pages=60–67}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For August 2005 insyd dem publish a National Sanitation Strategy. E dey cover, among oda things, &quot;de roles den responsibilities for sanitation delivery insyd, wey e plan give sanitation, funding sanitation, implementation approaches, regulating de sanitation sector, den monitoring den evaluation&quot;. A Free Basic Sanitation Implementation Strategy follow am for March 2009 insyd, plus de aim of reaching universal access to sanitation by 2014. According to one observer, de strategy be &quot;deliberately vague&quot; sekof de issue of free provision of sanitation services be so controversial. Der be no legal obligation to provide free basic sanitation. De implementation strategy dey include eight different options to channel subsidies. Dem pilot de policy for 17 municipalities insyd for 2010 insyd, den for a further 23 municipalities insyd for 2011 insyd, although e dey unclear wey dem dey use subsidy mechanism.&lt;ref name=&quot;SERI&quot; /&gt;

=== Partnerships ===
South Africa form partnerships den dem engage for discussions insyd plus several nations, wey dey include Denmark,&lt;ref name=&quot;sydafrika&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date= |title=The National Water Strategic Sector Cooperation |url=https://sydafrika.um.dk/en/sector-cooperation/water-sector-program |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; de Netherlands,&lt;ref name=&quot;dws&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=7 December 2024 |title=Deputy Minister David Mahlobo lauds contribution from various countries to South Africa's democracy, and the water and sanitation sector |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/communications/Articles/2024/IA%20-%20DM%20Mahlobo%20lauds%20contribution%20from%20various%20countries%20to%20South%20Africas%20democracy%20and%20the%20water%20and%20sanitation%20sector.pdf |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=[[Department of Water and Sanitation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; den Israel,&lt;ref name=&quot;sajr&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author-last=Feinberg |author-first=Tali |date=6 July 2023 |title=Israeli team brings water expertise to SA |url=https://www.sajr.co.za/israeli-team-brings-water-expertise-to-sa/ |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=South African [[Jewish Report]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; to enhance ein water supply den sanitation infrastructure. For instance, South Africa engage for a ''Strategic Sector Cooperation'' insyd plus Denmark for 2015 insyd, wey e focus for strengthening water resilience top den preparing give water sector reforms.&lt;ref name=&quot;sydafrika&quot; /&gt; E sign a ''Blue Deal'' agreement plus de Netherlands for 2020 insyd to support water management den facilitate de exchange of knowledge den experience.&lt;ref name=&quot;dws&quot; /&gt; Additionally, South Africa engage plus high-level water delegations from Israel for 2023 insyd to learn from ein success for water sustainability insyd den agricultural development for arid environments insyd&lt;ref name=&quot;sajr&quot; /&gt;

=== List of ministers for charge of water insyd ===
Ministers of Water Affairs den Forestry

* Dr. Kader Asmal (1994–1999)
* Ronnie Kasrils (1999–2004)
* Buyelwa Sonjica (2004–2006)
* Lindiwe Hendricks (2006–2009)
Ministers of Water den Environmental Affairs:

* Buyelwa Sonjica (2009–2010)
* Edna Molewa (2010-2014)
Ministers of Water den Sanitation:

* Nomvula Mokonyane (2014-2018)
* Gugile Nkwinti (2018-2019)
Ministers of Human Settlements, Water den Sanitation

* Lindiwe Sisulu (since 2019)

== Efficiency ==
One indicator to measure de technical efficiency of water utilities be de level of non-revenue water. For a well-managed utility insyd dat level suppose dey below about 25%. For Johannesburg insyd, de estimated level decline from 44% for 2003 insyd to 31% for 2006 insyd. For Durban insyd, e stand at an estimated average of 31% between 2002 den 2006. For Cape Town insyd de estimates fluctuate significantly between 10% den 37%, wey e suggest dat de estimates no go fi dey reliable. De average level of non-revenue water give South African utilities wey dey participate for de International Benchmarking Network give Water den Sanitation Utilities insyd for de 2002–2006 period insyd be 31%.&lt;ref&gt;International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities (IBNet):[https://web.archive.org/web/20220601215942/https://www.ib-net.org/ Database Search for South Africa and Non-Revenue Water]. Retrieved 24 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Final aspects ==

=== Tariff level ===
Tariffs dey include bulk water tariffs wey water boards charge to municipalities den retail water tariffs wey municipalities charge to users.

'''Bulk water tariffs''' dey vary greatly. For 2011 insyd de largest water board, Rand Water, charge Rand 3.97 (US$0.48) per cubic meter. De highest bulk water tariff (Rand 9.11 anaa US$1.10 per cubic meter), de financially crippled Namakwa Water Board charge am, while de lowest tariff (Rand 2.28 anaa US$0.28), de Pelladrift Water Board charge am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=allAfrica.com |date=5 May 2010 |title=South Africa: Water Tariffs Set to Rise to Reduce Need for Borrowing |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201005050084.html |access-date=4 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Retail water tariffs''' dey vary between municipalities den between user categories, plus non-residential users wey dem dey charge am higher tariffs dan residential users. Typically water tariffs sanso dey vary plus consumption, plus higher tariffs wey e apply to higher consumption. De average retail water tariff for 2006 insyd give a sample of cities den across all consumption levels, dem estimate am to be de equivalent of US$1.06 per cubic meter.    

For 2010 insyd '''Johannesburg''' water provide between 6 den 15 cubic meters of water per month insyd give free, wey e depend for de poverty level of residents top. Give dem wey dem consider am no poor, de tariff gve de tranche between 6 den 10 cubic meters be R4.93 (US$0.73), give de tranche up to 15 cubic meters e be R7.31 (US$1.08) den so on until R14.94 (US$2.21) give a consumption wey dey exceed 40 cubic meters per month. De bill give 10 cubic meters per month thus be R20.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Johannesburg Water |title=Tariffs |url=http://www.johannesburgwater.co.za/asp/content_sub.asp?id=8&amp;sid=91&amp;pageName=Tariffs |access-date=4 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Poor households get to register demselves as &quot;indigent&quot; (poor), wey – according to critics – dey lead to a situation wey only a fraction of de poor dey receive de higher free basic water allocation to wey dem be eligible.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Coalition Against Water Privatisation |date=26 March 2010 |title=City of Johannesburg's proposed water tariff increases and shifts in free basic water allowance escalates the war on the poor |url=http://apf.org.za/spip.php?article300&amp;lang=en |access-date=4 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For '''Cape Town''' insyd, water tariffs give de first block beyond free basic water be slightly lower dan for Johannesburg insyd at R4.55 until 10 cubic meters, den de next tranche at R9.7 be broader dan for Johannesburg insyd wey e cover until 20 cubic meters per month, plus R23,42 charge beyond 50 cubic meters, wey dey result for a steeper tariff structure insyd. De water bill give 10 cubic meters per month be R18. De sewer charge be 70% of de water charge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Water Rhapsody Conservation Systems |title=Cape Town Water Tariffs for 2010 |url=http://www.capewatersolutions.co.za/2010/05/01/water-tariffs-for-2010/ |access-date=8 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Durban''' dey distinguish between a lower tariff give semi-pressure service give houses for low-income settlements insyd plus roof tanks den a higher full pressure service give &quot;formal&quot; housing areas. Semi-pressure service be free until 9 cubic meters, while full-pressure service dey cost R9.50 per cubic meter until 9 cubic meters per month, den R11.25 until 25 cubic meters. De bill give 10 cubic meters per month be R7 give semi-pressure service den R97 give full-pressure service. Der sanso be a free low-pressure service give ground tanks for informal den rural areas insyd, under wey dem pump water a day to fill a 200 litres ground tank.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=eThekwini Municipality |title=Water Tariffs as of July 1, 2012 |url=http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Services/water_sanitation/Bylaws_Tariffs/Tariffs/Pages/Water_Tariffs_English.aspx |access-date=8 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Free basic water ===
South Africa introduce a policy of free basic services, wey dey include water, electricity den solid waste collection. As part of dat policy, every household be say to receive de first 6 cubic meters per month give free. Dem introduce de policy gradually since 2000 within de means of each municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Mike Muller |title=Free basic water – a sustainable instrument for a sustainable future in South Africa |url=http://eau.sagepub.com/content/20/1/67.full.pdf+html |access-date=8 September 2012 |work=Environment and Urbanization 2008, 20:67}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each municipality dey decide if dem make free basic water available to everyone anaa only to de poor. Most municipalities dey provide free basic water to all anaa almost all demma residents. For 2012 insyd de program reach 86% of all households.&lt;ref&gt;Department of Water Affairs:[https://web.archive.org/web/20081120065144/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/FreeBasicWater/ Free Basic Water Project:Implementation Status], as of 31 August 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2010. Out of 152 water services authorities, 10 provide free basic water to all their residents and 142 to most. The city of [[EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality|eThekwini]] provides free basic water to 99% of households in its service area and the municipalities in the Gauteng area to 90%.&lt;/ref&gt;

Based for an average consumption of 5 cubic meters of free water per household den month top, an estimated 8 million beneficiary households, den an estimated water supply cost of 4 Rand per cubic meter, de annual cost of dem fi estimate de policy at 2bn Rand (US$280m). Dis dey correspond to about 0.1% of GDP for 2011 insyd, anaa about 0.25% of government expenditures. Anoda estimate dey put de cost of free basic water at 5.84 Rand per capita per month, wey dey correspond to 2.2bn Rand per year.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRC Rural&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=The Water Wheel |date=September–October 2005 |title=Rural Free Basic Water Under Magnifying Glass |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:bRQjRsG97l8J:www.win-sa.org.za/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman%26task%3Ddoc_download%26gid%3D70%26Itemid%3D13+Rural+Free+Basic+Water+UnderMagnifying+Glass+south+africa&amp;hl=de&amp;gl=de&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEESjLUIbPHpfdt2Ju-N4FEsi1pIm0jUNKEb_JzjTvqYE2XsndMk03NvxnSLBc8U2I3hALFby-mkac1BrQa9KPrO7eOk7WyVlz4q4I1KHy2D4r56QQLExRof9tF74xvb8H8pbFjw6N&amp;sig=AHIEtbT67gNRHMRzv_mUzsjmhOSUW6-MNg |access-date=8 September 2012 |work=Summary of &quot;Development of Models to Facilitate the Provision of Free Basic Water in Rural Areas (Water Research Commission Report No 1379/1/05)&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Out of de 32 million pippoe dat receive free basic water for 2005 insyd, almost half, anaa 15 million, no dey poor. Furthermore, many poor for rural areas insyd, wey receive limited amounts of water give free thru standpipes, no dey benefit fully. Dem pippoe without access to publicly provided water no dey benefit at all from de program.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Mosdell, T. and A. Leatt |year=2005 |title=On Tap: A Review of the Free Basic Water Policy |journal=In: Towards a Mean to Live: Targeting Poverty Alleviation to Make Children's Rights Real |issue=Children's Institute, University of Cape Town |pages=25}}&lt;/ref&gt; De policy be more successful for wealthier municipalities insyd, wey get de ability to cross-subsidise water provision give de poor, dan for poorer insyd, often rural municipalities. Dis be one of de reasons why for 2009 insyd de government announce am e go review ein implementation strategy give free basic water, possibly thru registers of poor users.&lt;ref name=&quot;GWI&quot;&gt;The price of free water in South Africa, in:Global Water Intelligence, August 2009, p. 31&lt;/ref&gt;

As part of dis review process, Durban rydee already change ein implementation of de free basic water policy: Households wey dey live for properties insyd dat dem value above a certain threshold rydee for prove dat demma income dey below de poverty limit, in order to continue to receive free basic water. De reason give de change be dat most of dem pippoe wey dey benefit from free basic water no dey poor. Dem use less dan amount of free basic water – 9 cubic meters per month for de case of Durban insyd – give de simple reason dat der be two anaa less residents for de household insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galvin&quot; /&gt;

=== Affordability ===
Der be little information wey dey available for demma affordability yop, i.e. de share of water bills for household income insyd. If a household dey consume less dan de free basic water limit, de share be obviously zero. Give a household for Cape Town insyd dat get no sewer connection den dey consume 10 cubic meters of water, de monthly water bill be almost R20 anaa US$2.40. Plus de poverty line at R500 per capita den month,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 September 2011 |title=Poverty and inequality in South Africa |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2011-09-16-poverty-and-inequality-in-south-africa |access-date=8 September 2012 |work=Mail &amp; Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; de monthly income of a four-person household at de poverty line go be R2000, den de water bill go be 1 percent of income. Howeva, according to anoda source de poverty level for South Africa insyd be only R1000 per household,&lt;ref name=&quot;WRC Rural&quot; /&gt; for wey case insyd de share of de water bill go be 2 percent of income, den higher give dem pippoe wey dey live below de poverty line.     

=== Cost recovery ===
For 2010 insyd, eleven of de 13 water boards dey financially viable. De exceptions be Namakwa den Bushbuckridge water boards. Municipalities owe de water boards more dan Rand 1.3bn (about US$200 million). Der be little information available for cost recovery top at de municipal level, partly sekof revenues den costs wey dem associate am plus water supply den sanitation no be necessarily accounted give separately for municipal budgets insyd. If Water Services Authorities dey prepare water den sanitation budgets, dem no often include asset replacement costs (depreciation) for budgets insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRC Rural&quot; /&gt; Furthermore, de policy of free basic water dey lead to deficits for de supply of dem services insyd. Municipalities cover dem deficits for large part insyd thru de &quot;equitable share&quot; transfers from national government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Paulina Calfucoy |display-authors=etal |year=2009 |title=Improving Free Basic Water Provision in South Africa |url=http://www.lafollette.wisc.edu/publications/workshops/2009/southafrica.pdf |access-date=8 September 2012 |publisher=Prepared for the Financial and Fiscal Commission, South Africa |pages=11–13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Investment ===
According to de 2008 Infrastructure Barometer wey DBSA publish am den based for figures top wey de National Treasury provide am, total municipal investments for water supply den sanitation insyd for 2007 insyd be 13.4 billion Rand (US$1.9 billion at de 2007 exchange rate), wey dem break am down as follows:

* 5.6 billion Rand give water supply by municipalities 
* 4.7 billion Rand give sanitation by municipalities
* 1.0 billion Rand give water resources development by Water Boards

* 1.0 billion Rand give water resources development by DWAF 

* 1.1 billion Rand give water resources development by de Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority (TCTA)&lt;ref name=&quot;Barometer Financing&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Development Bank of Southern Africa|title=Infrastructure Barometer 2008, Chapter 5: Water|url=http://www.dbsa.org/feature/Documents/Section%2005%20Water.pdf|access-date=18 August 2012|pages=114–116|archive-date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505203633/https://www.dbsa.org/feature/Documents/Section%2005%20Water.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Municipal investments for de sector insyd increase substantially from 2001 wen dem dey about four times less dan for 2007 insyd at 2.8 billion Rand.&lt;ref&gt;White Paper 2002, p. 2&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2010/11 insyd total spending by de Department of Water Affairs be 8.2 billion Rand, wey dey include compensation give employees (1.2 bn), consultants give de design den supervision of civil works (0.6 bn) den investments. Investments dey include direct expenditures give TCTA den indirect expenditures for de form of transfers insyd to Water Boards den Water Service Authorities (municipalities), mostly give dams, bulk water transfers den water treatment plants. De largest project under construction be de De Hoop Dam wey be part of de Olifants River Water Resources Development Programme dat dey provide water give mining den municipal uses.&lt;ref&gt;Department of Water Affairs: Strategic Plan (Annual Performance Plan) 2011/12 – 2013/14, p. 23–25&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Financing ===
Dem finance municipal water den sanitation investments from de following sources for 2003–06 insyd:

* 51% thru inter-governmental grants;
* 19% thru borrowing; den
* 30% thru internal cash generation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barometer Financing&quot; /&gt;
De larger municipalities dey rely more for loans top den for internal cash generation top, while de smaller ones dey depend more for grants top den oda sources of funding. Wealthier municipalities partially dey finance free basic water thru cross-subsidies from non-residential users den local tax revenue. All municipalities dey receive a constitutionally mandated share of national tax revenues as an unconditional recurrent grant, wey dem bell am &quot;equitable share&quot;. One of ein objectives be say to offset de cost of free basic water den free basic electricity. De formula dey provide higher grants to dem municipalities dat get a high nomba of poor among dem dat dey receive water services. If a municipality dey increase access to water, ein share for de transfers insyd thus sanso dey increase. Dem determine de nomba of poor thru census data, wey – according to sam municipalities – dey underestimate de actual extent of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRC Rural&quot; /&gt;     

For de 2012/13 budget insyd de total equitable share be Rand 37.8 billion (US$4.6bn). In addition der dey a Municipal Infrastructure Grant (MIG). Dem aim de MIG programme at providing all South Africans plus at least a basic level of service by de year 2013 thru de provision of grant finance to cover de capital cost of basic infrastructure give de poor. For de 2012/13 budget insyd, de allocation give MIGs be Rand 13.8 billion (US$1.7 billion). In addition, der be a Capacity Building Grant. Dem administer all dem grants by de Department of Cooperative Governance den Traditional Affairs (formerly de Department of Provincial den Local Government).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Department of Cooperative and Traditional Affairs |title=Minister Baloyi's 2012 Budget Vote speech |url=http://www.cogta.gov.za/index.php/component/content/article/244-minister-richard-baloyi/328-minister-baloyis-2012-budget-vote-speech.html |access-date=8 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.mvula.co.za/ Mvula Trust]
*[http://www.waterdialogues.org/south-africa/index.htm De Water Dialogues – South Africa]

[[Category:Water supply den sanitation insyd South Africa| ]]
[[Category:Water supply infrastructure insyd South Africa|*]]
[[Category:Environment of South Africa]]</text>
      <sha1>irstpu1o508ipxyw77ernvwxmr1pmas</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lake Gummare</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27616</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105091</id>
      <parentid>103445</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T12:01:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>105091</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1892" sha1="aay5pr8x4jhozrycosst08aj1ez4cyk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Gummare''' be one of de chain of lakes wey de [[Awash River]] dey pour ein water insyd. E dey for de eastern end of de Afar Region for [[Ethiopia]].

== Overview ==
De lake dey lie roughly for north–south axis. Ein length be 15 kilometers, ein width be five kilometers, wey e get about 6,000 hectares of open water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=R. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PP1 |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |date=1992 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gummare dey receive ein inflow from de Awash for ein northwestern shore, den ein outflow dey for ein southern shores, wer one channel dey join de lake to Lake Afambo.

De first European wey visit Lake Gummare be Wilfred Thesiger, wey explore de course of de Awash go reach ein final ending point for 1935. Thesiger, wey call dis water body Lake Adobada, wey dey mean “The White Water”, explore ein shores. Buh secof de local Afar people oppose am, he force am make he lead de main group of ein party no thru de western side, wer de main road dey pass, buh rather “round de eastern shore wey almost no get path”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Thesiger |first=Wilfred |date=1935 |title=The Awash River and the Aussa Sultanate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1787031 |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.2307/1787031 |issn=0016-7398}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis area no see another visitor from outsyd Ethiopia til Pele Thompson san follow Thesiger ein route for May den June 2001.&lt;ref&gt;Philip Briggs, &lt;i&gt;Ethiopia: The Bradt Travel Guide&lt;/i&gt;, 5th edition (Chalfont St Peters: Bradt, 2009), pp. 402f&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gummare}}
[[Category:Afar Region]]
[[Category:Awash River]]
[[Category:Lakes of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]</text>
      <sha1>aay5pr8x4jhozrycosst08aj1ez4cyk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Drought</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27617</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105094</id>
      <parentid>103944</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T13:26:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Make sum corrections</comment>
      <origin>105094</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21078" sha1="tlngmdoto7392t6ycet58e9evjhwd80" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A '''drought''' be a period of drier-than-normal conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf Water Cycle Changes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929084018/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf |date=2022-09-29 }}. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I&amp;nbsp; to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1157}} A drought fit last for days, months anaa years. Drought often get large impacts on de ecosystems den agriculture of affected regions, wey e dey cause harm to de locale economy.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/livedrought.shtml Living With Drought&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218192510/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/livedrought.shtml|date=2007-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180726021950/http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/environmental/Australian-Drought.html Australian Drought and Climate Change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726021950/http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/environmental/Australian-Drought.html |date=2018-07-26 }}. Retrieved June 7th 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Annual dry seasons insyd de tropics significantly increase de chances of a drought developing, plus subsequent increased wildfire risks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brando&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Brando|first1=Paulo M.|last2=Paolucci|first2=Lucas|last3=Ummenhofer|first3=Caroline C.|last4=Ordway|first4=Elsa M.|last5=Hartmann|first5=Henrik|last6=Cattau|first6=Megan E.|last7=Rattis|first7=Ludmila|last8=Medjibe|first8=Vincent|last9=Coe|first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer|title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis|journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences|date=30 May 2019|volume=47|issue=1|pages=555–581|doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235|issn=0084-6597|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B}}&lt;/ref&gt; Heat wave fit significantly worsen drought conditions by increasing evapotranspiration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Merzdorf&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Merzdorf|first1=Jessica|title=A Drier Future Sets the Stage for More Wildfires|url=https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2891/a-drier-future-sets-the-stage-for-more-wildfires/|work=Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet|publisher=NASA|date=July 9, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey dry out forests den oda vegetation, den increases de amount of fuel for wildfires.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brando&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hartmann2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hartmann |first1=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author8-link=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Drought be a recurring feature of de climate insyd most parts of de world, becoming more extreme den less predictable secof [[climate change]], wich dendrochronological studies date back to 1900. Der be three kinds of drought effects, environmental, economic den social. Environmental effects include de drying of wetlands, more den larger wildfires, loss of biodiversity.

Economic impacts of drought result secof negative disruptions to agriculture den livestock farming (causing food insecurity), forestry, public water supplies, river navigation (secof e.g.: lower water levels), electric power supply (by affecting hydropower systems) den impacts on human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fleming-Muñoz|first1=David A.|last2=Whitten|first2=Stuart|last3=Bonnett|first3=Graham D.|date=28 June 2023|title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs|journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics|volume=67|issue=4|pages=501–523|doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527|issn=1364-985X|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Social den health costs include de negative effect on de health of people directly exposed to dis phenomenon (excessive heat waves), high food costs, stress wey failed harvests cause, water scarcity, etc. Drought sanso fi lead to increased air pollution secof increased dust concentrations den wildfires.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Stanke|first1=Carla|last2=Kerac|first2=Marko|last3=Prudhomme|first3=Christel|last4=Medlock|first4=Jolyon|last5=Murray|first5=Virginia|date=2013-06-05|title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence|journal=PLOS Currents|volume=5|article-number=ecurrents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004|doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004|doi-broken-date=20 April 2026|doi-access=free|issn=2157-3999|pmc=3682759|pmid=23787891}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prolonged droughts dey cause mass migrations den humanitarian crisis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanke&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Stanke|first1=C|last2=Kerac|first2=M|last3=Prudhomme|first3=C|last4=Medlock|first4=J|last5=Murray|first5=V|title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence.|journal=PLOS Currents|date=5 June 2013|volume=5|doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004|doi-broken-date=20 April 2026|pmid=23787891|pmc=3682759|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Bellizzi|first1=Saverio|last2=Lane|first2=Chris|last3=Elhakim|first3=Mohamed|last4=Nabeth|first4=Pierre|title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions|journal=Environmental Health|date=12 November 2020|volume=19|issue=1|page=114|doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z|issn=1476-069X|doi-access=free|pmid=33183302|pmc=7659048|bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Examples for regions plus increased drought risks be de Amazon basin, [[Australia]], de Sahel region den [[India]]. For example, insyd 2005, parts of de Amazon basin experience de worst drought insyd 100 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drought Threatens Amazon Basin |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20130527104721/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm |archive-date=2013-05-27 |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=www.commondreams.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Australia fi experience more severe droughts den wey e cam be more frequent insyd de future, a government-commissioned report say on July 6, 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Australia faces worse, more frequent droughts: study|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707|work=U.S.|access-date=2026-06-26|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230716052016/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707|archive-date=2023-07-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De long Australian Millennial drought break insyd 2010. De 2020-2022 Horn of Africa drought surpass de severe drought insyd 2010–2011 insyd both duration den severity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dunne|first=Daisy|date=2022-10-26|title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/|access-date=2022-10-29|website=Carbon Brief}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-09-21|title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview &amp; Call to Action|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022|access-date=2022-10-29|publisher=ReliefWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout history, humans usually view droughts as disasters secof de impact on food availability den de rest of society. People view drought as a natural disaster anaa as something wey human activity influence, anaa as a result of supernatural forces.

== Definition ==
[[File:Fields outside benambra.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|right|Fields outsyd Benambra, Australia wey dey suffer from drought insyd 2006.]]
De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey define a drought simply as &quot;drier dan normal conditions&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1157}} Dis dey mean say a drought be &quot;a moisture deficit relative to de average water availability at a given location den season&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1157}}

According to National Integrated Drought Information System, a multi-agency partnership, drought be generally defined as &quot;a deficiency of precipitation over an extended period of time (usually a season anaa more), resulting insyd a water shortage&quot;. De National Weather Service office of de NOAA defines drought as &quot;a deficiency of moisture dat results insyd adverse impacts on people, animals, anaa vegetation over a sizeable area&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Drought Basics|url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics|access-date=2022-09-16|website=Drought.gov|publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drought be a complex phenomenon − wey dey relate to de absence of water − wich be difficult to monitor den define.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Definition of Drought|url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/dyk/drought-definition|access-date=2022-09-16|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information}}&lt;/ref&gt; By de early 1980s, over 150 definitions of &quot;drought&quot; already be published.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Types of Drought|url=https://drought.unl.edu/Education/DroughtIn-depth/TypesofDrought.aspx|access-date=2022-09-16|website=drought.unl.edu|publisher=National Drought Mitigation Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; De range of definitions dey reflect differences insyd regions, needs, den disciplinary approaches.
== Categories ==
Der be three major categories of drought wey dey base on wer insyd de water cycle de moisture deficit dey occur: meteorological drought, hydrological drought, den agricultural anaa ecological drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1157}} A meteorological drought dey occur secof lack of [[precipitation]]. A hydrological drought be related to low runoff, streamflow, den reservoir den groundwater storage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=14 April 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained|journal=WIREs Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V|issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An agricultural anaa ecological drought dey cause plant stress from a combination of evaporation den low soil moisture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1157}} Some organizations add anoda category: socioeconomic drought dey occur wen de demand for an economic good exceed supply as a result of a weather-related shortfall insyd water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; De socioeconomic drought be a similar concept to water scarcity.

De different categories of droughts get different causes buh similar effects:
# Meteorological drought dey occur wen der be a prolonged time plus less than average precipitation.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGARSS2017&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S|title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India|volume=2017|pages=5505–5507|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meteorological drought usually dey precede de oda kinds of drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;NOAAsurprise&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=What is a Drought?|date=August 2006|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|access-date=2007-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a drought persists, de conditions wey dey surround am gradually worsen den ein impact on de local population gradually increase.
# Hydrological drought dey happen wen water reserves available insyd sources such as aquifers, lakes den reservoirs fall below average anaa a locally significant threshold. Hydrological drought  dey tend to present more slowly secof e dey involve stored water dat be used buh no be replenished. Secof de close interaction plus water use, dis type of drought fit be heavily influenced by water management. Both positive den negative human influences be discovered den strategic water management strategies seem key to mitigate drought impact.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Van Loon|first1=Anne F.|last2=Stahl|first2=Kerstin|last3=Di Baldassarre|first3=Giuliano|last4=Clark|first4=Julian|last5=Rangecroft|first5=Sally|last6=Wanders|first6=Niko|last7=Gleeson|first7=Tom|last8=Van Dijk|first8=Albert I. J. M.|last9=Tallaksen|first9=Lena M. |last10=Hannaford |first10=Jamie|last11=Uijlenhoet|first11=Remko|last12=Teuling|first12=Adriaan J.|last13=Hannah|first13=David M.|last14=Sheffield|first14=Justin|last15=Svoboda|first15=Mark|date=2016-09-08|title=Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=20|issue=9|pages=3631–3650|doi=10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016HESS...20.3631V|issn=1027-5606|hdl=1885/152821|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Doris E.|last2=Van Loon|first2=Anne F.|last3=Bloomfield|first3=John P.|last4=Hannah|first4=David M.|date=2020-10-13|title=Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=24|issue=10|pages=4853–4868|doi=10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020HESS...24.4853W|issn=1027-5606}}&lt;/ref&gt; Like agricultural droughts, hydrological droughts fit be triggered by more dan just a loss of rainfall. For instance, around 2007 na dem award Kazakhstan a large amount of money by de World Bank to restore water wey be diverted to oda nations from de Aral Sea under Soviet rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=2007-04-09|title=Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similar circumstances sanso place dem largest lake, Balkhash, at risk of completely drying out.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=2004-01-15|title=Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Agricultural anaa ecological droughts dey affect crop production anaa ecosystems in general. Dis condition sanso fi arise independently from any change insyd precipitation levels wen either increased [[irrigation]] anaa soil conditions den erosion triggered by poorly planned agricultural endeavors cause a shortfall insyd water available to de crops.
== Indices den monitoring ==
[[File:Unl drought monitor D2 2000-2024.png|thumb|Percent of U.S. experiencing drought intensity of at least level D2 (severe drought), during de weeks of 2000 to 2024.]]
Several indices be defined to quantify den monitor drought at different spatial den temporal scales. A key property of drought indices be dema spatial comparability, wey dem for be statistically robust.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Drought indices dey include:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Palmer drought index (dem sam times call de Palmer drought severity index (PDSI)): a regional drought index commonly used for monitoring drought events den studying areal extent den severity of drought episodes.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Ashok K. |last2=Singh |first2=Vijay P. |date=September 2010 |title=A review of drought concepts |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022169410004257 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=391 |issue=1–2 |pages=202–216 |bibcode=2010JHyd..391..202M |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; De index dey use precipitation den temperature data to study moisture supply den demand wey dey use a simple water balance model.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=July 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained: Hydrological drought explained|journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Yi|last2=Ren|first2=Liliang|last3=Ma|first3=Mingwei|last4=Yang|first4=Xiaoli|last5=Yuan|first5=Fei|last6=Jiang|first6=Shanhu|date=January 2016|title=An insight into the Palmer drought mechanism based indices: comprehensive comparison of their strengths and limitations|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00477-015-1042-4|journal=Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment|volume=30|issue=1|pages=119–136|doi=10.1007/s00477-015-1042-4|bibcode=2016SERRA..30..119L|issn=1436-3240|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Keetch-Byram Drought Index: an index dat be calculated based on rainfall, air temperature, den oda meteorological factors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Keetch, John J.|author2=Byram, George M.|year=1968|title=A Drought Index for Forest Fire Control|url=http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/viewpub.php?index=40|journal=Res. Pap. Se-38. Asheville, Nc: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 35 P|publisher=USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station|volume=038|access-date=August 11, 2016|quote=(Date: 1968) Res. Paper SE-38. 32 pp. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Standardized precipitation index (SPI): E be computed based on precipitation, wich dey make am a simple den easy-to-apply indicator for monitoring den prediction of droughts insyd different parts of de world. De World Meteorological Organization dey recommend dis index for identifying den monitoring meteorological droughts insyd different climates den time periods.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Standardized Precipitation Index (SPEI): a multiscalar drought index based on climatic data. De SPEI sanso dey account for de role of de increased atmospheric evaporative demand on drought severity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Evaporative demand be particularly dominant during periods of precipitation deficit. De SPEI calculation dey require long-term den high-quality precipitation den atmospheric evaporative demand datasets. Dese fi be obtained from ground stations anaa gridded data based on reanalysis as well as satellite den multi-source datasets.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Indices related to vegetation: root-zone soil moisture, vegetation condition index (VDI) den vegetation health index (VHI). De VCI den VHI be computed based on vegetation indices such as de normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) den temperature datasets.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Deciles index
* Standardized runoff index
High-resolution drought information dey help to better assess de spatial den temporal changes den variability insyd drought duration, severity, den magnitude at a much finer scale. Dis dey support de development of site-specific adaptation measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

De application of multiple indices wey dey use different datasets help to better manage den monitor droughts dan using a single dataset, Dis be particularly de case insyd regions of de world wer enough data no be available such as [[Africa]] den South America. Using a single dataset fit be limiting, as e no fi capture de full spectrum of drought characteristics den impacts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Careful monitoring of moisture levels fit sanso help predict increased risk for wildfires.
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Drought]]
[[Category:Natural disasters]]
[[Category:Meteorological phenomena]]
[[Category:Whether hazards]]
[[Category:Civil defense]]
[[Category:Climate variability den change]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
      <sha1>tlngmdoto7392t6ycet58e9evjhwd80</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105095</id>
      <parentid>105094</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T13:31:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>105095</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21392" sha1="sdw482wyc5zk0y4ipgzr7urksek0q8l" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A '''drought''' be a period of drier-than-normal conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf Water Cycle Changes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929084018/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf |date=2022-09-29 }}. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I&amp;nbsp; to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1157}} A drought fit last for days, months anaa years. Drought often get large impacts on de ecosystems den agriculture of affected regions, wey e dey cause harm to de locale economy.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/livedrought.shtml Living With Drought&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218192510/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/livedrought.shtml|date=2007-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180726021950/http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/environmental/Australian-Drought.html Australian Drought and Climate Change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726021950/http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/environmental/Australian-Drought.html |date=2018-07-26 }}. Retrieved June 7th 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Annual dry seasons insyd de tropics significantly increase de chances of a drought developing, plus subsequent increased wildfire risks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brando&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Brando|first1=Paulo M.|last2=Paolucci|first2=Lucas|last3=Ummenhofer|first3=Caroline C.|last4=Ordway|first4=Elsa M.|last5=Hartmann|first5=Henrik|last6=Cattau|first6=Megan E.|last7=Rattis|first7=Ludmila|last8=Medjibe|first8=Vincent|last9=Coe|first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer|title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis|journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences|date=30 May 2019|volume=47|issue=1|pages=555–581|doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235|issn=0084-6597|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B}}&lt;/ref&gt; Heat wave fit significantly worsen drought conditions by increasing evapotranspiration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Merzdorf&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Merzdorf|first1=Jessica|title=A Drier Future Sets the Stage for More Wildfires|url=https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2891/a-drier-future-sets-the-stage-for-more-wildfires/|work=Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet|publisher=NASA|date=July 9, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey dry out forests den oda vegetation, den increases de amount of fuel for wildfires.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brando&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hartmann2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hartmann |first1=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author8-link=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Drought be a recurring feature of de climate insyd most parts of de world, becoming more extreme den less predictable secof [[climate change]], wich dendrochronological studies date back to 1900. Der be three kinds of drought effects, environmental, economic den social. Environmental effects include de drying of wetlands, more den larger wildfires, loss of biodiversity.

Economic impacts of drought result secof negative disruptions to agriculture den livestock farming (causing food insecurity), forestry, public water supplies, river navigation (secof e.g.: lower water levels), electric power supply (by affecting hydropower systems) den impacts on human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fleming-Muñoz|first1=David A.|last2=Whitten|first2=Stuart|last3=Bonnett|first3=Graham D.|date=28 June 2023|title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs|journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics|volume=67|issue=4|pages=501–523|doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527|issn=1364-985X|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Social den health costs include de negative effect on de health of people directly exposed to dis phenomenon (excessive heat waves), high food costs, stress wey failed harvests cause, water scarcity, etc. Drought sanso fi lead to increased air pollution secof increased dust concentrations den wildfires.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Stanke|first1=Carla|last2=Kerac|first2=Marko|last3=Prudhomme|first3=Christel|last4=Medlock|first4=Jolyon|last5=Murray|first5=Virginia|date=2013-06-05|title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence|journal=PLOS Currents|volume=5|article-number=ecurrents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004|doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004|doi-broken-date=20 April 2026|doi-access=free|issn=2157-3999|pmc=3682759|pmid=23787891}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prolonged droughts dey cause mass migrations den humanitarian crisis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanke&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Stanke|first1=C|last2=Kerac|first2=M|last3=Prudhomme|first3=C|last4=Medlock|first4=J|last5=Murray|first5=V|title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence.|journal=PLOS Currents|date=5 June 2013|volume=5|doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004|doi-broken-date=20 April 2026|pmid=23787891|pmc=3682759|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Bellizzi|first1=Saverio|last2=Lane|first2=Chris|last3=Elhakim|first3=Mohamed|last4=Nabeth|first4=Pierre|title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions|journal=Environmental Health|date=12 November 2020|volume=19|issue=1|page=114|doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z|issn=1476-069X|doi-access=free|pmid=33183302|pmc=7659048|bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Examples for regions plus increased drought risks be de Amazon basin, [[Australia]], de Sahel region den [[India]]. For example, insyd 2005, parts of de Amazon basin experience de worst drought insyd 100 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drought Threatens Amazon Basin |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20130527104721/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm |archive-date=2013-05-27 |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=www.commondreams.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Australia fi experience more severe droughts den wey e cam be more frequent insyd de future, a government-commissioned report say on July 6, 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Australia faces worse, more frequent droughts: study|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707|work=U.S.|access-date=2026-06-26|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230716052016/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707|archive-date=2023-07-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De long Australian Millennial drought break insyd 2010. De 2020-2022 Horn of Africa drought surpass de severe drought insyd 2010–2011 insyd both duration den severity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dunne|first=Daisy|date=2022-10-26|title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/|access-date=2022-10-29|website=Carbon Brief}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-09-21|title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview &amp; Call to Action|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022|access-date=2022-10-29|publisher=ReliefWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout history, humans usually view droughts as disasters secof de impact on food availability den de rest of society. People view drought as a natural disaster anaa as something wey human activity influence, anaa as a result of supernatural forces.

== Definition ==
[[File:Fields outside benambra.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|right|Fields outsyd Benambra, Australia wey dey suffer from drought insyd 2006.]]
De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey define a drought simply as &quot;drier dan normal conditions&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1157}} Dis dey mean say a drought be &quot;a moisture deficit relative to de average water availability at a given location den season&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1157}}

According to National Integrated Drought Information System, a multi-agency partnership, drought be generally defined as &quot;a deficiency of precipitation over an extended period of time (usually a season anaa more), resulting insyd a water shortage&quot;. De National Weather Service office of de NOAA defines drought as &quot;a deficiency of moisture dat results insyd adverse impacts on people, animals, anaa vegetation over a sizeable area&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Drought Basics|url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics|access-date=2022-09-16|website=Drought.gov|publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drought be a complex phenomenon − wey dey relate to de absence of water − wich be difficult to monitor den define.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Definition of Drought|url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/dyk/drought-definition|access-date=2022-09-16|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information}}&lt;/ref&gt; By de early 1980s, over 150 definitions of &quot;drought&quot; already be published.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Types of Drought|url=https://drought.unl.edu/Education/DroughtIn-depth/TypesofDrought.aspx|access-date=2022-09-16|website=drought.unl.edu|publisher=National Drought Mitigation Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; De range of definitions dey reflect differences insyd regions, needs, den disciplinary approaches.
== Categories ==
Der be three major categories of drought wey dey base on wer insyd de water cycle de moisture deficit dey occur: meteorological drought, hydrological drought, den agricultural anaa ecological drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1157}} A meteorological drought dey occur secof lack of [[precipitation]]. A hydrological drought be related to low runoff, streamflow, den reservoir den groundwater storage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=14 April 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained|journal=WIREs Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V|issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An agricultural anaa ecological drought dey cause plant stress from a combination of evaporation den low soil moisture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1157}} Some organizations add anoda category: socioeconomic drought dey occur wen de demand for an economic good exceed supply as a result of a weather-related shortfall insyd water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; De socioeconomic drought be a similar concept to water scarcity.

De different categories of droughts get different causes buh similar effects:
# Meteorological drought dey occur wen der be a prolonged time plus less than average precipitation.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGARSS2017&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S|title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India|volume=2017|pages=5505–5507|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meteorological drought usually dey precede de oda kinds of drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;NOAAsurprise&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=What is a Drought?|date=August 2006|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|access-date=2007-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a drought persists, de conditions wey dey surround am gradually worsen den ein impact on de local population gradually increase.
# Hydrological drought dey happen wen water reserves available insyd sources such as aquifers, lakes den reservoirs fall below average anaa a locally significant threshold. Hydrological drought  dey tend to present more slowly secof e dey involve stored water dat be used buh no be replenished. Secof de close interaction plus water use, dis type of drought fit be heavily influenced by water management. Both positive den negative human influences be discovered den strategic water management strategies seem key to mitigate drought impact.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Van Loon|first1=Anne F.|last2=Stahl|first2=Kerstin|last3=Di Baldassarre|first3=Giuliano|last4=Clark|first4=Julian|last5=Rangecroft|first5=Sally|last6=Wanders|first6=Niko|last7=Gleeson|first7=Tom|last8=Van Dijk|first8=Albert I. J. M.|last9=Tallaksen|first9=Lena M. |last10=Hannaford |first10=Jamie|last11=Uijlenhoet|first11=Remko|last12=Teuling|first12=Adriaan J.|last13=Hannah|first13=David M.|last14=Sheffield|first14=Justin|last15=Svoboda|first15=Mark|date=2016-09-08|title=Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=20|issue=9|pages=3631–3650|doi=10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016HESS...20.3631V|issn=1027-5606|hdl=1885/152821|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Doris E.|last2=Van Loon|first2=Anne F.|last3=Bloomfield|first3=John P.|last4=Hannah|first4=David M.|date=2020-10-13|title=Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=24|issue=10|pages=4853–4868|doi=10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020HESS...24.4853W|issn=1027-5606}}&lt;/ref&gt; Like agricultural droughts, hydrological droughts fit be triggered by more dan just a loss of rainfall. For instance, around 2007 na dem award Kazakhstan a large amount of money by de World Bank to restore water wey be diverted to oda nations from de Aral Sea under Soviet rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=2007-04-09|title=Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similar circumstances sanso place dem largest lake, Balkhash, at risk of completely drying out.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=2004-01-15|title=Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Agricultural anaa ecological droughts dey affect crop production anaa ecosystems in general. Dis condition sanso fi arise independently from any change insyd precipitation levels wen either increased [[irrigation]] anaa soil conditions den erosion triggered by poorly planned agricultural endeavors cause a shortfall insyd water available to de crops.
== Indices den monitoring ==
[[File:Unl drought monitor D2 2000-2024.png|thumb|Percent of U.S. experiencing drought intensity of at least level D2 (severe drought), during de weeks of 2000 to 2024.]]
Several indices be defined to quantify den monitor drought at different spatial den temporal scales. A key property of drought indices be dema spatial comparability, wey dem for be statistically robust.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Drought indices dey include:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Palmer drought index (dem sam times call de Palmer drought severity index (PDSI)): a regional drought index commonly used for monitoring drought events den studying areal extent den severity of drought episodes.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Ashok K. |last2=Singh |first2=Vijay P. |date=September 2010 |title=A review of drought concepts |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022169410004257 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=391 |issue=1–2 |pages=202–216 |bibcode=2010JHyd..391..202M |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; De index dey use precipitation den temperature data to study moisture supply den demand wey dey use a simple water balance model.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=July 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained: Hydrological drought explained|journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Yi|last2=Ren|first2=Liliang|last3=Ma|first3=Mingwei|last4=Yang|first4=Xiaoli|last5=Yuan|first5=Fei|last6=Jiang|first6=Shanhu|date=January 2016|title=An insight into the Palmer drought mechanism based indices: comprehensive comparison of their strengths and limitations|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00477-015-1042-4|journal=Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment|volume=30|issue=1|pages=119–136|doi=10.1007/s00477-015-1042-4|bibcode=2016SERRA..30..119L|issn=1436-3240|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Keetch-Byram Drought Index: an index dat be calculated based on rainfall, air temperature, den oda meteorological factors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Keetch, John J.|author2=Byram, George M.|year=1968|title=A Drought Index for Forest Fire Control|url=http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/viewpub.php?index=40|journal=Res. Pap. Se-38. Asheville, Nc: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 35 P|publisher=USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station|volume=038|access-date=August 11, 2016|quote=(Date: 1968) Res. Paper SE-38. 32 pp. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Standardized precipitation index (SPI): E be computed based on precipitation, wich dey make am a simple den easy-to-apply indicator for monitoring den prediction of droughts insyd different parts of de world. De World Meteorological Organization dey recommend dis index for identifying den monitoring meteorological droughts insyd different climates den time periods.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Standardized Precipitation Index (SPEI): a multiscalar drought index based on climatic data. De SPEI sanso dey account for de role of de increased atmospheric evaporative demand on drought severity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Evaporative demand be particularly dominant during periods of precipitation deficit. De SPEI calculation dey require long-term den high-quality precipitation den atmospheric evaporative demand datasets. Dese fi be obtained from ground stations anaa gridded data based on reanalysis as well as satellite den multi-source datasets.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Indices related to vegetation: root-zone soil moisture, vegetation condition index (VDI) den vegetation health index (VHI). De VCI den VHI be computed based on vegetation indices such as de normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) den temperature datasets.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Deciles index
* Standardized runoff index
High-resolution drought information dey help to better assess de spatial den temporal changes den variability insyd drought duration, severity, den magnitude at a much finer scale. Dis dey support de development of site-specific adaptation measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

De application of multiple indices wey dey use different datasets help to better manage den monitor droughts dan using a single dataset, Dis be particularly de case insyd regions of de world wer enough data no be available such as [[Africa]] den South America. Using a single dataset fit be limiting, as e no fi capture de full spectrum of drought characteristics den impacts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Careful monitoring of moisture levels fit sanso help predict increased risk for wildfires.
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q43059|c=Category:Drought|n=no|b=Drought|v=no|b=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=drought|species=no}}
* [http://drought.eng.uci.edu/ GIDMaPS] Global Integrated Drought Monitoring and Prediction System, University of California, Irvine
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Droughts| ]]
[[Category:Meteorological phenomena]]
[[Category:Civil defense]]
[[Category:Climate variability den change]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Weather hazards]]
[[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]]
[[Category:Natural disasters]]</text>
      <sha1>sdw482wyc5zk0y4ipgzr7urksek0q8l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105098</id>
      <parentid>105095</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T13:38:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Make sum corrections</comment>
      <origin>105098</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22244" sha1="5uxo75g9hohpz9k6jqdytrmugldrzou" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A '''drought''' be a period of drier-than-normal conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf Water Cycle Changes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929084018/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf |date=2022-09-29 }}. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I&amp;nbsp; to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1157}} A drought fit last for days, months anaa years. Drought often get large impacts on de ecosystems den agriculture of affected regions, wey e dey cause harm to de locale economy.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/livedrought.shtml Living With Drought&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218192510/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/livedrought.shtml|date=2007-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180726021950/http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/environmental/Australian-Drought.html Australian Drought and Climate Change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726021950/http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/environmental/Australian-Drought.html |date=2018-07-26 }}. Retrieved June 7th 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Annual dry seasons insyd de tropics significantly increase de chances of a drought developing, plus subsequent increased wildfire risks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brando&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Brando|first1=Paulo M.|last2=Paolucci|first2=Lucas|last3=Ummenhofer|first3=Caroline C.|last4=Ordway|first4=Elsa M.|last5=Hartmann|first5=Henrik|last6=Cattau|first6=Megan E.|last7=Rattis|first7=Ludmila|last8=Medjibe|first8=Vincent|last9=Coe|first9=Michael T. |last10=Balch |first10=Jennifer|title=Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis|journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences|date=30 May 2019|volume=47|issue=1|pages=555–581|doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235|issn=0084-6597|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019AREPS..47..555B}}&lt;/ref&gt; Heat wave fit significantly worsen drought conditions by increasing evapotranspiration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Merzdorf&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Merzdorf|first1=Jessica|title=A Drier Future Sets the Stage for More Wildfires|url=https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2891/a-drier-future-sets-the-stage-for-more-wildfires/|work=Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet|publisher=NASA|date=July 9, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis dey dry out forests den oda vegetation, den increases de amount of fuel for wildfires.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brando&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hartmann2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hartmann |first1=Henrik |last2=Bastos |first2=Ana |last3=Das |first3=Adrian J. |last4=Esquivel-Muelbert |first4=Adriane |last5=Hammond |first5=William M. |last6=Martínez-Vilalta |first6=Jordi |last7=McDowell |first7=Nate G. |last8=Powers |first8=Jennifer S. |author8-link=Jennifer Sarah Powers |last9=Pugh |first9=Thomas A.M. |last10=Ruthrof |first10=Katinka X. |last11=Allen |first11=Craig D. |date=20 May 2022 |title=Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide |journal=Annual Review of Plant Biology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=673–702 |bibcode=2022ARPB...73..673H |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=35231182 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Drought be a recurring feature of de climate insyd most parts of de world, becoming more extreme den less predictable secof [[climate change]], wich dendrochronological studies date back to 1900. Der be three kinds of drought effects, environmental, economic den social. Environmental effects include de drying of wetlands, more den larger wildfires, loss of biodiversity.

Economic impacts of drought result secof negative disruptions to agriculture den livestock farming (causing food insecurity), forestry, public water supplies, river navigation (secof e.g.: lower water levels), electric power supply (by affecting hydropower systems) den impacts on human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fleming-Muñoz|first1=David A.|last2=Whitten|first2=Stuart|last3=Bonnett|first3=Graham D.|date=28 June 2023|title=The economics of drought: A review of impacts and costs|journal=Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics|volume=67|issue=4|pages=501–523|doi=10.1111/1467-8489.12527|issn=1364-985X|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Social den health costs include de negative effect on de health of people directly exposed to dis phenomenon (excessive heat waves), high food costs, stress wey failed harvests cause, water scarcity, etc. Drought sanso fi lead to increased air pollution secof increased dust concentrations den wildfires.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Stanke|first1=Carla|last2=Kerac|first2=Marko|last3=Prudhomme|first3=Christel|last4=Medlock|first4=Jolyon|last5=Murray|first5=Virginia|date=2013-06-05|title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence|journal=PLOS Currents|volume=5|article-number=ecurrents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004|doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004|doi-broken-date=20 April 2026|doi-access=free|issn=2157-3999|pmc=3682759|pmid=23787891}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prolonged droughts dey cause mass migrations den humanitarian crisis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanke&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Stanke|first1=C|last2=Kerac|first2=M|last3=Prudhomme|first3=C|last4=Medlock|first4=J|last5=Murray|first5=V|title=Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence.|journal=PLOS Currents|date=5 June 2013|volume=5|doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004|doi-broken-date=20 April 2026|pmid=23787891|pmc=3682759|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Bellizzi|first1=Saverio|last2=Lane|first2=Chris|last3=Elhakim|first3=Mohamed|last4=Nabeth|first4=Pierre|title=Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions|journal=Environmental Health|date=12 November 2020|volume=19|issue=1|page=114|doi=10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z|issn=1476-069X|doi-access=free|pmid=33183302|pmc=7659048|bibcode=2020EnvHe..19..114B}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Examples for regions plus increased drought risks be de Amazon basin, [[Australia]], de Sahel region den [[India]]. For example, insyd 2005, parts of de Amazon basin experience de worst drought insyd 100 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115094341/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/oct2005/2005-10-24-05.asp |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=ens-newswire.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drought Threatens Amazon Basin |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20130527104721/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0717-07.htm |archive-date=2013-05-27 |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=www.commondreams.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Australia fi experience more severe droughts den wey e cam be more frequent insyd de future, a government-commissioned report say on July 6, 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Australia faces worse, more frequent droughts: study|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707|work=U.S.|access-date=2026-06-26|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230716052016/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSYD6747620080707|archive-date=2023-07-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De long Australian Millennial drought break insyd 2010. De 2020-2022 Horn of Africa drought surpass de severe drought insyd 2010–2011 insyd both duration den severity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dunne|first=Daisy|date=2022-10-26|title=Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-in-2022-and-climate-change/|access-date=2022-10-29|website=Carbon Brief}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-09-21|title=Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview &amp; Call to Action|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/horn-africa-drought-regional-humanitarian-overview-call-action-revised-21-september-2022|access-date=2022-10-29|publisher=ReliefWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout history, humans usually view droughts as disasters secof de impact on food availability den de rest of society. People view drought as a natural disaster anaa as something wey human activity influence, anaa as a result of supernatural forces.

== Definition ==
[[File:Fields outside benambra.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|right|Fields outsyd Benambra, Australia wey dey suffer from drought insyd 2006.]]
De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey define a drought simply as &quot;drier dan normal conditions&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1157}} Dis dey mean say a drought be &quot;a moisture deficit relative to de average water availability at a given location den season&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1157}}

According to National Integrated Drought Information System, a multi-agency partnership, drought be generally defined as &quot;a deficiency of precipitation over an extended period of time (usually a season anaa more), resulting insyd a water shortage&quot;. De National Weather Service office of de NOAA defines drought as &quot;a deficiency of moisture dat results insyd adverse impacts on people, animals, anaa vegetation over a sizeable area&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Drought Basics|url=https://www.drought.gov/what-is-drought/drought-basics|access-date=2022-09-16|website=Drought.gov|publisher=NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drought be a complex phenomenon − wey dey relate to de absence of water − wich be difficult to monitor den define.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Definition of Drought|url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/dyk/drought-definition|access-date=2022-09-16|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information}}&lt;/ref&gt; By de early 1980s, over 150 definitions of &quot;drought&quot; already be published.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Types of Drought|url=https://drought.unl.edu/Education/DroughtIn-depth/TypesofDrought.aspx|access-date=2022-09-16|website=drought.unl.edu|publisher=National Drought Mitigation Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; De range of definitions dey reflect differences insyd regions, needs, den disciplinary approaches.
== Categories ==
Der be three major categories of drought wey dey base on wer insyd de water cycle de moisture deficit dey occur: meteorological drought, hydrological drought, den agricultural anaa ecological drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1157}} A meteorological drought dey occur secof lack of [[precipitation]]. A hydrological drought be related to low runoff, streamflow, den reservoir den groundwater storage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=14 April 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained|journal=WIREs Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V|issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An agricultural anaa ecological drought dey cause plant stress from a combination of evaporation den low soil moisture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1157}} Some organizations add anoda category: socioeconomic drought dey occur wen de demand for an economic good exceed supply as a result of a weather-related shortfall insyd water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; De socioeconomic drought be a similar concept to water scarcity.

De different categories of droughts get different causes buh similar effects:
# Meteorological drought dey occur wen der be a prolonged time plus less than average precipitation.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGARSS2017&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Swain|display-authors=etal|first1=S|title=2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|chapter=Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India|volume=2017|pages=5505–5507|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5090-4951-6|s2cid=26920225}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meteorological drought usually dey precede de oda kinds of drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;NOAAsurprise&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/climate/Drought.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=What is a Drought?|date=August 2006|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|access-date=2007-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a drought persists, de conditions wey dey surround am gradually worsen den ein impact on de local population gradually increase.
# Hydrological drought dey happen wen water reserves available insyd sources such as aquifers, lakes den reservoirs fall below average anaa a locally significant threshold. Hydrological drought  dey tend to present more slowly secof e dey involve stored water dat be used buh no be replenished. Secof de close interaction plus water use, dis type of drought fit be heavily influenced by water management. Both positive den negative human influences be discovered den strategic water management strategies seem key to mitigate drought impact.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Van Loon|first1=Anne F.|last2=Stahl|first2=Kerstin|last3=Di Baldassarre|first3=Giuliano|last4=Clark|first4=Julian|last5=Rangecroft|first5=Sally|last6=Wanders|first6=Niko|last7=Gleeson|first7=Tom|last8=Van Dijk|first8=Albert I. J. M.|last9=Tallaksen|first9=Lena M. |last10=Hannaford |first10=Jamie|last11=Uijlenhoet|first11=Remko|last12=Teuling|first12=Adriaan J.|last13=Hannah|first13=David M.|last14=Sheffield|first14=Justin|last15=Svoboda|first15=Mark|date=2016-09-08|title=Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/20/3631/2016/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=20|issue=9|pages=3631–3650|doi=10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016HESS...20.3631V|issn=1027-5606|hdl=1885/152821|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Doris E.|last2=Van Loon|first2=Anne F.|last3=Bloomfield|first3=John P.|last4=Hannah|first4=David M.|date=2020-10-13|title=Asymmetric impact of groundwater use on groundwater droughts|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/4853/2020/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|volume=24|issue=10|pages=4853–4868|doi=10.5194/hess-24-4853-2020|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020HESS...24.4853W|issn=1027-5606}}&lt;/ref&gt; Like agricultural droughts, hydrological droughts fit be triggered by more dan just a loss of rainfall. For instance, around 2007 na dem award Kazakhstan a large amount of money by de World Bank to restore water wey be diverted to oda nations from de Aral Sea under Soviet rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=2007-04-09|title=Asia-Pacific – Dam project aims to save Aral Sea|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6538219.stm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similar circumstances sanso place dem largest lake, Balkhash, at risk of completely drying out.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=2004-01-15|title=Asia-Pacific – Kazakh lake 'could dry up'|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3397077.stm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Agricultural anaa ecological droughts dey affect crop production anaa ecosystems in general. Dis condition sanso fi arise independently from any change insyd precipitation levels wen either increased [[irrigation]] anaa soil conditions den erosion triggered by poorly planned agricultural endeavors cause a shortfall insyd water available to de crops.
== Indices den monitoring ==
[[File:Unl drought monitor D2 2000-2024.png|thumb|Percent of U.S. experiencing drought intensity of at least level D2 (severe drought), during de weeks of 2000 to 2024.]]
Several indices be defined to quantify den monitor drought at different spatial den temporal scales. A key property of drought indices be dema spatial comparability, wey dem for be statistically robust.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Gebrechorkos |first1=Solomon H. |last2=Peng |first2=Jian |last3=Dyer |first3=Ellen |last4=Miralles |first4=Diego G. |last5=Vicente-Serrano |first5=Sergio M. |last6=Funk |first6=Chris |last7=Beck |first7=Hylke E. |last8=Asfaw |first8=Dagmawi T. |last9=Singer |first9=Michael B. |last10=Dadson |first10=Simon J. |year=2023 |title=Global high-resolution drought indices for 1981–2022 |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/5449/2023/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |volume=15 |issue=12 |pages=5449–5466 |bibcode=2023ESSD...15.5449G |doi=10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023 |hdl=10754/693396 |issn=1866-3516 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]&lt;/ref&gt; Drought indices dey include:&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt;
* Palmer drought index (dem sam times call de Palmer drought severity index (PDSI)): a regional drought index commonly used for monitoring drought events den studying areal extent den severity of drought episodes.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Ashok K. |last2=Singh |first2=Vijay P. |date=September 2010 |title=A review of drought concepts |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022169410004257 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=391 |issue=1–2 |pages=202–216 |bibcode=2010JHyd..391..202M |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; De index dey use precipitation den temperature data to study moisture supply den demand wey dey use a simple water balance model.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Van Loon|first=Anne F.|date=July 2015|title=Hydrological drought explained: Hydrological drought explained|journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water|volume=2|issue=4|pages=359–392|doi=10.1002/wat2.1085|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..359V}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Yi|last2=Ren|first2=Liliang|last3=Ma|first3=Mingwei|last4=Yang|first4=Xiaoli|last5=Yuan|first5=Fei|last6=Jiang|first6=Shanhu|date=January 2016|title=An insight into the Palmer drought mechanism based indices: comprehensive comparison of their strengths and limitations|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00477-015-1042-4|journal=Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment|volume=30|issue=1|pages=119–136|doi=10.1007/s00477-015-1042-4|bibcode=2016SERRA..30..119L|issn=1436-3240|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Keetch-Byram Drought Index: an index dat be calculated based on rainfall, air temperature, den oda meteorological factors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Keetch, John J.|author2=Byram, George M.|year=1968|title=A Drought Index for Forest Fire Control|url=http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/viewpub.php?index=40|journal=Res. Pap. Se-38. Asheville, Nc: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 35 P|publisher=USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station|volume=038|access-date=August 11, 2016|quote=(Date: 1968) Res. Paper SE-38. 32 pp. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Standardized precipitation index (SPI): E be computed based on precipitation, wich dey make am a simple den easy-to-apply indicator for monitoring den prediction of droughts insyd different parts of de world. De World Meteorological Organization dey recommend dis index for identifying den monitoring meteorological droughts insyd different climates den time periods.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt;
* Standardized Precipitation Index (SPEI): a multiscalar drought index based on climatic data. De SPEI sanso dey account for de role of de increased atmospheric evaporative demand on drought severity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; Evaporative demand be particularly dominant during periods of precipitation deficit. De SPEI calculation dey require long-term den high-quality precipitation den atmospheric evaporative demand datasets. Dese fi be obtained from ground stations anaa gridded data based on reanalysis as well as satellite den multi-source datasets.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt;
* Indices related to vegetation: root-zone soil moisture, vegetation condition index (VDI) den vegetation health index (VHI). De VCI den VHI be computed based on vegetation indices such as de normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) den temperature datasets.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt;
* Deciles index
* Standardized runoff index
High-resolution drought information dey help to better assess de spatial den temporal changes den variability insyd drought duration, severity, den magnitude at a much finer scale. Dis dey support de development of site-specific adaptation measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt;

De application of multiple indices wey dey use different datasets help to better manage den monitor droughts dan using a single dataset, Dis be particularly de case insyd regions of de world wer enough data no be available such as [[Africa]] den South America. Using a single dataset fit be limiting, as e no fi capture de full spectrum of drought characteristics den impacts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt;

Careful monitoring of moisture levels fit sanso help predict increased risk for wildfires.
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q43059|c=Category:Drought|n=no|b=Drought|v=no|q=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=drought|species=no}}
* [http://drought.eng.uci.edu/ GIDMaPS] Global Integrated Drought Monitoring and Prediction System, University of California, Irvine
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Droughts| ]]
[[Category:Meteorological phenomena]]
[[Category:Civil defense]]
[[Category:Climate variability den change]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Weather hazards]]
[[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]]
[[Category:Natural disasters]]</text>
      <sha1>5uxo75g9hohpz9k6jqdytrmugldrzou</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsiribihina River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27644</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105108</id>
      <parentid>104612</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T14:01:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Make sum corrections</comment>
      <origin>105108</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5380" sha1="ba3zxxjp2wr5f99gt236kxnczlvpt0x" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Tsiribihina'''&lt;ref name=&quot;AndrewBlond2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Andrew |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMq-2xYmCwQC&amp;pg=PA149 |title=Madagascar &amp; Comoros 6 |last2=Blond |first2=Becca |last3=Parkinson |first3=Tom |last4=Anderson, Aaron |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-74104-608-3 |page=149 |access-date=8 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; be river wey dey western [[Madagascar]].

De main tributaries be de Mahajilo, Manandaza, Mania, den Sakeny rivers. Ein basin get an area of 49,800 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. 7,025 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; dey insyd de basin of de Sakeny River, 14,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; insyd dat of de Mahajilo River, den 18,565 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; insyd dat of de Mania River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aldegheri3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Aldegheri |first=M. |title=Rivers and Streams on Madagascar |date=1972 |work=Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar |pages=261–310 |editor-last=Battistini |editor-first=R. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7159-3_8 |access-date=2026-06-26 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-015-7159-3_8 |isbn=978-94-015-7159-3 |editor2-last=Richard-Vindard |editor2-first=G.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De headwaters be on Madagascar ein Central Highlands. De tributary streams dey flow generally westwards except for de Sakeny, wich dey flow northwards. As dem dey leave de highlands den dey enter de north–south running Betsiriry Plain, de tributary rivers converge to form de Tsiribihina - de Mahajilo den Manandaza from de north, den de Mania den Sakeny from de south. Der be extensive seasonal wetlands den shallow lakes wer de rivers converge on de plain.&lt;ref name = Aldegheri/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Andriambeloson, Johary &amp; Calmant, Stéphane &amp; Paris, Adrien &amp; Rakotondraompiana, Solofo. (2020). Re-initiating depth-discharge monitoring in small-sized ungauged watersheds by combining remote sensing and hydrological modelling: a case study in Madagascar. ''Hydrological Sciences Journal/Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques''. 65. 10.1080/02626667.2020.1833013.&lt;/ref&gt; De rich alluvial soils of de Betsiriry Plain make am one of de most suitable regions for agriculture insyd western Madgagascar.&lt;ref&gt;Vololona, Mireille &amp; Kyotalimye, Miriam &amp; Thomas, Timothy &amp; Waithaka, Michael. (2013). ''Madagascar''. In Michael Waithaka, Gerald C. Nelson, Timothy S. Thomas, and Miriam Kyotalimye, eds. ''East African agriculture and climate change''. IFPRI, pp. 213–246. 10.13140/2.1.4432.5766.&lt;/ref&gt; De plain ein wetlands den lakes be important habitat give waterbirds.&lt;ref name = Birdlife&gt;BirdLife International (2022) [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6580 Important Bird Areas factsheet: Wetlands of the Tsiribihina delta and upper Tsiribihina river]. Accessed 20 November 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

De Tsiribihina then dey flow westward, wey dey cut a steep den winding gorge thru de Bemaraha Plateau, a limestone formation wey dey extend north den south along de western edge of de Betsiriry Plain.&lt;ref name = Aldegheri&gt;Aldegheri, M. (1972). Rivers and Streams on Madagascar. In: Battistini, R., Richard-Vindard, G. (eds) ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar''. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 21. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7159-3_8&lt;/ref&gt; As de river dey emerge from de Bemaraha Plateau e dey widen den dey meander.&lt;ref name = Aldegheri/&gt; Der be several shallow lakes along de lower course, wey dey include Lake Kimanomby near Ambohibary den Lake Masoarivo near Masoarivo.&lt;ref name = Birdlife/&gt;

De river delta be large, wey dey extend about 35 km north to south.&lt;ref name = Aldegheri/&gt; E dey include coastal beaches den dunes, mudflats, salt flats, mangroves, den freshwater marshes. De mangroves generally be 2–4 meters high, den de predominant trees be species of ''Avicennia, Rhizophora, Ceriops, Bruguiera'', den ''Sonneratia''. De saltflats often dey flood during de rainy season. De freshwater marshes den lakes of de lower Tsiribihina be dominated by de sedges ''Cyperus'' spp, de reed ''Phragmites'', den non-native water-hyacinth ''Eichhornia''.&lt;ref name = Birdlife/&gt; De mouth of de river be near Belon'i Tsiribihina, wer e dey empty into de Mozambique Channel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradt2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Bradt|first=Hilary|title=Madagascar: The Bradt Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTRPnMlOcwgC&amp;pg=PA82|accessdate=8 January 2013|date=17 May 2011|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-341-2|page=82}}&lt;/ref&gt;

82 species of birds be recorded from de Tsiribihina River den ein delta, 22 of wich be endemic to Madagascar. Bernier's teal (''Anas bernieri'') breeds insyd de mangroves. De Madagascar pratincole (''Glareola ocularis'') dey congregate in large numbers on de banks of de river, den one of Madagascar ein largest congregations of de Madagascar subspecies of white-backed duck (''Thalassornis leuconotus insularis'') dey occur at Lake Masoarivo. A few pairs of Madagascar fish eagle (''Haliaeetus vociferoides'') dey live along de river.&lt;ref name = Birdlife/&gt;

De Menabe Antimena protected area dey cover de south bank of de lower Tsiribihina along plus de delta den mangroves. De Tsiribihina Delta be designated a wetland of international importance under de Ramsar Convention, den de Tsiribihina River den ein delta be designated an Important Bird Area by Birdlife International.&lt;ref name = Birdlife/&gt;

== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
      <sha1>ba3zxxjp2wr5f99gt236kxnczlvpt0x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105109</id>
      <parentid>105108</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T14:03:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>105109</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5666" sha1="c8f2tvqsnors8q6bgt1b4i5mpootd5r" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Tsiribihina'''&lt;ref name=&quot;AndrewBlond2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Andrew |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMq-2xYmCwQC&amp;pg=PA149 |title=Madagascar &amp; Comoros 6 |last2=Blond |first2=Becca |last3=Parkinson |first3=Tom |last4=Anderson, Aaron |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-74104-608-3 |page=149 |access-date=8 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; be river wey dey western [[Madagascar]].

De main tributaries be de Mahajilo, Manandaza, Mania, den Sakeny rivers. Ein basin get an area of 49,800 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. 7,025 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; dey insyd de basin of de Sakeny River, 14,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; insyd dat of de Mahajilo River, den 18,565 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; insyd dat of de Mania River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aldegheri3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Aldegheri |first=M. |title=Rivers and Streams on Madagascar |date=1972 |work=Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar |pages=261–310 |editor-last=Battistini |editor-first=R. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7159-3_8 |access-date=2026-06-26 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-015-7159-3_8 |isbn=978-94-015-7159-3 |editor2-last=Richard-Vindard |editor2-first=G.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De headwaters be on Madagascar ein Central Highlands. De tributary streams dey flow generally westwards except for de Sakeny, wich dey flow northwards. As dem dey leave de highlands den dey enter de north–south running Betsiriry Plain, de tributary rivers converge to form de Tsiribihina - de Mahajilo den Manandaza from de north, den de Mania den Sakeny from de south. Der be extensive seasonal wetlands den shallow lakes wer de rivers converge on de plain.&lt;ref name = Aldegheri/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Andriambeloson, Johary &amp; Calmant, Stéphane &amp; Paris, Adrien &amp; Rakotondraompiana, Solofo. (2020). Re-initiating depth-discharge monitoring in small-sized ungauged watersheds by combining remote sensing and hydrological modelling: a case study in Madagascar. ''Hydrological Sciences Journal/Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques''. 65. 10.1080/02626667.2020.1833013.&lt;/ref&gt; De rich alluvial soils of de Betsiriry Plain make am one of de most suitable regions for agriculture insyd western Madgagascar.&lt;ref&gt;Vololona, Mireille &amp; Kyotalimye, Miriam &amp; Thomas, Timothy &amp; Waithaka, Michael. (2013). ''Madagascar''. In Michael Waithaka, Gerald C. Nelson, Timothy S. Thomas, and Miriam Kyotalimye, eds. ''East African agriculture and climate change''. IFPRI, pp. 213–246. 10.13140/2.1.4432.5766.&lt;/ref&gt; De plain ein wetlands den lakes be important habitat give waterbirds.&lt;ref name = Birdlife&gt;BirdLife International (2022) [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6580 Important Bird Areas factsheet: Wetlands of the Tsiribihina delta and upper Tsiribihina river]. Accessed 20 November 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

De Tsiribihina then dey flow westward, wey dey cut a steep den winding gorge thru de Bemaraha Plateau, a limestone formation wey dey extend north den south along de western edge of de Betsiriry Plain.&lt;ref name = Aldegheri&gt;Aldegheri, M. (1972). Rivers and Streams on Madagascar. In: Battistini, R., Richard-Vindard, G. (eds) ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar''. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 21. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7159-3_8&lt;/ref&gt; As de river dey emerge from de Bemaraha Plateau e dey widen den dey meander.&lt;ref name = Aldegheri/&gt; Der be several shallow lakes along de lower course, wey dey include Lake Kimanomby near Ambohibary den Lake Masoarivo near Masoarivo.&lt;ref name = Birdlife/&gt;

De river delta be large, wey dey extend about 35 km north to south.&lt;ref name = Aldegheri/&gt; E dey include coastal beaches den dunes, mudflats, salt flats, mangroves, den freshwater marshes. De mangroves generally be 2–4 meters high, den de predominant trees be species of ''Avicennia, Rhizophora, Ceriops, Bruguiera'', den ''Sonneratia''. De saltflats often dey flood during de rainy season. De freshwater marshes den lakes of de lower Tsiribihina be dominated by de sedges ''Cyperus'' spp, de reed ''Phragmites'', den non-native water-hyacinth ''Eichhornia''.&lt;ref name = Birdlife/&gt; De mouth of de river be near Belon'i Tsiribihina, wer e dey empty into de Mozambique Channel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradt2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Bradt|first=Hilary|title=Madagascar: The Bradt Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTRPnMlOcwgC&amp;pg=PA82|accessdate=8 January 2013|date=17 May 2011|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-341-2|page=82}}&lt;/ref&gt;

82 species of birds be recorded from de Tsiribihina River den ein delta, 22 of wich be endemic to Madagascar. Bernier's teal (''Anas bernieri'') breeds insyd de mangroves. De Madagascar pratincole (''Glareola ocularis'') dey congregate in large numbers on de banks of de river, den one of Madagascar ein largest congregations of de Madagascar subspecies of white-backed duck (''Thalassornis leuconotus insularis'') dey occur at Lake Masoarivo. A few pairs of Madagascar fish eagle (''Haliaeetus vociferoides'') dey live along de river.&lt;ref name = Birdlife/&gt;

De Menabe Antimena protected area dey cover de south bank of de lower Tsiribihina along plus de delta den mangroves. De Tsiribihina Delta be designated a wetland of international importance under de Ramsar Convention, den de Tsiribihina River den ein delta be designated an Important Bird Area by Birdlife International.&lt;ref name = Birdlife/&gt;

== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tsiribihina River| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Madagascar]]
[[Category:Rivers of Menabe]]
[[Category:Rivers of Bongolava]]
[[Category:Rivers of Melaky]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Madagascar]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of Madagascar]]</text>
      <sha1>c8f2tvqsnors8q6bgt1b4i5mpootd5r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cavalla River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27645</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105117</id>
      <parentid>103610</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T17:12:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>105117</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1662" sha1="3794cmh634ykitp79fmh9x152jcfoc0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Cavalla River''' (dem sanso know as de '''Cavally''', de '''Youbou''' den de '''Diougou''') be a river insyd [[West Africa]], wey dey rise north of Mont Nimba insyd [[Guinea]], wey dey flow thru [[Ivory Coast]] den back to de border plus Ivory Coast. E dey end insyd de [[Gulf of Guinea]], e situate 21 km (13 mi) east of Harper, Liberia. E dey form de southern two-thirds of de international boundary between Liberia den Ivory Coast.

E get a length of 515 kilometers (320 mi), wey e be de longest river insyd Liberia.&lt;ref name=&quot;eowg&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bateman |first=Graham |title=Encyclopedia of World Geography |last2=Victoria Egan |last3=Fiona Gold |last4=Philip Gardner |publisher=Barnes &amp; Noble Books |year=2000 |isbn=1-56619-291-9 |location=New York |page=161}}&lt;/ref&gt; De name be derived from de cavalla horse mackerel dem find at ein mouth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Cavalla River |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100547 |access-date=26 June 2026 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be home to de endemic ''Chiloglanis normani''.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120205194252/http://www.tlcafrica.com/tlc_rivers.htm Cavalla River at TLC Africa]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070714121003/http://www.sage.wisc.edu/riverdata/scripts/station_table.php?qual=32&amp;filenum=392 World River Discharge Database]

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Rivers of Liberia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Guinea]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Ivory Coast–Liberia border]]
[[Category:Border rivers]]</text>
      <sha1>3794cmh634ykitp79fmh9x152jcfoc0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kabenna River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27649</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105118</id>
      <parentid>103620</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T17:17:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Make sum corrections</comment>
      <origin>105118</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="628" sha1="a7ameh5vfg6vxkkifyvxrj282kf6kwi" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
De '''Kabenna''' be a river of central [[Ethiopia]]. E be a tributary of de [[Awash River]] to ein west, wey e get ein source to de southwest of Ankobar. G.W.B. Huntingford dey speculate say e fi be de same river as de Kuba, wich dem mention insyd de ''Futuh al-Habasha'' (&quot;The Conquest of Abyssinia&quot;), de narrative of Imam Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi ein conquest of de Ethiopian Empire.&lt;ref&gt;Huntingford, ''The historical geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'', (Oxford University Press: 1989), p. 123&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Awash River]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ethiopia]]</text>
      <sha1>a7ameh5vfg6vxkkifyvxrj282kf6kwi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ebola River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27705</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105133</id>
      <parentid>103985</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T22:34:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Make sum corrections</comment>
      <origin>105133</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3614" sha1="gdr5aqwn24ci7geor1grpbpkufmj8zw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ebola River''' (/iˌboʊlə/ anaa /əˈboʊlə/),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Ebola|title=The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Ebola|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company|website=The American Heritage Dictionary|access-date=2020-04-15|archive-date=2021-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729180544/https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=ebola|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ebola|title=Ebola &amp;#124; meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=Cambridge English Dictionary|access-date=2020-04-15|archive-date=2018-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124205104/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ebola|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; sanso commonly be known by ein Ngbandi name '''Legbala''',&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanghe&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tanghe |first1=Basile |last2=Vangele |first2=A. |date=June 1939 |url=http://www.aequatoria.be/04common/020publications_pdf/Aequatoria%201939.pdf#page=64 |title=Région de la Haute Ebola: Notes d'histoire (1890-1900) |journal=[[Aequatoria]] |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=61–65 |language=fr |jstor=25837382 |access-date=2020-02-03 |archive-date=2020-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711063728/http://www.aequatoria.be/04common/020publications_pdf/Aequatoria%201939.pdf#page=64 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; be de headstream of de Mongala River, a tributary of de [[Congo River]], insyd northern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bossche|first=J.-P. vanden|url=https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G. M.|last3=Nations|first3=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United|date=1990|publisher=Food &amp; Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be roughly {{convert|250|km|sp=us}} insyd length.  

De name ''Ebola'' be a French corruption of ''Legbala'', ein name insyd Ngbandi wich dey mean 'white water'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wordsworth&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Wordsworth |first=Dot |date=25 October 2014 |title=How Ebola got its name |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2014/10/how-ebola-got-its-name/ |journal=[[The Spectator]] |access-date=26 October 2014 |archive-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201184826/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2014/10/how-ebola-got-its-name/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; During de [[Belgian Congo|Belgian administration]] na dese names be interchangeable along plus de French names ''Eau Blanche''&lt;ref name=&quot;Tanghe&quot; /&gt; den rarely ''L'Ébola''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wordsworth&quot; /&gt;

Insyd 1976, na dem first identify Ebola virus insyd Yambuku, {{convert|111|km|sp=us}} from de Ebola River, buh de virologist Karl Johnson decide to name am after de river so dat de town no go be associated plus de disease ein stigma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wordsworth&quot; /&gt; Thus, de river be eponymous to de terms Ebola virus, ''Ebolavirus'', den Ebola virus disease (dem usually refer to as simply &quot;Ebola&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28922290 |title= Ebola outbreak confirmed by DR Congo |work= [[BBC News]] |date= 2014-08-25 |access-date= 2018-06-21 |archive-date= 2018-12-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181228135106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28922290 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}

[[Category:Ebola]]
[[Category:Rivers of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]]</text>
      <sha1>gdr5aqwn24ci7geor1grpbpkufmj8zw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Groundwater</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27706</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105126</id>
      <parentid>104044</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T21:51:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>105126</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5446" sha1="bat4bcw3f2329ruhom3bliuye0bchw7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Groundwater (aquifer, aquitard, 3 type wells).PNG|right|thumb|upright=1.5|An illustration showing groundwater insyd aquifers (insyd blue) (1, 5 den 6) below de water table (4), den three different wells (7, 8 and 9) dug to reach am.]]
'''Groundwater''' be de [[water]] present beneath [[Earth]] ein surface insyd rock den soil pore spaces den insyd de fractures of rock formations. About 30 percent of all readily available fresh water insyd de world be groundwater.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Groundwater? {{!}} International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre |url=https://www.un-igrac.org/what-groundwater |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.un-igrac.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A unit of rock anaa an unconsolidated deposit be bell an ''aquifer'' wen e fit yield a usable quantity of water. De depth at wich soil pore spaces anaa fractures den voids insyd rock cam be completely saturated plus water dem dey bell de ''water table''. Groundwater be recharged from de surface; e fi discharge from de surface naturally at springs den seeps, den fit form oases anaa wetlands. Groundwater sanso often be withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, den industrial use by constructing den operating extraction wells. De study of de distribution den movement of groundwater be ''hydrogeology'', dem sanso bell groundwater hydrology.   

Typically, groundwater be thought of as water wey dey flow thru shallow aquifers, buh, insyd de technical sense, e sanso fi contain soil moisture, permafrost (frozen soil), immobile water insyd very low permeability bedrock, den deep geothermal anaa oil formation water. Groundwater be hypothesized to provide lubrication dat fit possibly influence de movement of faults. E be likely dat much of [[Earth]] ein subsurface dey contain sum water, wich fi be mixed plus oda fluids insyd sum instances.

Groundwater often be cheaper, more convenient den less vulnerable to [[water pollution|pollution]] dan surface water. Therefore, e be commonly used for public [[drinking water]] supplies. For example, groundwater dey provide de largest source of usable water storage insyd de [[United States]], den California annually dey withdraw de largest amount of groundwater of all de states.&lt;ref&gt;National Geographic Almanac of Geography, 2005, {{ISBN|0-7922-3877-X}}, p. 148.&lt;/ref&gt; Underground reservoirs dey contain far more water dan de capacity of all surface reservoirs den lakes insyd de US, wey dey include de Great Lakes. Chaw municipal water supplies be derived solely from groundwater.&lt;ref name=&quot;hydrology&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title =What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do? |work =The USGS Water Science School |publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]] |date = 23 May 2013 |access-date = 21 Jan 2014 |url =https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hydrology.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over 2 billion people dey rely on am as dema primary water source worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Famiglietti |first1=J. S. |author-link1=James S. Famiglietti |title=The global groundwater crisis |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=November 2014 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=945–948 |doi=10.1038/nclimate2425 |bibcode=2014NatCC...4..945F |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2425 |access-date=2 March 2022 |language=en |issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Human use of groundwater dey cause environmental problems. For example, polluted groundwater be less visible den more difficult to clean up dan pollution insyd rivers den lakes. Groundwater pollution most often dey result from improper disposal of wastes on land. Major sources dey include industrial den household chemicals den garbage landfills, excessive fertilizers den pesticides dem use insyd agriculture, industrial waste lagoons, tailings den process wastewater from mines, industrial fracking, oil field brine pits, leaking underground oil storage tanks den pipelines, sewage sludge den septic systems. Additionally, groundwater be susceptible to saltwater intrusion insyd coastal areas wey fi cause land subsidence wen dem extract unsustainably, wey dey lead to sinking cities (like Bangkok) den loss in elevation (such as de multiple meters dem loose insyd de Central Valley of California). Dem make dese issues more complicated by sea level rise den oda effects of climate change, particularly those on de water cycle. Earth ein axial tilt shift 31 inches secof human groundwater pumping.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Weisberger |first=Mindy |date=2023-06-26 |title=Humans pump so much groundwater that Earth's axis has shifted, study finds |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/26/world/pumping-groundwater-earth-axis-shifting-scn/index.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=CNN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Castelvecchi |first=Davide |date=2023 |title=Rampant Groundwater Pumping Has Changed the Tilt of Earth's Axis |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/rampant-groundwater-pumping-has-changed-the-tilt-of-earths-axis/ |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-023-01993-z |pmid=37328564 |s2cid=259183868 |access-date=2023-08-15|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Humans Have Shifted Earth's Axis by Pumping Lots of Groundwater |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/humans-have-shifted-earths-axis-by-pumping-lots-of-groundwater-180982403/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
      <sha1>bat4bcw3f2329ruhom3bliuye0bchw7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105127</id>
      <parentid>105126</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T22:03:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>105127</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6074" sha1="4axzggsj0wepk5f7oarnrspq2b671on" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Groundwater (aquifer, aquitard, 3 type wells).PNG|right|thumb|upright=1.5|An illustration showing groundwater insyd aquifers (insyd blue) (1, 5 den 6) below de water table (4), den three different wells (7, 8 and 9) dug to reach am.]]
'''Groundwater''' be de [[water]] present beneath [[Earth]] ein surface insyd rock den soil pore spaces den insyd de fractures of rock formations. About 30 percent of all readily available fresh water insyd de world be groundwater.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Groundwater? {{!}} International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre |url=https://www.un-igrac.org/what-groundwater |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.un-igrac.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A unit of rock anaa an unconsolidated deposit be bell an ''aquifer'' wen e fit yield a usable quantity of water. De depth at wich soil pore spaces anaa fractures den voids insyd rock cam be completely saturated plus water dem dey bell de ''water table''. Groundwater be recharged from de surface; e fi discharge from de surface naturally at springs den seeps, den fit form oases anaa wetlands. Groundwater sanso often be withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, den industrial use by constructing den operating extraction wells. De study of de distribution den movement of groundwater be ''hydrogeology'', dem sanso bell groundwater hydrology.   

Typically, groundwater be thought of as water wey dey flow thru shallow aquifers, buh, insyd de technical sense, e sanso fi contain soil moisture, permafrost (frozen soil), immobile water insyd very low permeability bedrock, den deep geothermal anaa oil formation water. Groundwater be hypothesized to provide lubrication dat fit possibly influence de movement of faults. E be likely dat much of [[Earth]] ein subsurface dey contain sum water, wich fi be mixed plus oda fluids insyd sum instances.

Groundwater often be cheaper, more convenient den less vulnerable to [[water pollution|pollution]] dan surface water. Therefore, e be commonly used for public [[drinking water]] supplies. For example, groundwater dey provide de largest source of usable water storage insyd de [[United States]], den California annually dey withdraw de largest amount of groundwater of all de states.&lt;ref&gt;National Geographic Almanac of Geography, 2005, {{ISBN|0-7922-3877-X}}, p. 148.&lt;/ref&gt; Underground reservoirs dey contain far more water dan de capacity of all surface reservoirs den lakes insyd de US, wey dey include de Great Lakes. Chaw municipal water supplies be derived solely from groundwater.&lt;ref name=&quot;hydrology&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title =What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do? |work =The USGS Water Science School |publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]] |date = 23 May 2013 |access-date = 21 Jan 2014 |url =https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hydrology.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over 2 billion people dey rely on am as dema primary water source worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Famiglietti |first1=J. S. |author-link1=James S. Famiglietti |title=The global groundwater crisis |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=November 2014 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=945–948 |doi=10.1038/nclimate2425 |bibcode=2014NatCC...4..945F |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2425 |access-date=2 March 2022 |language=en |issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Human use of groundwater dey cause environmental problems. For example, polluted groundwater be less visible den more difficult to clean up dan pollution insyd rivers den lakes. Groundwater pollution most often dey result from improper disposal of wastes on land. Major sources dey include industrial den household chemicals den garbage landfills, excessive fertilizers den pesticides dem use insyd agriculture, industrial waste lagoons, tailings den process wastewater from mines, industrial fracking, oil field brine pits, leaking underground oil storage tanks den pipelines, sewage sludge den septic systems. Additionally, groundwater be susceptible to saltwater intrusion insyd coastal areas wey fi cause land subsidence wen dem extract unsustainably, wey dey lead to sinking cities (like Bangkok) den loss in elevation (such as de multiple meters dem loose insyd de Central Valley of California). Dem make dese issues more complicated by sea level rise den oda effects of climate change, particularly those on de water cycle. Earth ein axial tilt shift 31 inches secof human groundwater pumping.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Weisberger |first=Mindy |date=2023-06-26 |title=Humans pump so much groundwater that Earth's axis has shifted, study finds |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/26/world/pumping-groundwater-earth-axis-shifting-scn/index.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=CNN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Castelvecchi |first=Davide |date=2023 |title=Rampant Groundwater Pumping Has Changed the Tilt of Earth's Axis |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/rampant-groundwater-pumping-has-changed-the-tilt-of-earths-axis/ |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-023-01993-z |pmid=37328564 |s2cid=259183868 |access-date=2023-08-15|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Humans Have Shifted Earth's Axis by Pumping Lots of Groundwater |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/humans-have-shifted-earths-axis-by-pumping-lots-of-groundwater-180982403/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* [https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/ USGS Office of Groundwater]
* [https://iah.org/ IAH, International Association of Hydrogeologists]
* [https://gw-project.org/ The Groundwater Project] Online platform for groundwater knowledge
* [https://upgro.org/ UGPRO] 7-year research project on the &quot;Potential of Groundwater for the Poor&quot; (2013–2020)
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aquifers|*]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Hydraulic engineering]]
[[Category:Soil mechanics]]
[[Category:Liquid water]]
[[Category:Water den de environment]]
[[Category:Water]]
[[Category:Lithosphere]]
[[Category:Subterranea (geography)]]</text>
      <sha1>4axzggsj0wepk5f7oarnrspq2b671on</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Great Man-Made River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27797</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105097</id>
      <parentid>104722</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T13:38:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105097</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16638" sha1="ikojnurs89h3pv4a7pi9pvuur68gxpa" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Man_Made_River_schematic_EN.svg|thumb|300x300px|Schematic drawing of de project. Note dat dem already propose different routes give de not-yet-implemented phases (dashed). Tobruk may for instance end up connected to Ajdabiya instead of to de Jaghboub well field.]]De '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') be a network of pipes dat dey supply fresh water wey dem obtain am from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a fossil aquifer, across [[Libya]]. E be de world ein largest [[irrigation]] project.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx|date=2015-09-24}}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De project dey utilize a pipeline system dat dey pump water from de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, for southern Libya insyd, to cities wey dey along de populous northern Mediterranean coast of Libya, wey dey include Tripoli den Benghazi. De water dey cover a distance of up to 1,600 kilometers den dey provide 70% of all fresh water wey dem use for Libya insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to de project ein website, e be de largest underground network of pipes ({{convert|2820|km}})&lt;ref&gt;Keys, D., 2011, Libya Tale of Two Fundamentally Different Cities, BBC Knowledge Asia Edition, Vol.3 Issue 7&lt;/ref&gt; den aqueducts for de world insyd. E dey consist of more dan 1,300 wells, most of wey dey ova 500 m deep, den dey supply 6,500,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of fresh water per day to de cities of Tripoli, Benghazi, Sirte den elsewhere for Libya insyd. De late Libyan leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]] describe am as de &quot;Eighth Wonder of de World&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
[[File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Transport of pipe segments for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:MMR_13.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Trench digging for de 1980s insyd.]]
[[File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrandOmarMukhtar_ASTER_20060410.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[:en:False-color_image|False-color image]] of de [[:en:Omar_al-Mukhtar|Grand Omar Mukhtar]] reservoir project south of Benghazi. Water (dark blue) wey dey reside for reservoirs insyd dey appear twice for dis image insyd, for de upper right den at de bottom. Vegetation dey appear red, cityscape structures such as pavement den buildings dey appear for gray insyd, bare ground dey appear tan anaa beige.]]For 1953 insyd, efforts to find oil for southern Libya insyd lead to de discovery of large quantities of potable fossil water underground. Dem conceive de Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) for de late 1960s insyd den work for de project top begin for 1984 insyd. Dem divide de project ein construction into five phases. De first phase require 85 million m³ of excavation den dem inaugurate am for 28 August 1991 top. De second phase (wey dem dub am ''First water to Tripoli'') dem inaugurate am for 1 September 1996 top.     

De Great Man-Made River Project Authority own de project den dem fund am by de Gaddafi government. De primary contractor give de first phases be Dong Ah Consortium (a South Korean company) den de present main contractor be Al Nahr Company Ltd.     

Imported goods wey dem destine am give use for de construction of de GMRP insyd dem make am Korea insyd den Europe (mainly for Italy insyd) den arrive by sea via de entry port of Brega (Gulf of Sidra). Cathodic corrosion protection for de pipeline top dem supply am by an Australian company, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wey base for Melbourne insyd den and deliver via de port of Benghazi.&lt;ref&gt;Hands-on; AMAC's Purchasing Manager.&lt;/ref&gt; Dem make de rest of de material for Libya insyd.

Dem project de total cost of de GMRP at more dan US$25 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya complete de work to date without de financial support of major countries anaa loans from world banks. Since 1990, [[UNESCO]] provide training to engineers den technicians involve plus de project.  

De fossil aquifer from wey dem already dey supply dis water be de Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System. E accumulate during de last ice age den dem no currently replenish am. If 2007 rates of retrieval no dey increase, de water fi last a thousand years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm Article from Saudi Aramco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805112417/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200701/seas.beneath.the.sands.htm|date=2014-08-05}} January/February 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Environment Program |url=http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319035150/http://na.unep.net/atlas/webatlas.php?id=377 |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2009-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oda estimates dey indicate dat dem fi deplete aquifer of water as early as 60 to 100 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/%28page%29/2|title=Libya's Qaddafi taps 'fossil water' to irrigate desert farms - CSMonitor.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=2011-12-13|archive-date=2013-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323064417/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2010/0823/Libya-s-Qaddafi-taps-fossil-water-to-irrigate-desert-farms/(page)/2|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analysts dey say dat de costs of de $25 billion groundwater extraction system be 10% dem of desalination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonel Qaddafi and the Great Man-made River – Water Matters - State of the Planet&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071630/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/04/01/libya/ |archive-date=2013-09-06 |access-date=2011-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For dis project insyd, dem invest one billion euros give de installation of 50,000 artificial palm trees give water condensation. De Spanish engineer Antonio Ibáñez de Alba carry out dis project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|title=La conquista del desierto|date=1990-01-20|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903163600/https://elpais.com/diario/1990/01/20/internacional/632790016_850215.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABC (Madrid) - 15/09/1990, p. 48 - ABC.es Hemeroteca |url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164745/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1990/09/15/048.html |archive-date=2017-09-03 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=hemeroteca.abc.es |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|title=Technology: Plastic trees may turn the deserts green|work=New Scientist|access-date=2017-09-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002322/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717273-700-technology-plastic-trees-may-turn-the-deserts-green/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cómo inventar y vivir de ello en España.A R I A D N A-101 |url=http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134256/http://www.elmundo.es/ariadna/2002/101/1026372058.html |archive-date=2017-08-24 |access-date=2017-09-04 |website=www.elmundo.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World |date=2001 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=9780878083527 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221332/https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA111#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Binner |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309 |title=Advanced Materials 1991-1992: I. Source Book |date=2013-10-22 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9781483294001 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530221333/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGohBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=antonio+iba%C3%B1ez+de+alba&amp;pg=PA309#v=snippet&amp;q=antonio%20iba%C3%B1ez%20de%20alba&amp;f=false |archive-date=2024-05-30 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|title=Antonio Ibáñez de Alba, el inventor obsesionado con evitar los ahogamientos|access-date=2017-09-04|language=es-ES|archive-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901115545/https://es.finance.yahoo.com/noticias/antonio-ibanez-de-alba-el-inventor-obsesionado-con-evitar-los-ahogamientos-155605887.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 22 July 2011 top, during de First Libyan Civil War den de foreign military intervention, one of de two plants wey dey make pipes give de project, de Brega Plant, a NATO air strike hit am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Missy Ryan |author2=Giles Elgoodl |author3=Tim Pearce |date=22 July 2013 |title=Libya says six killed in airstrike near Brega |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/22/us-libya-strike-idUSTRE76L5I020110722?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press conference for 26 July top, NATO claim dat dem already fire rockets from within de plant area, den dat military material, wey dey include multiple rocket launchers, dem store am der according to intelligence findings, wey dey present two photos of an BM-21 MRL as sole evidence give de destruction of de factory. De evidence give a potential breach of UN resolutions already dey insufficient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=NATO bombs the Great Man-Made River |url=http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607090824/http://humanrightsinvestigations.org/2011/07/27/great-man-made-river-nato-bombs/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Investigations Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During de Second Libyan Civil War from 2014 to 2020, de water infrastructure suffer neglect den occasional breakdowns. As of July 2019, dem already dismantle 101 of 479 wells for de western pipeline system top.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ|date=2021-07-18}}. ''Reuters''. 2019-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 10 April 2020 top, dem seize a station wey dey control water flow to Tripoli den neighboring towns by an unknown armed group. Dem cut de flow of water to ova two million pippoe as a result, den as such dem condemn de attack by de [[United Nations]] for humanitarian grounds top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=UN condemns water cutoff to Libyan capital Tripoli |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411224719/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/condemns-water-cutoff-libyan-capital-tripoli-200411000610599.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Timeline ==

* 3 October 1983: De General Pippoe ein Congress hold an extraordinary session to draft de resolutions of de Basic Pippoe ein Congresses, wey decide to fund den execute de Great Man-Made River Project.
* 28 August 1984: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone for Sarir area insyd give de commencement of de construction of de Great Man-Made River Project. 
* 28 August 1986: Muammar Gaddafi inaugurate de Brega plant give de production of de pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes, wey dem consider am de largest pipes make am plus pre-stressed steel wire (dem make de majority of steel wire for Italy insyd by de Redaelli Tecna S.p.A. company plus ein head office for Cologno Monzese-Milan insyd den ein factory for Caivano-Naples insyd). Dem sanso inaugurate de Sarir plant for dis date top.
* 26 August 1989: Muammar Gaddafi lay de foundation stone give phase two of de Great Man-Made River Project.

=== First water arrival ===

* 11 September 1989: to Ajdabiya reservoir.
* 28 September 1989: to Grand Omar Muktar reservoir. 
* 4 September 1991: to Ghardabiya reservoir.
* 28 August 1996: to Tripoli.
* 28 September 2007: to Gharyan.

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; caption=&quot;Great Manmade River images&quot; widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:Great Manmade River. Libya.jpg|GMMR - 20 dinar note (2002)
File:Great Manmade River.png|GMMRA logo
File:The Great Man - River Builder.jpg|Stamp wey dey commemorate Gaddafi as &quot;River Builder&quot;
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 May 2012 |title=Грандиозный проект Каддафи - Великая рукотворная река |trans-title=Gaddafi's Grand Project – the Great Man-Made River |url=http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329162155/http://earth-chronicles.ru/news/2012-05-17-22874 |archive-date=2014-03-29 |access-date=2013-09-08 |website=Earth Chronicles |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Additional sources ==

* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4814988.stm BBC News: Libya's thirst for 'fossil water'] (article dey contain map of pipe network)
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Great-Man-Made-River Project article at ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']
* [http://www.tekfeninsaat.com.tr/#/en/projects/al-khufra-tazerbo-water-conveyance-system TEKFEN İNŞAAT official article]

== External links ==

* [https://www.gmrp.ly/ Official website]
* [http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/IHS_projects_nubian.html Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504161139/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/IHS_projects_nubian.html|date=2012-05-04}} Joint project of [[:en:IAEA|IAEA]] [[:en:UNDP|UNDP]] den [[:en:Global_Environment_Facility|GEF]] about de Great Manmade River logistics.
* [http://www.unesco.org/water/ihp/prizes/great_man/index.shtml Great Man-Made River International Water Prize]
* [http://www.algaddafi.org/the-great-man-made-river-gmmr---main-page Great Man-Made River website at AlGaddaf.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304145054/http://www.algaddafi.org/the-great-man-made-river-gmmr---main-page|date=2013-03-04}}</text>
      <sha1>ikojnurs89h3pv4a7pi9pvuur68gxpa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nima Drainage Channel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27820</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105172</id>
      <parentid>104814</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T10:31:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360786419|Nima Drainage Channel]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>105172</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="320" sha1="krsaulfaxbnqrtkl5mxxulspqx22sf9" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain be one key part wey of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>krsaulfaxbnqrtkl5mxxulspqx22sf9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105173</id>
      <parentid>105172</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T10:40:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added content</comment>
      <origin>105173</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="143" sha1="t8fvvixdcovj4sdcx7cr39hxsnmzbgz" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.</text>
      <sha1>t8fvvixdcovj4sdcx7cr39hxsnmzbgz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105174</id>
      <parentid>105173</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T10:43:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added citation</comment>
      <origin>105174</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="402" sha1="eajzj6c4fi3kqbwkt68us8u5otxps67" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.</text>
      <sha1>eajzj6c4fi3kqbwkt68us8u5otxps67</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105175</id>
      <parentid>105174</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T10:46:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added citation</comment>
      <origin>105175</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="611" sha1="le77powqy3x9yomjqd8i8x6gkklm6jw" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>le77powqy3x9yomjqd8i8x6gkklm6jw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105176</id>
      <parentid>105175</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T10:47:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added citation</comment>
      <origin>105176</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="820" sha1="hyj7sz3bi9mwb6guez2uvvuhos28iud" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hyj7sz3bi9mwb6guez2uvvuhos28iud</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105177</id>
      <parentid>105176</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T10:51:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>105177</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="963" sha1="mjkoy3gtpobmqkwjtrhi5erniuxw9qf" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call am Nima Drain) na one big urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey inside Accra, Ghana.</text>
      <sha1>mjkoy3gtpobmqkwjtrhi5erniuxw9qf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105178</id>
      <parentid>105177</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T10:57:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added hyperlink</comment>
      <origin>105178</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1045" sha1="0gwyuwe78aycqxttd86i8p5bis5em0l" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call am [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) na one big urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey inside Accra, Ghana.</text>
      <sha1>0gwyuwe78aycqxttd86i8p5bis5em0l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105180</id>
      <parentid>105178</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:00:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added content</comment>
      <origin>105180</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1301" sha1="cxfaci2n5sz5ajc64jowcuvy3u05zr7" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call am [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) na one big urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey inside Accra, Ghana.E dey form part of the Odaw River Basin drainage network and e dey serve as one of the main ways wey dem take carry stormwater comot from the plenty-people communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down and the areas wey dey around am go inside the Odaw Channel.</text>
      <sha1>cxfaci2n5sz5ajc64jowcuvy3u05zr7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105181</id>
      <parentid>105180</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:03:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added hyperlink</comment>
      <origin>105181</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1397" sha1="djj9sd6ss3ufg248agxnhapp47mwymv" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call am [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) na one big urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey inside Accra, Ghana.E dey form part of the Odaw [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ River Basin] drainage network and e dey serve as one of the main ways wey dem take carry stormwater comot from the plenty-people communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down and the areas wey dey around am go inside the Odaw Channel.</text>
      <sha1>djj9sd6ss3ufg248agxnhapp47mwymv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105183</id>
      <parentid>105181</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:05:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added content</comment>
      <origin>105183</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1398" sha1="lqlsqdl57fm24uoah4jfpzbdjldlb23" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call am [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) na one big urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey inside Accra, Ghana. E dey form part of the Odaw [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ River Basin] drainage network and e dey serve as one of the main ways wey dem take carry stormwater comot from the plenty-people communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down and the areas wey dey around am go inside the Odaw Channel.</text>
      <sha1>lqlsqdl57fm24uoah4jfpzbdjldlb23</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105185</id>
      <parentid>105183</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:06:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added content</comment>
      <origin>105185</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1578" sha1="3kv29vge8o8lvanj607cfbs9d8vp1qi" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call am [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) na one big urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey inside Accra, Ghana. E dey form part of the Odaw [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ River Basin] drainage network and e dey serve as one of the main ways wey dem take carry stormwater comot from the plenty-people communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down and the areas wey dey around am go inside the Odaw Channel. The drainage system don be central to flood-control efforts for Accra because of the role e dey play in managing runoff inside some of the city areas wey flood dey catch the most.</text>
      <sha1>3kv29vge8o8lvanj607cfbs9d8vp1qi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105187</id>
      <parentid>105185</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:11:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added hyperlink</comment>
      <origin>105187</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1682" sha1="hjy269vp0psjx72vxxh58q9th6wz522" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call am [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) na one big urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey inside Accra, Ghana. E dey form part of the Odaw [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ River Basin] drainage network and e dey serve as one of the main ways wey dem take carry stormwater comot from the plenty-people communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down and the areas wey dey around am go inside the Odaw Channel. The drainage system don be [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts] for Accra because of the role e dey play in managing runoff inside some of the city areas wey flood dey catch the most.</text>
      <sha1>hjy269vp0psjx72vxxh58q9th6wz522</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105188</id>
      <parentid>105187</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:17:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>105188</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1681" sha1="tdzekd0grxaxjj0n6asdpbelfltjedu" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call am [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) na one big urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey inside Accra, Ghana. E dey form part of the Odaw [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ River Basin] drainage network and e dey serve as one of the main ways wey dem take carry stormwater comot from the plenty-people communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down and the areas wey dey around am go inside the Odaw Channel. The drainage system don be [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts]for Accra because of the role e dey play in managing runoff inside some of the city areas wey flood dey catch the most.</text>
      <sha1>tdzekd0grxaxjj0n6asdpbelfltjedu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105190</id>
      <parentid>105188</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:19:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added content</comment>
      <origin>105190</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1839" sha1="851s8mnv828omhtebokeurkvqrhp14x" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call am [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) na one big urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey inside Accra, Ghana. E dey form part of the Odaw [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ River Basin] drainage network and e dey serve as one of the main ways wey dem take carry stormwater comot from the plenty-people communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down and the areas wey dey around am go inside the Odaw Channel. The drainage system don be [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts]for Accra because of the role e dey play in managing runoff inside some of the city areas wey flood dey catch the most. Background The capital city of Ghana, the Greater Accra region, dey face perennial flooding every year, and e dey cause big economic damage and loss of life.</text>
      <sha1>851s8mnv828omhtebokeurkvqrhp14x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105191</id>
      <parentid>105190</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:22:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>105191</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1862" sha1="nofchnkf3g5dz7759pr0nv272cbmff4" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call am [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) na one big urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey inside Accra, Ghana. E dey form part of the Odaw [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ River Basin] drainage network and e dey serve as one of the main ways wey dem take carry stormwater comot from the plenty-people communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down and the areas wey dey around am go inside the Odaw Channel. The drainage system don be [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts]for Accra because of the role e dey play in managing runoff inside some of the city areas wey flood dey catch the most.

=== Background ===
The [[:en:Accra|capital city of Ghana]], the Greater Accra region, dey face perennial flooding every year, and e dey cause big economic damage and loss of life.</text>
      <sha1>nofchnkf3g5dz7759pr0nv272cbmff4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105194</id>
      <parentid>105191</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:24:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added hyperlink</comment>
      <origin>105194</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1998" sha1="s9bnz2zyh5j1zge5x3cos619om5jbmd" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call am [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) na one big urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey inside Accra, Ghana. E dey form part of the Odaw [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ River Basin] drainage network and e dey serve as one of the main ways wey dem take carry stormwater comot from the plenty-people communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down and the areas wey dey around am go inside the Odaw Channel. The drainage system don be [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts]for Accra because of the role e dey play in managing runoff inside some of the city areas wey flood dey catch the most.

=== Background ===
The [[:en:Accra|capital city of Ghana]], the [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 Greater Accra region, dey face perennial flooding] every year, and e dey cause big economic damage and loss of life.</text>
      <sha1>s9bnz2zyh5j1zge5x3cos619om5jbmd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105195</id>
      <parentid>105194</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:25:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added citation</comment>
      <origin>105195</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2207" sha1="20k7mnk2nnb0ag3uc0mv7ks9uq7ipez" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call am [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) na one big urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey inside Accra, Ghana. E dey form part of the Odaw [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ River Basin]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; drainage network and e dey serve as one of the main ways wey dem take carry stormwater comot from the plenty-people communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down and the areas wey dey around am go inside the Odaw Channel. The drainage system don be [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts]for Accra because of the role e dey play in managing runoff inside some of the city areas wey flood dey catch the most.

=== Background ===
The [[:en:Accra|capital city of Ghana]], the [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 Greater Accra region, dey face perennial flooding] every year, and e dey cause big economic damage and loss of life.</text>
      <sha1>20k7mnk2nnb0ag3uc0mv7ks9uq7ipez</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105198</id>
      <parentid>105195</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:26:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added citation</comment>
      <origin>105198</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2416" sha1="mhqnoaoj21ps727ughnrit5ei1e0n4u" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call am [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) na one big urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey inside Accra, Ghana. E dey form part of the Odaw [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ River Basin]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; drainage network and e dey serve as one of the main ways wey dem take carry stormwater comot from the plenty-people communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down and the areas wey dey around am go inside the Odaw Channel. The drainage system don be [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts]for Accra because of the role e dey play in managing runoff inside some of the city areas wey flood dey catch the most.

=== Background ===
The [[:en:Accra|capital city of Ghana]], the [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 Greater Accra region, dey face perennial flooding] every year, and e dey cause big economic damage and loss of life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mhqnoaoj21ps727ughnrit5ei1e0n4u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105200</id>
      <parentid>105198</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:27:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added content</comment>
      <origin>105200</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2513" sha1="ehukgm00upxvzvao7o25zaro1j4h938" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call am [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) na one big urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey inside Accra, Ghana. E dey form part of the Odaw [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ River Basin]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; drainage network and e dey serve as one of the main ways wey dem take carry stormwater comot from the plenty-people communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down and the areas wey dey around am go inside the Odaw Channel. The drainage system don be [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts]for Accra because of the role e dey play in managing runoff inside some of the city areas wey flood dey catch the most.

=== Background ===
The [[:en:Accra|capital city of Ghana]], the [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 Greater Accra region, dey face perennial flooding] every year, and e dey cause big economic damage and loss of life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The Nima Drain dey pass through plenty neighbourhoods wey dey inside the Accra Metropolitan Area.</text>
      <sha1>ehukgm00upxvzvao7o25zaro1j4h938</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105202</id>
      <parentid>105200</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:28:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added citation</comment>
      <origin>105202</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2722" sha1="6zl40yxucm2ibib3zp0533oed02iu3z" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call am [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) na one big urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey inside Accra, Ghana. E dey form part of the Odaw [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ River Basin]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; drainage network and e dey serve as one of the main ways wey dem take carry stormwater comot from the plenty-people communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down and the areas wey dey around am go inside the Odaw Channel. The drainage system don be [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts]for Accra because of the role e dey play in managing runoff inside some of the city areas wey flood dey catch the most.

=== Background ===
The [[:en:Accra|capital city of Ghana]], the [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 Greater Accra region, dey face perennial flooding] every year, and e dey cause big economic damage and loss of life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The Nima Drain dey pass through plenty neighbourhoods wey dey inside the Accra Metropolitan Area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6zl40yxucm2ibib3zp0533oed02iu3z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105205</id>
      <parentid>105202</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:30:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added content</comment>
      <origin>105205</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2908" sha1="0ek6jf1aryxjim29jks5ilqtm0tqisy" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call am [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) na one big urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey inside Accra, Ghana. E dey form part of the Odaw [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ River Basin]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; drainage network and e dey serve as one of the main ways wey dem take carry stormwater comot from the plenty-people communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down and the areas wey dey around am go inside the Odaw Channel. The drainage system don be [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts]for Accra because of the role e dey play in managing runoff inside some of the city areas wey flood dey catch the most.

=== Background ===
The [[:en:Accra|capital city of Ghana]], the [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 Greater Accra region, dey face perennial flooding] every year, and e dey cause big economic damage and loss of life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The Nima Drain dey pass through plenty neighbourhoods wey dey inside the Accra Metropolitan Area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;E dey start from the northeastern parts of Accra and e dey pass through Nima and the communities wey dey near am before e join the Odaw drainage system for the Kwame Nkrumah Circle area.</text>
      <sha1>0ek6jf1aryxjim29jks5ilqtm0tqisy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105207</id>
      <parentid>105205</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:32:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added citation</comment>
      <origin>105207</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3326" sha1="eozexmxo126bwx4sb3qs7ae25o9unvx" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call am [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) na one big urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey inside Accra, Ghana. E dey form part of the Odaw [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ River Basin]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; drainage network and e dey serve as one of the main ways wey dem take carry stormwater comot from the plenty-people communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down and the areas wey dey around am go inside the Odaw Channel. The drainage system don be [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts]for Accra because of the role e dey play in managing runoff inside some of the city areas wey flood dey catch the most.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Background ===
The [[:en:Accra|capital city of Ghana]], the [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 Greater Accra region, dey face perennial flooding] every year, and e dey cause big economic damage and loss of life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The Nima Drain dey pass through plenty neighbourhoods wey dey inside the Accra Metropolitan Area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;E dey start from the northeastern parts of Accra and e dey pass through Nima and the communities wey dey near am before e join the Odaw drainage system for the Kwame Nkrumah Circle area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>eozexmxo126bwx4sb3qs7ae25o9unvx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105208</id>
      <parentid>105207</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:32:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removed citation</comment>
      <origin>105208</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3117" sha1="khbtgw5a1tlr3deubt1yxnoclyfcx5x" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call am [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) na one big urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey inside Accra, Ghana. E dey form part of the Odaw [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ River Basin]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; drainage network and e dey serve as one of the main ways wey dem take carry stormwater comot from the plenty-people communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down and the areas wey dey around am go inside the Odaw Channel. The drainage system don be [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts]for Accra because of the role e dey play in managing runoff inside some of the city areas wey flood dey catch the most.

=== Background ===
The [[:en:Accra|capital city of Ghana]], the [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 Greater Accra region, dey face perennial flooding] every year, and e dey cause big economic damage and loss of life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The Nima Drain dey pass through plenty neighbourhoods wey dey inside the Accra Metropolitan Area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;E dey start from the northeastern parts of Accra and e dey pass through Nima and the communities wey dey near am before e join the Odaw drainage system for the Kwame Nkrumah Circle area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>khbtgw5a1tlr3deubt1yxnoclyfcx5x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105210</id>
      <parentid>105208</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:34:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added content</comment>
      <origin>105210</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3135" sha1="e3fsnqnlefbbr6t8a5hvzlde0tolx58" xml:space="preserve">Nima Drain na one important part of Accra water drainage system&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Work begins on Nima drain reconstruction |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dem build am make e fit channel the capital city of Ghana stormwater comot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nima Drainage Channel (wey plenty people dey call am [https://www.ramboll.com/en-apac/projects/government-and-public/nima-drain-ghana Nima Drain]) na one big urban stormwater drainage channel wey dey inside Accra, Ghana. E dey form part of the Odaw [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dredging-of-odaw-river-other-flood-prone-areas-in-accra-resumes/ River Basin]&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; drainage network and e dey serve as one of the main ways wey dem take carry stormwater comot from the plenty-people communities of Nima, Mamobi, Asylum Down and the areas wey dey around am go inside the Odaw Channel. The drainage system don be [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-work-begins-on-nima-drain-reconstruction.html central to flood-control efforts]for Accra because of the role e dey play in managing runoff inside some of the city areas wey flood dey catch the most.

=== Background ===
The [[:en:Accra|capital city of Ghana]], the [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Perennial-Accra-flooding-Climate-change-adaptation-is-critical-OPAG-president-2039402 Greater Accra region, dey face perennial flooding] every year, and e dey cause big economic damage and loss of life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The Nima Drain dey pass through plenty neighbourhoods wey dey inside the Accra Metropolitan Area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;E dey start from the northeastern parts of Accra and e dey pass through Nima and the communities wey dey near am before e join the Odaw drainage system for the Kwame Nkrumah Circle area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nima Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nima_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360786419 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>e3fsnqnlefbbr6t8a5hvzlde0tolx58</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gilgel Gibe III Dam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27836</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105134</id>
      <parentid>105059</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T05:51:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105134</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18344" sha1="qte4p56z7ae5vnyb6qf4jprqlb3xj4w" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>qte4p56z7ae5vnyb6qf4jprqlb3xj4w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105135</id>
      <parentid>105134</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T05:51:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105135</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18612" sha1="bvehvuyghikfvetpd1dau43r01ssza9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot; 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>bvehvuyghikfvetpd1dau43r01ssza9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105136</id>
      <parentid>105135</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T05:52:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105136</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18644" sha1="r8w07swihzqo4880hl8w8zpuyznh94z" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt; 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>r8w07swihzqo4880hl8w8zpuyznh94z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105137</id>
      <parentid>105136</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:21:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105137</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18863" sha1="8378zj36a88d8jo0gbouln8bkz8hdrj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>8378zj36a88d8jo0gbouln8bkz8hdrj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105138</id>
      <parentid>105137</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:23:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105138</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18987" sha1="o65eo6oklsu7sbw7wvn7ligj4w2vyrn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>o65eo6oklsu7sbw7wvn7ligj4w2vyrn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105139</id>
      <parentid>105138</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:24:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105139</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19112" sha1="8jqs961kz2zmfgx6h08mchiofykho3a" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>8jqs961kz2zmfgx6h08mchiofykho3a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105140</id>
      <parentid>105139</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:24:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105140</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19191" sha1="5lrc1t07se6auqwd1388hlag0zw4rur" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>5lrc1t07se6auqwd1388hlag0zw4rur</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105141</id>
      <parentid>105140</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:25:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105141</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19367" sha1="kat3ppbg95pvkel5squayynqj2gdm99" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism.     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>kat3ppbg95pvkel5squayynqj2gdm99</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105142</id>
      <parentid>105141</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:26:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105142</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19471" sha1="0e8fsbie1q5cr9jl63cpnm32pkq4qfu" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>0e8fsbie1q5cr9jl63cpnm32pkq4qfu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105143</id>
      <parentid>105142</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:27:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105143</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19712" sha1="2ivy3cdudtgboo2pl7520mj15u3s8xz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd. If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems.       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>2ivy3cdudtgboo2pl7520mj15u3s8xz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105144</id>
      <parentid>105143</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:28:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105144</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19942" sha1="mo23nv59xe0y2fbzs2w8hbwbed8wdek" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd. If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>mo23nv59xe0y2fbzs2w8hbwbed8wdek</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105145</id>
      <parentid>105144</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:29:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105145</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20077" sha1="rc058dlzitbamihn1v1kpwkmtbdgms6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd. If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>rc058dlzitbamihn1v1kpwkmtbdgms6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105146</id>
      <parentid>105145</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:29:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105146</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20478" sha1="lsxki36vwlguhv25btpbmcq45367g37" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd. If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>lsxki36vwlguhv25btpbmcq45367g37</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105147</id>
      <parentid>105146</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:30:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105147</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20618" sha1="ixzdx59l5oa4o9dgflq0t4m7n2i30b7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd. If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd:        

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ixzdx59l5oa4o9dgflq0t4m7n2i30b7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105148</id>
      <parentid>105147</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:32:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105148</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20969" sha1="qha06bbk6k6zkt6jheuctysd8qgfjuw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd. If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank.         

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>qha06bbk6k6zkt6jheuctysd8qgfjuw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105149</id>
      <parentid>105148</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:32:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105149</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21135" sha1="ss8heteurwjcudyfej2dk3e3vtpklbn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd. If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley.          

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ss8heteurwjcudyfej2dk3e3vtpklbn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105150</id>
      <parentid>105149</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:33:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105150</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21296" sha1="pd5pjlu24yjaqaug1a1azh7s372dpdf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd. If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>pd5pjlu24yjaqaug1a1azh7s372dpdf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105151</id>
      <parentid>105150</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:34:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105151</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21595" sha1="mb94nqmo89gz9bjom3zvsgkne2z9uo4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd. If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river.           

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>mb94nqmo89gz9bjom3zvsgkne2z9uo4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105152</id>
      <parentid>105151</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:35:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105152</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21983" sha1="s07hykrikpmimcznxcxtmst1q16ezmp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd. If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>s07hykrikpmimcznxcxtmst1q16ezmp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105153</id>
      <parentid>105152</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:35:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105153</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22147" sha1="5cg9xer1gabqpm47wcjf4ijpmmz49mg" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd. If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am.            

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>5cg9xer1gabqpm47wcjf4ijpmmz49mg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105154</id>
      <parentid>105153</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:36:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105154</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22374" sha1="6ku9vzz1lwxbvf4hojr3u15j2wlwbgg" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd. If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd.            

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>6ku9vzz1lwxbvf4hojr3u15j2wlwbgg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105155</id>
      <parentid>105154</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:37:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105155</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22657" sha1="1b8g7vweybx54izsdgzj0i8wtdcgq5g" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd. If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd.            

Professor Carr for ein new book insyd dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am.            

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>1b8g7vweybx54izsdgzj0i8wtdcgq5g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105156</id>
      <parentid>105155</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:38:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105156</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22676" sha1="qht23imx2hzncfe2qw3vbh8xqigw7fk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd.            

Professor Carr for ein new book insyd dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am.            

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>qht23imx2hzncfe2qw3vbh8xqigw7fk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105157</id>
      <parentid>105156</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:39:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105157</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22695" sha1="0pdo6gbj16m6zd9n8vdfqjwoeyq90g3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt;       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd.            

Professor Carr for ein new book insyd dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am.            

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>0pdo6gbj16m6zd9n8vdfqjwoeyq90g3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105158</id>
      <parentid>105157</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:40:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105158</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22943" sha1="iky94wvuod6jpyqcb4wftumf70d50ue" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt;       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd.            

Professor Carr for ein new book insyd dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am.            

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>iky94wvuod6jpyqcb4wftumf70d50ue</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105159</id>
      <parentid>105158</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:42:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105159</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23090" sha1="8hzo9d9hqdtsfaws2pcqas2qie772xb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt;       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd.            

Professor Carr for ein new book insyd &lt;ref&gt;Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am.            

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>8hzo9d9hqdtsfaws2pcqas2qie772xb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105160</id>
      <parentid>105159</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:50:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105160</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23280" sha1="n09v8pp2uj0rdgwfmfkexvoiszpt2v6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt;       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd.            

Professor Carr for ein new book insyd &lt;ref&gt;Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am.            

=== Impact for Lake Turkana top ===
De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>n09v8pp2uj0rdgwfmfkexvoiszpt2v6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105161</id>
      <parentid>105160</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:51:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105161</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23496" sha1="n6rte2fz93xltwvoluesf3irprv80y2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt;       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd.            

Professor Carr for ein new book insyd &lt;ref&gt;Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am.            

=== Impact for Lake Turkana top ===
De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>n6rte2fz93xltwvoluesf3irprv80y2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105162</id>
      <parentid>105161</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:51:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105162</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23556" sha1="gllv4hqlp18o351fu371ij5wdniyliw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt;       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd.            

Professor Carr for ein new book insyd &lt;ref&gt;Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am.            

=== Impact for Lake Turkana top ===
De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>gllv4hqlp18o351fu371ij5wdniyliw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105163</id>
      <parentid>105162</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T06:51:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105163</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24118" sha1="ilq9c1myqrm3qpqauz6q5j2x89mrjks" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt;       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd.            

Professor Carr for ein new book insyd &lt;ref&gt;Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am.            

=== Impact for Lake Turkana top ===
De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels &amp; Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ilq9c1myqrm3qpqauz6q5j2x89mrjks</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105164</id>
      <parentid>105163</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T07:01:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105164</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24414" sha1="34uuirvfcifbbayg13fpg89x92w1luq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt;       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd.            

Professor Carr for ein new book insyd &lt;ref&gt;Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am.            

=== Impact for Lake Turkana top ===
De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels &amp; Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>34uuirvfcifbbayg13fpg89x92w1luq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105165</id>
      <parentid>105164</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T07:03:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105165</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24729" sha1="3eva8jpah6n1bfjbz4x7mcrf2ektbjl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt;       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd.            

Professor Carr for ein new book insyd &lt;ref&gt;Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am.            

=== Impact for Lake Turkana top ===
De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels &amp; Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.&lt;ref&gt;Bank_Information_Center:[http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>3eva8jpah6n1bfjbz4x7mcrf2ektbjl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105166</id>
      <parentid>105165</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T07:03:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105166</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24881" sha1="4zz08w42hz5t9s7somi4grky3qkwoz6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt;       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd.            

Professor Carr for ein new book insyd &lt;ref&gt;Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am.            

=== Impact for Lake Turkana top ===
De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels &amp; Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.&lt;ref&gt;Bank_Information_Center:[http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>4zz08w42hz5t9s7somi4grky3qkwoz6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105167</id>
      <parentid>105166</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T07:04:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105167</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25076" sha1="9pnee7l6kizf5f3v5cuhwqv3i9a0kkk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt;       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd.            

Professor Carr for ein new book insyd &lt;ref&gt;Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am.            

=== Impact for Lake Turkana top ===
De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels &amp; Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.&lt;ref&gt;Bank_Information_Center:[http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&amp;#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&amp;#x20;g/L.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>9pnee7l6kizf5f3v5cuhwqv3i9a0kkk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105168</id>
      <parentid>105167</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T07:04:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105168</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25258" sha1="55e6f1eb75e9du4mdrcla2nuigsgrmc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt;       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd.            

Professor Carr for ein new book insyd &lt;ref&gt;Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am.            

=== Impact for Lake Turkana top ===
De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels &amp; Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.&lt;ref&gt;Bank_Information_Center:[http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&amp;#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&amp;#x20;g/L. Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>55e6f1eb75e9du4mdrcla2nuigsgrmc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105169</id>
      <parentid>105168</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T07:05:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105169</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25329" sha1="5ibiicd7ioy9q22qqnfr7q2ikqn2jbh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt;       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd.            

Professor Carr for ein new book insyd &lt;ref&gt;Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am.            

=== Impact for Lake Turkana top ===
De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels &amp; Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.&lt;ref&gt;Bank_Information_Center:[http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&amp;#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&amp;#x20;g/L. Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis &quot;go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death.&quot;   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>5ibiicd7ioy9q22qqnfr7q2ikqn2jbh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105170</id>
      <parentid>105169</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T07:05:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105170</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25348" sha1="trbb8jwzj19pytw7f7p40uqutj3y90y" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt;       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd.            

Professor Carr for ein new book insyd &lt;ref&gt;Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am.            

=== Impact for Lake Turkana top ===
De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels &amp; Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.&lt;ref&gt;Bank_Information_Center:[http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&amp;#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&amp;#x20;g/L.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis &quot;go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death.&quot;   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>trbb8jwzj19pytw7f7p40uqutj3y90y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105171</id>
      <parentid>105170</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T07:06:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>105171</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25366" sha1="2bmu1m4gr1xwc1plxa8bjocw2dzlu89" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Gilgel Gibe III Dam''' be a 250&amp;#x20;m high roller-compacted concrete dam plus an associated hydroelectric power plant for de Omo River for Ethiopia insyd. Dem locate am about 62 km (39 mi) west of Sodo for de South Ethiopia Regional State insyd. At de time of ein full commissioning de dam be de third largest hydroelectric plant for Africa insyd plus a power output of about 1,870 Megawatt (MW), thus more dan doubling Ethiopia ein total installed capacity from ein 2007 level of 814 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibe&quot;&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET|date=2010-08-31}}, accessed on October 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; De Gibe III dam be part of de Gibe cascade, a series of dams wey dey include de existing Gibe I dam (184 MW) den Gibe II power station (420 MW) as well as de planned Gibe IV (1,472 MW) den Gibe V (560 MW) dams. De state-owned Ethiopian Electric Power own den operate existing dams, wey sanso be de client give de Gibe III Dam.  

De US$1.8 billion project begin for 2006 insyd, electricity generation start for October 2015 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 December 2013 |title=Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html |accessdate=13 October 2014 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 |accessdate=22 November 2014 |publisher=Water Power &amp; Dam Construction}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |archive-date=2 February 2016 |accessdate=13 October 2015 |publisher=This is Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; De remaining generators dey operational by 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Maasho|first1=Aaron|title=Ethiopia dam project could start power generation by June - official|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0UG08620150101|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Reuters|date=1 January 2015|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; De project already experience serious delays; for May 2012 insyd, dem already schedule full commissioning give June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316235451/http://www.gibe3.com.et/|date=2016-03-16}}, accessed in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Dem inaugurate de dam by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn for 17 December 2016 top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Local den international environmental groups dey forecast major negative environmental den social impacts of de dam den criticize de project ein environmental den social impact assessment as insufficient. Sekof dis den accusations dat de entire approval process give de project be suspect,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; wey funding give de full construction cost no dey secure, as de African Development Bank delay a decision about a loan pending a review of de dam ein environmental impact by ein compliance review den mediation unit. Dis dey date back to August 2009 wen dem accept a call from NGOs give such a review.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiofact.com:[http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For August 2010 insyd Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi vow to complete de dam &quot;at any cost&quot;, wey e say de dam ein critics &quot;no dey want to see Africa developed; dem want we to remain undeveloped den backward to serve demma tourists as a museum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;News Business Ethiopia:[http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&amp;catid=13:regional-politics&amp;Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost], 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Design ==
De Gilgel Gibe III Dam be 610 m-long (2,000 ft) den 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. E dey withhold a reservoir capacity of 14.7 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (3.5 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den a surface area of 210 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (81 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), wey dem collect from a catchment area of 34,150 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (13,190 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). De reservoir ein live (active anaa &quot;useful&quot;) storage be 11.75 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (2.82 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) den dead storage of 2.95 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (0.71 mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). De normal operating level of de reservoir be 892 m (2,927 ft) above sea level plus a maximum of 893 m (2,930 ft) den a minimum of 800 m (2,600 ft). De dam ein spillway be 108 m (354 ft) long den floodgate-controlled plus a maximum discharge capacity of 18,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (640,000 cu ft/s). Dem fi discharge water above 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level thru ein gates. Feeding de dam ein power house be two penstocks dat each branch into five separate tunnels give each individual turbine. De power house dey contain ten 187 MW generators wey Francis turbines support am give a total installed capacity of 1,870 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website - Brief |url=http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502005105/http://www.gibe3.com.et/brief.html |archive-date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |publisher=Gibe3 Hydroelectric Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

De initial design of de dam foresee a rock-fill dam. Howeva, sekof difficulties plus obtaining proper den sufficient insurance coverage give de rock-fill dam, dem change de design to roller-compacted concrete.          

== Benefits ==
De main benefit of de dam be electricity generation dat be both renewable den dispatchable. Dem forecast am to supply about half of ein power to Ethiopia den export de oda half to Kenya (500 MW), Sudan (200 MW) den Djibouti (200 MW).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200607210970.html &quot;Ethiopia, Italian Company Sign $2 Billion Hydro Power Project&quot;] (All Africa), subscription required; accessed 21 July 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Howeva, der dey long delays for making Power Purchase Agreements insyd. Only Kenya sign a Memorandum of Understanding to purchase electricity from de dam. De World Bank approve financing give a transmission line to Kenya for July 2012 insyd.    

Access to de electricity grid for Ethiopia insyd rydee dey very low. Less dan 2% of Ethiopia ein rural population, wey dey account give 85% of de total population, get access to de grid. Plus de support of de World Bank de government dey carry out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access.&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopia Electric Agency:[http://ethiopiaref.energyprojects.net/ Ethiopia Energy Access Project], accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2003 insyd, low generation capacity wey dem combine plus a severe drought cause power cuts wey dey last 15 hours twice a week give a period of six months, wey e cost an estimated $200 million for economic output insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot;&gt;[[:en:International_Rivers_Network|International Rivers Network]]:[http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf|date=2009-09-02}}, May 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; For 2008 den 2009 insyd, Ethiopia again experience power cuts den brownouts. According to de International Rivers Network drought cause de power cuts, sekof almost all electricity generation for Ethiopia insyd be hydroelectric. According to de same source, despite an increase for access to de electric grid insyd, electricity consumption dey likely to remain low give de foreseeable future sekof de prevailing level of poverty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt; Even without de Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source, Ethiopia already get a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Allafrica.com|Allafrica.com]]:[http://allafrica.com/stories/200907021232.html Ethiopia: AfDB Set to Start Funding Country's Gibe Dam], July 3, 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Under Ethiopia ein current development plans dem say de country go dey more dan 95% dependent for hydroelectric power top. Ethiopia predict say electricity exports go generate around $407 million revenue per year, wey dey exceed de value of de country ein next most valuable export, coffee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;

A secondary benefit of de project be flood protection. For 2006 insyd, a flood claim de lives of at least 360 pippoe den thousands of livestock for de lower Omo River basin insyd. A further benefit be de reduction for de impact of droughts insyd,&lt;ref&gt;Seleshi Bekele and Jonathan Lautze:[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-oew-lautze4-2009jun04,0,2284769.story Blowback:Ethiopia's Gibe III dam: a balanced assessment], [[:en:Los_Angeles_Times|Los Angeles Times]], accessed on May 7, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey include thru large state-owned irrigated sugar plantations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=September 2011 |title=Understanding land investment deals in Africa: Half a million lives threatened by land development for sugar plantations in Ethiopia's lower Omo Valley |url=http://media.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/Land_Deal_Brief_Ethiopia_Omo_Valley.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=Oakland Institute |pages=2–3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversy ==
De project be controversial sekof ein environmental den social impact, de magnitude of wey for einself insyd be a subject of controversy; sekof de award of de construction contract without competitive bidding; den sekof an alleged lack of transparency for project affairs insyd. For example, dem no publish de environmental den social impact assessment until two years after construction begin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; De assessment suggest dat de project go cause minimal problems environmentally den socially. Howeva, critics dey consider am to be flawed both for terms of thoroughness den objectivity insyd. Among dem critics be de African Resources Working Group wey release statements wey dey say dat &quot;De quantitative [den qualitative] data wey dem include for virtually all major sections of de report insyd, dem clearly select am give demma consistence plus de predetermined objective of validating de completion of de Gibe III hydro-dam&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot;&gt;African Resources Working Group:[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ A Commentary on the Environmental, Socioeconomic and Human Rights Impacts of the Proposed Gibe III Hydrodam in the Lower Omo River Basin of Southwest Ethiopia], January 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; den dat despite claims wey de government make to de contrary, de dam go &quot;produce a broad range of negative effects, sam of wey go dey catastrophic.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Anoda prominent critic of de dam be de Kenyan paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey wey say dat &quot;de project be fatally flawed for terms of ein logic insyd, for terms of ein thoroughness insyd, for terms of ein conclusions insyd&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Richard_Leakey|Richard Leakey]]:[http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2009/03/26/the-gibe-iii-dam-must-be-stopped/ The Gibe III dam must be stopped], March 26, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

For June 2011 insyd UNESCO ein World Heritage Committee, for ein 35th session insyd wey dem hold for Paris, France insyd, dem bell give de construction of de dam to be halted, to submit all assessments of de dam den dem request Ethiopia den Kenya to invite a World Heritage Centre/[[:en:IUCN|IUCN]] monitoring mission to review de dam ein impact for Lake Turkana top, a World Heritage Site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berhane |first=Daniel |title=TEXT OF UN BODY DECISION ON GIBE III DAM PROJECT |url=http://danielberhane.wordpress.com/2011/07/23/text-of-un-body-decision-on-gibe-iii-dam-project/ |accessdate=23 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Environmental den social impact ==
According to de Ethiopian authorities, once dem already build de dam de total amount of water wey dey flow into de lake no go change. De only difference go be a more stable flow ova de year - more during de dry season, den less during de wet. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi say for a BBC interview insyd: &quot;De ovaall environmental impact of de project dey highly beneficial. E dey increase de amount of water for de river system insyd, e completely dey regulate flooding, wey be a major problem, e dey improve de livelihood of pippoe downstream sekof dem go get irrigation projects, den e no dey for any way insyd negatively affect de Turkana Lake. Dis be wat our studies dey show.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi in a [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL2SKelDbdQ BBC interview], March 2009, Minutes 4:25 to 5:10&lt;/ref&gt;

According to critics, de dam go dey potentially devastating to de indigenous population.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De dam go stop de seasonal flood, wey go impact de lower reach of de Omo River den Lake Turkana as well as de pippoe wey dey rely for dem ecosystems top give demma livelihoods. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III be &quot;de most destructive dam under construction for Africa insyd.&quot; De project go condemn &quot;half a million of de region ein most vulnerable pippoe to hunger den conflict.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Impact for de livelihoods of de inhabitants of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
[[File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omo_River_Valley_IMG_9888.jpg|thumb|Omo River Valley for 2010 insyd]]Dem estimate am dat more dan 200,000 pippoe dey rely for de Omo River top below de dam give sam form of subsistence such as flood recession agriculture, den many of dem ethnic groups dey live for chronic hunger insyd. Critics dey state dat de Gibe III dam go fi worsen demma situation. Indigenous pippoe dey rely for recessional cultivation of food top along de riverbanks, as well as livestock herding, give survival. De Gibe III dam den de associated decrease for water levels insyd den seasonality of flows for de Omo River insyd dey threaten de continuation of de only two options give survival for dis arid environment insyd—der dey are no alternatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; De pippoe wey dey live for de project area insyd be part of de Southern Nations of Ethiopia, a highly diverse group of pippoe. Ethnic groups wey de dam affect am dey include eight distinct indigenous communities: de Mursi, Bodi (Mekan), Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamer, Bashada, Nyangatom den Daasanach.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRN&quot; /&gt;     

Stephen Corry, Director of de indigenous rights organization Survival International say, &quot;De Gibe III dam go be a disaster of cataclysmic proportions give de tribes of de Omo valley. Dem go destroy demma land den livelihoods, yet few get any idea what dey lie ahead. De government violate Ethiopia ein constitution den international law for de procurement process insyd. No respectable outside body supose dey fund dis atrocious project.&quot; Oda sources dey note dat, wen interviewed, pippoe for many villages insyd never even hear of de Gibe III dam, den many of dem no even know wat a dam be.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Dis be an indication of de failure of consultations den informed consent give de indigenous populations. Survival, togeda plus de Campaign give de Reform of de World Bank, Counter Balance coalition, Friends of Lake Turkana den International Rivers launch a petition to stop de dam.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Survival_International|Survival International]]:[http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683 Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia], 23 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt;          

Dam proponents dey argue dat dem plan artificial floods to be released from de reservoir. Furthermore, dem envisage irrigation projects to improve de livelihoods of de downstream population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salini&quot;&gt;Statement by Salini on Ethiopia News:[http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/ Gibe III project Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074931/http://www.ethiopian-news.com/ethiopia-gibe-iii-project-facts/|date=2010-08-24}}, 1 April 2010, accessed on September 18, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; As e becam known to a wider public for November 2011 insyd thru a report by de Oakland Institute, der dey indeed massive plans give cotton den sugarcane plantations for 445,000 ha top for de lower Omo Valley top. Dem go fi finance de sugarcane plantations plus aid from India, wey dem heavily engage am for developing Ethiopian sugar production insyd. De investors for de plantations insyd be mostly Ethiopian state-owned companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Reports about human rights violations ===
Der sanso be reports about human rights violations by de Ethiopian army against locals wey dey oppose de sugar plantations for de lower Omo Valley insyd dat dem go irrigate am plus water from de dam ein reservoir. According to de reports, &quot;dem expect villagers to voice immediate support, odawise beatings (wey dey include de use of tasers), abuse, den general intimidation dey occurs&quot;, (...) &quot;wey e instill a sense of fear wey dey regard any opposition to sugar plantation plans.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oakland Institute&quot; /&gt;

=== Impact for de ecosystems of de lower Omo River Valley top ===
De decreased water flow of de Omo River wey dey result from de Gibe III dam go get significant impacts for de ecosystems top wey dey surround de river. De Omo River Basin be home to de only pristine riparian forest wey dey remain for de drylands of sub-Saharan Africa insyd. De survival of dis forest be dependent upon de seasonal flooding of de Omo River, wey go cease plus construction of de dam. Dis go fi cause 290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest to &quot;dry out&quot; from lack of water. De decreased water flow go sanso negatively impact, if dem no eliminate am, wey dem associate all economic activities plus de Omo River such as farming, fishing, den tourism. De water level of de Omo River be crucial give recharging groundwater supplies for de Omo basin insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; If de water level of de river dey drop once dem build de Gibe III dam, then e go dey no longer be able to refill underground water supplies, wey e lef much of de basin bereft of groundwater, wey negatively dey impact pippoe den ecosystems. As de water level of de Omo River dey drop, de erosion of ein riverbanks go increase, wey e cause increased sediment flows for de river insyd, loss of soil give crop cultivation along de riverbanks, den loss of riparian habitats.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt;       

A December 2012 study state Ethiopia ein Gibe III dam go cause humanitarian catastrophe den major cross-border armed conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Humanitarian Catastrophe and Regional Armed Conflict Brewing in the Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya and South Sudan: The Proposed Gibe III Dam in Ethiopia |url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;       

Construction of one of de world ein tallest dams for de Omo River top for southern Ethiopia insyd go lead to mass starvation among a half million indigenous pippoe for an already famine-prone region insyd, wey e spark major armed conflict for de three-nation border region insyd ova ein disappearing natural resources, according to a new report from de African Resources Working Group (ARWG).       

&quot;Humanitarian Catastrophe den Regional Armed Conflict Brewing for de Transborder Region of Ethiopia, Kenya, den South Sudan insyd: De Proposed Gibe III Dam for Ethiopia insyd wey dem propose&quot; dey analyze de full scale of impacts of de dam den dey charge dat de Ethiopian government anaa international development banks wey dem involve am for de project insyd already carry out no environmental anaa social review of de full cross-border impact area, wey dey include de World Bank. Dem author am by a member of de ARWG den long-term researcher for de region insyd, Claudia J. Carr, an associate professor at de University of California, Berkeley. Dem base de 250-page report for substantial field-based research top wey dey involve de participation of local residents thruout much of de cross-border region.          

De Gibe III dam already dey under construction by Ethiopia along ein Omo River, plus general recognition dat e go cause a major decrease for river flow downstream insyd den a serious reduction of inflow to Kenya ein Lake Turkana, wey dey receive 90 per cent of ein waters from de river. According to de ARWG report, dem changes go destroy de survival means of at least 200,000 pastoralists, flood-dependent agriculturalists den fishers along de Omo River 300,000 pastoralists den fishers around de shores of Lake Turkana - wey e plunge de region ein ethnic groups into cross-border violent conflict wey dey reach well into South Sudan, as starvation dey confront all of dem.           

De report dey offer a devastating look a deeply flawed development process wey de special interests of global finance den African governments fuel am. For de process insyd, e dey identify major ovalooked anaa odawise minimized risks, no de least of wey be a U.S. Geological Survey estimation of a high risk give a magnitude 7 anaa 8 earthquake for de Gibe III dam region insyd.            

Professor Carr for ein new book insyd &lt;ref&gt;Claudia J Carr: River Basin Development and Human Rights in Eastern Africa - A Policy Crossroads, Springer 2017, {{ISBN|9783319504681}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey further examine how development processes wey international finance drive am, African governments den de global consulting industry fi lead to such disastrous outcams give de vast nomba of pippoe wey such development affect am.            

=== Impact for Lake Turkana top ===
De magnitude of de impact dat de dam den possible irrigation projects induced by de dam go get for de water level of Lake Turkana top be controversial. A hydrological study wey dem conduct am give de African Development Bank for November 2010 insyd conclude dat de filling of de dam go reduce de lake ein water level by two metres, if dem go undertake no irrigation. Irrigation go cause a further drop for de lake level insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Avery |first=Sean |date=November 2010 |title=Hydrological Impacts of Ethiopia's Omo Basin on Kenya's Lake Turkana Water Levels &amp; Fisheries. Final report. |url=http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930025421/http://www.friendsoflaketurkana.org/images/docs/report_nov_2010_s_avery_turkana_small_file.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |accessdate=26 December 2011 |publisher=African Development Bank |pages=4–2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Friends of Lake Turkana, a Kenyan organization wey dey represent indigenous groups for northwestern Kenya insyd wey dem link dem livelihoods to Lake Turkana, dem already previously estimate dat de dam fi reduce de level of [[Lake Turkana]] by up to 10 meter wey dey affect up to 300,000 pippoe.&lt;ref&gt;Bank_Information_Center:[http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx Kenyan indigenous groups file complaint with AfDB on Ethiopian dam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526043332/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.11057.aspx|date=2009-05-26}}, March 2, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Dis fi cause de brackish water to increase for salinity insyd to where e go fi dey no longer be drinkable by de indigenous groups wey dey around de lake. Currently, de salinity of de water dey about 2332&amp;#x20;mg/L, den dem estimate am dat a 10-meter decrease for de water level of Lake Turkana insyd fi cause de salinity to rise to 3.397&amp;#x20;g/L.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWG&quot; /&gt; Raising salinity fi sanso drastically reduce de nomba of fish for de lake insyd, wey de pippoe wey dey around Lake Turkana dey depend for top give sustenance den demma livelihoods. According to critics, dis &quot;go condemn de lake to a not-so-slow death.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt;   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>2bmu1m4gr1xwc1plxa8bjocw2dzlu89</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Congo Basin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27845</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105213</id>
      <parentid>105038</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:51:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve am</comment>
      <origin>105213</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3846" sha1="bccvmnhtl03yxtb1vw8qwf7oiz3yexs" xml:space="preserve">&lt;nowiki&gt;{Short description|Sedimentary basin of de Congo River insyd Central Africa}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
{{Use British English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}

{{other uses|Congo (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Congobasinmap.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Course den drainage basin of de Congo River]]
De '''Congo Basin''' be de sedimentary basin of de [[Congo River]]. De Congo Basin be located insyd [[Central Africa]], insyd a region known as west equatorial Africa. De Congo Basin region be sometimes known simply as d'''e Congo'''. E contains sum of de largest tropical rainforests insyd de world den be an important source of water used insyd agriculture den energy generation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2012-09-28|title=Climate Change Impacts on the Congo Basin Region|url=https://www.wur.nl/en/Publication-details.htm?publicationId=publication-way-343335333530|access-date=2021-09-20|website=WUR|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De rainforest insyd de Congo Basin be de largest rainforest insyd Africa den second only to de Amazon rainforest insyd size, plus 300 million hectares compared to de 800 million hectares insyd de Amazon.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2247e/i2247e00.pdf |title=The State of Forests in the Amazon basin and Southeast Asian |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FOA) |isbn=978-92-5-106888-5 |location=Brazzaville, Republic of Congo |access-date=14 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of its size den diversity de basin's forest be important for mitigating climate change insyd its role as a carbon sink.&lt;ref name=&quot;pulitzercenter.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Congo Rainforest Is Losing Ability to Absorb Carbon Dioxide. That's Bad for Climate Change.|url=https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/congo-rainforest-losing-ability-absorb-carbon-dioxide-thats-bad-climate-change|access-date=2021-09-20|website=Pulitzer Center|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, deforestation den degradation of de ecology by de impacts of de climate change may increase stress on de forest ecosystem, insyd turn making de hydrology of de basin more variable.&lt;ref name=&quot;pulitzercenter.org&quot; /&gt; A 2012 study found dat de variability insyd precipitation wey cause by climate change will negatively affect economic activity insyd de basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

Eight sites of de Congo Basin are inscribed on de World Heritage List, five being sanso on de list of World Heritage insyd Danger (all five located insyd [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of de Congo]]). Fourteen percent of de humid forest be designated as protected.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Natural World Heritage in the Congo Basin|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/conservation-congo-basin/|access-date=2021-05-13|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Geology ==
De Congo Basin be a large depression within de Congo Craton, making am a patch of relatively recent (Phanerozoic-aged, den mostly Mesozoic &amp; onwards) sedimentary rock within a large, otherwise extremely ancient (Archean-aged) piece of exposed continental crust. The deformation of the Craton began as early as the late Cambrian anaa early Ordovician den continued over de Paleozoic, but de deformation over dis period dey lead to rapid erosion of much of dis Paleozoic rock, creating a large unconformity. Sediment started to rapidly accumulate insyd de basin from de Mesozoic (Triassic) up to de present day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Giresse |first=Pierre |date=2005-10-01 |title=Mesozoic–Cenozoic history of the Congo Basin |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X05001226 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |series=Phanerozoic Evolution of Africa |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=301–315 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.009 |issn=1464-343X|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==</text>
      <sha1>bccvmnhtl03yxtb1vw8qwf7oiz3yexs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Climate variability den change</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27862</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105099</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T13:40:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>105099</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2026</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27863</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105100</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T13:40:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>105100</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Droughts</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27864</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105101</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T13:40:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>105101</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Civil defense</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27865</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105102</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T13:41:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>105102</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Tsiribihina River</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27866</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105110</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T14:04:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>105110</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Rivers of Menabe</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27867</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105111</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T14:04:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>105111</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Ramsar sites insyd Madagascar</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27868</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105112</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T14:05:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>105112</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Important Bird Areas of Madagascar</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27869</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105113</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T14:05:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>105113</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cacheu River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27870</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105114</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T14:16:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibnali1</username>
        <id>62</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354278490|Cacheu River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>105114</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2268" sha1="372zwxl3p987w901fylhzko1wgp78mt" xml:space="preserve">
De '''Cacheu''' (Portuguese: ''Rio Cacheu'') be a river of [[Guinea-Bissau]] dem sanso know as de '''Farim''' along ein upper course. Ein total length be about 257&amp;nbsp;km. One of ein major tributaries be de Canjambari River.

== Course ==
Ein headwaters be near de northern border of de country, north of Contuboel den close to a bend of de [[Geba River]]. E dey run west, by de town of Farim den close to Bigenè, den dey broaden into an estuary on whose south shore de town of Cacheu fi be found. Elia Island be a fairly large island dem locate on de right bank of de river close to ein mouth. De island ein western end dey lie east of de confluence plus de Elia River plus Ongueringao Island on de oda bank.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mapcarta.com/17091238 Ilha de Elia - Mapcarta]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Admiralty_Chart_No_1722_Cacheo_River,_Published_1845,_Revisons_to_1899._(composite).jpg|thumb|380x380px|1845 nautical chart of de Cacheo River from Farim to de coast]]
De Cacheu be navigable to large (2,000-ton) ships for about 97&amp;nbsp;km, den to smaller vessels much further; na e formerly be an important route for commerce.

== History ==
During de Portuguese Colonial War, de Guinea-Bissau War of Independence, na de river serve several military operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Grants on the History of the Colonial War: Cacheu |url=http://www.ensp.unl.pt/lgraca/guine_guerracolonial8_barro.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622005846/http://www.ensp.unl.pt/lgraca/guine_guerracolonial8_barro.html |archive-date=2010-06-22 |access-date=2018-05-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd December 2000, a large part of de estuary of de river be designated as part of de Cacheu River Natural Park.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bissau.net/Word_files/DUOTA.PROGRAMA%5B1%5D2007.2008.doc Faculty of Law of Bissau, References on Legal Diploma on the Creation of Cacheu River Mangrove Natural Park]&lt;/ref&gt; 68% of de park dey feature mango trees, wich dey form a part of a large block of de trees insyd West Africa.

== References ==

== Bibliography ==

* Salif Diop, ''[https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_2/etudes_theses/40109.pdf La côte ouest-africaine. Du Saloum (Sénégal) à la Mellacorée (Rép. de Guinée)]'', ORSTOM, Paris, 1990, 380 pages</text>
      <sha1>372zwxl3p987w901fylhzko1wgp78mt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Casamance River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27871</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105115</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T14:22:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibnali1</username>
        <id>62</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1285531700|Casamance River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>105115</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1122" sha1="qgl4f3lxczita8thlg7vcv14ksuiacs" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:ZiguinchorCasamance.JPG|thumb|Casamance River at Ziguinchor]]
De '''Casamance River''' (French: ''Fleuve Casamance'') insyd [[Senegal]] dey flow westward for de most part into de [[Atlantic Ocean]] along a path about 200 miles (320 km) in length. However, 80 miles (130 km) per be navigable. De Casamance be de principal river of de Kolda, Sédhiou, den Ziguinchor Regions insyd de southern portion of Senegal. E dey locate between de [[Gambia River]] to de north den de Cacheu den [[Geba River|Geba]] rivers to de south.

Der be a bridge at Ziguinchor, one of de most important towns on de river, wey dey connect am to Bignona on de north bank. Oda important settlements on ein banks dey include Goudomp, Sedhiou, Diattakounda, Tanaff, den Kolda.

Dem name de river after de ''Kasa Mansa'', anaa king of de precolonial Kasa kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lobban |first=Richard Andrew Jr. |title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau |last2=Mendy |first2=Peter Karibe |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8108-5310-2 |edition=4th |location=Lanham |page=244}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>qgl4f3lxczita8thlg7vcv14ksuiacs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tensift River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27872</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105116</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T17:01:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibnali1</username>
        <id>62</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359053215|Tensift River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>105116</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1057" sha1="4qsntwmjn6jb5hncsmxfnhagv3wkn9n" xml:space="preserve">
[[File:Maroc._Oued_Tensif.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px]]
[[File:Tensift_Basin_OSM.png|right|thumb|250x250px|De catchment area of de Oued Tensift ]]
'''Tensift''' (Berber: '''Tansift''', Arabic: '''تانسيفت''') be a river insyd central [[Morocco]]. E dey originate insyd de eastern High Atlas, wey dey receive water from chaw tributaries insyd de region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tanouti |first=Oumaima |last2=Molle |first2=François |date=2013 |title=The Reappropriation of Water in Overexploited Basins: The Case of the Tensift Basin (Morocco) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283795410 |journal=Études rurales |volume=192 |issue=2 |pages=79–96 |doi=10.4000/etudesrurales.9902 |via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey pass close to de city of Marrakesh wey e get ein outlet into de [[Atlantic Ocean]] at de ancient fortress of Souira Qedima (Aguz), around 40&amp;nbsp;km south from Safi. Ein water discharge dey change according to rainfall; e be one of de ten major rivers of Morocco, buh frequently fi be waded thru even close to ein outlet.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>4qsntwmjn6jb5hncsmxfnhagv3wkn9n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of rivers of Ivory Coast</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27873</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105120</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T17:34:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibnali1</username>
        <id>62</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1293692379|List of rivers of Ivory Coast]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>105120</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4237" sha1="if1khbi4kfekvygxva0r2fm6c3iafgn" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Un-cotedivoire.png|thumb|Map of Ivory Coast wey dey show de main rivers den tributeries.]]
Four major river systems dey follow meandering courses from north to south, wey dey drain into de [[Gulf of Guinea]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|year=|title=Cote d'Ivoire: a country study|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/90005878/|last=Byrnes|first=Rita M.|date=1988|editor-last=Handloff|editor-first=Robert Earl|pages=44–45|isbn=|oclc=44238009|postscript=. {{PD-notice}}|entry=Rivers}}&lt;/ref&gt; From west to east dese be de [[Cavalla River|Cavally]], [[Sassandra River|Sassandra]], [[Bandama River|Bandama]], den [[Komoé River|Comoé]]—all relatively untamed rivers navigable only short distances inland from de coast.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Insyd de north, chaw smaller tributaries dey change to dry streambeds between rains.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

== Major rivers ==
De Cavally River get ein headwaters insyd de Nimba Mountains insyd Guinea wey dey form de border between Ivory Coast den Liberia for over half ein length.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; E dey cross rolling land den rapids wey e be navigable for about fifty kilometers inland from ein exit to de sea near Cape Palmas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

De Sassandra River Basin get ein source insyd de high ground of de north, wer de Tiemba River dey join de Férédougouba River, wich dey flow from de Guinea highlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; E be joined by de Bagbé, Bafing, Nzo, Lobo, den Davo rivers den winds thru shifting sandbars to form a narrow estuary, wich be navigable for about eighty kilometers inland from de port of Sassandra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

De Bandama River, dem often refer to as de Bandama Blanc, be de longest insyd de country, wey dey join de Bandama Rouge (dem sanso know as de Marahoué), Solomougou, Kan, den Nzi rivers over ein 800-kilometer course.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Dis large river system dey drain chaw of central Ivory Coast before e dey flow into de Tagba Lagoon opposite Grand-Lahou.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; During rainy seasons, small craft navigate de Bandama for fifty anaa sixty kilometers inland.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

Easternmost of de main rivers, de Comoé, wey de Leraba den Gomonaba form, get ein sources insyd de Sikasso Plateau of Burkina Faso.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; E dey flow within a narrow 700-kilometer basin den dey receive de Kongo, den Iringou tributaries before winding among de coastal sandbars den dey empty into de Ebrié Lagoon near Grand-Bassam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; De Comoé be navigable for vessels of light draft for about fifty kilometers to Alépé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

Dem build large dams insyd de 1960s den 1970s to control de flow of major rivers to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Dese projects create reservoirs, dem now refer to as lakes wey dey bear de names of de dams- -Buyo for de Sassandra top, Kossou den Taabo for de Bandama top, den Ayamé for de small Bia River top insyd de southeast corner of de country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; Lake Kossou be de largest of dese, wey dey occupy more dan 1,600 square kilometers insyd de center of de country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

== By drainage basin ==
Dis list be arranged by drainage basin, plus respective tributaries indented under each larger stream ein name.

* [[Cestos River]] (Nuoun River)
* [[Cavalla River]]
* Nono River
* San-Pédro River
* [[Sassandra River]]
** [[Davo River]]
** Lobo River
** [[Nzo River]]
** [[Bafing River (Ivory Coast)|Bafing River]] (Gouan River)
** [[Boa River]]
** [[Férédougouba River]] (Bagbé River)
** [[Tienba River]]
* [[Boubo River]]
* [[Bandama River]]
** Nzi River
** Marahoué River (Bandama Rouge)
** Kan River
** Bou River
** Solomougou River
* Ira River
* Agnéby River
* [[Komoé River]]
** Ba River (Bayakokoré River)
** Kongo River
** Iringou River
** Léraba River
* Bia River
* Tano River
* [[Black Volta]]
* ''Niger River (Mali)''
** ''Bani River (Mali)''
*** Bagoé River
**** Kankélaba River (Mahandiani River)
*** [[Baoulé River]]
**** [[Dégou River]]
** Sankarani River

== References ==

* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/cote_divoire_rel04.jpg Central Intelligence Agency, 2004]
* [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/index.html GEOnet Names Server]</text>
      <sha1>if1khbi4kfekvygxva0r2fm6c3iafgn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wami River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27874</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105121</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T17:46:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibnali1</username>
        <id>62</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338944658|Wami River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>105121</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5752" sha1="l281kzmo1dpd9n9xagmsx4ang0ap2lr" xml:space="preserve">
De '''Wami River''' be a river wey locate insyd Pwani Region, Tanzania. De headwaters of de Wami den ein tributaries dey originate insyd de Eastern Arc Mountains of Morogoro Region. De river then dey flow northeastward thru of Pwani Region to empty into de Indian Ocean west of Zanzibar Island.

De Wami dey drain a catchment of 43,946&amp;nbsp;km².&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wami/ruvu basin water office-Location map |url=http://wamiruvubasin.com/location.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322201351/http://wamiruvubasin.com/location.html |archive-date=2012-03-22 |website=wamiruvubasin.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; De catchment dey extend thru four ecological regions. Coastal forests dey extend along de Indian Ocean coast. Further inland, woodlands den seasonally-flooded grasslands dey cover de plains of de central catchment. Dese plains be bounded on de northwest by de Rubeho, Ukakuru, Nguru, den Nguu mountains, sam of de Eastern Arc ranges. De Eastern Arc Mountains dey intercept moisture-laden winds from de Indian Ocean, den dey receive more rainfall dan de surrounding lowlands. Chaw of de rainfall dey occur insyd de November-to-May wet season, although mist den light rain dey occur at higher elevations during de dry season months. De mountains dema windward eastern den southern faces dey receive more rainfall de northern den western slopes. Dese rains dey sustain montane forests as well as de Wami ein tributary rivers den streams.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Eastern Arc forests&quot;. ''World Wildlife Fund'' ecoregion profile. Accessed 10 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; De Eastern Arc forests be important to both sustaining den moderating de rivers dema flow.&lt;ref&gt;Ngana, James,  Florence Mahay, and Katharine Cross (2010). ''The Wami Basin: A Situation Analysis.'' IUCN Eastern and Southern Africa Programme, 2010. xviii + 92 pp.&lt;/ref&gt;

De seasonal Kinyasangwe River dey extend west of de Eastern Arc mountains to Dodoma, wey dey drain de southern portion of de semi-arid Maasai Steppe, wich dey insyd de rain shadow of de Eastern Arc Mountains.&lt;ref&gt;Ngana, James,  Florence Mahay, and Katharine Cross (2010). ''The Wami Basin: A Situation Analysis.'' IUCN Eastern and Southern Africa Programme, 2010. xviii + 92 pp.&lt;/ref&gt;

Only after leaving de Mkata River basin on de northern edge of de Mikumi National Park be ein name Wami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Google books|id=VLjafeXa3gMC|page=247|title=A Directory of African Wetlands}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Secof deforestation den climatic changes insyd de region de runoff decrease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kalugendo |first=Praxeda Paul |title=Impact of Climate Variability on Groundwater in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |url=http://www.gwclim.org/presentations/session5/kalugendo.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322201351/http://www.gwclim.org/presentations/session5/kalugendo.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Near ein mouth de Wami River dey form de southern border of de Saadani National Park, de only coastal national park insyd Tanzania.

== Hydrometry ==
De river flow observe over 30 years (1954–84) insyd Mandera a town about 50&amp;nbsp;km above de mouth. Na de river at Mandera observe average annual flow during dis period be 60.6 m³ / s wey an area of about 82% of de total catchment area of de river feed.&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
'''De average monthly flow of de river Wami hydrological station of Mandera (in m³/s)''' (Dem calculate dey use de data for a period of 30 years, 1954–84)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=A profile of the Wami River Sub-Basin |url=https://www.crc.uri.edu/download/wami_profile_tagged_final_Nov08.pdf |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=crc.uri.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;timeline&gt;

Colors=
  id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8)
  id:darkgrey  value:gray(0.3)
  id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1)
  id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9)

ImageSize  = width:600 height:250
PlotArea   = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20
DateFormat = x.y
Period     = from:0 till:220
TimeAxis   = orientation:vertical
AlignBars  = justify
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:20 start:0
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0
BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo

BarData=
  bar:Jan text:January
  bar:Fév text:February
  bar:Mar text:Marz
  bar:Avr text:April
  bar:Mai text:May
  bar:Jun text:June
  bar:Jul text:July
  bar:Aoû text:August
  bar:Sep text:Sept.
  bar:Oct text:Oct.
  bar:Nov text:Nov.
  bar:Déc text:Dec.

PlotData=
  color:barra width:30 align:left

  bar:Jan from:0 till: 60
  bar:Fév from:0 till: 52
  bar:Mar from:0 till: 70
  bar:Avr from:0 till: 210
  bar:Mai from:0 till: 150
  bar:Jun from:0 till: 50
  bar:Jul from:0 till: 25
  bar:Aoû from:0 till: 20
  bar:Sep from:0 till: 18
  bar:Oct from:0 till: 15
  bar:Nov from:0 till: 25
  bar:Déc from:0 till: 50

PlotData=
  bar:Jan at: 60 fontsize:S text: 60 shift:(-10,5)
  bar:Fév at: 52 fontsize:S text: 52 shift:(-10,5)
  bar:Mar at: 70 fontsize:S text: 70 shift:(-10,5)
  bar:Avr at: 210 fontsize:S text: 210 shift:(-10,5)
  bar:Mai at: 150 fontsize:S text: 150 shift:(-10,5)
  bar:Jun at: 50 fontsize:S text: 50 shift:(-10,5)
  bar:Jul at: 25 fontsize:S text: 25 shift:(-10,5)
  bar:Aoû at: 20 fontsize:S text: 20 shift:(-10,5)
  bar:Sep at: 18 fontsize:S text: 18 shift:(-10,5)
  bar:Oct at: 15 fontsize:S text: 15 shift:(-10,5)
  bar:Nov at: 25 fontsize:S text: 25 shift:(-10,5)
  bar:Déc at: 50 fontsize:S text: 50 shift:(-10,5)

&lt;/timeline&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=&quot;145px&quot;&gt;
File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-164-22.jpg|Opening of Mandera Bridge
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0596,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Kissanke,_Wami-Fluss.jpg|Wami River between 1906 den 1918 at Kissanke
File:Wami_River_2012.jpg|2012
File:Река_Вами_(Танзания).jpg|Hippopotamus amphibius
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>l281kzmo1dpd9n9xagmsx4ang0ap2lr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gourits River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27875</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105122</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T17:51:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibnali1</username>
        <id>62</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256263536|Gourits River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>105122</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="803" sha1="q5araq5ymy9szubn4ca6n2qhrosy4fr" xml:space="preserve">
'''Gourits River''' (Afrikaans: Gouritsrivier), dem sam times spell 'Gouritz River', be situated insyd de Western Cape, [[South Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0038-23532009000100019&amp;script=sci_arttext Water resources in the Klein Karoo: the challenge of sustainable development in a water-scarce area]&lt;/ref&gt;

De Gourits River dey flow from de confluence of de Gamka River den [[Olifants River (Southern Cape)|Olifants River]] wey e be joined by de [[Groot River (Southern Cape)|Groot River]], before e dey flow thru de Langeberg Mountains den coastal plain. E eventually dey drain into de sea thru de Gourits Estuary near Gouritsmond.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==

[[Category:Rivers of de Western Cape]]</text>
      <sha1>q5araq5ymy9szubn4ca6n2qhrosy4fr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kowie River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27876</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105123</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T17:56:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibnali1</username>
        <id>62</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1185646101|Kowie River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>105123</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1078" sha1="0fmhlo70mxdzu3qy87q0u38i7xot61c" xml:space="preserve">
De '''Kowie River''' (Coyi in Xhosa) be a river insyd de Eastern Cape, [[South Africa]]. E get ein source insyd de hills of de &quot;Grahamstown Heights&quot; from wer e dey flow insyd a south-easterly direction wey dey drain de major part of de Bathurst region, wey dey reach de Indian Ocean thru an estuary at Port Alfred.

Ein major tributaries be de Bloukrans River, de Bak River den de Lushington River (anaa Torrens). De Little Kowie River be a smaller tributary wich dey enter de estuarine portion of de river 14&amp;nbsp;km from de mouth. Der sanso be a number of smaller unnamed streams wey dey enter de river along ein course. De Kowie river be part of de Fish to Tsitsikama Water Management Area.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA15FishTsitsikamma.jpg Fish to Tsitsikama WMA 15]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ecology ==
Der be a small population of de endangered Eastern Province rocky ''(Sandelia bainsii)'' insyd de Bloukrans River section of de Blaauwkrantz Nature Reserve.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/19889/all IUCN Sandelia bainsii]&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>0fmhlo70mxdzu3qy87q0u38i7xot61c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kuiseb River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27877</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105124</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T17:57:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibnali1</username>
        <id>62</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324442874|Kuiseb River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>105124</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5822" sha1="68to83jr3u9m41qam0lqbx5udfbe25f" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Kuiseb River
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Kuiseb_Namibia_anagoria.JPG|frameless]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;The Kuiseb River during rain season&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:NEO_kuiseb.jpeg|250x250px]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Satellite image of the Kuiseb River&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Location
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Country
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Namibia]]
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Regions
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Khomas Region|Khomas]], [[Erongo Region|Erongo]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Physical&amp;nbsp;characteristics
|- class=&quot;infobox-hiddenrow&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Source
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |west of Windhoek
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Khomas Highland
|- style=&quot;display:none&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mouth
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Atlantic Ocean]]
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Walvis Bay
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;coordinates&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-inline&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kuiseb_River&amp;params=23_07_S_14_32_E_type:river &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;23°07′S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;14°32′E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &amp;#xFEFF;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;23.117°S 14.533°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-23.117; 14.533&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;indicator name=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:5}}&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kuiseb_River&amp;params=23_07_S_14_32_E_type:river &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;23°07′S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;14°32′E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &amp;#xfeff;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;23.117°S 14.533°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-23.117; 14.533&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;elevation&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |0&amp;nbsp;m (0&amp;nbsp;ft)
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Length
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;abbr title=&quot;circa&quot;&gt;c.&lt;/abbr&gt; 480&amp;nbsp;km (300&amp;nbsp;mi)
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Basin size&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |15,500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (6,000&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;mi)
|- class=&quot;infobox-hiddenrow&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Discharge
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;average&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;abbr title=&quot;circa&quot;&gt;c.&lt;/abbr&gt; 20&amp;nbsp;million cubic metres per annum (710&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.2em&quot;&gt;×&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;s style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;^&lt;/s&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/a)
|- style=&quot;display:none&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Basin&amp;nbsp;features
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Tributaries
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;left&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Gomab River]], [[Ojab River]], [[Chausib River]], [[Gaub River]]
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;right&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Koam River]], [[Nausgomab River]], [[Goagos River]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Waterbodies
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Friedenau Dam
|}
[[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with short description]]</text>
      <sha1>68to83jr3u9m41qam0lqbx5udfbe25f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105125</id>
      <parentid>105124</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T19:42:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibnali1</username>
        <id>62</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324442874|Kuiseb River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>105125</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9359" sha1="n3dm2xegstengulzpw1b147algzd9h1" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Kuiseb River
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Kuiseb_Namibia_anagoria.JPG|frameless]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;The Kuiseb River during rain season&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:NEO_kuiseb.jpeg|250x250px]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Satellite image of the Kuiseb River&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Location
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Country
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Namibia]]
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Regions
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Khomas Region|Khomas]], [[Erongo Region|Erongo]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Physical&amp;nbsp;characteristics
|- class=&quot;infobox-hiddenrow&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Source
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |west of Windhoek
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Khomas Highland
|- style=&quot;display:none&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mouth
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Atlantic Ocean]]
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Walvis Bay
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;coordinates&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-inline&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kuiseb_River&amp;params=23_07_S_14_32_E_type:river &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;23°07′S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;14°32′E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &amp;#xFEFF;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;23.117°S 14.533°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xFEFF; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-23.117; 14.533&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;indicator name=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:5}}&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kuiseb_River&amp;params=23_07_S_14_32_E_type:river &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;23°07′S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;14°32′E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &amp;#xfeff;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;23.117°S 14.533°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;-23.117; 14.533&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;elevation&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |0&amp;nbsp;m (0&amp;nbsp;ft)
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Length
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;abbr title=&quot;circa&quot;&gt;c.&lt;/abbr&gt; 480&amp;nbsp;km (300&amp;nbsp;mi)
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Basin size&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |15,500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (6,000&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;mi)
|- class=&quot;infobox-hiddenrow&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Discharge
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;average&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;abbr title=&quot;circa&quot;&gt;c.&lt;/abbr&gt; 20&amp;nbsp;million cubic metres per annum (710&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.2em&quot;&gt;×&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;s style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;^&lt;/s&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/a)
|- style=&quot;display:none&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Basin&amp;nbsp;features
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Tributaries
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;left&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Gomab River]], [[Ojab River]], [[Chausib River]], [[Gaub River]]
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;right&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Koam River]], [[Nausgomab River]], [[Goagos River]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Waterbodies
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Friedenau Dam
|}
De '''Kuiseb River''' be an ephemeral river insyd western-central [[Namibia]]. Ein source dey insyd de Khomas Highland west of Windhoek. From der e dey flow westwards thru de Namib-Naukluft National Park den de Namib desert to Walvis Bay. Several settlements of de Topnaar people be on de banks of de lower Kuiseb, for instance Homeb, Sandfontein, Rooibank, den Utuseb.{{sfn|Malan|1998|p=120–125}}{{sfn|Moritz|1997|pp=4-5}} Inflows of de Kuiseb be Gomab, Ojab, Chausib, Gaub, Koam, Nausgomab den Goagos.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jacobson2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jacobson |first1=Peter J. |url=http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/Ephemeral%20rivers%20and%20their%20catchments_1995.pdf |title=Ephemeral rivers and their catchments: Sustaining people and development in western Namibia |last2=Jacobson |first2=Kathryn M. |last3=Seely |first3=Mary K. |date=1995 |publisher=Desert Research Foundation of Namibia |isbn=9991670947 |place=[[Windhoek]] |pages=140–141 |format=PDF 8.7MB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Kuiseb ein catchment area (wey dey include ein tributaries) be estimated to be between 15,500&lt;ref name=&quot;Jacobson2&quot; /&gt; den 16,692 km2 (6,445 sq mi).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Strohbach, B.J. |date=2008 |title=Mapping the Major Catchments of Namibia |url=http://www.nbri.org.na/sites/default/files/Mapping%20the%20Major%20Catchments%20of%20Namibia_draft.pdf |format=PDF 1.0MB |journal=Agricola |volume=2008 |pages=63–73 |isbn=9780353358164 |issn=1015-2334 |oclc=940637734}}&lt;/ref&gt; E get a mean run-off of roughly 20 million cubic metres per annum (710×10^6 cu ft/a). Friedenau Dam, dem build insyd 1972, dey for de river top. Insyd January 2005, for de first time insyd years, de Kuiseb flow go de ocean.

Between Naukluft den Namib de Kuiseb carve out a canyon insyd a barren den inaccessible area. During World War II de area around de Kuiseb Canyon serve as a shelter give Henno Martin den Hermann Korn wey move der to wait de war out.&lt;ref name=&quot;TSD&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Henno |title=The Sheltering Desert |publisher=Two Books |year=2006 |isbn=9783935453035 |location=Hamburg}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem subsequently publish two books den a film about dis 2-year stay; de ruins of dema shelter fi be visited. On ein course thru de Namib de Kuiseb be bordered on one side by sam of de tallest sand dunes insyd de world, den on de oda by barren rock.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jacobson2&quot; /&gt; De red sand dunes south of de river reach heights over 150 meters. De prevailing winds blow de dunes northward, buh dema movement be blocked by de river. In de process, so much sand den silt be deposited insyd de Kuiseb wey e only dey reach de sea while e dey insyd flood.

Insyd 1907, de area between de Swakop River den de Kuiseb be designated by de German colonial administration as a game reserve. De area currently be part of de Namib-Naukluft National Park. De ''Desert Research Foundation of Namibia'' (DRFN) dey locate at Gobabeb on de banks of de river.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Desert Research Foundation of Namibia |url=https://www.namibweb.com/drfn.htm |access-date=3 October 2019 |publisher=namibweb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Kuiseb_River_Nears_the_Ocean.jpg|Natural-colour satellite image of de Kuiseb River.
File:Kuiseb_bird_eye_view.jpg|Aerial view of Kuiseb River (2017)
File:Kuiseb_River_Sand_and_Rock_(2018).jpg|Kuiseb River (2018)
File:Gobabeb_from_air.jpg|Aerial view of de Gobabeb Training and Research Centre
File:Henno_Martin_Shelter.jpg|Ruins of de Shelter of Korn and Martin
File:Kuiseb.1.JPG|C14 bridge over de Kuiseb Canyon
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== References ==

[[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with short description]]</text>
      <sha1>n3dm2xegstengulzpw1b147algzd9h1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Hydraulic engineering</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27878</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105128</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T22:06:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>105128</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Soil mechanics</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27879</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105129</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T22:06:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>105129</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Liquid water</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27880</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105130</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T22:06:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>105130</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Lithosphere</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27881</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105131</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T22:07:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>105131</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Subterranea (geography)</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27882</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105132</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T22:08:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>105132</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nairobi River Drainage Channel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27883</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105212</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:45:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360290825|Nairobi River Drainage Channel]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>105212</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="325" sha1="lt4x9rmsicchai413e3hkshofh89sax" xml:space="preserve">The Nairobi River Drainage Channel na one urban drainage corridor wey dey connected to the [[Nairobi River]] [[Basin irrigation|Basin]] for [[Nairobi County]], [[Kenya]].[1] E dey form part of the bigger [[drainage]] and [[Flood management|flood-management]] infrastructure wey dey serve the [[Nairobi metropolitan area]].[2]</text>
      <sha1>lt4x9rmsicchai413e3hkshofh89sax</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105214</id>
      <parentid>105212</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:53:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added citation</comment>
      <origin>105214</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="549" sha1="5mp1c2y2q6t59ju6u4x7il50v69y9l2" xml:space="preserve">The Nairobi River Drainage Channel na one urban drainage corridor wey dey connected to the [[Nairobi River]] [[Basin irrigation|Basin]] for [[Nairobi County]], [[Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nairobi River Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nairobi_River_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360290825 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey form part of the bigger [[drainage]] and [[Flood management|flood-management]] infrastructure wey dey serve the [[Nairobi metropolitan area]].[2]</text>
      <sha1>5mp1c2y2q6t59ju6u4x7il50v69y9l2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105216</id>
      <parentid>105214</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:55:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>105216</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="573" sha1="iwgx19i8np7xbrbff99xgaq0cd8rlx8" xml:space="preserve">The Nairobi River Drainage Channel na one urban drainage corridor wey dey connected to the [[Nairobi River]] [[Basin irrigation|Basin]] for [[:en:Nairobi_City_County|Nairobi County]], [[Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nairobi River Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nairobi_River_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360290825 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey form part of the bigger [[drainage]] and [[Flood management|flood-management]] infrastructure wey dey serve the [[Nairobi metropolitan area]].[2]</text>
      <sha1>iwgx19i8np7xbrbff99xgaq0cd8rlx8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105217</id>
      <parentid>105216</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:56:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added hyperlink</comment>
      <origin>105217</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="591" sha1="c0r5nojq484op4z33hfvvv5mxu5xt19" xml:space="preserve">The Nairobi River Drainage Channel na one urban drainage corridor wey dey connected to the [[:en:Nairobi_River|Nairobi River]] [[Basin irrigation|Basin]] for [[:en:Nairobi_City_County|Nairobi County]], [[Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nairobi River Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nairobi_River_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360290825 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey form part of the bigger [[drainage]] and [[Flood management|flood-management]] infrastructure wey dey serve the [[Nairobi metropolitan area]].[2]</text>
      <sha1>c0r5nojq484op4z33hfvvv5mxu5xt19</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105218</id>
      <parentid>105217</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:57:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>105218</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="609" sha1="addoeknbgo4zc75uzbx6ie6whbh8j77" xml:space="preserve">The Nairobi River Drainage Channel na one urban drainage corridor wey dey connected to the [[:en:Nairobi_River|Nairobi River]] [[:en:Nairobi_River_Drainage_Channel|Basin]] for [[:en:Nairobi_City_County|Nairobi County]], [[Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nairobi River Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nairobi_River_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360290825 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey form part of the bigger [[drainage]] and [[Flood management|flood-management]] infrastructure wey dey serve the [[Nairobi metropolitan area]].[2]</text>
      <sha1>addoeknbgo4zc75uzbx6ie6whbh8j77</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>105219</id>
      <parentid>105218</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:58:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Suhuyini Amin</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added hyperlink</comment>
      <origin>105219</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="622" sha1="gm1fkb9s0w6g8ciii8tltklc1dfk4ui" xml:space="preserve">The Nairobi River Drainage Channel na one urban drainage corridor wey dey connected to the [[:en:Nairobi_River|Nairobi River]] [[:en:Nairobi_River_Drainage_Channel|Basin]] for [[:en:Nairobi_City_County|Nairobi County]], [[Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Nairobi River Drainage Channel |date=2026-06-20 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nairobi_River_Drainage_Channel&amp;oldid=1360290825 |access-date=2026-06-27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey form part of the bigger [[:en:Drainage|drainage]] and [[Flood management|flood-management]] infrastructure wey dey serve the [[Nairobi metropolitan area]].[2]</text>
      <sha1>gm1fkb9s0w6g8ciii8tltklc1dfk4ui</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Todzie River</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27884</id>
    <revision>
      <id>105215</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T11:53:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dinnani Hamdia</username>
        <id>3237</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334392177|Todzie River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>105215</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="138" sha1="q73zeqm7dmuu4mk93va67fb8l9jcjju" xml:space="preserve">
'''Todzie'''na stream wey dey for [[Ghana]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;and e form part of the border to south west [[Togo]].
[[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]]</text>
      <sha1>q73zeqm7dmuu4mk93va67fb8l9jcjju</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>